Brotli Compressed Data Format
draft-alakuijala-brotli-01
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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7932.
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Authors | Jyrki Alakuijala , Zoltan Szabadka | ||
Last updated | 2014-05-16 | ||
RFC stream | Independent Submission | ||
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draft-alakuijala-brotli-01
Network Working Group J. Alakuijala Internet-Draft Z. Szabadka Intended Status: Informational Google, Inc Expires: November 16, 2014 May 2014 Brotli Compressed Data Format draft-alakuijala-brotli-01 Abstract This specification defines a lossless compressed data format that compresses data using a combination of the LZ77 algorithm and Huffman coding, with efficiency comparable to the best currently available general-purpose compression methods. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on November 16, 2014. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2. Intended audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4. Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.5. Definitions of terms and conventions used . . . . . . . . 4 1.5.1. Packing into bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Compressed representation overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Compressed representation of Huffman codes . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1. Introduction to prefix and Huffman coding . . . . . . . . 7 3.2. Use of Huffman coding in the "brotli" format . . . . . . . 8 3.3. Alphabet sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.4. Simple Huffman codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.5. Complex Huffman codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4. Encoding of distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5. Encoding of literal insertion lengths and copy lengths . . . . 14 6. Encoding of block switch commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7. Context modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7.1. Context modes and context ID lookup for literals . . . . 18 7.2. Context ID for distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7.3. Encoding of the context map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 8. Static dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 9. Compressed data format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 9.1. Format of the stream header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 9.2. Format of the meta-block header . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 9.3. Format of the meta-block data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 10. Decoding algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 13. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 14. Source code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Appendix A. Static dictionary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Appendix B. List of word transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 1. Introduction 1.1. Purpose The purpose of this specification is to define a lossless compressed data format that: * Is independent of CPU type, operating system, file system, and character set, and hence can be used for interchange; * Can be produced or consumed, even for an arbitrarily long sequentially presented input data stream, using only an a priori bounded amount of intermediate storage, and hence can be used in data communications or similar structures, such as Unix filters; * Compresses data with a compression ratio comparable to the best currently available general-purpose compression methods, and in particular considerably better than the gzip program; * Decompresses much faster than current LZMA implementations. The data format defined by this specification does not attempt to: * Allow random access to compressed data; * Compress specialized data (e.g., raster graphics) as well as the best currently available specialized algorithms. 1.2. Intended audience This specification is intended for use by software implementers to compress data into and/or decompress data from "brotli" format. The text of the specification assumes a basic background in programming at the level of bits and other primitive data representations. Familiarity with the technique of Huffman coding is helpful but not required. This specification uses heavily the notations and terminology introduced in the DEFLATE format specification [RFC 1951]. For the sake of completeness, we always include the whole text of the relevant parts of RFC 1951, therefore familiarity with the DEFLATE format is helpful but not required. The compressed data format defined in this specification is an integral part of the WOFF 2.0 web font file format [WOFF2], therefore this specification is also intended for implementers of WOFF 2.0 compressors and decompressors. 1.3. Scope The specification specifies a method for representing a sequence of bytes as a (usually shorter) sequence of bits, and a method for Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 packing the latter bit sequence into bytes. 1.4. Compliance Unless otherwise indicated below, a compliant decompressor must be able to accept and decompress any data set that conforms to all the specifications presented here. A compliant compressor must produce data sets that conform to all the specifications presented here. 1.5. Definitions of terms and conventions used Byte: 8 bits stored or transmitted as a unit (same as an octet). For this specification, a byte is exactly 8 bits, even on machines which store a character on a number of bits different from eight. See below for the numbering of bits within a byte. String: a sequence of arbitrary bytes. Bytes stored within a computer do not have a "bit order", since they are always treated as a unit. However, a byte considered as an integer between 0 and 255 does have a most- and least- significant bit, and since we write numbers with the most- significant digit on the left, we also write bytes with the most- significant bit on the left. In the diagrams below, we number the bits of a byte so that bit 0 is the least-significant bit, i.e., the bits are numbered: +--------+ |76543210| +--------+ Within a computer, a number may occupy multiple bytes. All multi- byte numbers in the format described here are stored with the least- significant byte first (at the lower memory address). For example, the decimal number 520 is stored as: 0 1 +--------+--------+ |00001000|00000010| +--------+--------+ ^ ^ | | | + more significant byte = 2 x 256 + less significant byte = 8 1.5.1. Packing into bytes This document does not address the issue of the order in which bits of a byte are transmitted on a bit-sequential medium, since the final Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 data format described here is byte- rather than bit-oriented. However, we describe the compressed block format below as a sequence of data elements of various bit lengths, not a sequence of bytes. We must therefore specify how to pack these data elements into bytes to form the final compressed byte sequence: * Data elements are packed into bytes in order of increasing bit number within the byte, i.e., starting with the least-significant bit of the byte. * Data elements other than Huffman codes are packed starting with the least-significant bit of the data element. * Huffman codes are packed starting with the most- significant bit of the code. In other words, if one were to print out the compressed data as a sequence of bytes, starting with the first byte at the *right* margin and proceeding to the *left*, with the most- significant bit of each byte on the left as usual, one would be able to parse the result from right to left, with fixed-width elements in the correct MSB-to-LSB order and Huffman codes in bit-reversed order (i.e., with the first bit of the code in the relative LSB position). 2. Compressed representation overview A compressed data set consists of a header and a series of meta- blocks corresponding to successive meta-blocks of input data. The meta-block sizes are limited to bytes and the maximum meta-block size is 268,435,456 bytes. The header contains the size of a sliding window on the input data that is sufficient to keep on the intermediate storage at any given point during decoding the stream. Each meta-block is compressed using a combination of the LZ77 algorithm (Lempel-Ziv 1977, [LZ77]) and Huffman coding. The Huffman trees for each block are independent of those for previous or subsequent blocks; the LZ77 algorithm may use a reference to a duplicated string occurring in a previous meta-block, up to sliding window size input bytes before. Each meta-block consists of two parts: a meta-block header that describes the representation of the compressed data part, and a compressed data part. The compressed data consists of a series of commands. Each command consists of two parts: a sequence of literal bytes (of strings that have not been detected as duplicated within the sliding window), and a pointer to a duplicated string, represented as a pair <length, backward distance>. Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 Each command in the compressed data is represented using three kinds of Huffman codes: one kind of code tree for the literal sequence lengths (also referred to as literal insertion lengths) and backward copy lengths (that is, a single code word represents two lengths, one of the literal sequence and one of the backward copy), a separate kind of code tree for literals, and a third kind of code tree for distances. The code trees for each meta-block appear in a compact form just before the compressed data in the meta-block header. The sequence of each type of value in the representation of a command (insert-and-copy lengths, literals and distances) within a meta- block is further divided into blocks. In the "brotli" format, blocks are not contiguous chunks of compressed data, but rather the pieces of compressed data belonging to a block are interleaved with pieces of data belonging to other blocks. Each meta-block can be logically decomposed into a series of insert-and-copy length blocks, a series of literal blocks and a series of distance blocks. These are also called the three block categories: a meta-block has a series of blocks for each block category. Note that the physical structure of the meta-block is a series of commands, while the three series of blocks is the logical structure. Consider the following example: (IaC0, L0, L1, L2, D0)(IaC1, D1)(IaC2, L3, L4, D2)(IaC3, L5, D3) The meta-block here has 4 commands, and each three types of symbols within these commands can be rearranged for example into the following logical block structure: [IaC0, IaC1][IaC2, IaC3] <-- block types 0 and 1 [L0, L1][L2, L3, L4][L5] <-- block types 0, 1, and 0 [D0][D1, D2, D3] <-- block types 0 and 1 The subsequent blocks within each block category must have different block types, but blocks further away in the block sequence can have the same types. The block types are numbered from 0 to the maximum block type number of 255 and the first block of each block category must have type 0. The block structure of a meta-block is represented by the sequence of block-switch commands for each block category, where a block-switch command is a pair <block type, block length>. The block-switch commands are represented in the compressed data before the start of each new block using a Huffman code tree for block types and a separate Huffman code tree for block lengths for each block category. In the above example the physical layout of the meta-block is the following: IaC0 L0 L1 LBlockSwitch(1, 3) L2 D0 IaC1 DBlockSwitch(1, 1) D1 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 IaCBlockSwitch(1, 2) IaC2 L3 L4 D2 IaC3 LBlockSwitch(0, 1) D3 Note that the block switch commands for the first blocks are not part of the meta-block compressed data part, they are encoded in the meta- block header. The code trees for block types and lengths (total of six Huffman code trees) appear in a compact form in the meta-block header. Each type of value (insert-and-copy lengths, literals and distances) can be encoded with any Huffman tree from a collection of Huffman trees of the same kind appearing in the meta-block header. The particular Huffman tree used can depend on two factors: the block type of the block the value appears in, and the context of the value. In the case of the literals, the context is the previous two bytes in the input data, and in the case of distances, the context is the copy length from the same command. For insert-and-copy lengths, no context is used and the Huffman tree depends only on the block type (in fact, the index of the Huffman tree is the block type number). In the case of literals and distances, the context is mapped to a context ID in the rage [0, 63] for literals and [0, 3] for distances and the matrix of the Huffman tree indices for each block type and context ID, called the context map, is encoded in a compact form in the meta- block header. In addition to the parts listed above (Huffman code trees for insert- and-copy lengths, literals, distances, block types and block lengths and the context map), the meta-block header contains the number of input bytes in the meta-block and two additional parameters used in the representation of copy distances (number of "postfix bits" and number of direct distance codes). 3. Compressed representation of Huffman codes 3.1. Introduction to prefix and Huffman coding Prefix coding represents symbols from an a priori known alphabet by bit sequences (codes), one code for each symbol, in a manner such that different symbols may be represented by bit sequences of different lengths, but a parser can always parse an encoded string unambiguously symbol-by-symbol. We define a prefix code in terms of a binary tree in which the two edges descending from each non-leaf node are labeled 0 and 1 and in which the leaf nodes correspond one-for-one with (are labeled with) the symbols of the alphabet; then the code for a symbol is the sequence of 0's and 1's on the edges leading from the root to the leaf labeled with that symbol. For example: Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 /\ Symbol Code 0 1 ------ ---- / \ A 00 /\ B B 1 0 1 C 011 / \ D 010 A /\ 0 1 / \ D C A parser can decode the next symbol from an encoded input stream by walking down the tree from the root, at each step choosing the edge corresponding to the next input bit. Given an alphabet with known symbol frequencies, the Huffman algorithm allows the construction of an optimal prefix code (one which represents strings with those symbol frequencies using the fewest bits of any possible prefix codes for that alphabet). Such a code is called a Huffman code. (See [HUFFMAN] in Chapter 5, references for additional information on Huffman codes.) Note that in the "brotli" format, the Huffman codes for the various alphabets must not exceed certain maximum code lengths. This constraint complicates the algorithm for computing code lengths from symbol frequencies. Again, see Chapter 5, references for details. 3.2. Use of Huffman coding in the "brotli" format The Huffman codes used for each alphabet in the "brotli" format are canonical Huffman codes, which have two additional rules: * All codes of a given bit length have lexicographically consecutive values, in the same order as the symbols they represent; * Shorter codes lexicographically precede longer codes. We could recode the example above to follow this rule as follows, assuming that the order of the alphabet is ABCD: Symbol Code ------ ---- A 10 B 0 C 110 D 111 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 I.e., 0 precedes 10 which precedes 11x, and 110 and 111 are lexicographically consecutive. Given this rule, we can define the canonical Huffman code for an alphabet just by giving the bit lengths of the codes for each symbol of the alphabet in order; this is sufficient to determine the actual codes. In our example, the code is completely defined by the sequence of bit lengths (2, 1, 3, 3). The following algorithm generates the codes as integers, intended to be read from most- to least- significant bit. The code lengths are initially in tree[I].Len; the codes are produced in tree[I].Code. 1) Count the number of codes for each code length. Let bl_count[N] be the number of codes of length N, N >= 1. 2) Find the numerical value of the smallest code for each code length: code = 0; bl_count[0] = 0; for (bits = 1; bits <= MAX_BITS; bits++) { code = (code + bl_count[bits-1]) << 1; next_code[bits] = code; } 3) Assign numerical values to all codes, using consecutive values for all codes of the same length with the base values determined at step 2. Codes that are never used (which have a bit length of zero) must not be assigned a value. for (n = 0; n <= max_code; n++) { len = tree[n].Len; if (len != 0) { tree[n].Code = next_code[len]; next_code[len]++; } } Example: Consider the alphabet ABCDEFGH, with bit lengths (3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4). After step 1, we have: Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 N bl_count[N] - ----------- 2 1 3 5 4 2 Step 2 computes the following next_code values: N next_code[N] - ------------ 1 0 2 0 3 2 4 14 Step 3 produces the following code values: Symbol Length Code ------ ------ ---- A 3 010 B 3 011 C 3 100 D 3 101 E 3 110 F 2 00 G 4 1110 H 4 1111 3.3. Alphabet sizes Huffman codes are used for different purposes in the "brotli" format, and each purpose has a different alphabet size. For literal codes the alphabet size is 256. For insert-and-copy length codes the alphabet size is 704. For block length codes, the alphabet size is 26. For distance codes, block type codes and the Huffman codes used in compressing the context map, the alphabet size is dynamic and is based on other parameters. 3.4. Simple Huffman codes The first two bits of the compressed representation of each Huffman code distinguishes between simple and complex Huffman codes. If this value is 1, then a simple Huffman code follows. Otherwise the value indicates the number of leading zeros. A simple Huffman code can have only up to four symbols with non- zero code length. The format of the simple Huffman code is as follows: Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 2 bits: value of 1 indicates a simple Huffman code 2 bits: NSYM - 1, where NSYM = # of symbols with non-zero code length NSYM symbols, each encoded using ALPHABET_BITS bits 1 bit: tree-select, present only for NSYM = 4 The value of ALPHABET_BITS depends on the alphabet of the Huffman code: it is the smallest number of bits that can represent all symbols in the alphabet. E.g. for the alphabet of literal bytes, ALPHABET_BITS is 8. The value of each of the NSYM symbols above is the value of the ALPHABETS_BITS width machine integer representing the symbol modulo the alphabet size of the Huffman code. The (non-zero) code lengths of the symbols can be reconstructed as follows: * if NSYM = 1, the code length for the one symbol is one at this stage, but only to distinguish it from the other zero code length symbols, when encoding this symbol in the compressed data stream using this Huffman code later, no actual bits are emitted. Similarly, when decoding a symbol using this Huffman code, no bits are read and the one symbol is returned. * if NSYM = 2, both symbols have code length 1. * if NSYM = 3, the code lengths for the symbols are 1, 2, 2 in the order they appear in the representation of the simple Huffman code. * if NSYM = 4, the code lengths (in order of symbols decoded) depend on the tree-select bit: 2, 2, 2, 2, (tree-select bit 0) or 1, 2, 3, 3 (tree-select bit 1). 3.5. Complex Huffman codes A complex Huffman code is a canonical Huffman code, defined by the sequence of code lengths, as discussed in Paragraph 3.2, above. For even greater compactness, the code length sequences themselves are compressed using a Huffman code. The alphabet for code lengths is as follows: 0 - 15: Represent code lengths of 0 - 15 16: Copy the previous non-zero code length 3 - 6 times The next 2 bits indicate repeat length (0 = 3, ... , 3 = 6) Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 If this is the first code length, or all previous code lengths are zero, a code length of 8 is repeated 3 - 6 times A repeated code length code of 16 modifies the repeat count of the previous one as follows: repeat count = (4 * (repeat count - 2)) + (3 - 6 on the next 2 bits) Example: Codes 7, 16 (+2 bits 11), 16 (+2 bits 10) will expand to 22 code lengths of 7 (1 + 4 * (6 - 2) + 5) 17: Repeat a code length of 0 for 3 - 10 times. (3 bits of length) A repeated code length code of 17 modifies the repeat count of the previous one as follows: repeat count = (8 * (repeat count - 2)) + (3 - 10 on the next 3 bits) A code length of 0 indicates that the corresponding symbol in the alphabet will not occur in the compressed data, and should not participate in the Huffman code construction algorithm given earlier. A complex Huffman code must have at least two non-zero code lengths. The bit lengths of the Huffman code over the code length alphabet are compressed with the following static Huffman code: Symbol Code ------ ---- 0 00 1 1110 2 110 3 01 4 10 5 1111 We can now define the format of the complex Huffman code as follows: 2 bits: HSKIP, values of 0, 2 or 3 represent the respective number of leading zeros. (Value of 1 indicates the Simple Huffman code.) Code lengths for symbols in the code length alphabet given just above, in the order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 5, 17, 6, 16, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 The code lengths of code length symbols are between 0 and 5 and they are represented with 2 - 5 bits according to the static Huffman code above. A code length of 0 means the corresponding code length symbol is not used. Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 If HSKIP is 2 or 3, a respective number of leading code lengths are implicit zeros and are not present in the code lengths sequence above. If there are at least two non-zero code lengths, any trailing zero code lengths are omitted, i.e. the last code length in the sequence must be non-zero. In this case the sum of (32 >> code length) over all the non-zero code lengths must equal to 32. Sequence of code lengths symbols, encoded using the code length Huffman code. Any trailing 0 or 17 must be omitted, i.e. the last encoded code length symbol must be between 1 and 16. The sum of (32768 >> code length) over all the non-zero code lengths in the alphabet, including those encoded using repeat code(s) of 16, must equal to 32768. 4. Encoding of distances As described in Section 2, one component of a compressed meta-block is a sequence of backward distances. In this section we provide the details to the encoding of distances. Each distance in the compressed data part of a meta-block is represented with a pair <distance code, extra bits>. The distance code and the extra bits are encoded back-to-back, the distance code is encoded using a Huffman code over the distance code alphabet, while the extra bits value is encoded as a fixed-width machine integer. The number of extra bits can be 0 - 24, and it is dependent on the distance code. To convert a distance code and associated extra bits to a backward distance, we need the sequence of past distances and two additional parameters, the number of "postfix bits", denoted by NPOSTFIX, and the number of direct distance codes, denoted by NDIRECT. Both of these parameters are encoded in the meta-block header. We will also use the following derived parameter: POSTFIX_MASK = ((1 << NPOSTFIX) - 1) The first 16 distance codes are special short codes that reference past distances as follows: 0: last distance 1: second last distance 2: third last distance 3: fourth last distance 4: last distance - 1 5: last distance + 1 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 6: last distance - 2 7: last distance + 2 8: last distance - 3 9: last distance + 3 10: second last distance - 1 11: second last distance + 1 12: second last distance - 2 13: second last distance + 2 14: second last distance - 3 15: second last distance + 3 The ring-buffer of four last distances is initialized by the values 16, 15, 11 and 4 (i.e. the fourth last is set to 16, the third last to 15, the second last to 11 and the last distance to 4) at the beginning of the *stream* (as opposed to the beginning of the meta- block) and it is not reset at meta-block boundaries. When a distance code 0 appears, the distance it represents (i.e. the last distance in the sequence of distances) is not pushed to the ring-buffer of last distances, in other words, the expression "(second, third, fourth) last distance" means the (second, third, fourth) last distance that was not represented by a 0 distance code. Similarly, distances that represent static dictionary words (see Section 8.) are not pushed to the ringbuffer of last distances. The next NDIRECT distance codes, from 16 to 15 + NDIRECT, represent distances from 1 to NDIRECT. Neither the distance short codes, nor the NDIRECT direct distance codes have any extra bits. Distance codes 16 + NDIRECT and greater all have extra bits, the number of extra bits for a distance code "dcode" is given by the following formula: ndistbits = 1 + ((dcode - NDIRECT - 16) >> (NPOSTFIX + 1)) The maximum number of extra bits is 24, therefore the size of the distance code alphabet is (16 + NDIRECT + (48 << NPOSTFIX)). Given a distance code "dcode" (>= 16 + NDIRECT), and extra bits "dextra", the backward distance is given by the following formula: hcode = (dcode - NDIRECT - 16) >> NPOSTFIX lcode = (dcode - NDIRECT - 16) & POSTFIX_MASK offset = ((2 + (hcode & 1)) << ndistbits) - 4; distance = ((offset + dextra) << NPOSTFIX) + lcode + NDIRECT + 1 5. Encoding of literal insertion lengths and copy lengths As described in Section 2, the literal insertion lengths and backward Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 copy lengths are encoded using a single Huffman code. This section provides the details to this encoding. Each <insertion length, copy length> pair in the compressed data part of a meta-block is represented with the following triplet: <insert-and-copy length code, insert extra bits, copy extra bits> The insert-and-copy length code, the insert extra bits and the copy extra bits are encoded back-to-back, the insert-and-copy length code is encoded using a Huffman code over the insert-and-copy length code alphabet, while the extra bits values are encoded as fixed-width machine integers. The number of insert and copy extra bits can be 0 - 24, and they are dependent on the insert-and-copy length code. Some of the insert-and-copy length codes also express the fact that the distance code of the distance in the same command is 0, i.e. the distance component of the command is the same as that of the previous command. In this case, the distance code and extra bits for the distance are omitted from the compressed data stream. We describe the insert-and-copy length code alphabet in terms of the (not directly used) insert length code and copy length code alphabets. The symbols of the insert length code alphabet, along with the number of insert extra bits and the range of the insert lengths are as follows: Extra Extra Extra Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths ---- ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- 0 0 0 8 2 10-13 16 6 130-193 1 0 1 9 2 14-17 17 7 194-321 2 0 2 10 3 18-25 18 8 322-577 3 0 3 11 3 26-33 19 9 578-1089 4 0 4 12 4 34-49 20 10 1090-2113 5 0 5 13 4 50-65 21 12 2114-6209 6 1 6,7 14 5 66-97 22 14 6210-22593 7 1 8,9 15 5 98-129 23 24 22594-16799809 The symbols of the copy length code alphabet, along with the number of copy extra bits and the range of copy lengths are as follows: Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 Extra Extra Extra Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths ---- ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- 0 0 2 8 1 10,11 16 5 70-101 1 0 3 9 1 12,13 17 5 102-133 2 0 4 10 2 14-17 18 6 134-197 3 0 5 11 2 18-21 19 7 198-325 4 0 6 12 3 22-29 20 8 326-581 5 0 7 13 3 30-37 21 9 582-1093 6 0 8 14 4 38-53 22 10 1094-2117 7 0 9 15 4 54-69 23 24 2118-16779333 To convert an insert-and-copy length code to an insert length code and a copy length code, the following table can be used: Insert length Copy length code code 0-7 8-15 16-23 +---------+---------+ | | | 0-7 | 0-63 | 64-127 | <--- distance code 0 | | | +---------+---------+---------+ | | | | 0-7 | 128-191 | 192-255 | 384-447 | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+ | | | | 8-15 | 256-319 | 320-383 | 512-575 | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+ | | | | 16-23 | 448-511 | 576-639 | 640-703 | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+ First, look up the cell with the 64 value range containing the insert-and-copy length code, this gives the insert length code and the copy length code ranges, both 8 values long. The copy length code within its range is determined by the lowest 3 bits of the insert- and-copy length code, and the insert length code within its range is determined by bits 3-5 (counted from the LSB) of the insert- and-copy length code. Given the insert length and copy length codes, the actual insert and copy lengths can be obtained by reading the number of extra bits given by the tables above. If the insert-and-copy length code is between 0 and 127, the distance code of the command is set to zero (the last distance reused). Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 6. Encoding of block switch commands As described in Section 2, a block-switch command is a pair <block type, block length>. These are encoded in the compressed data part of the meta-block, right before the start of each new block of a particular block category. Each block type in the compressed data is represented with a block type code, encoded using a Huffman code over the block type code alphabet. A block type code 0 means that the block type is the same as the type of the second last block from the same block category, while a block type code 1 means that the block type equals the last block type plus one. If the last block type is the maximal possible, then a block type code 1 means block type 0. Block type codes 2 - 257 represent block types 0 - 255. The second last and last block types are initialized with 0 and 1, respectively, at the beginning of each meta-block. The first block type of each block category must be 0 and the block type of the first block switch command is therefore not encoded in the compressed data. The number of different block types in each block category, denoted by NBLTYPESL, NBLTYPESI, and NBLTYPESD for literals, insert-and-copy lengths and distances, respectively, is encoded in the meta-block header, and it must equal to the largest block type plus one in that block category. In other words, the set of literal, insert-and-copy length and distance block types must be [0..NBLTYPESL-1], [0..NBLTYPESI-1], and [0..NBLTYPESD-1], respectively. From this it follows that the alphabet size of literal, insert-and-copy length and distance block type codes is NBLTYPES + 2, NBLTYPESI + 2 and NBLTYPESD + 2, respectively. Each block length in the compressed data is represented with a pair <block length code, extra bits>. The block length code and the extra bits are encoded back-to-back, the block length code is encoded using a Huffman code over the block length code alphabet, while the extra bits value is encoded as a fixed-width machine integer. The number of extra bits can be 0 - 24, and it is dependent on the block length code. The symbols of the block length code alphabet, along with the number of extra bits and the range of block lengths are as follows: Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 Extra Extra Extra Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths ---- ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------- 0 2 1-4 9 4 65-80 18 7 369-496 1 2 5-8 10 4 81-96 19 8 497-752 2 2 9-12 11 4 97-112 20 9 753-1264 3 2 13-16 12 5 113-144 21 10 1265-2288 4 3 17-24 13 5 145-176 22 11 2289-4336 5 3 25-32 14 5 177-208 23 12 4337-8432 6 3 33-40 15 5 209-240 24 13 8433-16624 7 3 41-48 16 6 241-304 25 24 16625-16793840 8 4 49-64 17 6 305-368 The first block switch command of each block category is special in the sense that it is encoded in the meta-block header, and as described earlier the block type code is omitted, since it is an implicit zero. 7. Context modeling As described in Section 2, the Huffman tree used to encode a literal byte or a distance code depends on the context ID and the block type. This section specifies how to compute the context ID for a particular literal and distance code, and how to encode the context map that maps a <context ID, block type> pair to the index of a Huffman tree in the array of literal and distance Huffman trees. 7.1. Context modes and context ID lookup for literals The context for encoding the next literal is defined by the last two bytes in the stream (p1, p2, where p1 is the most recent byte), regardless if these bytes are produced by backward references or by literal insertions. There are four methods, called context modes, to compute the Context ID: * MSB6, where the Context ID is the value of six most significant bits of p1, * LSB6, where the Context ID is the value of six least significant bits of p1, * UTF8, where the Context ID is a complex function of p1, p2, optimized for text compression, and * Signed, where Context ID is a complex function of p1, p2, optimized for compressing sequences of signed integers. The Context ID for the UTF8 and Signed context modes is computed using the following lookup tables Lut0, Lut1, and Lut2. Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 18] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 Lut0 := 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 12, 16, 12, 12, 20, 12, 16, 24, 28, 12, 12, 32, 12, 36, 12, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 32, 32, 24, 40, 28, 12, 12, 48, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 24, 12, 28, 12, 12, 12, 56, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 24, 12, 28, 12, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3 Lut1 := 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 Lut2 := 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 19] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7 Given p1 is the last decoded byte and p2 is the second last decoded byte the context IDs can be computed as follows: For LSB6 : Context ID = p1 & 0x3f For MSB6 : Context ID = p1 >> 2 For UTF8 : Context ID = Lut0[p1] | Lut1[p2] For Signed: Context ID = (Lut2[p1] << 3) | Lut2[p2] The context modes LSB6, MSB6, UTF8, and Signed are denoted by integers 0, 1, 2, 3. The context mode is defined for each literal block type and they are stored in a consecutive array of bits in the meta-block header, always two bits per block type. 7.2. Context ID for distances The context for encoding a distance code is defined by the copy length corresponding to the distance. The context IDs are 0, 1, 2, and 3 for copy lengths 2, 3, 4, and more than 4, respectively. 7.3. Encoding of the context map There are two kinds of context maps, for literals and for distances. The size of the context map is 64 * NBLTYPESL for literals, and 4 * NBLTYPESD for distances. Each value in the context map is an integer between 0 and 255, indicating the index of the Huffman tree to be used when encoding the next literal or distance. The context map is encoded as a one-dimensional array, CMAPL[0..(64 * NBLTYPESL - 1)] and CMAPD[0..(4 * NBLTYPESD - 1)]. The index of the Huffman tree for encoding a literal or distance code with context ID "cid" and block type "bltype" is index of literal Huffman tree = CMAPL[bltype * 64 + cid] index of distance Huffman tree = CMAPD[bltype * 4 + cid] The values of the context map are encoded with the combination of run length encoding for zero values and Huffman coding. Let RLEMAX denote the number of run length codes and NTREES denote the maximum value in Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 20] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 the context map plus one. NTREES must equal the number of different values in the context map, in other words, the different values in the context map must be the [0..NTREES-1] interval. The alphabet of the Huffman code has the following RLEMAX + NTREES symbols: 0: value zero 1: repeat a zero 2-3 times, read 1 bit for repeat length 2: repeat a zero 4-7 times, read 2 bits for repeat length ... RLEMAX: repeat a zero (2^RLEMAX)-(2^(RLEMAX+1) - 1) times, read RLEMAX bits for repeat length RLEMAX + 1: value 1 ... RLEMAX + NTREES - 1: value NTREES - 1 If RLEMAX = 0, the run length coding is not used, and the symbols of the alphabet are directly the values in the context map. We can now define the format of the context map (the same format is used for literal and distance context maps): 1-5 bits: RLEMAX, 0 is encoded with one 0 bit, and values 1 - 16 are encoded with bit pattern 1xxxx Huffman code with alphabet size NTREES + RLEMAX Context map size values encoded with the above Huffman code and run length coding for zero values 1 bit: IMTF bit, if set, we do an inverse move-to-front transform on the values in the context map to get the Huffman code indexes For the encoding of NTREES see Section 9.2. 8. Static dictionary At any given point during decoding the compressed data, a reference to a duplicated string in the output produced so far has a maximum backward distance value, which is the minimum of the window size and the number of output bytes produced. However, decoding a distance from the input stream, as described in section 4, can produce distances that are greater than this maximum allowed value. The difference between these distances and the first invalid distance value is treated as reference to a word in the static dictionary given in Appendix A. The maximum valid copy length for a static dictionary reference is 24. The static dictionary has three parts: * DICT[0..DICTSIZE], an array of bytes Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 21] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 * DOFFSET[0..24], an array of byte offset values for each length * NDBITS[0..24], an array of bit-depth values for each length The number of static dictionary words for a given length is: NWORDS[length] = 0 (if length < 4) NWORDS[length] = (1 << NDBITS[lengths]) (if length >= 4) DOFFSET and DICTSIZE are defined by the following recursion: DOFFSET[0] = 0 DOFFSET[length + 1] = DOFFSET[length] + length * NWORDS[length] DICTSIZE = DOFFSET[24] + 24 * NWORDS[24] The offset of a word within the DICT array for a given length and index is: offset(length, index) = DOFFSET[length] + index * length Each static dictionary word has NTRANSFORMS different forms, given by applying a word transformation to a base word in the DICT array. The list of word transformations is given in Appendix B. The static dictionary word for a <length, distance> pair can be reconstructed as follows: word_id = distance - (max allowed distance + 1) index = word_id % NWORDS[length] base_word = DICT[offset(length, index)..offset(length, index+1)) transform_id = word_id >> NDBITS[length] The string copied to the output stream is computed by applying the transformation to the base dictionary word. If transform_id is greater than NTRANSFORMS - 1 or length is greater than 24, the compressed data set is invalid. Each word transformation has the follwing form: transform_i(word) = prefix_i + T_i(word) + suffix_i where the _i subscript denotes the transform_id above. Each T_i is one of the following 20 elementary transforms: Identity, OmitLast1, ..., OmitLast9, UppercaseFirst, UppercaseAll, OmitFirst1, ..., OmitFirst9 The form of these elementary transforms are as follows: Identity(word) = word Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 22] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 OmitLastk(word) = the first (length(word) - k) bytes of word, or empty string if length(word) < k UppercaseFirst(word) = first UTF-8 character of word upper-cased UppercaseAll(word) = all UTF-8 characters of word upper-cased OmitFirstk(word) = the last (length(word) - k) bytes of word, or empty string if length(word) < k For the purposes of UppercaseAll, word is parsed into UTF-8 characters an coverted to upper-case by taking 1 - 3 bytes at a time, using the algorithm below: i = 0 while i < length(word): if word[i] < 192: if word[i] >= 97 and word[i] <= 122: word[i] = word[i] ^ 32 i = i + 1 else if word[i] < 224: if i + 1 < length(word): word[i + 1] = word[i + 1] ^ 32 i = i + 2 else: if i + 2 < length(word): word[i + 2] = word[i + 2] ^ 5 i = i + 3 For UppercaseFirst, the same algorithm is used, but the loop is executed only once. Appendix B. contains the list of transformations by specifying the prefix, elementary transform and suffix components of each of them. 9. Compressed data format In this section we describe the format of the compressed data set in terms of the format of the individual data items described in the previous sections. 9.1. Format of the stream header The stream header has only the following one field: 1-4 bits: WBITS, a value in the range 16 - 24, value 16 is encoded with one 0 bit, and values 17 - 24 are encoded with bit pattern 1xxx Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 23] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 The size of the sliding window, which is the maximum value of any non-dictionary reference backward distance, is given by the following formula: window size = (1 << WBITS) - 16 9.2. Format of the meta-block header A compliant compressed data set has at least one meta-block. Each meta-block contains a header with information about the uncompressed length of the meta-block, and a bit signaling if the meta-block is the last one. The format of the meta-block header is the following: 1 bit: ISLAST, set to 1 if this is the last meta-block 1 bit: ISEMPTY, set to 1 if the meta-block is empty, this field is only present if ISLAST bit is set, since only the last meta-block can be empty 2 bits: MNIBBLES - 4, where MNIBBLES is # of nibbles to represent the length MNIBBLES x 4 bits: MLEN - 1, where MLEN is the length of the meta-block in the input data in bytes 1 bit: ISUNCOMPRESSED, if set to 1, any bits of input up to the next byte boundary are ignored, and the rest of the meta-block contains MLEN bytes of literal data; this field is only present if ISLAST bit is not set 1-11 bits: NBLTYPESL, # of literal block types, encoded with the following variable length code: Value Bit Pattern ----- ----------- 1 0 2 1000 3-4 1001x 5-8 1010xx 9-16 1011xxx 17-32 1100xxxx 33-64 1101xxxxx 65-128 1110xxxxxx 129-256 1111xxxxxxx Huffman code over the block type code alphabet for literal block types, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 Huffman code over the block length code alphabet for literal block lengths, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 24] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 Block length code + Extra bits for first literal block length, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 1-11 bits: NBLTYPESI, # of insert-and-copy block types, encoded with the same variable length code as above Huffman code over the block type code alphabet for insert- and-copy block types, only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 Huffman code over the block length code alphabet for insert- and-copy block lengths, only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 Block length code + Extra bits for first insert-and-copy block length, only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 1-11 bits: NBLTYPESD, # of distance block types, encoded with the same variable length code as above Huffman code over the block type code alphabet for distance block types, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 Huffman code over the block length code alphabet for distance block lengths, only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 Block length code + Extra bits for first distance block length, only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 2 bits: NPOSTFIX, parameter used in the distance coding 4 bits: four most significant bits of NDIRECT, to get the actual value of the parameter NDIRECT, left-shift this four bit number by NPOSTFIX bits NBLTYPESL x 2 bits: context mode for each literal block type 1-11 bits: NTREESL, # of literal Huffman trees, encoded with the same variable length code as NBLTYPESL Literal context map, encoded as described in Paragraph 7.3, appears only if NTREESL >= 2, otherwise the context map has only zero values 1-11 bits: NTREESD, # of distance Huffman trees, encoded with the same variable length code as NBLTYPESD Distance context map, encoded as described in Paragraph 7.3, appears only if NTREESD >= 2, otherwise the context map has only zero values Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 25] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 NTREESL Huffman codes for literals NBLTYPESI Huffman codes for insert-and-copy lengths NTREESD Huffman codes for distances 9.3. Format of the meta-block data The compressed data part of a meta-block consists of a series of commands. Each command has the following format: Block type code for next insert-and-copy block type, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 and the previous insert-and-copy block has ended Block length code + Extra bits for next insert-and-copy block length, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 and the previous insert and-copy block has ended Insert-and-copy length, encoded as in section 5, using the insert-and-copy length Huffman code with the current insert-and-copy block type index Insert length number of literals, with the following format: Block type code for next literal block type, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 and the previous literal block has ended Block length code + Extra bits for next literal block length, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 and the previous literal block has ended Next byte of the input data, encoded with the literal Huffman code with the index determined by the previuos two bytes of the input data, the current literal block type and the context map, as described in Paragraph 7.3. Block type code for next distance block type, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 and the previous distance block has ended Block length code + Extra bits for next distance block length, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 and the previous distance block has ended Distance code, encoded as in section 4, using the distance Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 26] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 Huffman code with the current distance block type index, appears only if the distance code is not an implicit 0, as indicated by the insert-and-copy length code The number of commands in the meta-block is such that the sum of insert lengths and copy lengths over all the commands gives the uncompressed length, MLEN encoded in the meta-block header. 10. Decoding algorithm The decoding algorithm that produces the output data is as follows: read window size do read ISLAST bit if ISLAST read ISEMPTY bit if ISEMPTY break from loop read MLEN if not ISLAST read ISUNCOMPRESSED bit if ISUNCOMPRESSED skip any bits up to the next byte boundary copy MLEN bytes of input to the output stream continue to the next meta-block loop for each three block categories (i = L, I, D) read NBLTYPESi if NBLTYPESi >= 2 read Huffman code for block types, HTREE_BTYPE_i read Huffman code for block lengths, HTREE_BLEN_i read block length, BLEN_i set block type, BTYPE_i to 0 initialize second last and last block types to 0 and 1 else set block type, BTYPE_i to 0 set block length, BLEN_i to 268435456 read NPOSTFIX and NDIRECT read array of literal context modes, CMODE[] read NTREESL if NTREESL >= 2 read literal context map, CMAPL[] else fill CMAPL[] with zeros read NTREESD if NTREESD >= 2 read distance context map, CMAPD[] else Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 27] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 fill CMAPD[] with zeros read array of Huffman codes for literals, HTREEL[] read array of Huffman codes for insert-and-copy, HTREEI[] read array of Huffman codes for distances, HTREED[] do if BLEN_I is zero read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_I and set BTYPE_I read block length using HTREE_BLEN_I and set BLEN_I decrement BLEN_I read insert and copy length, ILEN, CLEN with HTREEI[BTYPE_I] loop for ILEN if BLEN_L is zero read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_L and set BTYPE_L read block length using HTREE_BLEN_L and set BLEN_L decrement BLEN_L look up context mode CMODE[BTYPE_L] compute context ID, CIDL from last two bytes of output read literal using HTREEL[CMAPL[64 * BTYPE_L + CIDL]] copy literal to output stream if number of output bytes produced in the loop is MLEN break from loop if distance code is implicit zero from insert-and-copy code set backward distance to the last distance else if BLEN_D is zero read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_D and set BTYPE_D read block length using HTREE_BLEN_D and set BLEN_D decrement BLEN_D compute context ID, CIDD from CLEN read distance code with HTREED[CMAPD[4 * BTYPE_D + CIDD]] compute distance by distance short code substitution move backwards distance bytes in the output stream, and copy CLEN bytes from this position to the output stream, or look up the static dictionary word and copy it to the output stram while number of output bytes produced in the loop < MLEN while not ISLAST Note that a duplicated string reference may refer to a string in a previous meta-block, i.e. the backward distance may cross one or more meta-block boundaries. However a backward copy distance cannot refer past the beginning of the output stream and it can not be greater than the window size; any such distance must be interpreted as a reference to a static dictionary word. Also note that the referenced string may overlap the current position, for example, if the last 2 bytes decoded have values X and Y, a string reference with <length = 5, distance = 2> adds X,Y,X,Y,X to the output stream. Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 28] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 11. Security Considerations As with any compressed file formats, decompressor implementations should handle all input byte sequences, not only those that conform to this specification and non-conformant input sequences should be discarded. A possible attack against a system containing a decompressor implementation (e.g. a web browser) is to exploit a buffer overflow caused by an invalid input. Therefore decompressor implementations should perform bound-checking for each memory access that result from values decoded from the input stream. 12. IANA Considerations This document has no actions for IANA. 13. Informative References [HUFFMAN] Huffman, D. A., "A Method for the Construction of Minimum Redundancy Codes", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, September 1952, Volume 40, Number 9, pp. 1098-1101. [LZ77] Ziv J., Lempel A., "A Universal Algorithm for Sequential Data Compression", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 337-343. [RFC1951] Deutsch, P., "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3", RFC 1951, Aladdin Enterprises, May 1996. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt [WOFF2] Levantovsky, V. (ed.), Levien, R. (ed.), "WOFF File Format 2.0", W3C WebFonts Working Group, http://www.w3.org/TR/WOFF2/ 14. Source code Source code for a C language implementation of a "brotli" compliant decompressor and a C++ language implementation of a compressor is available in the brotli/ directory within the font-compression- reference open-source project: https://code.google.com/p/font- compression-reference/source/browse/ Appendix A. Static dictionary data The hexadecimal form of the DICT array is the following: 74696d65646f776e6c6966656c6566746261636b636f64656461746173686f77 6f6e6c7973697465636974796f70656e6a7573746c696b6566726565776f726b Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 29] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 74657874796561726f766572626f64796c6f7665666f726d626f6f6b706c6179 6c6976656c696e6568656c70686f6d65736964656d6f7265776f72646c6f6e67 7468656d7669657766696e64706167656461797366756c6c686561647465726d 656163686172656166726f6d747275656d61726b61626c6575706f6e68696768 646174656c616e646e6577736576656e6e65787463617365626f7468706f7374 757365646d61646568616e6468657265776861746e616d654c696e6b626c6f67 73697a656261736568656c646d616b656d61696e757365722729202b686f6c64 656e6473776974684e65777372656164776572657369676e74616b6568617665 67616d657365656e63616c6c7061746877656c6c706c75736d656e7566696c6d 706172746a6f696e746869736c697374676f6f646e6565647761797377657374 6a6f62736d696e64616c736f6c6f676f72696368757365736c6173747465616d 61726d79666f6f646b696e6777696c6c65617374776172646265737466697265 506167656b6e6f77617761792e706e676d6f76657468616e6c6f616467697665 73656c666e6f74656d756368666565646d616e79726f636b69636f6e6f6e6365 6c6f6f6b6869646564696564486f6d6572756c65686f7374616a6178696e666f 636c75626c6177736c65737368616c66736f6d65737563687a6f6e6531303025 6f6e65736361726554696d6572616365626c7565666f75727765656b66616365 686f706567617665686172646c6f73747768656e7061726b6b65707470617373 73686970726f6f6d48544d4c706c616e54797065646f6e65736176656b656570 666c61676c696e6b736f6c6466697665746f6f6b72617465746f776e6a756d70 746875736461726b6361726466696c6566656172737461796b696c6c74686174 66616c6c6175746f657665722e636f6d74616c6b73686f70766f746564656570 6d6f6465726573747475726e626f726e62616e6466656c6c726f736575726c28 736b696e726f6c65636f6d6561637473616765736d656574676f6c642e6a7067 6974656d7661727966656c747468656e73656e6464726f7056696577636f7079 312e30223c2f613e73746f70656c73656c696573746f75727061636b2e676966 706173746373733f677261796d65616e2667743b7269646573686f746c617465 73616964726f6164766172206665656c6a6f686e7269636b706f727466617374 2755412d646561643c2f623e706f6f7262696c6c74797065552e532e776f6f64 6d7573743270783b496e666f72616e6b7769646577616e7477616c6c6c656164 5b305d3b7061756c776176657375726524282723776169746d61737361726d73 676f65736761696e6c616e6770616964212d2d206c6f636b756e6974726f6f74 77616c6b6669726d77696665786d6c22736f6e6774657374323070786b696e64 726f7773746f6f6c666f6e746d61696c73616665737461726d617073636f7265 7261696e666c6f77626162797370616e736179733470783b3670783b61727473 666f6f747265616c77696b696865617473746570747269706f72672f6c616b65 7765616b746f6c64466f726d6361737466616e7362616e6b7665727972756e73 6a756c797461736b3170783b676f616c67726577736c6f776564676569643d22 736574733570783b2e6a733f3430707869662028736f6f6e736561746e6f6e65 747562657a65726f73656e747265656466616374696e746f676966746861726d 3138707863616d6568696c6c626f6c647a6f6f6d766f69646561737972696e67 66696c6c7065616b696e6974636f73743370783b6a61636b7461677362697473 726f6c6c656469746b6e65776e6561723c212d2d67726f774a534f4e64757479 4e616d6573616c65796f75206c6f74737061696e6a617a7a636f6c6465796573 666973687777772e7269736b7461627370726576313070787269736532357078 426c756564696e673330302c62616c6c666f72646561726e77696c64626f782e 666169726c61636b76657273706169726a756e6574656368696628217069636b 6576696c242822237761726d6c6f7264646f657370756c6c2c30303069646561 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 30] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 647261776875676573706f7466756e646275726e6872656663656c6c6b657973 7469636b686f75726c6f73736675656c31327078737569746465616c52535322 6167656467726579474554226561736561696d736769726c616964733870783b 6e617679677269647469707323393939776172736c61647963617273293b207d 7068703f68656c6c74616c6c77686f6d7a683ae52a2f0d0a2031303068616c6c 2e0a0a413770783b70757368636861743070783b637265772a2f3c2f68617368 37357078666c6174726172652026262074656c6c63616d706f6e746f6c616964 6d697373736b697074656e7466696e656d616c6567657473706c6f743430302c 0d0a0d0a636f6f6c666565742e7068703c62723e657269636d6f737467756964 62656c6c64657363686169726d61746861746f6d2f696d67262338326c75636b 63656e743030303b74696e79676f6e6568746d6c73656c6c6472756746524545 6e6f64656e69636b3f69643d6c6f73656e756c6c7661737477696e6452535320 7765617272656c796265656e73616d6564756b656e6173616361706577697368 67756c665432333a68697473736c6f74676174656b69636b626c757274686579 313570782727293b293b223e6d73696577696e7362697264736f727462657461 7365656b5431383a6f726473747265656d616c6c363070786661726de2809973 626f79735b305d2e27293b22504f5354626561726b696473293b7d7d6d617279 74656e6428554b29717561647a683ae62d73697a2d2d2d2d70726f7027293b0d 6c6966745431393a76696365616e6479646562743e525353706f6f6c6e65636b 626c6f775431363a646f6f726576616c5431373a6c6574736661696c6f72616c 706f6c6c6e6f7661636f6c7367656e6520e28094736f6674726f6d6574696c6c 726f73733c68333e706f75726661646570696e6b3c74723e6d696e69297c2128 6d696e657a683ae862617273686561723030293b6d696c6b202d2d3e69726f6e 667265646469736b77656e74736f696c707574732f6a732f686f6c795432323a 4953424e5432303a6164616d736565733c68323e6a736f6e272c2027636f6e74 5432313a205253536c6f6f70617369616d6f6f6e3c2f703e736f756c4c494e45 666f7274636172745431343a3c68313e38307078212d2d3c3970783b5430343a 6d696b653a34365a6e696365696e6368596f726b726963657a683ae42729293b 707572656d61676570617261746f6e65626f6e643a33375a5f6f665f275d293b 3030302c7a683ae774616e6b79617264626f776c627573683a35365a4a617661 333070780a7c7d0a254333253a33345a6a656666455850496361736876697361 676f6c66736e6f777a683ae9717565722e6373737369636b6d6561746d696e2e 62696e6464656c6c686972657069637372656e743a33365a485454502d323031 666f746f776f6c66454e442078626f783a35345a424f44596469636b3b0a7d0a 657869743a33355a7661727362656174277d293b646965743939393b616e6e65 7d7d3c2f5b695d2e4c616e676b6dc2b277697265746f7973616464737365616c 616c65783b0a097d6563686f6e696e652e6f726730303529746f6e796a657773 73616e646c656773726f6f66303030292032303077696e6567656172646f6773 626f6f74676172796375747374796c6574656d7074696f6e2e786d6c636f636b 67616e672428272e3530707850682e446d697363616c616e6c6f616e6465736b 6d696c657279616e756e697864697363293b7d0a64757374636c6970292e0a0a 373070782d32303044564473375d3e3c7461706564656d6f692b2b2977616765 6575726f7068696c6f707473686f6c65464151736173696e2d3236546c616273 7065747355524c2062756c6b636f6f6b3b7d0d0a484541445b305d2961626272 6a75616e283139386c6573687477696e3c2f693e736f6e79677579736675636b 706970657c2d0a21303032296e646f775b315d3b5b5d3b0a4c6f672073616c74 0d0a090962616e677472696d62617468297b0d0a303070780a7d293b6b6f3aec 6665657361643e0d733a2f2f205b5d3b746f6c6c706c756728297b0a7b0d0a20 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 31] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 2e6a7327323030706475616c626f61742e4a5047293b0a7d71756f74293b0a0a 27293b0a0d0a7d0d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f6d6f 6dc3a17365737465657374617065726f746f646f686163656361646161c3b16f 6269656e64c3ad616173c3ad766964616361736f6f74726f666f726f736f6c6f 6f7472616375616c64696a6f7369646f6772616e7469706f74656d6164656265 616c676f7175c3a96573746f6e61646174726573706f636f6361736162616a6f 746f646173696e6f6167756170756573756e6f73616e7465646963656c756973 656c6c616d61796f7a6f6e61616d6f727069736f6f627261636c6963656c6c6f 64696f73686f726163617369d0b7d0b0d0bdd0b0d0bed0bcd180d0b0d180d183 d182d0b0d0bdd0b5d0bfd0bed0bed182d0b8d0b7d0bdd0bed0b4d0bed182d0be d0b6d0b5d0bed0bdd0b8d185d09dd0b0d0b5d0b5d0b1d18bd0bcd18bd092d18b d181d0bed0b2d18bd0b2d0bed09dd0bed0bed0b1d09fd0bed0bbd0b8d0bdd0b8 d0a0d0a4d09dd0b5d09cd18bd182d18bd09ed0bdd0b8d0bcd0b4d0b0d097d0b0 d094d0b0d09dd183d09ed0b1d182d0b5d098d0b7d0b5d0b9d0bdd183d0bcd0bc d0a2d18bd183d0b6d981d98ad8a3d986d985d8a7d985d8b9d983d984d8a3d988 d8b1d8afd98ad8a7d981d989d987d988d984d985d984d983d8a7d988d984d987 d8a8d8b3d8a7d984d8a5d986d987d98ad8a3d98ad982d8afd987d984d8abd985 d8a8d987d984d988d984d98ad8a8d984d8a7d98ad8a8d983d8b4d98ad8a7d985 d8a3d985d986d8aad8a8d98ad984d986d8add8a8d987d985d985d8b4d988d8b4 6669727374766964656f6c69676874776f726c646d656469617768697465636c 6f7365626c61636b7269676874736d616c6c626f6f6b73706c6163656d757369 636669656c646f72646572706f696e7476616c75656c6576656c7461626c6562 6f617264686f75736567726f7570776f726b7379656172737374617465746f64 6179776174657273746172747374796c656465617468706f77657270686f6e65 6e696768746572726f72696e70757461626f75747465726d737469746c65746f 6f6c736576656e746c6f63616c74696d65736c61726765776f72647367616d65 7373686f72747370616365666f637573636c6561726d6f64656c626c6f636b67 75696465726164696f7368617265776f6d656e616761696e6d6f6e6579696d61 67656e616d6573796f756e676c696e65736c61746572636f6c6f72677265656e 66726f6e7426616d703b7761746368666f726365707269636572756c65736265 67696e616674657276697369746973737565617265617362656c6f77696e6465 78746f74616c686f7572736c6162656c7072696e7470726573736275696c746c 696e6b73737065656473747564797472616465666f756e6473656e7365756e64 657273686f776e666f726d7372616e676561646465647374696c6c6d6f766564 74616b656e61626f7665666c61736866697865646f6674656e6f746865727669 657773636865636b6c6567616c72697665726974656d73717569636b73686170 6568756d616e6578697374676f696e676d6f7669657468697264626173696370 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 32] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 65616365737461676577696474686c6f67696e696465617377726f7465706167 65737573657273647269766573746f7265627265616b736f757468766f696365 73697465736d6f6e746877686572656275696c6477686963686561727468666f 72756d746872656573706f72747061727479436c69636b6c6f7765726c697665 73636c6173736c61796572656e74727973746f72797573616765736f756e6463 6f757274796f7572206269727468706f70757074797065736170706c79496d61 67656265696e6775707065726e6f746573657665727973686f77736d65616e73 65787472616d61746368747261636b6b6e6f776e6561726c79626567616e7375 70657270617065726e6f7274686c6561726e676976656e6e616d6564656e6465 645465726d73706172747347726f75706272616e647573696e67776f6d616e66 616c73657265616479617564696f74616b65737768696c652e636f6d2f6c6976 656463617365736461696c796368696c6467726561746a7564676574686f7365 756e6974736e6576657262726f6164636f617374636f7665726170706c656669 6c65736379636c657363656e65706c616e73636c69636b777269746571756565 6e7069656365656d61696c6672616d656f6c64657270686f746f6c696d697463 61636865636976696c7363616c65656e7465727468656d657468657265746f75 6368626f756e64726f79616c61736b656477686f6c6573696e636573746f636b 206e616d6566616974686865617274656d7074796f6666657273636f70656f77 6e65646d69676874616c62756d7468696e6b626c6f6f6461727261796d616a6f 72747275737463616e6f6e756e696f6e636f756e7476616c696473746f6e6553 74796c654c6f67696e68617070796f636375726c6566743a6672657368717569 746566696c6d7367726164656e65656473757262616e66696768746261736973 686f7665726175746f3b726f7574652e68746d6c6d6978656466696e616c596f 757220736c696465746f70696362726f776e616c6f6e65647261776e73706c69 747265616368526967687464617465736d6172636871756f7465676f6f64734c 696e6b73646f7562746173796e637468756d62616c6c6f776368696566796f75 74686e6f76656c313070783b7365727665756e74696c68616e6473436865636b 537061636571756572796a616d6573657175616c7477696365302c3030305374 61727470616e656c736f6e6773726f756e6465696768747368696674776f7274 68706f7374736c656164737765656b7361766f696474686573656d696c657370 6c616e65736d617274616c706861706c616e746d61726b737261746573706c61 7973636c61696d73616c65737465787473737461727377726f6e673c2f68333e 7468696e672e6f72672f6d756c74696865617264506f7765727374616e64746f 6b656e736f6c696428746869736272696e677368697073737461666674726965 6463616c6c7366756c6c7966616374736167656e7454686973202f2f2d2d3e61 646d696e65677970744576656e74313570783b456d61696c747275652263726f 73737370656e74626c6f6773626f78223e6e6f7465646c656176656368696e61 73697a657367756573743c2f68343e726f626f746865617679747275652c7365 76656e6772616e646372696d657369676e73617761726564616e636570686173 653e3c212d2d656e5f5553262333393b32303070785f6e616d656c6174696e65 6e6a6f79616a61782e6174696f6e736d697468552e532e20686f6c6473706574 6572696e6469616e6176223e636861696e73636f7265636f6d6573646f696e67 7072696f7253686172653139393073726f6d616e6c697374736a6170616e6661 6c6c73747269616c6f776e657261677265653c2f68323e6162757365616c6572 746f70657261222d2f2f57636172647368696c6c737465616d7350686f746f74 72757468636c65616e2e7068703f7361696e746d6574616c6c6f7569736d6561 6e7470726f6f666272696566726f77223e67656e7265747275636b6c6f6f6b73 56616c75654672616d652e6e65742f2d2d3e0a3c747279207b0a766172206d61 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 33] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 6b6573636f737473706c61696e6164756c747175657374747261696e6c61626f 7268656c707363617573656d616769636d6f746f72746865697232353070786c 656173747374657073436f756e74636f756c64676c617373736964657366756e 6473686f74656c61776172646d6f7574686d6f76657370617269736769766573 6475746368746578617366727569746e756c6c2c7c7c5b5d3b746f70223e0a3c 212d2d504f5354226f6365616e3c62722f3e666c6f6f72737065616b64657074 682073697a6562616e6b7363617463686368617274323070783b616c69676e64 65616c73776f756c64353070783b75726c3d227061726b736d6f7573654d6f73 74202e2e2e3c2f616d6f6e67627261696e626f6479206e6f6e653b6261736564 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6f6e2e74657374286176617461727465737465645f636f756e74666f72756d73 736368656d61696e6465782c66696c6c6564736861726573726561646572616c 657274286170706561725375626d69746c696e65223e626f6479223e0a2a2054 686554686f756768736565696e676a65727365794e6577733c2f766572696679 657870657274696e6a75727977696474683d436f6f6b69655354415254206163 726f73735f696d6167657468726561646e6174697665706f636b6574626f7822 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 37] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 3e0a53797374656d20446176696463616e6365727461626c657370726f766564 417072696c207265616c6c796472697665726974656d223e6d6f7265223e626f 61726473636f6c6f727363616d7075736669727374207c7c205b5d3b6d656469 612e67756974617266696e69736877696474683a73686f7765644f7468657220 2e7068702220617373756d656c617965727377696c736f6e73746f7265737265 6c69656673776564656e437573746f6d656173696c7920796f75722053747269 6e670a0a5768696c7461796c6f72636c6561723a7265736f72746672656e6368 74686f7567682229202b20223c626f64793e627579696e676272616e64734d65 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b7e6a0bce694afe68c81e59bbde99985e993bee68ea5e59bbde5aeb6e5bbbae8 aebee69c8be58f8be99885e8afbbe6b395e5be8be4bd8de7bdaee7bb8fe6b58e e98089e68ba9e8bf99e6a0b7e5bd93e5898de58886e7b1bbe68e92e8a18ce59b a0e4b8bae4baa4e69893e69c80e5908ee99fb3e4b990e4b88de883bde9809ae8 bf87e8a18ce4b89ae7a791e68a80e58fafe883bde8aebee5a487e59088e4bd9c e5a4a7e5aeb6e7a4bee4bc9ae7a094e7a9b6e4b893e4b89ae585a8e983a8e9a1 b9e79baee8bf99e9878ce8bf98e698afe5bc80e5a78be68385e586b5e794b5e8 8491e69687e4bbb6e59381e7898ce5b8aee58aa9e69687e58c96e8b584e6ba90 e5a4a7e5ada6e5ada6e4b9a0e59cb0e59d80e6b58fe8a788e68a95e8b584e5b7 a5e7a88be8a681e6b182e6808ee4b988e697b6e58099e58a9fe883bde4b8bbe8 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 38] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 a681e79baee5898de8b584e8aeafe59f8ee5b882e696b9e6b395e794b5e5bdb1 e68b9be88198e5a3b0e6988ee4bbbbe4bd95e581a5e5bab7e695b0e68daee7be 8ee59bbde6b1bde8bda6e4bb8be7bb8de4bd86e698afe4baa4e6b581e7949fe4 baa7e68980e4bba5e794b5e8af9de698bee7a4bae4b880e4ba9be58d95e4bd8d 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e794b1e4ba8ee4babae6898de587bae69da5e4b88de8bf87e6ada3e59ca8e698 8ee6989fe69585e4ba8be585b3e7b3bbe6a087e9a298e59586e58aa1e8be93e5 85a5e4b880e79bb4e59fbae7a180e69599e5ada6e4ba86e8a7a3e5bbbae7ad91 e7bb93e69e9ce585a8e79083e9809ae79fa5e8aea1e58892e5afb9e4ba8ee889 bae69cafe79bb8e5868ce58f91e7949fe79c9fe79a84e5bbbae7ab8be7ad89e7 baa7e7b1bbe59e8be7bb8fe9aa8ce5ae9ee78eb0e588b6e4bd9ce69da5e887aa e6a087e7adbee4bba5e4b88be58e9fe5889be697a0e6b395e585b6e4b8ade580 8be4babae4b880e58887e68c87e58d97e585b3e997ade99b86e59ba2e7acace4 b889e585b3e6b3a8e59ba0e6ada4e785a7e78987e6b7b1e59cb3e59586e4b89a e5b9bfe5b79ee697a5e69c9fe9ab98e7baa7e69c80e8bf91e7bbbce59088e8a1 a8e7a4bae4b893e8be91e8a18ce4b8bae4baa4e9809ae8af84e4bbb7e8a789e5 be97e7b2bee58d8ee5aeb6e5baade5ae8ce68890e6849fe8a789e5ae89e8a385 e5be97e588b0e982aee4bbb6e588b6e5baa6e9a39fe59381e899bde784b6e8bd ace8bdbde68aa5e4bbb7e8aeb0e88085e696b9e6a188e8a18ce694bfe4babae6 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 39] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 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Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 43] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 75636365737366617368696f6e3c7469746c653e636f756e7472796163636f75 6e746372656174656473746f72696573726573756c747372756e6e696e677072 6f6365737377726974696e676f626a6563747376697369626c6577656c636f6d 6561727469636c65756e6b6e6f776e6e6574776f726b636f6d70616e7964796e 616d696362726f777365727072697661637970726f626c656d53657276696365 72657370656374646973706c6179726571756573747265736572766577656273 697465686973746f7279667269656e64736f7074696f6e73776f726b696e6776 657273696f6e6d696c6c696f6e6368616e6e656c77696e646f772e6164647265 73737669736974656477656174686572636f727265637470726f647563746564 6972656374666f7277617264796f752063616e72656d6f7665647375626a6563 74636f6e74726f6c6172636869766563757272656e7472656164696e676c6962 726172796c696d697465646d616e616765726675727468657273756d6d617279 6d616368696e656d696e7574657370726976617465636f6e7465787470726f67 72616d736f63696574796e756d626572737772697474656e656e61626c656474 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6e74726f6c636c6173736573636f76657265646f75746c696e6561747461636b 73646576696365732877696e646f77707572706f73657469746c653d224d6f62 696c65206b696c6c696e6773686f77696e674974616c69616e64726f70706564 68656176696c79656666656374732d31275d293b0a636f6e6669726d43757272 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 44] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 656e74616476616e636573686172696e676f70656e696e6764726177696e6762 696c6c696f6e6f7264657265644765726d616e7972656c617465643c2f666f72 6d3e696e636c75646577686574686572646566696e6564536369656e63656361 74616c6f6741727469636c65627574746f6e736c617267657374756e69666f72 6d6a6f75726e6579736964656261724368696361676f686f6c6964617947656e 6572616c706173736167652c2671756f743b616e696d6174656665656c696e67 6172726976656470617373696e676e61747572616c726f7567686c792e0a0a54 686520627574206e6f7464656e736974794272697461696e4368696e6573656c 61636b206f66747269627574654972656c616e642220646174612d666163746f 727372656365697665746861742069734c69627261727968757362616e64696e 206661637461666661697273436861726c65737261646963616c62726f756768 7466696e64696e676c616e64696e673a6c616e673d2272657475726e206c6561 64657273706c616e6e65647072656d69756d7061636b616765416d6572696361 45646974696f6e5d2671756f743b4d6573736167656e65656420746f76616c75 653d22636f6d706c65786c6f6f6b696e6773746174696f6e62656c6965766573 6d616c6c65722d6d6f62696c657265636f72647377616e7420746f6b696e6420 6f6646697265666f78796f752061726573696d696c6172737475646965646d61 78696d756d68656164696e6772617069646c79636c696d6174656b696e67646f 6d656d6572676564616d6f756e7473666f756e64656470696f6e656572666f72 6d756c6164796e61737479686f7720746f20537570706f7274726576656e7565 65636f6e6f6d79526573756c747362726f74686572736f6c646965726c617267 656c7963616c6c696e672e2671756f743b4163636f756e744564776172642073 65676d656e74526f62657274206566666f727473506163696669636c6561726e 6564757020776974686865696768743a77652068617665416e67656c65736e61 74696f6e735f7365617263686170706c696564616371756972656d6173736976 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676573745f6865616465727369676e696e672e68746d6c223e736574746c6564 7765737465726e63617573696e672d7765626b6974636c61696d65644a757374 6963656368617074657276696374696d7354686f6d6173206d6f7a696c6c6170 726f6d6973657061727469657365646974696f6e6f7574736964653a66616c73 652c68756e647265644f6c796d7069635f627574746f6e617574686f72737265 61636865646368726f6e696364656d616e64737365636f6e647370726f746563 7461646f70746564707265706172656e65697468657267726561746c79677265 617465726f766572616c6c696d70726f7665636f6d6d616e647370656369616c Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 45] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 7365617263682e776f727368697066756e64696e6774686f7567687468696768 657374696e73746561647574696c6974797175617274657243756c7475726574 657374696e67636c6561726c796578706f73656442726f777365726c69626572 616c7d20636174636850726f6a6563746578616d706c656869646528293b466c 6f72696461616e7377657273616c6c6f776564456d7065726f72646566656e73 65736572696f757366726565646f6d5365766572616c2d627574746f6e467572 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62696f6c6f67796c696665206f666f72206576656e72697365206f6626726171 756f3b706c75736f6e6568756e74696e672874686f756768446f75676c61736a 6f696e696e67636972636c6573466f7220746865416e6369656e74566965746e 616d76656869636c65737563682061736372797374616c76616c7565203d5769 6e646f7773656e6a6f7965646120736d616c6c617373756d65643c612069643d 22666f726569676e20416c6c207269686f7720746865446973706c6179726574 69726564686f776576657268696464656e3b626174746c65737365656b696e67 636162696e6574776173206e6f746c6f6f6b206174636f6e6475637467657420 7468654a616e7561727968617070656e737475726e696e67613a686f7665724f 6e6c696e65204672656e6368206c61636b696e677479706963616c6578747261 6374656e656d6965736576656e20696667656e65726174646563696465646172 65206e6f742f73656172636862656c696566732d696d6167653a6c6f63617465 647374617469632e6c6f67696e223e636f6e7665727476696f6c656e74656e74 657265646669727374223e6369726375697446696e6c616e646368656d697374 73686520776173313070783b223e61732073756368646976696465643c2f7370 616e3e77696c6c2062656c696e65206f66612067726561746d7973746572792f 696e6465782e66616c6c696e6764756520746f207261696c776179636f6c6c65 67656d6f6e7374657264657363656e74697420776974686e75636c6561724a65 776973682070726f7465737442726974697368666c6f77657273707265646963 747265666f726d73627574746f6e2077686f207761736c656374757265696e73 74616e747375696369646567656e65726963706572696f64736d61726b657473 536f6369616c2066697368696e67636f6d62696e656772617068696377696e6e 6572733c6272202f3e3c627920746865204e61747572616c5072697661637963 6f6f6b6965736f7574636f6d657265736f6c7665537765646973686272696566 6c795065727369616e736f206d75636843656e7475727964657069637473636f 6c756d6e73686f7573696e67736372697074736e65787420746f62656172696e 676d617070696e67726576697365646a5175657279282d77696474683a746974 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 46] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 6c65223e746f6f6c74697053656374696f6e64657369676e735475726b697368 796f756e6765722e6d61746368287d2928293b0a0a6275726e696e676f706572 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6c74696e76697465646c617374696e67686973206f776e687265663d222f2220 72656c3d22646576656c6f70636f6e636572746469616772616d646f6c6c6172 73636c75737465727068703f69643d616c636f686f6c293b7d2928293b757369 6e6720613e3c7370616e3e76657373656c737265766976616c41646472657373 616d6174657572616e64726f6964616c6c65676564696c6c6e65737377616c6b 696e6763656e746572737175616c6966796d617463686573756e696669656465 7874696e6374446566656e73656469656420696e0a093c212d2d20637573746f 6d736c696e6b696e674c6974746c6520426f6f6b206f666576656e696e676d69 6e2e6a733f617265207468656b6f6e74616b74746f64617927732e68746d6c22 207461726765743d77656172696e67416c6c205269673b0a7d2928293b726169 73696e6720416c736f2c206372756369616c61626f7574223e6465636c617265 2d2d3e0a3c736366697265666f786173206d7563686170706c696573696e6465 782c20732c206275742074797065203d200a0d0a3c212d2d746f776172647352 65636f72647350726976617465466f726569676e5072656d69657263686f6963 65735669727475616c72657475726e73436f6d6d656e74506f7765726564696e 6c696e653b706f76657274796368616d6265724c6976696e6720766f6c756d65 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 47] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 73416e74686f6e796c6f67696e222052656c6174656445636f6e6f6d79726561 6368657363757474696e67677261766974796c69666520696e43686170746572 2d736861646f774e6f7461626c653c2f74643e0d0a2072657475726e73746164 69756d7769646765747376617279696e6774726176656c7368656c6420627977 686f20617265776f726b20696e666163756c7479616e67756c617277686f2068 6164616972706f7274746f776e206f660a0a536f6d652027636c69636b276368 61726765736b6579776f726469742077696c6c63697479206f66287468697329 3b416e6472657720756e6971756520636865636b65646f72206d6f7265333030 70783b2072657475726e3b7273696f6e3d22706c7567696e7377697468696e20 68657273656c6653746174696f6e4665646572616c76656e747572657075626c 69736873656e7420746f74656e73696f6e61637472657373636f6d6520746f66 696e6765727344756b65206f6670656f706c652c6578706c6f69747768617420 69736861726d6f6e7961206d616a6f72223a2268747470696e20686973206d65 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66746564646f63746f727352757373656c6c20746172676574636f6d70616374 616c6765627261736f6369616c2d62756c6b206f666d616e20616e643c2f7464 3e0a206865206c656674292e76616c282966616c7365293b6c6f676963616c62 616e6b696e67686f6d6520746f6e616d696e67204172697a6f6e616372656469 7473293b0a7d293b0a666f756e646572696e207475726e436f6c6c696e736265 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 48] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 666f72652042757420746865636861726765645469746c65223e436170746169 6e7370656c6c6564676f6464657373546167202d2d3e416464696e673a627574 20776173526563656e742070617469656e746261636b20696e3d66616c736526 4c696e636f6c6e7765206b6e6f77436f756e7465724a75646169736d73637269 707420616c7465726564275d293b0a202068617320746865756e636c65617245 76656e74272c626f746820696e6e6f7420616c6c0a0a3c212d2d20706c616369 6e676861726420746f2063656e746572736f7274206f66636c69656e74737374 72656574734265726e6172646173736572747374656e6420746f66616e746173 79646f776e20696e686172626f757246726565646f6d6a6577656c72792f6162 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617267756d656e74626f6f6b6d61726b72656665727265726368656d6963616c 6469766973696f6e63616c6c6261636b736570617261746570726f6a65637473 636f6e666c6963746861726477617265696e74657265737464656c6976657279 6d6f756e7461696e6f627461696e65643d2066616c73653b666f722876617220 61636365707465646361706163697479636f6d70757465726964656e74697479 6169726372616674656d706c6f79656470726f706f736564646f6d6573746963 696e636c7564657370726f7669646564686f73706974616c766572746963616c 636f6c6c61707365617070726f616368706172746e6572736c6f676f223e3c61 6461756768746572617574686f72222063756c747572616c66616d696c696573 2f696d616765732f617373656d626c79706f77657266756c7465616368696e67 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 53] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 66696e69736865646469737472696374637269746963616c6367692d62696e2f 707572706f7365737265717569726573656c656374696f6e6265636f6d696e67 70726f766964657361636164656d6963657865726369736561637475616c6c79 6d65646963696e65636f6e7374616e746163636964656e744d6167617a696e65 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5265736f757263656c6963656e73656420287768696368202e20416674657220 636f6e73696465727669736974696e676578706c6f7265727072696d61727920 7365617263682220616e64726f696422717569636b6c79206d656574696e6773 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 55] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 657374696d6174653b72657475726e203b636f6c6f723a23206865696768743d 617070726f76616c2c202671756f743b20636865636b65642e6d696e2e6a7322 6d61676e657469633e3c2f613e3c2f68666f7265636173742e205768696c6520 74687572736461796476657274697365266561637574653b686173436c617373 6576616c756174656f72646572696e676578697374696e6770617469656e7473 204f6e6c696e6520636f6c6f7261646f4f7074696f6e732263616d7062656c6c 3c212d2d20656e643c2f7370616e3e3c3c6272202f3e0d0a5f706f707570737c 736369656e6365732c2671756f743b207175616c6974792057696e646f777320 61737369676e65646865696768743a203c6220636c6173736c652671756f743b 2076616c75653d2220436f6d70616e796578616d706c65733c696672616d6520 62656c696576657370726573656e74736d61727368616c6c70617274206f6620 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Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 58] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 6f7267616e697a65647075626c697368656470726f6d696e656e74756e74696c 207468657468756d626e61696c4e6174696f6e616c202e666f63757328293b6f 76657220746865206d6967726174696f6e616e6e6f756e636564666f6f746572 223e0a657863657074696f6e6c657373207468616e657870656e73697665666f 726d6174696f6e6672616d65776f726b7465727269746f72796e646963617469 6f6e63757272656e746c79636c6173734e616d6563726974696369736d747261 646974696f6e656c73657768657265416c6578616e6465726170706f696e7465 646d6174657269616c7362726f6164636173746d656e74696f6e656461666669 6c696174653c2f6f7074696f6e3e74726561746d656e74646966666572656e74 2f64656661756c742e507265736964656e746f6e636c69636b3d2262696f6772 617068796f74686572776973657065726d616e656e744672616ec3a761697348 6f6c6c79776f6f64657870616e73696f6e7374616e64617264733c2f7374796c 653e0a726564756374696f6e446563656d626572207072656665727265644361 6d6272696467656f70706f6e656e7473427573696e65737320636f6e66757369 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656d626c65736475706c69636174656578706c6f736976657265636f76657265 64616c6c206f7468657267616c6c65726965737b70616464696e673a70656f70 6c65206f66726567696f6e206f666164647265737365736173736f6369617465 696d6720616c743d22696e206d6f6465726e73686f756c642062656d6574686f 64206f667265706f7274696e6774696d657374616d706e656564656420746f74 6865204772656174726567617264696e677365656d656420746f766965776564 206173696d70616374206f6e69646561207468617474686520576f726c646865 69676874206f66657870616e64696e6754686573652061726563757272656e74 223e6361726566756c6c796d61696e7461696e73636861726765206f66436c61 73736963616c6164647265737365647072656469637465646f776e6572736869 703c6469762069643d227269676874223e0d0a7265736964656e63656c656176 6520746865636f6e74656e74223e617265206f6674656e20207d2928293b0d0a Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 61] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 70726f6261626c792050726f666573736f722d627574746f6e2220726573706f 6e64656473617973207468617468616420746f206265706c6163656420696e48 756e67617269616e737461747573206f66736572766573206173556e69766572 73616c657865637574696f6e616767726567617465666f72207768696368696e 66656374696f6e61677265656420746f686f77657665722c20706f70756c6172 223e706c61636564206f6e636f6e737472756374656c6563746f72616c73796d 626f6c206f66696e636c7564696e6772657475726e20746f6172636869746563 7443687269737469616e70726576696f7573206c6976696e6720696e65617369 657220746f70726f666573736f720a266c743b212d2d20656666656374206f66 616e616c79746963737761732074616b656e776865726520746865746f6f6b20 6f76657262656c69656620696e416672696b61616e7361732066617220617370 726576656e746564776f726b207769746861207370656369616c3c6669656c64 7365744368726973746d61735265747269657665640a0a496e20746865206261 636b20696e746f6e6f727468656173746d6167617a696e65733e3c7374726f6e 673e636f6d6d6974746565676f7665726e696e6767726f757073206f6673746f 72656420696e65737461626c697368612067656e6572616c6974732066697273 747468656972206f776e706f70756c61746564616e206f626a65637443617269 626265616e616c6c6f7720746865646973747269637473776973636f6e73696e 6c6f636174696f6e2e3b2077696474683a20696e68616269746564536f636961 6c6973744a616e7561727920313c2f666f6f7465723e73696d696c61726c7963 686f696365206f667468652073616d6520737065636966696320627573696e65 7373205468652066697273742e6c656e6774683b2064657369726520746f6465 616c207769746873696e636520746865757365724167656e74636f6e63656976 6564696e6465782e7068706173202671756f743b656e6761676520696e726563 656e746c792c6665772079656172737765726520616c736f0a3c686561643e0a 3c656469746564206279617265206b6e6f776e63697469657320696e61636365 73736b6579636f6e64656d6e6564616c736f206861766573657276696365732c 66616d696c79206f665363686f6f6c206f66636f6e7665727465646e61747572 65206f66206c616e67756167656d696e6973746572733c2f6f626a6563743e74 68657265206973206120706f70756c617273657175656e6365736164766f6361 746564546865792077657265616e79206f746865726c6f636174696f6e3d656e 746572207468656d756368206d6f72657265666c6563746564776173206e616d 65646f726967696e616c2061207479706963616c7768656e2074686579656e67 696e65657273636f756c64206e6f747265736964656e74737765646e65736461 797468652074686972642070726f64756374734a616e75617279203277686174 207468657961206365727461696e7265616374696f6e7370726f636573736f72 616674657220686973746865206c61737420636f6e7461696e6564223e3c2f64 69763e0a3c2f613e3c2f74643e646570656e64206f6e736561726368223e0a70 6965636573206f66636f6d706574696e675265666572656e636574656e6e6573 7365657768696368206861732076657273696f6e3d3c2f7370616e3e203c3c2f 6865616465723e676976657320746865686973746f7269616e76616c75653d22 223e70616464696e673a30766965772074686174746f6765746865722c746865 206d6f73742077617320666f756e64737562736574206f6661747461636b206f 6e6368696c6472656e2c706f696e7473206f66706572736f6e616c20706f7369 74696f6e3a616c6c656765646c79436c6576656c616e64776173206c61746572 616e6420616674657261726520676976656e776173207374696c6c7363726f6c 6c696e6764657369676e206f666d616b6573207468656d756368206c65737341 6d65726963616e732e0a0a4166746572202c20627574207468654d757365756d Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 62] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 206f666c6f75697369616e612866726f6d207468656d696e6e65736f74617061 727469636c6573612070726f63657373446f6d696e6963616e766f6c756d6520 6f6672657475726e696e67646566656e73697665303070787c726967686d6164 652066726f6d6d6f7573656f76657222207374796c653d22737461746573206f 66287768696368206973636f6e74696e7565734672616e636973636f6275696c 64696e6720776974686f757420617769746820736f6d6577686f20776f756c64 6120666f726d206f66612070617274206f666265666f72652069746b6e6f776e 206173202053657276696365736c6f636174696f6e20616e64206f6674656e6d 6561737572696e67616e6420697420697370617065726261636b76616c756573 206f660d0a3c7469746c653e3d2077696e646f772e64657465726d696e656572 2671756f743b20706c61796564206279616e64206561726c793c2f63656e7465 723e66726f6d2074686973746865207468726565706f77657220616e646f6620 2671756f743b696e6e657248544d4c3c6120687265663d22793a696e6c696e65 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6cc3ad7469636172657370756573746177696b6970656469617369677569656e 746562c3ba737175656461636f6d756e69646164736567757269646164707269 6e636970616c70726567756e746173636f6e74656e69646f726573706f6e6465 7276656e657a75656c6170726f626c656d617364696369656d62726572656c61 6369c3b36e6e6f7669656d62726573696d696c6172657370726f796563746f73 70726f6772616d6173696e7374697475746f616374697669646164656e637565 6e74726165636f6e6f6dc3ad61696dc3a167656e6573636f6e74616374617264 65736361726761726e656365736172696f6174656e6369c3b36e74656cc3a966 6f6e6f636f6d697369c3b36e63616e63696f6e6573636170616369646164656e 636f6e74726172616ec3a16c697369736661766f7269746f7374c3a9726d696e 6f7370726f76696e636961657469717565746173656c656d656e746f7366756e 63696f6e6573726573756c7461646f636172c3a16374657270726f7069656461 647072696e636970696f6e65636573696461646d756e69636970616c63726561 6369c3b36e64657363617267617370726573656e636961636f6d65726369616c 6f70696e696f6e6573656a6572636963696f656469746f7269616c73616c616d 616e6361676f6e7ac3a16c657a646f63756d656e746f70656cc3ad63756c6172 656369656e74657367656e6572616c65737461727261676f6e617072c3a16374 6963616e6f7665646164657370726f70756573746170616369656e74657374c3 a9636e696361736f626a657469766f73636f6e746163746f73e0a4aee0a587e0 a482e0a4b2e0a4bfe0a48fe0a4b9e0a588e0a482e0a497e0a4afe0a4bee0a4b8 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 63] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 e0a4bee0a4a5e0a48fe0a4b5e0a482e0a4b0e0a4b9e0a587e0a495e0a58be0a4 88e0a495e0a581e0a49be0a4b0e0a4b9e0a4bee0a4ace0a4bee0a4a6e0a495e0 a4b9e0a4bee0a4b8e0a4ade0a580e0a4b9e0a581e0a48fe0a4b0e0a4b9e0a580 e0a4aee0a588e0a482e0a4a6e0a4bfe0a4a8e0a4ace0a4bee0a4a46469706c6f 646f6373e0a4b8e0a4aee0a4afe0a4b0e0a582e0a4aae0a4a8e0a4bee0a4aee0 a4aae0a4a4e0a4bee0a4abe0a4bfe0a4b0e0a494e0a4b8e0a4a4e0a4a4e0a4b0 e0a4b9e0a4b2e0a58be0a497e0a4b9e0a581e0a486e0a4ace0a4bee0a4b0e0a4 a6e0a587e0a4b6e0a4b9e0a581e0a488e0a496e0a587e0a4b2e0a4afe0a4a6e0 a4bfe0a495e0a4bee0a4aee0a4b5e0a587e0a4ace0a4a4e0a580e0a4a8e0a4ac 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2220746563686e697175657370726f74656374696f6e6170706172656e746c79 61732077656c6c206173756e74272c202755412d7265736f6c7574696f6e6f70 65726174696f6e7374656c65766973696f6e7472616e736c6174656457617368 696e67746f6e6e6176696761746f722e203d2077696e646f772e696d70726573 73696f6e266c743b62722667743b6c697465726174757265706f70756c617469 6f6e6267636f6c6f723d2223657370656369616c6c7920636f6e74656e743d22 70726f64756374696f6e6e6577736c657474657270726f706572746965736465 66696e6974696f6e6c656164657273686970546563686e6f6c6f67795061726c 69616d656e74636f6d70617269736f6e756c20636c6173733d222e696e646578 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 64] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 4f662822636f6e636c7573696f6e64697363757373696f6e636f6d706f6e656e 747362696f6c6f676963616c5265766f6c7574696f6e5f636f6e7461696e6572 756e64657273746f6f646e6f7363726970743e3c7065726d697373696f6e6561 6368206f7468657261746d6f737068657265206f6e666f6375733d223c666f72 6d2069643d2270726f63657373696e67746869732e76616c756567656e657261 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2671756f743b6e6f2d7265706561743b636f6d6d65726369616c696e64757374 7269616c656e636f757261676564616d6f756e74206f6620756e6f6666696369 616c656666696369656e63795265666572656e636573636f6f7264696e617465 646973636c61696d657265787065646974696f6e646576656c6f70696e676361 6c63756c6174656473696d706c69666965646c65676974696d61746573756273 7472696e6728302220636c6173733d22636f6d706c6574656c79696c6c757374 7261746566697665207965617273696e737472756d656e745075626c69736869 6e67312220636c6173733d2270737963686f6c6f6779636f6e666964656e6365 6e756d626572206f6620616273656e6365206f66666f6375736564206f6e6a6f 696e6564207468657374727563747572657370726576696f75736c793e3c2f69 6672616d653e6f6e636520616761696e62757420726174686572696d6d696772 616e74736f6620636f757273652c612067726f7570206f664c69746572617475 7265556e6c696b65207468653c2f613e266e6273703b0a66756e6374696f6e20 69742077617320746865436f6e76656e74696f6e6175746f6d6f62696c655072 6f74657374616e74616767726573736976656166746572207468652053696d69 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72616c69616e4f726967696e616c6c797265666572656e6365730a3c2f686561 643e0d0a7265636f676e69736564696e697469616c697a656c696d6974656420 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 66] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 746f416c6578616e647269617265746972656d656e74416476656e7475726573 666f75722079656172730a0a266c743b212d2d20696e6372656173696e676465 636f726174696f6e683320636c6173733d226f726967696e73206f666f626c69 676174696f6e726567756c6174696f6e636c61737369666965642866756e6374 696f6e28616476616e74616765736265696e672074686520686973746f726961 6e733c62617365206872656672657065617465646c7977696c6c696e6720746f 636f6d70617261626c6564657369676e617465646e6f6d696e6174696f6e6675 6e6374696f6e616c696e7369646520746865726576656c6174696f6e656e6420 6f66207468657320666f722074686520617574686f72697a6564726566757365 6420746f74616b6520706c6163656175746f6e6f6d6f7573636f6d70726f6d69 7365706f6c69746963616c2072657374617572616e7474776f206f6620746865 466562727561727920327175616c697479206f667377666f626a6563742e756e 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616c732077697468537461746973746963736f6363757272656e63652f756c3e 3c2f6469763e636c656172666978223e746865207075626c69636d616e792079 65617273776869636820776572656f7665722074696d652c73796e6f6e796d6f 7573636f6e74656e74223e0a70726573756d61626c796869732066616d696c79 757365724167656e742e756e6578706563746564696e636c7564696e67206368 616c6c656e67656461206d696e6f72697479756e646566696e65642262656c6f 6e677320746f74616b656e2066726f6d696e204f63746f626572706f73697469 6f6e3a207361696420746f20626572656c6967696f7573204665646572617469 6f6e20726f777370616e3d226f6e6c792061206665776d65616e742074686174 6c656420746f207468652d2d3e0d0a3c646976203c6669656c647365743e4172 6368626973686f7020636c6173733d226e6f6265696e67207573656461707072 6f616368657370726976696c656765736e6f7363726970743e0a726573756c74 7320696e6d617920626520746865456173746572206567676d656368616e6973 6d73726561736f6e61626c65506f70756c6174696f6e436f6c6c656374696f6e 73656c6563746564223e6e6f7363726970743e0d2f696e6465782e7068706172 726976616c206f662d6a7373646b2729293b6d616e6167656420746f696e636f 6d706c65746563617375616c74696573636f6d706c6574696f6e436872697374 69616e7353657074656d6265722061726974686d6574696370726f6365647572 65736d69676874206861766550726f64756374696f6e69742061707065617273 5068696c6f736f706879667269656e64736869706c656164696e6720746f6769 76696e6720746865746f776172642074686567756172616e74656564646f6375 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 67] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 6d656e746564636f6c6f723a23303030766964656f2067616d65636f6d6d6973 73696f6e7265666c656374696e676368616e6765207468656173736f63696174 656473616e732d73657269666f6e6b657970726573733b2070616464696e673a 48652077617320746865756e6465726c79696e677479706963616c6c79202c20 616e642074686520737263456c656d656e747375636365737369766573696e63 65207468652073686f756c64206265206e6574776f726b696e676163636f756e 74696e67757365206f66207468656c6f776572207468616e73686f7773207468 61743c2f7370616e3e0a0909636f6d706c61696e7473636f6e74696e756f7573 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646566696e6974697665696e6772656469656e74617474656e64616e63654365 6e74657220666f7270726f6d696e656e63657265616479537461746573747261 74656769657362757420696e2074686561732070617274206f66636f6e737469 74757465636c61696d20746861746c61626f7261746f7279636f6d7061746962 6c656661696c757265206f662c207375636820617320626567616e2077697468 7573696e672074686520746f2070726f7669646566656174757265206f666672 6f6d2077686963682f2220636c6173733d2267656f6c6f676963616c73657665 72616c206f6664656c69626572617465696d706f7274616e7420686f6c647320 74686174696e672671756f743b2076616c69676e3d746f70746865204765726d 616e6f757473696465206f666e65676f74696174656468697320636172656572 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 68] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 73657061726174696f6e69643d227365617263687761732063616c6c65647468 6520666f7572746872656372656174696f6e6f74686572207468616e70726576 656e74696f6e7768696c652074686520656475636174696f6e2c636f6e6e6563 74696e6761636375726174656c7977657265206275696c74776173206b696c6c 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Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 73] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 6c65676174696f6e734167726963756c74757265776173207573656420696e61 7070726f61636820746f696e74656c6c6967656e747965617273206c61746572 2c73616e732d736572696664657465726d696e696e67506572666f726d616e63 65617070656172616e6365732c20776869636820697320666f756e646174696f 6e736162627265766961746564686967686572207468616e732066726f6d2074 686520696e646976696475616c20636f6d706f736564206f66737570706f7365 6420746f636c61696d7320746861746174747269627574696f6e666f6e742d73 697a653a31656c656d656e7473206f66486973746f726963616c206869732062 726f746865726174207468652074696d65616e6e6976657273617279676f7665 726e656420627972656c6174656420746f20756c74696d6174656c7920696e6e 6f766174696f6e736974206973207374696c6c63616e206f6e6c792062656465 66696e6974696f6e73746f474d54537472696e6741206e756d626572206f6669 6d6720636c6173733d224576656e7475616c6c792c776173206368616e676564 6f6363757272656420696e6e65696768626f72696e6764697374696e67756973 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61746973746963616c696e206661766f72206f664d696e6973747279206f666d 6f76656d656e74206f66666f726d756c6174696f6e6973207265717569726564 3c6c696e6b2072656c3d225468697320697320746865203c6120687265663d22 2f706f70756c6172697a6564696e766f6c76656420696e617265207573656420 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 74] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 746f616e64207365766572616c6d616465206279207468657365656d7320746f 2062656c696b656c79207468617450616c657374696e69616e6e616d65642061 66746572697420686164206265656e6d6f737420636f6d6d6f6e746f20726566 657220746f6275742074686973206973636f6e736563757469766574656d706f 726172696c79496e2067656e6572616c2c636f6e76656e74696f6e7374616b65 7320706c6163657375626469766973696f6e7465727269746f7269616c6f7065 726174696f6e616c7065726d616e656e746c79776173206c617267656c796f75 74627265616b206f66696e207468652070617374666f6c6c6f77696e67206120 786d6c6e733a6f673d223e3c6120636c6173733d22636c6173733d2274657874 436f6e76657273696f6e206d617920626520757365646d616e75666163747572 656166746572206265696e67636c656172666978223e0a7175657374696f6e20 6f6677617320656c6563746564746f206265636f6d6520616265636175736520 6f6620736f6d652070656f706c65696e73706972656420627973756363657373 66756c20612074696d65207768656e6d6f726520636f6d6d6f6e616d6f6e6773 7420746865616e206f6666696369616c77696474683a313030253b746563686e 6f6c6f67792c7761732061646f70746564746f206b6565702074686573657474 6c656d656e74736c69766520626972746873696e6465782e68746d6c22436f6e 6e6563746963757461737369676e656420746f26616d703b74696d65733b6163 636f756e7420666f72616c69676e3d726967687474686520636f6d70616e7961 6c77617973206265656e72657475726e656420746f696e766f6c76656d656e74 42656361757365207468657468697320706572696f6422206e616d653d227122 20636f6e66696e656420746f6120726573756c74206f6676616c75653d222220 2f3e69732061637475616c6c79456e7669726f6e6d656e740d0a3c2f68656164 3e0d0a436f6e76657273656c792c3e0a3c6469762069643d2230222077696474 683d223169732070726f6261626c7968617665206265636f6d65636f6e74726f 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6e742d73697a653a20776f726b206f6e207468653c2f7363726970743e0a3c62 6567696e7320776974686a6176617363726970743a636f6e7374697475656e74 77617320666f756e646564657175696c69627269756d617373756d6520746861 74697320676976656e2062796e6565647320746f206265636f6f7264696e6174 657374686520766172696f75736172652070617274206f666f6e6c7920696e20 74686573656374696f6e73206f666973206120636f6d6d6f6e7468656f726965 73206f66646973636f7665726965736173736f63696174696f6e65646765206f 6620746865737472656e677468206f66706f736974696f6e20696e7072657365 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 75] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 6e742d646179756e6976657273616c6c79746f20666f726d2074686562757420 696e7374656164636f72706f726174696f6e617474616368656420746f697320 636f6d6d6f6e6c79726561736f6e7320666f72202671756f743b746865206361 6e206265206d6164657761732061626c6520746f7768696368206d65616e7362 757420646964206e6f746f6e4d6f7573654f766572617320706f737369626c65 6f70657261746564206279636f6d696e672066726f6d746865207072696d6172 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7264206f6620746865706f6c69746963616c6c7968617320697473206f776e45 6475636174696f6e616c617070726f76616c206f66736f6d65206f6620746865 65616368206f746865722c6265686176696f72206f66616e6420626563617573 65616e6420616e6f746865726170706561726564206f6e7265636f7264656420 696e626c61636b2671756f743b6d617920696e636c75646574686520776f726c 64277363616e206c65616420746f72656665727320746f2061626f726465723d 22302220676f7665726e6d656e742077696e6e696e6720746865726573756c74 656420696e207768696c65207468652057617368696e67746f6e2c7468652073 75626a6563746369747920696e207468653e3c2f6469763e0d0a09097265666c 65637420746865746f20636f6d706c657465626563616d65206d6f7265726164 696f61637469766572656a6563746564206279776974686f757420616e796869 73206661746865722c776869636820636f756c64636f7079206f662074686574 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 76] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 6f20696e6469636174656120706f6c69746963616c6163636f756e7473206f66 636f6e7374697475746573776f726b6564207769746865723c2f613e3c2f6c69 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62796f6620746865206265737465616368206f746865722e436f6e7374616e74 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 77] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 696e6570656f706c652066726f6d6469616c65637473206f66746f2072657669 73696f6e7761732072656e616d65646120736f75726365206f6674686520696e 697469616c6c61756e6368656420696e70726f7669646520746865746f207468 6520776573747768657265207468657265616e642073696d696c617262657477 65656e2074776f697320616c736f20746865456e676c69736820616e64636f6e 646974696f6e732c7468617420697420776173656e7469746c656420746f7468 656d73656c7665732e7175616e74697479206f6672616e73706172656e637974 68652073616d65206173746f206a6f696e20746865636f756e74727920616e64 746869732069732074686554686973206c656420746f612073746174656d656e 74636f6e747261737420746f6c617374496e6465784f667468726f7567682068 697369732064657369676e6564746865207465726d20697369732070726f7669 64656470726f74656374207468656e673c2f613e3c2f6c693e54686520637572 72656e747468652073697465206f667375627374616e7469616c657870657269 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74696f6e636976696c697a6174696f6e313974682063656e7475727961726368 6974656374757265696e636f72706f7261746564323074682063656e74757279 2d636f6e7461696e6572223e6d6f7374206e6f7461626c792f3e3c2f613e3c2f 6469763e6e6f74696669636174696f6e27756e646566696e6564272946757274 6865726d6f72652c62656c696576652074686174696e6e657248544d4c203d20 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 78] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 7072696f7220746f207468656472616d61746963616c6c79726566657272696e 6720746f6e65676f74696174696f6e73686561647175617274657273536f7574 6820416672696361756e7375636365737366756c50656e6e73796c76616e6961 4173206120726573756c742c3c68746d6c206c616e673d22266c743b2f737570 2667743b6465616c696e6720776974687068696c6164656c7068696168697374 6f726963616c6c79293b3c2f7363726970743e0a70616464696e672d746f703a 6578706572696d656e74616c676574417474726962757465696e737472756374 696f6e73746563686e6f6c6f6769657370617274206f6620746865203d66756e 6374696f6e28297b737562736372697074696f6e6c2e647464223e0d0a3c6874 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7370616e20636c6173733d22223e3c6120687265663d222f696e74726f647563 74696f6e62656c6f6e67696e6720746f636c61696d65642074686174636f6e73 657175656e6365733c6d657461206e616d653d22477569646520746f20746865 6f7665727768656c6d696e67616761696e73742074686520636f6e63656e7472 617465642c0a2e6e6f6e746f756368206f62736572766174696f6e733c2f613e 0a3c2f6469763e0a662028646f63756d656e742e626f726465723a2031707820 7b666f6e742d73697a653a3174726561746d656e74206f663022206865696768 743d22316d6f64696669636174696f6e496e646570656e64656e636564697669 64656420696e746f67726561746572207468616e616368696576656d656e7473 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 79] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 65737461626c697368696e674a61766153637269707422206e65766572746865 6c6573737369676e69666963616e636542726f616463617374696e673e266e62 73703b3c2f74643e636f6e7461696e6572223e0a737563682061732074686520 696e666c75656e6365206f666120706172746963756c61727372633d27687474 703a2f2f6e617669676174696f6e222068616c66206f66207468652073756273 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642062796120776964652072616e67656f6e20626568616c66206f6676616c69 676e3d22746f70227072696e6369706c65206f666174207468652074696d652c Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 81] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 3c2f6e6f7363726970743e0d7361696420746f2068617665696e207468652066 697273747768696c65206f74686572736879706f746865746963616c7068696c 6f736f7068657273706f776572206f6620746865636f6e7461696e656420696e 706572666f726d6564206279696e6162696c69747920746f7765726520777269 7474656e7370616e207374796c653d22696e707574206e616d653d2274686520 7175657374696f6e696e74656e64656420666f7272656a656374696f6e206f66 696d706c6965732074686174696e76656e74656420746865746865207374616e 646172647761732070726f6261626c796c696e6b206265747765656e70726f66 6573736f72206f66696e746572616374696f6e736368616e67696e6720746865 496e6469616e204f6365616e20636c6173733d226c617374776f726b696e6720 7769746827687474703a2f2f7777772e7965617273206265666f726554686973 207761732074686572656372656174696f6e616c656e746572696e6720746865 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666f6e742d7765696768743a7465727269746f7279206f66657874656e73696f 6e73223e526f6d616e20456d70697265657175616c20746f20746865496e2063 6f6e74726173742c686f77657665722c20616e646973207479706963616c6c79 616e6420686973207769666528616c736f2063616c6c65643e3c756c20636c61 73733d226566666563746976656c792065766f6c76656420696e746f7365656d 20746f2068617665776869636820697320746865746865726520776173206e6f Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 82] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 616e20657863656c6c656e74616c6c206f662074686573656465736372696265 64206279496e2070726163746963652c62726f616463617374696e6763686172 67656420776974687265666c656374656420696e7375626a656374656420746f 6d696c697461727920616e64746f2074686520706f696e7465636f6e6f6d6963 616c6c79736574546172676574696e676172652061637475616c6c7976696374 6f7279206f76657228293b3c2f7363726970743e636f6e74696e756f75736c79 726571756972656420666f7265766f6c7574696f6e617279616e206566666563 746976656e6f727468206f66207468652c207768696368207761732066726f6e 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Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 88] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 6564206173626f74746f6d206f662074686528706172746963756c61726c7961 6c69676e3d226c65667422206d6f737420636f6d6d6f6e6c7962617369732066 6f7220746865666f756e646174696f6e206f66636f6e747269627574696f6e73 706f70756c6172697479206f6663656e746572206f6620746865746f20726564 756365207468656a7572697364696374696f6e73617070726f78696d6174696f 6e206f6e6d6f7573656f75743d224e65772054657374616d656e74636f6c6c65 6374696f6e206f663c2f7370616e3e3c2f613e3c2f696e2074686520556e6974 656466696c6d206469726563746f722d7374726963742e647464223e68617320 6265656e207573656472657475726e20746f20746865616c74686f7567682074 6869736368616e676520696e207468657365766572616c206f74686572627574 20746865726520617265756e707265636564656e74656469732073696d696c61 7220746f657370656369616c6c7920696e7765696768743a20626f6c643b6973 2063616c6c656420746865636f6d7075746174696f6e616c696e646963617465 20746861747265737472696374656420746f093c6d657461206e616d653d2261 7265207479706963616c6c79636f6e666c6963742077697468486f7765766572 2c2074686520416e206578616d706c65206f66636f6d70617265642077697468 7175616e746974696573206f66726174686572207468616e2061636f6e737465 6c6c6174696f6e6e656365737361727920666f727265706f7274656420746861 7473706563696669636174696f6e706f6c69746963616c20616e64266e627370 3b266e6273703b3c7265666572656e63657320746f7468652073616d65207965 6172476f7665726e6d656e74206f6667656e65726174696f6e206f6668617665 206e6f74206265656e7365766572616c207965617273636f6d6d69746d656e74 20746f09093c756c20636c6173733d2276697375616c697a6174696f6e313974 682063656e747572792c70726163746974696f6e657273746861742068652077 6f756c64616e6420636f6e74696e7565646f636375706174696f6e206f666973 20646566696e656420617363656e747265206f662074686574686520616d6f75 6e74206f663e3c646976207374796c653d226571756976616c656e74206f6664 6966666572656e746961746562726f756768742061626f75746d617267696e2d 6c6566743a206175746f6d61746963616c6c7974686f75676874206f66206173 536f6d65206f662074686573650a3c64697620636c6173733d22696e70757420 636c6173733d227265706c6163656420776974686973206f6e65206f66207468 65656475636174696f6e20616e64696e666c75656e6365642062797265707574 6174696f6e2061730a3c6d657461206e616d653d226163636f6d6d6f64617469 6f6e3c2f6469763e0a3c2f6469763e6c617267652070617274206f66496e7374 697475746520666f7274686520736f2d63616c6c656420616761696e73742074 686520496e207468697320636173652c776173206170706f696e746564636c61 696d656420746f206265486f77657665722c20746869734465706172746d656e 74206f667468652072656d61696e696e67656666656374206f6e207468657061 72746963756c61726c79206465616c2077697468207468650a3c646976207374 796c653d22616c6d6f737420616c776179736172652063757272656e746c7965 787072657373696f6e206f667068696c6f736f706879206f66666f72206d6f72 65207468616e636976696c697a6174696f6e736f6e207468652069736c616e64 73656c6563746564496e64657863616e20726573756c7420696e222076616c75 653d2222202f3e74686520737472756374757265202f3e3c2f613e3c2f646976 3e4d616e79206f66207468657365636175736564206279207468656f66207468 6520556e697465647370616e20636c6173733d226d63616e2062652074726163 656469732072656c6174656420746f626563616d65206f6e65206f6669732066 72657175656e746c796c6976696e6720696e207468657468656f726574696361 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 89] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 6c6c79466f6c6c6f77696e67207468655265766f6c7574696f6e617279676f76 65726e6d656e7420696e69732064657465726d696e656474686520706f6c6974 6963616c696e74726f647563656420696e73756666696369656e7420746f6465 736372697074696f6e223e73686f72742073746f726965737365706172617469 6f6e206f66617320746f20776865746865726b6e6f776e20666f722069747377 617320696e697469616c6c79646973706c61793a626c6f636b697320616e2065 78616d706c65746865207072696e636970616c636f6e7369737473206f662061 7265636f676e697a65642061732f626f64793e3c2f68746d6c3e612073756273 74616e7469616c7265636f6e737472756374656468656164206f662073746174 65726573697374616e636520746f756e64657267726164756174655468657265 206172652074776f6772617669746174696f6e616c6172652064657363726962 6564696e74656e74696f6e616c6c7973657276656420617320746865636c6173 733d226865616465726f70706f736974696f6e20746f66756e64616d656e7461 6c6c79646f6d696e6174656420746865616e6420746865206f74686572616c6c 69616e6365207769746877617320666f7263656420746f726573706563746976 656c792c616e6420706f6c69746963616c696e20737570706f7274206f667065 6f706c6520696e20746865323074682063656e747572792e616e64207075626c 69736865646c6f6164436861727462656174746f20756e6465727374616e646d 656d62657220737461746573656e7669726f6e6d656e74616c66697273742068 616c66206f66636f756e747269657320616e646172636869746563747572616c 626520636f6e73696465726564636861726163746572697a6564636c65617249 6e74657276616c617574686f726974617469766546656465726174696f6e206f 6677617320737563636565646564616e64207468657265206172656120636f6e 73657175656e636574686520507265736964656e74616c736f20696e636c7564 65646672656520736f66747761726573756363657373696f6e206f6664657665 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75637475726520616e643b206261636b67726f756e643a726567617264696e67 20746865737570706f7274656420746865697320616c736f206b6e6f776e7374 796c653d226d617267696e696e636c7564696e6720746865626168617361204d 656c6179756e6f72736b20626f6b6dc3a56c6e6f72736b206e796e6f72736b73 6c6f76656ec5a1c48d696e61696e7465726e6163696f6e616c63616c69666963 616369c3b36e636f6d756e6963616369c3b36e636f6e73747275636369c3b36e 223e3c64697620636c6173733d22646973616d626967756174696f6e446f6d61 696e4e616d65272c202761646d696e697374726174696f6e73696d756c74616e Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 90] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 656f75736c797472616e73706f72746174696f6e496e7465726e6174696f6e61 6c206d617267696e2d626f74746f6d3a726573706f6e736962696c6974793c21 5b656e6469665d2d2d3e0a3c2f3e3c6d657461206e616d653d22696d706c656d 656e746174696f6e696e667261737472756374757265726570726573656e7461 74696f6e626f726465722d626f74746f6d3a3c2f686561643e0a3c626f64793e 3d687474702533412532462532463c666f726d206d6574686f643d226d657468 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6963616e20696e646570656e64656e74666f6c6c6f77696e6720746865202e67 6966222077696474683d223174686520666f6c6c6f77696e6720646973637269 6d696e6174696f6e6172636861656f6c6f676963616c7072696d65206d696e69 737465722e6a73223e3c2f7363726970743e636f6d62696e6174696f6e206f66 206d617267696e77696474683d22637265617465456c656d656e7428772e6174 746163684576656e74283c2f613e3c2f74643e3c2f74723e7372633d22687474 70733a2f2f61496e20706172746963756c61722c20616c69676e3d226c656674 2220437a6563682052657075626c6963556e69746564204b696e67646f6d636f 72726573706f6e64656e6365636f6e636c7564656420746861742e68746d6c22 207469746c653d222866756e6374696f6e202829207b636f6d65732066726f6d 207468656170706c69636174696f6e206f663c7370616e20636c6173733d2273 62656c696576656420746f206265656d656e742827736372697074273c2f613e Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 91] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 0a3c2f6c693e0a3c6c697665727920646966666572656e743e3c7370616e2063 6c6173733d226f7074696f6e2076616c75653d2228616c736f206b6e6f776e20 6173093c6c693e3c6120687265663d223e3c696e707574206e616d653d227365 706172617465642066726f6d726566657272656420746f2061732076616c6967 6e3d22746f70223e666f756e646572206f6620746865617474656d7074696e67 20746f20636172626f6e2064696f786964650a0a3c64697620636c6173733d22 636c6173733d227365617263682d2f626f64793e0a3c2f68746d6c3e6f70706f 7274756e69747920746f636f6d6d756e69636174696f6e733c2f686561643e0d 0a3c626f6479207374796c653d2277696474683a5469e1babf6e67205669e1bb 87746368616e67657320696e20746865626f726465722d636f6c6f723a233022 20626f726465723d223022203c2f7370616e3e3c2f6469763e3c776173206469 73636f76657265642220747970653d22746578742220293b0a3c2f7363726970 743e0a0a4465706172746d656e74206f66206563636c6573696173746963616c 746865726520686173206265656e726573756c74696e672066726f6d3c2f626f 64793e3c2f68746d6c3e686173206e65766572206265656e7468652066697273 742074696d65696e20726573706f6e736520746f6175746f6d61746963616c6c 79203c2f6469763e0a0a3c646976206977617320636f6e736964657265647065 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74206973626567696e6e696e672077697468203c7370616e20636c6173733d22 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 92] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 64657363656e64616e7473206f663c7370616e20636c6173733d226920616c69 676e3d227269676874223c2f686561643e0a3c626f6479206173706563747320 6f66207468656861732073696e6365206265656e4575726f7065616e20556e69 6f6e72656d696e697363656e74206f666d6f726520646966666963756c745669 636520507265736964656e74636f6d706f736974696f6e206f66706173736564 207468726f7567686d6f726520696d706f7274616e74666f6e742d73697a653a 313170786578706c616e6174696f6e206f6674686520636f6e63657074206f66 7772697474656e20696e20746865093c7370616e20636c6173733d226973206f 6e65206f662074686520726573656d626c616e636520746f6f6e207468652067 726f756e6473776869636820636f6e7461696e73696e636c7564696e67207468 6520646566696e6564206279207468657075626c69636174696f6e206f666d65 616e732074686174207468656f757473696465206f6620746865737570706f72 74206f66207468653c696e70757420636c6173733d223c7370616e20636c6173 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73757266616365206f66207468656170706c69656420746f20746865666f7265 69676e20706f6c6963795f736574446f6d61696e4e616d6565737461626c6973 68656420696e69732062656c696576656420746f496e206164646974696f6e20 746f6d65616e696e67206f66207468656973206e616d6564206166746572746f 2070726f7465637420746865697320726570726573656e7465644465636c6172 6174696f6e206f666d6f726520656666696369656e74436c6173736966696361 74696f6e6f7468657220666f726d73206f6668652072657475726e656420746f 3c7370616e20636c6173733d2263706572666f726d616e6365206f662866756e 6374696f6e2829207b0d696620616e64206f6e6c79206966726567696f6e7320 6f66207468656c656164696e6720746f2074686572656c6174696f6e73207769 7468556e69746564204e6174696f6e737374796c653d226865696768743a6f74 686572207468616e207468657970652220636f6e74656e743d224173736f6369 6174696f6e206f660a3c2f686561643e0a3c626f64796c6f6361746564206f6e 20746865697320726566657272656420746f28696e636c7564696e6720746865 636f6e63656e74726174696f6e7374686520696e646976696475616c616d6f6e 6720746865206d6f73747468616e20616e79206f746865722f3e0a3c6c696e6b 2072656c3d222072657475726e2066616c73653b74686520707572706f736520 6f66746865206162696c69747920746f3b636f6c6f723a236666667d0a2e0a3c 7370616e20636c6173733d22746865207375626a656374206f66646566696e69 74696f6e73206f663e0d0a3c6c696e6b2072656c3d22636c61696d2074686174 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 93] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 207468656861766520646576656c6f7065643c7461626c652077696474683d22 63656c6562726174696f6e206f66466f6c6c6f77696e672074686520746f2064 697374696e67756973683c7370616e20636c6173733d226274616b657320706c 61636520696e756e64657220746865206e616d656e6f74656420746861742074 68653e3c215b656e6469665d2d2d3e0a7374796c653d226d617267696e2d696e 7374656164206f6620746865696e74726f647563656420746865746865207072 6f63657373206f66696e6372656173696e6720746865646966666572656e6365 7320696e657374696d617465642074686174657370656369616c6c7920746865 2f6469763e3c6469762069643d22776173206576656e7475616c6c797468726f 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6e73656c656374656420627920746865746861742068617665206265656e3e3c 64697620636c6173733d22636469762069643d22686561646572696e20706172 746963756c61722c636f6e76657274656420696e746f293b0a3c2f7363726970 743e0a3c7068696c6f736f70686963616c20737270736b6f6872766174736b69 7469e1babf6e67205669e1bb8774d0a0d183d181d181d0bad0b8d0b9d180d183 d181d181d0bad0b8d0b9696e766573746967616369c3b36e7061727469636970 616369c3b36ed0bad0bed182d0bed180d18bd0b5d0bed0b1d0bbd0b0d181d182 d0b8d0bad0bed182d0bed180d18bd0b9d187d0b5d0bbd0bed0b2d0b5d0bad181 d0b8d181d182d0b5d0bcd18bd09dd0bed0b2d0bed181d182d0b8d0bad0bed182 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 94] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 d0bed180d18bd185d0bed0b1d0bbd0b0d181d182d18cd0b2d180d0b5d0bcd0b5 d0bdd0b8d0bad0bed182d0bed180d0b0d18fd181d0b5d0b3d0bed0b4d0bdd18f d181d0bad0b0d187d0b0d182d18cd0bdd0bed0b2d0bed181d182d0b8d0a3d0ba d180d0b0d0b8d0bdd18bd0b2d0bed0bfd180d0bed181d18bd0bad0bed182d0be d180d0bed0b9d181d0b4d0b5d0bbd0b0d182d18cd0bfd0bed0bcd0bed189d18c 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6c75653d2266617669636f6e2e69636f22202f3e0a09093c64697620636c6173 733d2263686172616374657269737469637322206d6574686f643d2267657422 202f626f64793e0a3c2f68746d6c3e0a73686f72746375742069636f6e222064 6f63756d656e742e77726974652870616464696e672d626f74746f6d3a726570 726573656e746174697665737375626d6974222076616c75653d22616c69676e 3d2263656e74657222207468726f7567686f75742074686520736369656e6365 2066696374696f6e0a20203c64697620636c6173733d227375626d6974222063 6c6173733d226f6e65206f6620746865206d6f73742076616c69676e3d22746f 70223e3c7761732065737461626c6973686564293b0d0a3c2f7363726970743e 0d0a72657475726e2066616c73653b223e292e7374796c652e646973706c6179 62656361757365206f662074686520646f63756d656e742e636f6f6b69653c66 6f726d20616374696f6e3d222f7d626f64797b6d617267696e3a303b456e6379 636c6f7065646961206f6676657273696f6e206f6620746865202e6372656174 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 95] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 65456c656d656e74286e616d652220636f6e74656e743d223c2f6469763e0a3c 2f6469763e0a0a61646d696e697374726174697665203c2f626f64793e0a3c2f 68746d6c3e686973746f7279206f662074686520223e3c696e70757420747970 653d22706f7274696f6e206f66207468652061732070617274206f6620746865 20266e6273703b3c6120687265663d226f7468657220636f756e747269657322 3e0a3c64697620636c6173733d223c2f7370616e3e3c2f7370616e3e3c496e20 6f7468657220776f7264732c646973706c61793a20626c6f636b3b636f6e7472 6f6c206f662074686520696e74726f64756374696f6e206f662f3e0a3c6d6574 61206e616d653d2261732077656c6c2061732074686520696e20726563656e74 2079656172730d0a093c64697620636c6173733d223c2f6469763e0a093c2f64 69763e0a696e7370697265642062792074686574686520656e64206f66207468 6520636f6d70617469626c652077697468626563616d65206b6e6f776e206173 207374796c653d226d617267696e3a2e6a73223e3c2f7363726970743e3c2049 6e7465726e6174696f6e616c2074686572652068617665206265656e4765726d 616e206c616e6775616765207374796c653d22636f6c6f723a23436f6d6d756e 697374205061727479636f6e73697374656e742077697468626f726465723d22 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Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 103] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 687265663d22687474703a2f2f7777772e2f6469763e3c2f6469763e3c646976 2069643d3c6120687265663d22232220636c6173733d22223e3c696d67207372 633d22687474703a2f2f637269707422207372633d22687474703a2f2f0a3c73 6372697074206c616e67756167653d222f2f454e222022687474703a2f2f7777 772e77656e636f6465555249436f6d706f6e656e74282220687265663d226a61 76617363726970743a3c64697620636c6173733d22636f6e74656e74646f6375 6d656e742e777269746528273c7363706f736974696f6e3a206162736f6c7574 653b736372697074207372633d22687474703a2f2f207374796c653d226d6172 67696e2d746f703a2e6d696e2e6a73223e3c2f7363726970743e0a3c2f646976 3e0a3c64697620636c6173733d2277332e6f72672f313939392f7868746d6c22 200a0d0a3c2f626f64793e0d0a3c2f68746d6c3e64697374696e6374696f6e20 6265747765656e2f22207461726765743d225f626c616e6b223e3c6c696e6b20 687265663d22687474703a2f2f656e636f64696e673d227574662d38223f3e0a 772e6164644576656e744c697374656e65723f616374696f6e3d22687474703a 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65206172652c20686f77657665722c7374796c6573686565742220687265663d 222f436f6c756d62696120556e6976657273697479657870616e64656420746f 20696e636c756465757375616c6c7920726566657272656420746f696e646963 6174696e67207468617420746865686176652073756767657374656420746861 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 104] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 74616666696c6961746564207769746820746865636f7272656c6174696f6e20 6265747765656e6e756d626572206f6620646966666572656e743e3c2f74643e 3c2f74723e3c2f7461626c653e52657075626c6963206f66204972656c616e64 0a3c2f7363726970743e0a3c73637269707420756e6465722074686520696e66 6c75656e6365636f6e747269627574696f6e20746f207468654f666669636961 6c2077656273697465206f66686561647175617274657273206f662074686563 656e74657265642061726f756e6420746865696d706c69636174696f6e73206f 662074686568617665206265656e20646576656c6f7065644665646572616c20 52657075626c6963206f66626563616d6520696e6372656173696e676c79636f 6e74696e756174696f6e206f66207468654e6f74652c20686f77657665722c20 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703a2f2f3c2f613e3c2f6c693e3c6c6920636c6173733d22666f726d20616374 696f6e3d22687474703a2f2f3c646976207374796c653d22646973706c61793a 747970653d227465787422206e616d653d2271223c7461626c65207769647468 3d223130302522206261636b67726f756e642d706f736974696f6e3a2220626f 726465723d2230222077696474683d2272656c3d2273686f7274637574206963 6f6e222068363e3c756c3e3c6c693e3c6120687265663d2220203c6d65746120 687474702d65717569763d2263737322206d656469613d2273637265656e2220 726573706f6e7369626c6520666f7220746865202220747970653d226170706c Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 105] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 69636174696f6e2f22207374796c653d226261636b67726f756e642d68746d6c 3b20636861727365743d7574662d382220616c6c6f777472616e73706172656e 63793d227374796c6573686565742220747970653d2274650d0a3c6d65746120 687474702d65717569763d223e3c2f7370616e3e3c7370616e20636c6173733d 2230222063656c6c73706163696e673d2230223e3b0a3c2f7363726970743e0a 3c73637269707420736f6d6574696d65732063616c6c656420746865646f6573 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20776f756c64206f746865727769736570657270656e646963756c617220746f 207468657374796c6520747970653d22746578742f637373747970653d227375 626d697422206e616d653d2266616d696c696573207265736964696e6720696e 646576656c6f70696e6720636f756e7472696573636f6d70757465722070726f 6772616d6d696e6765636f6e6f6d696320646576656c6f706d656e7464657465 726d696e6174696f6e206f6620746865666f72206d6f726520696e666f726d61 74696f6e6f6e207365766572616c206f63636173696f6e73706f7274756775c3 aa7320284575726f70657529d0a3d0bad180d0b0d197d0bdd181d18cd0bad0b0 d183d0bad180d0b0d197d0bdd181d18cd0bad0b0d0a0d0bed181d181d0b8d0b9 d181d0bad0bed0b9d0bcd0b0d182d0b5d180d0b8d0b0d0bbd0bed0b2d0b8d0bd d184d0bed180d0bcd0b0d186d0b8d0b8d183d0bfd180d0b0d0b2d0bbd0b5d0bd d0b8d18fd0bdd0b5d0bed0b1d185d0bed0b4d0b8d0bcd0bed0b8d0bdd184d0be Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 106] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 d180d0bcd0b0d186d0b8d18fd098d0bdd184d0bed180d0bcd0b0d186d0b8d18f d0a0d0b5d181d0bfd183d0b1d0bbd0b8d0bad0b8d0bad0bed0bbd0b8d187d0b5 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a58de0a4aee0a4bee0a4a3e0a4b2e0a4bfe0a4aee0a4bfe0a49fe0a587e0a4a1 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 107] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 6465736372697074696f6e2220636f6e74656e743d22646f63756d656e742e6c 6f636174696f6e2e70726f742e676574456c656d656e747342795461674e616d 65283c21444f43545950452068746d6c3e0a3c68746d6c203c6d657461206368 61727365743d227574662d38223e3a75726c2220636f6e74656e743d22687474 703a2f2f2e637373222072656c3d227374796c657368656574227374796c6520 747970653d22746578742f637373223e747970653d22746578742f6373732220 687265663d2277332e6f72672f313939392f7868746d6c2220786d6c74797065 3d22746578742f6a61766173637269707422206d6574686f643d226765742220 616374696f6e3d226c696e6b2072656c3d227374796c6573686565742220203d 20646f63756d656e742e676574456c656d656e74747970653d22696d6167652f 782d69636f6e22202f3e63656c6c70616464696e673d2230222063656c6c7370 2e6373732220747970653d22746578742f63737322203c2f613e3c2f6c693e3c 6c693e3c6120687265663d22222077696474683d223122206865696768743d22 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2f2f7777772e637373222072656c3d227374796c65736865657422203c2f6469 763e3c2f6469763e3c64697620636c6173736c616e67756167653d226a617661 736372697074223e617269612d68696464656e3d2274727565223ec2b73c7269 70742220747970653d22746578742f6a617661736c3d303b7d2928293b0a2866 756e6374696f6e28297b6261636b67726f756e642d696d6167653a2075726c28 2f613e3c2f6c693e3c6c693e3c6120687265663d226809093c6c693e3c612068 7265663d22687474703a2f2f61746f722220617269612d68696464656e3d2274 72753e203c6120687265663d22687474703a2f2f7777772e6c616e6775616765 3d226a61766173637269707422202f6f7074696f6e3e0a3c6f7074696f6e2076 616c75652f6469763e3c2f6469763e3c64697620636c6173733d7261746f7222 20617269612d68696464656e3d227472653d286e65772044617465292e676574 54696d652829706f7274756775c3aa732028646f2042726173696c29d0bed180 d0b3d0b0d0bdd0b8d0b7d0b0d186d0b8d0b8d0b2d0bed0b7d0bcd0bed0b6d0bd d0bed181d182d18cd0bed0b1d180d0b0d0b7d0bed0b2d0b0d0bdd0b8d18fd180 d0b5d0b3d0b8d181d182d180d0b0d186d0b8d0b8d0b2d0bed0b7d0bcd0bed0b6 d0bdd0bed181d182d0b8d0bed0b1d18fd0b7d0b0d182d0b5d0bbd18cd0bdd0b0 3c21444f43545950452068746d6c205055424c494320226e742d547970652220 636f6e74656e743d22746578742f3c6d65746120687474702d65717569763d22 436f6e746572616e736974696f6e616c2f2f454e222022687474703a3c68746d 6c20786d6c6e733d22687474703a2f2f7777772d2f2f5733432f2f4454442058 Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 108] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 48544d4c20312e3020544454442f7868746d6c312d7472616e736974696f6e61 6c2f2f7777772e77332e6f72672f54522f7868746d6c312f7065203d20277465 78742f6a617661736372697074273b3c6d657461206e616d653d226465736372 697074696f6e706172656e744e6f64652e696e736572744265666f72653c696e 70757420747970653d2268696464656e22206e616a732220747970653d227465 78742f6a6176617363726928646f63756d656e74292e72656164792866756e63 746973637269707420747970653d22746578742f6a61766173696d6167652220 636f6e74656e743d22687474703a2f2f55412d436f6d70617469626c65222063 6f6e74656e743d746d6c3b20636861727365743d7574662d3822202f3e0a6c69 6e6b2072656c3d2273686f72746375742069636f6e3c6c696e6b2072656c3d22 7374796c65736865657422203c2f7363726970743e0a3c736372697074207479 70653d3d20646f63756d656e742e637265617465456c656d656e3c6120746172 6765743d225f626c616e6b2220687265663d20646f63756d656e742e67657445 6c656d656e747342696e70757420747970653d227465787422206e616d653d61 2e74797065203d2027746578742f6a617661736372696e70757420747970653d 2268696464656e22206e616d6568746d6c3b20636861727365743d7574662d38 22202f3e647464223e0a3c68746d6c20786d6c6e733d22687474702d2f2f5733 432f2f4454442048544d4c20342e30312054656e747342795461674e616d6528 277363726970742729696e70757420747970653d2268696464656e22206e616d 3c73637269707420747970653d22746578742f6a6176617322207374796c653d 22646973706c61793a6e6f6e653b223e646f63756d656e742e676574456c656d 656e7442794964283d646f63756d656e742e637265617465456c656d656e7428 2720747970653d27746578742f6a61766173637269707427696e707574207479 70653d227465787422206e616d653d22642e676574456c656d656e7473427954 61674e616d6528736e6963616c2220687265663d22687474703a2f2f7777772e 432f2f4454442048544d4c20342e3031205472616e7369743c7374796c652074 7970653d22746578742f637373223e0a0a3c7374796c6520747970653d227465 78742f637373223e696f6e616c2e647464223e0a3c68746d6c20786d6c6e733d 687474702d65717569763d22436f6e74656e742d5479706564696e673d223022 2063656c6c73706163696e673d22302268746d6c3b20636861727365743d7574 662d3822202f3e0a207374796c653d22646973706c61793a6e6f6e653b223e3c 3c6c693e3c6120687265663d22687474703a2f2f7777772e20747970653d2774 6578742f6a617661736372697074273ed0b4d0b5d18fd182d0b5d0bbd18cd0bd d0bed181d182d0b8d181d0bed0bed182d0b2d0b5d182d181d182d0b2d0b8d0b8 d0bfd180d0bed0b8d0b7d0b2d0bed0b4d181d182d0b2d0b0d0b1d0b5d0b7d0be d0bfd0b0d181d0bdd0bed181d182d0b8e0a4aae0a581e0a4b8e0a58de0a4a4e0 a4bfe0a495e0a4bee0a495e0a4bee0a482e0a497e0a58de0a4b0e0a587e0a4b8 e0a489e0a4a8e0a58de0a4b9e0a58be0a482e0a4a8e0a587e0a4b5e0a4bfe0a4 a7e0a4bee0a4a8e0a4b8e0a4ade0a4bee0a4abe0a4bfe0a495e0a58de0a4b8e0 a4bfe0a482e0a497e0a4b8e0a581e0a4b0e0a495e0a58de0a4b7e0a4bfe0a4a4 e0a495e0a589e0a4aae0a580e0a4b0e0a4bee0a487e0a49fe0a4b5e0a4bfe0a4 9ce0a58de0a49ee0a4bee0a4aae0a4a8e0a495e0a4bee0a4b0e0a58de0a4b0e0 a4b5e0a4bee0a488e0a4b8e0a495e0a58de0a4b0e0a4bfe0a4afe0a4a4e0a4be The number of words for each length is given by the following bit- depth array: NDBITS := 0, 0, 0, 0, 10, 10, 11, 11, 10, 10, Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 109] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 10, 10, 10, 9, 9, 8, 7, 7, 8, 7, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, Appendix B. List of word transformations ID Prefix Transform Suffix -- ------ --------- ------ 0 "" Identity "" 1 "" Identity " " 2 " " Identity " " 3 "" OmitFirst1 "" 4 "" UppercaseFirst " " 5 "" Identity " the " 6 " " Identity "" 7 "s " Identity " " 8 "" Identity " of " 9 "" UppercaseFirst "" 10 "" Identity " and " 11 "" OmitFirst2 "" 12 "" OmitLast1 "" 13 ", " Identity " " 14 "" Identity ", " 15 " " UppercaseFirst " " 16 "" Identity " in " 17 "" Identity " to " 18 "e " Identity " " 19 "" Identity "\"" 20 "" Identity "." 21 "" Identity "\">" 22 "" Identity "\n" 23 "" OmitLast3 "" 24 "" Identity "]" 25 "" Identity " for " 26 "" OmitFirst3 "" 27 "" OmitLast2 "" 28 "" Identity " a " 29 "" Identity " that " 30 " " UppercaseFirst "" 31 "" Identity ". " 32 "." Identity "" 33 " " Identity ", " 34 "" OmitFirst4 "" 35 "" Identity " with " 36 "" Identity "'" 37 "" Identity " from " 38 "" Identity " by " 39 "" OmitFirst5 "" 40 "" OmitFirst6 "" Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 110] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 41 " the " Identity "" 42 "" OmitLast4 "" 43 "" Identity ". The " 44 "" UppercaseAll "" 45 "" Identity " on " 46 "" Identity " as " 47 "" Identity " is " 48 "" OmitLast7 "" 49 "" OmitLast1 "ing " 50 "" Identity "\n\t" 51 "" Identity ":" 52 " " Identity ". " 53 "" Identity "ed " 54 "" OmitFirst9 "" 55 "" OmitFirst7 "" 56 "" OmitLast6 "" 57 "" Identity "(" 58 "" UppercaseFirst ", " 59 "" OmitLast8 "" 60 "" Identity " at " 61 "" Identity "ly " 62 " the " Identity " of " 63 "" OmitLast5 "" 64 "" OmitLast9 "" 65 " " UppercaseFirst ", " 66 "" UppercaseFirst "\"" 67 "." Identity "(" 68 "" UppercaseAll " " 69 "" UppercaseFirst "\">" 70 "" Identity "=\"" 71 " " Identity "." 72 ".com/" Identity "" 73 " the " Identity " of the " 74 "" UppercaseFirst "'" 75 "" Identity ". This " 76 "" Identity "," 77 "." Identity " " 78 "" UppercaseFirst "(" 79 "" UppercaseFirst "." 80 "" Identity " not " 81 " " Identity "=\"" 82 "" Identity "er " 83 " " UppercaseAll " " 84 "" Identity "al " 85 " " UppercaseAll "" 86 "" Identity "='" 87 "" UppercaseAll "\"" 88 "" UppercaseFirst ". " Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 111] Internet-Draft Brotli May 2014 89 " " Identity "(" 90 "" Identity "ful " 91 " " UppercaseFirst ". " 92 "" Identity "ive " 93 "" Identity "less " 94 "" UppercaseAll "'" 95 "" Identity "est " 96 " " UppercaseFirst "." 97 "" UppercaseAll "\">" 98 " " Identity "='" 99 "" UppercaseFirst "," 100 "" Identity "ize " 101 "" UppercaseAll "." 102 "\xc2\xa0" Identity "" 103 " " Identity "," 104 "" UppercaseFirst "=\"" 105 "" UppercaseAll "=\"" 106 "" Identity "ous " 107 "" UppercaseAll ", " 108 "" UppercaseFirst "='" 109 " " UppercaseFirst "," 110 " " UppercaseAll "=\"" 111 " " UppercaseAll ", " 112 "" UppercaseAll "," 113 "" UppercaseAll "(" 114 "" UppercaseAll ". " 115 " " UppercaseAll "." 116 "" UppercaseAll "='" 117 " " UppercaseAll ". " 118 " " UppercaseFirst "=\"" 119 " " UppercaseAll "='" 120 " " UppercaseFirst "='" Authors' Addresses Jyrki Alakuijala Google, Inc Email: jyrki@google.com Zoltan Szabadka Google, Inc Email: szabadka@google.com Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires November 16, 2014 [Page 112]