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Tunneling Compressed Multiplexed Traffic Flows (TCMTF)
draft-saldana-tsvwg-tcmtf-02

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Expired".
Authors Jose Saldana , Dan Wing , Julian Fernandez Navajas , Muthu Arul Perumal
Last updated 2012-03-02
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draft-saldana-tsvwg-tcmtf-02
Transport Area Working Group                                  J. Saldana
Internet-Draft                                    University of Zaragoza
Obsoletes: 4170 (if approved)                                    D. Wing
Intended status: BCP                                       Cisco Systems
Expires: September 3, 2012                          J. Fernandez Navajas
                                                  University of Zaragoza
                                                      Muthu A M. Perumal
                                                           Cisco Systems
                                                             J. Ruiz Mas
                                                  University of Zaragoza
                                                           March 2, 2012

         Tunneling Compressed Multiplexed Traffic Flows (TCMTF)
                      draft-saldana-tsvwg-tcmtf-02

Abstract

   This document describes a method to improve the bandwidth utilization
   of network paths that carry multiple streams in parallel between two
   endpoints, as in voice trunking.  The method combines standard
   protocols that provide compression, multiplexing, and tunneling over
   a network path for the purpose of reducing the bandwidth used when
   multiple streams are carried over that path.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 3, 2012.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal

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   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1.  Requirements Language  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.2.  Bandwidth efficiency of real-time flows  . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.3.  Real-time applications not using RTP . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.4.  Scenarios of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     1.5.  Objective of this standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     1.6.  Current Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     1.7.  Improved Standard Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   2.  Protocol Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     2.1.  Models of implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     2.2.  Choice of the compressing protocol . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       2.2.1.  Context Synchronization in ECRTP . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       2.2.2.  Context Synchronization in ROHC  . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     2.3.  Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       2.3.1.  Tunneling Inefficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     2.4.  Tunneling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     2.5.  Encapsulation Formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   3.  Contributing Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   4.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   5.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   6.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   7.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     7.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     7.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

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1.  Introduction

   This document describes a way to combine existing protocols for
   compression, multiplexing, and tunneling to save bandwidth for some
   applications that generate small packets, such as real-time ones.

1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

1.2.  Bandwidth efficiency of real-time flows

   In the last years we are witnessing the raise of new real-time
   services that use the Internet for the delivery of interactive
   multimedia applications.  The most common of these services is VoIP,
   but many others have been developed, and are experiencing a
   significant growth: videoconferencing, telemedicine, video vigilance,
   online gaming, etc.

   The first design of the Internet did not include any mechanism
   capable of guaranteeing an upper bound for delivery delay, taking
   into account that the first deployed services were e-mail, file
   transfer, etc., in which delay is not critical.  RTP [RTP] was first
   defined in 1996 in order to permit the delivery of real-time
   contents.  Nowadays, although there are a variety of protocols used
   for signaling real-time flows (SIP [SIP], H.323, etc.), RTP has
   become the standard par excellence for the delivery of real-time
   content.

   RTP was designed to work over UDP datagrams.  This implies that an
   IPv4 packet carrying real-time information has to include 40 bytes of
   headers: 20 for IPv4 header, 8 for UDP, and 12 for RTP.  This
   overhead is significant, taking into account that many real-time
   services send very small payloads.  It becomes even more significant
   with IPv6 packets, as the basic IPv6 header is twice the size of the
   IPv4 header (Table 1).

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   +---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
   |               IPv4              |               IPv6              |
   +---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
   |  IPv4+UDP+RTP: 40 bytes header  |  IPv6+UDP+RTP: 60 bytes header  |
   |  G.711 at 20 ms packetization:  |  G.711 at 20 ms packetization:  |
   |       25% header overhead       |      37.5% header overhead      |
   |  G.729 at 20 ms packetization:  |  G.729 at 20 ms packetization:  |
   |       200% header overhead      |       300% header overhead      |
   +---------------------------------+---------------------------------+

               Table 1: Efficiency of different voice codecs

   In order to mitigate this bad network efficiency, the multiplexing of
   a number of payloads into a single packet can be considered as a
   solution.  If we have only one flow, the number of samples included
   in a packet can be increased, but at the cost of adding new
   packetization delays.  However, if a number of flows share the same
   path between an origin and a destination, a multiplexer can build a
   bigger packet in which a number of payloads share a common header.  A
   demultiplexer is necessary at the end of the common path, so as to
   rebuild the packets as they were originally sent, making multiplexing
   a transparent process for the extremes of the flow.

   The headers of the original packets can be compressed to save more
   bandwidth, taking into account that there exist some header
   compressing standards ([cRTP], [ECRTP], [IPHC], [ROHC]).  When
   different headers are compressed together, tunneling can be used to
   relieve intermediate routers from the decompression and compression
   processing.

1.3.  Real-time applications not using RTP

   But there are many real-time applications that do not use RTP.  Some
   of them send UDP packets, e.g.  First Person Shooter (FPS) online
   games, for which latency is very critical.  There is also another
   fact which has to be taken into account: TCP is getting used for
   media delivery.  For many reasons, such as avoiding firewalls, the
   standard RTP/UDP/IP protocol stack is substituted in many cases by
   FLV/HTTP/TCP/IP (FLash Video [FLV]).

   There is also another kind of applications which have been reported
   as real-time using TCP: MMORPGs (Massively Multiplayer Online Role
   Playing Games), which in some cases have millions of players,
   thousands of them sharing the same virtual world.  They use TCP
   packets to send the player commands to the server, and also to send
   to the player's application the characteristics and situation of
   other gamers' avatars.  These games do not have the same
   interactivity of FPSs, but the quickness and the movements of the

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   player are important, and can decide if they win or lose a fight.

1.4.  Scenarios of application

   Different scenarios of application can be considered for the
   tunneling, compressing and multiplexing solution: for example, voice
   trunking between gateways of different offices of an enterprise.
   Also, the traffic of the users of an application in a town or a
   district, which can be multiplexed and sent to the central server.
   Also Internet cafes are suitable of having many users of the same
   application (e.g. a game) sharing the same access link.

   Another interesting scenario are satellite communication links that
   often manage the bandwidth by limiting the transmission rate,
   measured in packets per second (pps), to and from the satellite.
   Applications like VoIP that generate a large number of small packets
   can easily fill the limited number of pps slots, limiting the
   throughput across such links.  As an example, a G.729a voice call
   generates 50 pps at 20 ms packetization time.  If the satellite
   transmission allows 1,500 pps, the number of simultaneous voice calls
   is limited to 30.  This results in poor utilization of the satellite
   link's bandwidth as well as places a low bound on the number of voice
   calls that can utilize the link simultaneously.  Multiplexing small
   packets into one packet for transmission would improve the
   efficiency.  Satellite links would also find it useful to multiplex
   small TCP packets into one packet.  This could be especially
   interesting for compressing TCP ACKs.

   There is still another interesting use case: desktop or application
   sharing where the traffic from the server to the client typically
   consists of the delta of screen updates.  Also, the standard for
   remote desktop sharing emerging for WebRTC in the RTCWEB Working
   Group is: {something}/SCTP/UDP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol
   [SCTP]).  In this scenario, SCTP/UDP could be used in other cases:
   chatting, file sharing and applications related to WebRTC peers.
   There could be hundreds of clients at a site talking to a server
   located at a datacenter over a WAN.  Compressing, multiplexing and
   tunneling this traffic could save WAN bandwidth and potentially
   improve latency.

1.5.  Objective of this standard

   In conclusion, a standard that multiplexes, compresses and sends
   packets using a tunnel can be interesting for many enterprises:
   developers of VoIP systems can include this option in their
   solutions; or game providers, who can achieve bandwidth savings in
   their supporting infrastructures.  Other fact that has to be taken
   into account is that the technique not only saves bandwidth but also

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   reduces the number of packets per second, which sometimes can be a
   bottleneck for a satellite link or even for a network router.

   If only one stream is tunneled and compressed, then little bandwidth
   savings will be obtained.  In contrast, multiplexing is helpful to
   amortize the overhead of the tunnel header over many payloads.

1.6.  Current Standard

   The current standard [TCRTP] defines a way to reduce bandwidth and
   pps of RTP traffic, by combining three different standard protocols:

   o  Regarding compression, [ECRTP] is the selected option.

   o  Multiplexing is accomplished using PPP Multiplexing [PPP-MUX]

   o  Tunneling is accomplished by using L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling
      Protocol [L2TPv3]).

   The three layers are combined as shown in the figure:

                 RTP/UDP
                    |
                    |         ----------------------------
                    |
                  ECRTP             compressing layer
                    |
                    |         ----------------------------
                    |
                  PPPMUX            multiplexing layer
                    |
                    |         ----------------------------
                    |
                  L2TP              tunneling layer
                    |
                    |         ----------------------------
                    |
                   IP

                                 Figure 1

1.7.  Improved Standard Proposal

   In contrast to the current standard [TCRTP], the new proposal allows
   the compression of other protocols in addition to RTP/UDP, since
   real-time services are also provided by bare UDP or TCP, as shown in
   the figure:

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       TCP    UDP  RTP/UDP
        |      |      |
         \     |     /                    ------------------------------
           \   |   /
Nothing or ROHC or ECRTP or IPHC             header compressing layer
               |
               |                          ------------------------------
               |
   PPPMUX or other mux protocols                multiplexing layer
               |
               |                          ------------------------------
               |
        GRE or L2TP or other                      tunneling layer
               |
               |                          ------------------------------
               IP

                                 Figure 2

   Each of the three layers is considered as independent of the other
   two, i.e. different combinations of protocols can be implemented
   according to the new proposal:

   o  Regarding compression, a number of options can be considered: as
      different standards are able to compress different headers
      ([cRTP], [ECRTP], [IPHC], [ROHC]).  The one to be used could be
      selected depending on the traffic to compress and the concrete
      scenario (packet loss percentage, delay, etc.).  It also exists
      the possibility of having a null header compression, in the case
      of wanting to avoid traffic compression, taking into account the
      need of storing a context for every flow and the problems of
      context desynchronization in certain scenarios.

   o  Multiplexing is also accomplished using PPP Multiplexing
      [PPP-MUX].  Nevertheless, other multiplexing protocols can also be
      considered.

   o  Tunneling is accomplished by using L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling
      Protocol [L2TPv3]), GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation [GRE]) or
      other schemes.

   Payload compression schemes could also be used, but they are not the
   aim of this standard.

2.  Protocol Operation

   This section describes how to combine three protocols: compressing,

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   multiplexing, and tunneling, to save bandwidth for real-time
   applications.

2.1.  Models of implementation

   TCMTF can be implemented in different ways.  The most straightforward
   is to implement it in the devices terminating the real-time streams
   (these devices can be e.g. voice gateways, or proxies grouping a
   number of flows):

          [ending device]---[ending device]
                          ^
                          |
                     TCMTF over IP

                                 Figure 3

   Another way TCMTF can be implemented is with an external
   concentration device.  This device could be placed at strategic
   places in the network and could dynamically create and destroy TCMTF
   sessions without the participation of the endpoints that generate
   real-time flows.

     [ending device]\                                   /[ending device]
     [ending device]---[concentrator]---[concentrator]---[ending device]
     [ending device]/                                   \[ending device]
                     ^                ^                ^
                     |                |                |
                  Native IP      TCMTF over IP      Native IP

                                 Figure 4

   Such a design also allows classical compressing protocols to be used
   on links with only a few active flows per link.

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     [ending device]\                                   /[ending device]
     [ending device]---[concentrator]---[concentrator]---[ending device]
     [ending device]/                                   \[ending device]
                     ^                ^                ^
                     |                |                |
                Compressed        TCMTF over IP    Compressed

                                 Figure 5

2.2.  Choice of the compressing protocol

   There are different protocols that can be used for compressing real-
   time flows:

   o  IPHC (IP Header Compression [IPHC]) permits the compression of
      TCP/IP, UDP/IP and ESP/IP headers (Encapsulating Security Payload
      [ESP]).  It has a low implementation complexity.  On the other
      hand, the resynchronization of the context can be slow over long
      RTT links.  It should be used in scenarios presenting very low
      packet loss percentage.

   o  cRTP (compressed RTP [cRTP]) works the same way as IPHC, but is
      also able to compress RTP headers.  The link layer transport is
      not specified, but typically PPP is used.  For cRTP to compress
      headers, it must be implemented on each PPP link.  A lot of
      context is required to successfully run cRTP, and memory and
      processing requirements are high, especially if multiple hops must
      implement cRTP to save bandwidth on each of the hops.  At higher
      line rates, cRTP's processor consumption becomes prohibitively
      expensive. cRTP is not suitable over long-delay WAN links commonly
      used when tunneling, as proposed by this document.  To avoid the
      per-hop expense of cRTP, a simplistic solution is to use cRTP with
      L2TP to achieve end-to-end cRTP.  However, cRTP is only suitable
      for links with low delay and low loss.  However, once multiple
      router hops are involved, cRTP's expectation of low delay and low
      loss can no longer be met.  Further, packets can arrive out of
      order.

   o  ECRTP (Enhanced Compressed RTP [ECRTP]) is an extension of cRTP
      [cRTP] that provides tolerance to packet loss and packet
      reordering between compressor and decompressor.  Thus, ECRTP
      should be used instead of cRTP.

   o  ROHC (RObust Header Compression [ROHC]) is able to compress
      TCP/IP, UDP/IP, ESP/IP and RTP/UDP/IP headers.  It is a robust
      scheme developed for header compression over links with high bit
      error rate, such as wireless ones.  It incorporates mechanisms for

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      quick resynchronization of the context.  It includes an improved
      encoding scheme for compressing the header fields that change
      dynamically.  Its main drawback is that it requires significantly
      more processing and memory resources than the ones necessary for
      IPHC or ECRTP.

   This standard does not determine which of the existing protocols has
   to be used for the compressing layer.  The decision will depend on
   the scenario, and will mainly be determined by the packet loss
   probability, RTT, and the availability of memory and processing
   resources.  The standard is also suitable to include other
   compressing schemes that may be further developed.

2.2.1.  Context Synchronization in ECRTP

   When the compressor receives an RTP packet that has an unpredicted
   change in the RTP header, the compressor should send a COMPRESSED_UDP
   packet (described in [ECRTP]) to synchronize the ECRTP decompressor
   state.  The COMPRESSED_UDP packet updates the RTP context in the
   decompressor.

   To ensure delivery of updates of context variables, COMPRESSED_UDP
   packets should be delivered using the robust operation described in
   [ECRTP].

   Because the "twice" algorithm described in [ECRTP] relies on UDP
   checksums, the IP stack on the RTP transmitter should transmit UDP
   checksums.  If UDP checksums are not used, the ECRTP compressor
   should use the cRTP Headers checksum described in [ECRTP].

2.2.2.  Context Synchronization in ROHC

   ROHC [ROHC] includes a more complex mechanism in order to maintain
   context synchronization.  It has different operation modes and
   defines compressor states which change depending on link behavior.

2.3.  Multiplexing

   Header compressing algorithms require a layer two protocol that
   allows identifying different protocols.  PPP [PPP] is suited for
   this, although other multiplexing protocols can also be used for this
   layer of TCMTF.

   When header compression is used inside of a tunnel, it will reduce
   the size of the IP, UDP, and IP headers of the IP packet carried in
   the tunnel.  However, the tunnel itself has overhead due to its IP
   header and the tunnel header (the information necessary to identify
   the tunneled payload).  One way to reduce the overhead of the IP

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   header and tunnel header is to multiplex multiple real-time payloads
   in a single tunneled packet.

2.3.1.  Tunneling Inefficiencies

   To get reasonable bandwidth efficiency using multiplexing within an
   L2TP tunnel, multiple real-time streams should be active between the
   source and destination of an L2TP tunnel.  The packet size of the
   real-time streams has to be small in order to permit a good bandwidth
   saving.

   If the source and destination of the L2TP tunnel are the same as the
   source and destination of the compressing protocol sessions, then the
   source and destination must have multiple active real-time streams to
   get any benefit from multiplexing.

   Because of this limitation, TCMTF is mostly useful for applications
   where many real-time sessions run between a pair of endpoints.  The
   number of simultaneous sessions required to reduce the header
   overhead to the desired level depends on the size of the L2TP header.
   A smaller L2TP header will result in fewer simultaneous sessions
   being required to produce adequate bandwidth efficiencies.

2.4.  Tunneling

   L2TP tunnels should be used to tunnel the ECRTP payloads end to end.
   L2TP includes methods for tunneling messages used in PPP session
   establishment, such as NCP (Network Control Protocol).  This allows
   [IPCP-HC] to negotiate ECRTP compression/decompression parameters.

   Other tunneling schemes, such as GRE [GRE] may also be used to
   implement the tunneling layer of TCMTF.

2.5.  Encapsulation Formats

   The packet format for a packet compressed is:

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           +------------+-----------------------+
           |            |                       |
           |   Compr    |                       |
           |   Header   |      Data             |
           |            |                       |
           |            |                       |
           +------------+-----------------------+

                                 Figure 6

   The packet format of a multiplexed PPP packet as defined by [PPP-MUX]
   is:

         +-------+---+------+-------+-----+   +---+------+-------+-----+
         | Mux   |P L|      |       |     |   |P L|      |       |     |
         | PPP   |F X|Len1  |  PPP  |     |   |F X|LenN  |  PPP  |     |
         | Prot. |F T|      | Prot. |Info1| ~ |F T|      | Prot. |InfoN|
         | Field |          | Field1|     |   |          |FieldN |     |
         | (1)   |1-2 octets| (0-2) |     |   |1-2 octets| (0-2) |     |
         +-------+----------+-------+-----+   +----------+-------+-----+

                                 Figure 7

   The combined format used for TCMTF with a single payload is all of
   the above packets concatenated.  Here is an example with one payload:

           +------+------+-------+----------+-------+--------+----+
           | IP   |Tunnel| Mux   |P L|      |       |        |    |
           |header|header| PPP   |F X|Len1  |  PPP  | Compr  |    |
           | (20) |      | Proto |F T|      | Proto | header |Data|
           |      |      | Field |          | Field1|        |    |
           |      |      | (1)   |1-2 octets| (0-2) |        |    |
           +------+------+-------+----------+-------+--------+----+
                  |<------------- IP payload -------------------->|
                                 |<-------- Mux payload --------->|

                                 Figure 8

   If the tunnel contains multiplexed traffic, multiple "PPPMux
   payload"s are transmitted in one IP packet.

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3.  Contributing Authors

   Gonzalo Camarillo
   Ericsson
   Advanced Signalling Research Lab.
   FIN-02420 Jorvas
   Finland

   Email: Gonzalo.Camarillo@ericsson.com

   Michael A. Ramalho
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   1802 Rue de la Porte
   Wall Township, NJ  07719-3784
   US

   Phone: +1.732.449.5762
   Email: mramalho@cisco.com

4.  Acknowledgements

5.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no request to IANA.

6.  Security Considerations

   All drafts are required to have a security considerations section.
   See RFC 3552 [RFC3552] for a guide.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [ECRTP]    Koren, T., Casner, S., Geevarghese, J., Thompson, B., and
              P. Ruddy, "Enhanced Compressed RTP (CRTP) for Links with
              High Delay, Packet Loss  and Reordering", RFC 3545, 2003.

   [ESP]      Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload", RFC 4303,
              2005.

   [FLV]      ISO/IEC, "FLV and F4V File Format Specification",
               14496-12 MPEG-4 Part 12, 2008.

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   [GRE]      Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
              Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
              2000.

   [I.363.2]  ITU-T, "B-ISDN ATM Adaptation layer specification: Type 2
              AAL", I. 363.2, 1997.

   [IPCP-HC]  Engan, M., Casner, S., Bormann, C., and T. Koren, "IP
              Header Compression over PPP", RFC 3544, 2003.

   [IPHC]     Degermark, M., Nordgren, B., and S. Pink, "IP Header
              Compression", RFC 2580, 1999.

   [L2TPv3]   Lau, J., Townsley, M., and I. Goyret, "Layer Two Tunneling
              Protocol - Version 3 (L2TPv3)", RFC 3931, 2005.

   [PPP]      Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)",
              RFC 1661, 1994.

   [PPP-MUX]  Pazhyannur, R., Ali, I., and C. Fox, "PPP Multiplexing",
              RFC 3153, 2001.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [ROHC]     Jonsson, L-E., Pelletier, G., and K. Sandlund, "The RObust
              Header Compression (ROHC) Framework", RFC 4995, 2007.

   [RTP]      Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
              Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
              Applications", RFC 3550, 2003.

   [SCTP]     Stewart, Ed., R., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol",
              RFC 4960, 2007.

   [SIP]      Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., and et.
              al., "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, 2005.

   [TCRTP]    Thomson, B., Koren, T., and D. Wing, "Tunneling
              Multiplexed Compressed RTP (TCRTP)", RFC 4170, 2005.

   [cRTP]     Casner, S. and V. Jacobson, "Compressing IP/UDP/RTP
              Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links", RFC 2508, 1999.

7.2.  Informative References

   [RFC3552]  Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
              Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,

Saldana, et al.         Expires September 3, 2012              [Page 14]
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              July 2003.

Authors' Addresses

   Jose Saldana
   University of Zaragoza
   Dpt. IEC Ada Byron Building
   Zaragoza,   50018
   Spain

   Phone: +34 976 762 698
   Email: jsaldana@unizar.es

   Dan Wing
   Cisco Systems
   771 Alder Drive
   San Jose, CA  95035
   US

   Phone: +44 7889 488 335
   Email: dwing@cisco.com

   Julian Fernandez Navajas
   University of Zaragoza
   Dpt. IEC Ada Byron Building
   Zaragoza,   50018
   Spain

   Phone: +34 976 761 963
   Email: navajas@unizar.es

   Muthu Arul Mozhi Perumal
   Cisco Systems
   Cessna Business Park
   Sarjapur-Marathahalli Outer Ring Road
   Bangalore, Karnataka  560103
   India

   Phone: +91 9449288768
   Email: mperumal@cisco.com

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   Jose
   University of Zaragoza
   Dpt. IEC Ada Byron Building
   Zaragoza,   50018
   Spain

   Phone: +34 976762158
   Email: jruiz@unizar.es

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