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Securing Header Fields with S/MIME
draft-cailleux-secure-headers-00

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7508.
Author Laurent Cailleux
Last updated 2011-10-16
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draft-cailleux-secure-headers-00
Network Working Group                                       L. Cailleux 
     Internet-Draft                                                   DGA MI 
     Intended status: Experimental                                C. Bonatti 
     Expires: 16 April 2012                                             IECA 
                                                             16 October 2011 
      
      
                         Securing Header Fields with S/MIME 
                          draft-cailleux-secure-headers-00 

     Abstract 

       This document describes how the S/MIME protocol can be extended in 
       order to secure message header fields. This technology provides 
       security services such as data integrity, non-repudiation and 
       confidentiality. This extension is referred to as 'Secure Headers'. 
        
     Status of this Memo 

       This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the 
       provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. 
        
       Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering 
       Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute 
       working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
       Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. 
        
       Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months 
       and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any 
       time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference 
       material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." 
        
       This Internet-Draft will expire on 16 April 2012. 
        
       Draft Version 0.26 (20110728) 
        
     Copyright Notice 

       Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the 
       document authors.  All rights reserved. 
        
       This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal 
       Provisions Relating to IETF Documents 
       (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of 
       publication of this document.  Please review these documents 
      
      
      
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       carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect 
       to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document MUST 
       include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of 
       the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as 
       described in the Simplified BSD License. 
        
     Table of Contents 

        1. Introduction...................................................2 
        2. Terminology and conventions used in this document..............3 
        3. Context........................................................3 
        4. Mechanisms to secure message header fields.....................5 
           4.1. ASN.1 syntax of secure header fields......................6 
           4.2. Secure header fields length and format....................7 
           4.3. Canonization algorithm....................................7 
           4.4. Header fields statuses....................................8 
           4.5. Signature Process.........................................8 
              4.5.1. Signature Generation Process.........................8 
              4.5.2. Signature verification process.......................9 
           4.6. Encryption and Decryption Processes......................11 
              4.6.1. Encryption Process..................................11 
              4.6.2. Decryption Process..................................12 
        5. Case of triple wrapping.......................................13 
        6. Security Considerations.......................................13 
        7. References....................................................13 
           7.1. Normative References.....................................13 
           7.2. Informative References...................................14 
        Appendix A. Formal syntax of Secure Header.......................15 
        Appendix B. Secure Header Fields example.........................16 
        Appendix C. Acknowledgements.....................................18 
         

     1. Introduction 

       S/MIME [RFC5751] standard defines a data encapsulation format for the 
       achievement of end to end security services such as integrity, 
       authentication, non-repudiation and confidentiality. By default, 
       S/MIME secures message body parts, at the exclusion of the message 
       header fields.  
        
       S/MIME provides an alternative solution to secure header fields. "The 
       sending client MAY wrap a full MIME [RFC2045] message in a 
       message/rfc822 wrapper in order to apply S/MIME security services to 
       header fields". However, the S/MIME solution doesn't allow selection 

      
      
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       of a subset of message header fields to secure. In addition, 
       confidentiality service can not be implemented for message header 
       fields. The solution described herein overcomes those limitations. 
        
       Several security standards exist such as DKIM [RFC4871], STARTTLS 
       [RFC3207] and TLS with IMAP [RFC2595] but meet other needs (signing 
       domain, secure channels). An internet draft referred to as PROTECTED 
       HEADERS has been proposed, but doesn't address all the requirements. 
       These different solutions are explained in the next chapters. 
      
       The goal of this document is to define end to end secure header 
       fields mechanisms compliant with S/MIME standard. This technique is 
       based on signed attribute fields of a CMS [RFC5652] signature. 

     2. Terminology and conventions used in this document 

       The key words "REQUIRED", "MUST", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", 
       and "MAY" in this document are to be interpreted as described in "Key 
       words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [RFC2119]. 
        
       MUA, MSA and MTA terms are defined in Email architecture document 
       [RFC5598]. 
        
       DCA term is defined in Domain Security specification [RFC3183]. 
        
       End-to-end Internet Mail exchanges are performed between message 
       originators and recipients. 
        
       Description of message header fields are described in [RFC5322]. A 
       header field is composed of a name and a value. 

     3. Context 

       Over the Internet, email usage has grown and today represents a 
       fundamental service. Meanwhile, continually increasing threat levels 
       are motivating the implementation of security services.  
        
       Historically, SMTP [RFC5321] and IMF [RFC5322] don't provide, by 
       default, security services. The S/MIME standard [RFC5751] was 
       published in order to encompass these needs. S/MIME defines a data 
       encapsulation format for the provision of end to end security 
       services such as integrity, authentication, non-repudiation and 
      
      
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       confidentiality. By default, S/MIME secures message body parts, at 
       the exclusion of the message header fields. In order to protect 
       message header fields (for instance, the "Subject", "To", "From" or 
       customized fields), several solutions exist. 
        
       S/MIME defines an encapsulation mechanism, chapter 3.1: "The sending 
       client may wrap a full MIME message in a message/rfc822 wrapper in 
       order to apply S/MIME security services to these header fields. It is 
       up to the receiving client to decide how to present this inner header 
       along with the unprotected outer header". However, some use cases are 
       not addressed, especially in the case of message encryption. What 
       happens when header fields are encrypted? How does receiving client 
       display these header fields? How can a subset of header fields be 
       secured? S/MIME doesn't address these issues. 
        
       An alternative solution is described in [RFC3850]. "Receiving agents 
       MUST check that the address in the From or Sender header of a mail 
       message matches an Internet mail address, if present, in the signer's 
       certificate, if mail addresses are present in the certificate". 
       However, this solution only provides a matching mechanism between 
       email addresses, and provides no protection to other header fields. 
        
       Other security standards (introduced below) exist such as DKIM, 
       STARTTLS and TLS with IMAP but meet other needs (signing domain, 
       secure channels...). 
        
       STARTTLS and TLS with IMAP provide secure channels between components 
       of email system (MUA, MSA, MTA...) but end to end integrity cannot be 
       guaranteed. 
        
       DKIM defines a domain-level authentication framework for email to 
       permit verification of the source and contents of messages. It 
       provides mechanisms to secure message header fields and message body 
       but it doesn't guarantee non-repudiation and originator 
       authentication. In addition, it doesn't provide confidentiality 
       service. 
        
       An internet draft referred to as Protected Headers (PRHDRS) has been 
       proposed. Mechanisms described in this draft are the following. "A 
       digest value is computed over the canonicalized version of some 
       selected header fields. This technique resembles header protection in 
      
      
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       DKIM. Then the digest value is included in a signed attribute field 
       of a CMS signature". This specification doesn't address all the 
       requirements. If protected header field has been altered, the 
       original value cannot be determined by the recipient. In addition, 
       encryption service cannot be applied on protected header fields. 
        
       This document proposes a technology for securing message header 
       fields. It's referred to as Secure Headers. It is based on S/MIME and 
       CMS standards. It provides security services such as data integrity, 
       confidentiality and non-repudiation of sender. Secure Headers is 
       backward compatible with other S/MIME clients.  S/MIME clients who 
       have not implemented Secure Headers technology need merely ignore 
       specific signed attributes fields in a CMS signature (which is the 
       default behavior). 

     4. Mechanisms to secure message header fields 

       Secure Headers technology involves the description of a security 
       policy. This policy MUST describe a secure message profile and list 
       the header fields to secure. 
        
       Secure headers are based on signed attributes field as defined in 
       CMS. The details are as follows. The message header fields to be 
       secured are integrated in a structure (secure header structure) which 
       is encapsulated in signed attributes structure of SignerInfo object. 
       See Appendix A for an example. For each header field present in the 
       secure signature, a status can be set. Then, as described in chapter 
       5.4 of CMS, the message digest calculation process computes a message 
       digest on the content together with the signed attributes. Details of 
       the signature generation process are described in chapter 4.5.1 of 
       this document. 
        
       Verification of secure header fields is based on signature 
       verification process described in CMS. At the end of this process, a 
       comparison between secure header fields (in signature) and message 
       header fields is performed. If they match, the signature is valid. 
       Otherwise, the signature is invalid. Details of the signature 
       verification process are described in chapter 4.5.2 of this document. 
        
       Non-conforming S/MIME clients will ignore the signed attribute 
       contains a secure headers structure, and only perform the 

      
      
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       verification process described in CMS.  This guarantees backward 
       compatibility. 
        
       Secure headers provide security services such as data integrity, non-
       repudiation and confidentiality. 
        
       For different reasons (e.g., usability, limits of IMAP [RFC3501]), 
       encryption and decryption processes are performed by a third party. 
       The third party that performs these processes is referred to in 
       Domain Security specification as a "Domain Confidentiality Authority" 
       (DCA). Details of the encryption and decryption processes are 
       described in chapters 4.6.1 and 4.6.2 of this document. 
        
       The architecture of Secure Headers is presented below. The MUA 
       performs the signature generation process (C) and signature 
       verification process (F). The DCA performs the message encryption 
       process (D) and message decryption process (E). The encryption and 
       decryption processes are optional. 
        
                A Domain                                B Domain 
       +------------------------+               +------------------------+ 
        
       +-----+            +-----+               +-----+            +-----+ 
       | MUA | ---------> | DCA | ------------> | DCA |----------> | MUA | 
       |  C  | SignedMsg  |  D  | EncryptedMsg  |  E  | SignedMsg  |  F  | 
       +-----+            +-----+               +-----+            +-----+ 
        
                    Figure 1: Architecture of Secure Headers 

     4.1. ASN.1 syntax of secure header fields 

       ASN.1 notation [X.680] of secure header structure is the follow: 
        
        SecureHeaderFields ::= SET { 
           canonAlgorithm Algorithm, 
           secHeaderFields HeaderFields} 
         
        id-aa-secureHeaderFieldsIdentifier OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {iso(1) 
        member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9) smime(16) id-
        aa(2) secure-headers (to be defined)} 
         
        Algorithm ::= ENUMERATED { 
           canonAlgorithmSimple(0),  
      
      
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           canonAlgorithmRelaxed(1)} 
         
        HeaderFields ::= SET SIZE (1..max-header-fields) OF HeaderField 
        max-header-fields INTEGER ::= MAX 
         
         
        HeaderField ::= SEQUENCE { 
           field-Name HeaderFieldName, 
           field-Value HeaderFieldValue, 
           field-Status HeaderFieldStatus OPTIONAL 
           } 
         
        HeaderFieldName ::= IA5String 
        HeaderFieldValue ::= IA5String 
         
        HeaderFieldStatus ::= INTEGER        
           {  
           duplicated(0), deleted(1), modified(2) 
           } 

     4.2. Secure header fields length and format 

       This specification requires MUA security capabilities in order to 
       process well formed headers, as specified in IMF. Notice that it 
       includes long header fields and folded header fields. 

     4.3. Canonization algorithm 

       During a message transfer through a messaging system, some components 
       might modify headers (i.e., space adding or deletion, 
       lowercase/uppercase rewriting...). This might leads to header fields 
       comparison mismatch. This emphasizes the need of a conversion process 
       in order to transform data to their canonical form. This process is 
       named canonization process. 
        
       Two canonization algorithms are considered here, according to DKIM 
       specification, chapter 3.4. The simple algorithm doesn't allow any 
       modification whereas the relaxed algorithm accepts slight 
       modifications like spaces replacement or line reformatting. Given the 
       scope of this document, canonization mechanisms only involve header 
       fields. 

      
      
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     4.4. Header fields statuses 

       Header fields statuses are required to provide a confidentiality 
       service toward message headers. Since this mechanism is OPTIONAL, the 
       status field is also OPTIONAL. The three following statuses MUST be 
       used: 

          - Duplicated (default). When this status is present or if no status 
          is specified, the signature process MUST embed the header field in 
          the signature. 

          - Deleted. When this status is present, the signature process MUST 
          embed the header field in the signature. Then, the encryption 
          process MUST delete this field from the message. This guarantees 
          header confidentiality during the message transfer. Mandatory 
          header fields, as specified in IMF MUST be kept in the message. 

          - Modified. When this status is present, the signature process MUST 
          embed the header field in the signature. Then, the encryption 
          process MUST modify the value of the header field in the message. 
          This guarantees header confidentiality during the message transfer. 
          Furthermore, modified values MAY inform a receiver's non-compliant 
          MUA that secure headers are being used. The new value for each 
          field is configured by the sender (i.e., this header is secured, 
          use a compliant client). Mandatory header fields, as specified in 
          IMF MUST be kept well formed after the modification process. For 
          example, Date field MUST be compliant with the IMF specification. 

     4.5. Signature Process 

     4.5.1. Signature Generation Process 

       During the signature generation process, the sender's MUA MUST embed 
       the SecureHeaderFields structure in the signed attributes, as 
       described in CMS. SecureHeaderFields structure MUST include a 
       canonization algorithm. 
        
       The sender's MUA MUST have a list of header fields to secure, 
       statuses and a canonization algorithm, as defined by the security 
       policy. 
        
      
      
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       Header fields (names and values) embedded in signed attributes MUST 
       be the same as the ones included in the initial message. 
        
       If different headers share the same name, all instances MUST be 
       included in the SecureHeaderFields structure. 
        
       If multiple signatures are used, as explained in CMS and MULTISIGN 
       [RFC4853] specifications, SecureHeaderFields structure MUST be the 
       same in each SignerInfos object. 
        
       If a header field is present and its value is empty, HeaderFieldValue 
       MUST have a zero-length field-value. 
        
       Considering secure headers mechanisms, the signature generation 
       process MUST perform the following steps: 
        
          1) Select the relevant header fields to secure. This subset of 
       headers is defined according the security policy. 
        
          2) Apply the canonization algorithm for each selected header 
       field. 
        
          3) Complete the following fields in SecureHeaderFields structure 
       according to the initial message: HeaderFieldName, HeaderFieldValue, 
       HeaderFieldStatus (OPTIONAL). 
        
          4) Complete the algorithm field according to the canonization 
       algorithm configured. 
        
          5) Embed the SecureHeaderFields structure in the signed attributes 
       of the SignerInfos object. 
        
          6) Compute the signature generation process as described in CMS, 
       chapter 5.5 

     4.5.2. Signature verification process 

       During the signature verification process, the receiver's MUA 
       compares header fields embedded in the SecureHeaderFields structure 
       with those present in the message. For this purpose, it uses the 
       canonization algorithm identified in the signed attributes. If a 

      
      
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       mismatch appears during the comparison process, the receiver's MUA 
       MUST invalidate the signature. The MUA MUST display information on 
       the validity of each header field. It MUST also display the values 
       embedded in the signature. 
        
       The receiver's MUA MUST know the list of mandatory header fields in 
       order to verify their presence in the message. If a header field 
       defined in a message is in the secure header list, it MUST be 
       included in the SecureHeaderFields structure. Otherwise, the 
       receiver's MUA MUST warn the user that a non-secure header is 
       present. 
        
       Considering secure headers mechanisms, the signature verification 
       process MUST perform the following steps: 
        
          1) Execute the signature verification process as described in CMS, 
       chapter 5.6. If the signature appears to be invalid, the process 
       ends. Otherwise, the process continues. 
        
          2) Read the type of canonization algorithm specified in 
       SecureHeaderFields structure. 
        
          3) For each field present in the signature, find the matching 
       header in the message. If there is no matching header, the 
       verification process MUST warn the user, specifying the missing 
       header name. The signature is tagged as invalid. 
        
          4) Compute the canonization algorithm for each header field value 
       in the message. If the simple algorithm is used, the steps described 
       in DKIM, chapter 3.4.1, are performed. If the relaxed algorithm is 
       used, the steps described in DKIM, chapter 3.4.2, are performed. 
        
          5) For each field, compare the value stored in the 
       SecureHeaderFields structure with the value returned by the 
       canonization algorithm. If values don't match, the verification 
       process MUST warn the user. This warning MUST mention mismatching 
       fields. The signature is tagged as invalid. If all the comparisons 
       succeed, the verification process MUST also notify the user (i.e., 
       using an appropriate icon). 
        

      
      
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          6) Verify that no secure header has been added to the message 
       header, given the initial fields. If an extra header field has been 
       added, the verification process MUST warn the user. This warning MUST 
       mention extra fields. The signature is tagged as invalid. 
        
          7) Verify that every mandatory headers in the security policy and 
       present in the message are also embedded in the SecureHeaderField 
       structure. If such headers are missing, the verification process MUST 
       warn the user and indicate the names of the missing headers. 
        
       The MUA MUST display features for each secure header field (name, 
       value and status) and canonization algorithm used. 
        

     4.6. Encryption and Decryption Processes 

        Encryption and decryption operations are not performed by MUAs. This 
        is mainly justified by IMAP limitations. The solution developed here 
        relies on concepts explained in Domain Security specification, 
        chapter 4. A fundamental component of the architecture is the Domain 
        Confidentiality Authority (DCA). Its purpose is to encrypt and 
        decrypt messages instead of - respectively - senders and receivers. 

     4.6.1. Encryption Process 

       All the computations presented in this chapter MUST be performed only 
       if the following conditions are verified: 
        
            - The content to be encrypted MUST consist of a signature object 
       or a multipart object, where one part is a detached signature, as 
       shown in S/MIME specification, chapter 3.4. 
        
            - A SecureHeaderFields structure MUST be included in the 
       signedAttrs field of the SignerInfo object of the signature. 
        
       All the mechanisms described below MUST start at the beginning of the 
       encryption process, as explained in CMS. They are performed by the 
       sender's DCA. The following steps MUST be performed for each field 
       included in the SecureHeaderFields structure: 
        
       1. Extraction of the field status; 
        
      
      
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          1.1 If the status is Duplicated, the field is left at its existing 
       value. 
        
          1.2 If the status is Deleted, the header field (name and value) is 
       removed from the message. Mandatory header fields specified in 
       [RFC5322] MUST be kept. 
        
          1.3 If the status is Modified, the header value is replaced by a 
       new value, as configured in the DCA. 
        

     4.6.2. Decryption Process 

       All the computations presented in this chapter MUST be performed only 
       if the following conditions are verified: 
        
            - The decrypted content MUST consist of a signature object or a 
       multipart object, where one part is a detached signature, as shown in 
       S/MIME specification, chapter 3.4. 
        
            - A SecureHeaderFileds structure MUST be included in the 
       SignerInfo object of the signature. 
        
       All the mechanisms described below MUST start at the end of the 
       decryption process, as explained in CMS. They are executed by the 
       receiver's DCA. The following steps MUST be performed for each field 
       included in the SecureHeaderFields structure: 
        
          1. If the status is Duplicated, the field is left at its existing 
       value. 
        
          2. If the status is Deleted, the DCA MUST write a header field 
       (name and value) in the message. This header MUST be compliant with 
       the information embedded in the signature. 
        
          3. If the status is Modified, the DCA MUST rewrite a header field 
       in the message. This header MUST be compliant with the 
       SecureHeaderFields structure. 

      
      
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     5. Case of triple wrapping 

       Secure Headers mechanisms MAY be used with triple wrapping, as 
       described in ESS [RFC2634]. In this case, a SecureHeaderFields 
       structure MAY be present in the inner signature, in the outer 
       signature, or both. In the last case, the two structure 
       SecureHeaderFields MAY differ. One MAY consider the encapsulation of 
       a header field in the inner signature in order to satisfy 
       confidentiality needs. On the contrary, an outer signature 
       encapsulation MAY help for delivery purpose. Header fields 
       processing, given the signature type (inner or outer), is out of the 
       scope of this document. 

     6. Security Considerations 

       This specification describes an extension of the S/MIME standard. It 
       provides message headers integrity, non-repudiation and 
       confidentiality. The signature and encryption processes are 
       complementary. However, according to the security policy, only the 
       signature mechanism MAY be prescribed. In this case, the signature 
       process is implemented between MUAs. The encryption process requires 
       signed messages with Secure Headers extension. If required, the 
       encryption process is implemented by DCAs. 
        
       This specification doesn't address end-to-end confidentiality for 
       message header fields. Sent and received messages by MUAs MAY appear 
       in plaintext. In order to avoid interception, the use of TLS is 
       recommended between MUAs and DCAs (uplink and downlink). Another 
       solution might be the use of S/MIME between MUAs and DCAs in the same 
       domain. 

     7. References 

     7.1. Normative References 

        [RFC2045] Borenstein, N., "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions Part 
                  One", RFC 2045, November 1996. 

        [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to indicate 
                  requirement levels", RFC 2119, March 1997. 

      
      
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        [RFC2634] Hoffman, P., "Enhanced Security Services for S/MIME", RFC 
                  2634, June 1999. 

        [RFC4853] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS), Multiple 
                  Signer Clarification", RFC 4853, April 2007. 

        [RFC4871] Allman, E., Callas, J., Delany, M., Libbey, M., Fenton, J. 
                  and Thomas, M., "DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) 
                  Signatures", RFC 4871, May 2007. 

        [RFC5322] Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322, October 
                  2008. 

        [RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 
                  5652, September 2009. 

        [X.680]  ITU-T. Recommendation X.680 : Abstract Syntax Notation One 
                  (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation, November 2008. 

     7.2. Informative References 

        [RFC2595] Newman, C., "Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP", RFC 2595, 
                  June 1999. 

        [RFC3183] Dean, T., Ottaway, W., "Domain security services using 
                  S/MIME", RFC 3183, October 2001. 

        [RFC3207] Hoffman, P., "SMTP Service Extension for secure SMTP over 
                  Transport Layer Security", RFC 3207, February 2002. 

        [RFC3501] Crispin, M., "Internet Message Access Protocol, version 
                  4rev1", RFC 3501, March 2003. 

        [RFC3850] Ramsdell, B., "Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions 
                  (S/MIME) Version 3.1 Certificate Handling", RFC 3850, July 
                  2004. 

        [RFC5321] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 5321, 
                  October 2008. 

        [RFC5598] Crocker, D., "Internet Mail Architecture", RFC 5598, July 
                  2009. 

        [RFC5751] Ramsdell, B., Turner, S., "Secure/Multipurpose Internet 
                  Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2, Message 
                  Specification", RFC 5751, January 2010. 
      
      
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     Appendix A. Formal syntax of Secure Header 

       ASN.1 notation [X.680] of secure header structure is the follow: 
        
        SecureHeaderFields ::= SET { 
           canonAlgorithm Algorithm, 
           secHeaderFields HeaderFields} 
         
        id-aa-secureHeaderFieldsIdentifier OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {iso(1) 
        member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9) smime(16) id-
        aa(2) secure-headers (to be defined)} 
         
        Algorithm ::= ENUMERATED { 
           canonAlgorithmSimple(0),  
           canonAlgorithmRelaxed(1)} 
         
        HeaderFields ::= SET SIZE (1..max-header-fields) OF HeaderField 
        max-header-fields INTEGER ::= MAX 
         
         
        HeaderField ::= SEQUENCE { 
           field-Name HeaderFieldName, 
           field-Value HeaderFieldValue, 
           field-Status HeaderFieldStatus OPTIONAL 
           } 
         
        HeaderFieldName ::= IA5String 
        HeaderFieldValue ::= IA5String 
         
        HeaderFieldStatus ::= INTEGER        
           {  
           duplicated(0), deleted(1), modified(2) 
           } 

      
      
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     Appendix B. Secure Header Fields example 

        In the following example, header fields subject, from, to and x-ximf-
        primary-precedence are secured and integrated in a SecureHeaders 
        structure. 

        Extract of message header fields 

            From: John Doe <jdoe@example.com> 
            To: Mary Smith <mary@example.com> 
            Subject: This is a test 
            X-ximf-primary-precedence: priority 
      
     SecureHeaders structure extracted from signature: 
      
       2286  163:         SEQUENCE { 
       2289   11:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER '1 2 840 113549 1 9 16 2 80' 
       2302  147:           SET { 
       2305  144:             SET { 
       2308    4:               ENUMERATED 1 
       2314  135:                 SET { 
       2317   40:                   SEQUENCE { 
       2319   25:                     IA5String 'x-ximf-primary-precedence' 
       2346    8:                     IA5String 'priority' 
       2356    1:                     INTEGER 0 
                :                     } 
       2359   25:                   SEQUENCE { 
       2361    2:                     IA5String 'to' 
       2365   16:                     IA5String 'mary@example.com' 
       2383    1:                     INTEGER 0 
                :                     } 
       2386   34:                   SEQUENCE { 
       2388    4:                     IA5String 'from' 
       2394   23:                     IA5String 'jdoe <jdoe@example.com>' 
       2419    1:                     INTEGER 0 
                :                     } 
       2422   28:                   SEQUENCE { 
       2424    7:                     IA5String 'subject' 
       2433   14:                     IA5String 'This is a test' 
       2449    1:                     INTEGER 0 
                :                     } 
                :                   }  
      
      
     Cailleux & Bonatti                                            [Page 16] 
         

     Internet-Draft    Securing Header Fields with S/MIME       October 2011 
         

                :                 }       
                :              } 
                :           } 
      
      
        Example is displayed as an output of Peter Gutmann's "dumpasn1" 
        program. 

        OID used in this example is non official. 

        
        
         

         

         

      
         

      
      
     Cailleux & Bonatti                                            [Page 17] 
         

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     Appendix C. Acknowledgements 

        
       The author would like to thank Damien Roque and Thibault Cassan 
       kindly provided reviews of the document and/or suggestions for 
       improvement. As always, all errors and omissions are the 
       responsibility of the authors. 
        
        
        
        
       Author's addresses 
         
        Laurent CAILLEUX 
        DGA Maitrise de l'information 
        BP 7 
        35998 Rennes Armees 
        France 
        Email: laurent.cailleux@dga.defense.gouv.fr 
         
        Chris Bonatti 
        IECA, Inc. 
        3057 Nutley Street, Suite 106 
        Fairfax, VA  22031 
        USA 
        Email: bonattic@ieca.com 
         

      
      
     Cailleux & Bonatti                                            [Page 18]