Skip to main content

Best Practices for HTTP-CoAP Mapping Implementation
draft-castellani-core-advanced-http-mapping-01

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Expired".
Authors Angelo P. Castellani , Salvatore Loreto , Akbar Rahman , Thomas Fossati , Esko Dijk
Last updated 2013-01-03
RFC stream (None)
Formats
Stream Stream state (No stream defined)
Consensus boilerplate Unknown
RFC Editor Note (None)
IESG IESG state I-D Exists
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD (None)
Send notices to (None)
draft-castellani-core-advanced-http-mapping-01
CoRE Working Group                                         A. Castellani
Internet-Draft                                      University of Padova
Intended status: Informational                                 S. Loreto
Expires: July 7, 2013                                           Ericsson
                                                               A. Rahman
                                        InterDigital Communications, LLC
                                                              T. Fossati
                                                               KoanLogic
                                                                 E. Dijk
                                                        Philips Research
                                                         January 3, 2013

          Best Practices for HTTP-CoAP Mapping Implementation
             draft-castellani-core-advanced-http-mapping-01

Abstract

   This draft describes advanced features for HTTP-CoAP proxy
   implementors.  It details deployment options, discusses possible
   approaches for URI mapping, and provides useful considerations
   related to protocol translation.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on July 7, 2013.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                  [Page 1]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Terminology and Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3.  Use Case: HTTP/IPv4-CoAP/IPv6 Proxy  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   4.  Multiple Message Exchanges Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.1.  Relevant Features of Existing Standards  . . . . . . . . .  6
       4.1.1.  Multipart Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
       4.1.2.  Immediate Message Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
       4.1.3.  Detailing Source Information . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.2.  Multicast Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       4.2.1.  URI Identification and Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       4.2.2.  Request Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       4.2.3.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.3.  Multicast Response Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.4.  Observe Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       4.4.1.  Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       4.4.2.  Notification(s) Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       4.4.3.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   5.  HTML5 Scheme Handler Registration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   6.  Placement and Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   7.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   8.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   9.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   10. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     10.1. Cross-protocol Security Policy Mapping . . . . . . . . . . 24
     10.2. Subscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   Appendix A.  Internal Mapping Functions (from an Implementer's
                Perspective)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     A.1.  URL Map Algorithm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
     A.2.  Security Policy Map Algorithm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     A.3.  Content-Type Map Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                  [Page 2]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

1.  Terminology and Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

   This document assumes readers are familiar with the terms and
   concepts that are used in [I-D.ietf-core-coap] .  In addition, this
   document defines the following terminology:

   A device providing cross-protocol HTTP-CoAP mapping is called an
   HTTP-CoAP cross-protocol proxy (HC proxy).

   At least two different kinds of HC proxies exist:

   o  One-way cross-protocol proxy (1-way proxy): This proxy translates
      from a client of a protocol to a server of another protocol but
      not vice-versa.

   o  Two-way (or bidirectional) cross-protocol proxy (2-way proxy):
      This proxy translates from a client of both protocols to a server
      supporting one protocol.

2.  Introduction

   RESTful protocols, such as HTTP [RFC2616] and CoAP
   [I-D.ietf-core-coap], can interoperate through an intermediary proxy
   which performs cross-protocol mapping.

   A base reference for the mapping process is provided in
   [I-D.ietf-core-coap].  However, depending on the involved
   application, deployment scenario, or network topology, such mapping
   can be realized using a wide range of intermediaries.

   Moreover, the process of implementing such a proxy can be complex,
   and details regarding its internal procedures and design choices
   deserve further discussion, which is provided in this document.

   This draft itself is an evolution of the mapping features covered in
   [I-D.castellani-core-http-mapping].

3.  Use Case: HTTP/IPv4-CoAP/IPv6 Proxy

   This section covers the expected common use case regarding an HTTP/
   IPv4 client accessing a CoAP/IPv6 resource.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                  [Page 3]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   While HTTP and IPv4 are today widely adopted communication protocols
   in the Internet, a pervasive deployment of constrained nodes
   exploiting the IPv6 address space is expected: enabling direct
   interoperability of such technologies is a valuable goal.

   An HC proxy supporting IPv4/IPv6 mapping is said to be a v4/v6 proxy.

   An HC v4/v6 proxy SHOULD always try to resolve the URI authority, and
   SHOULD prefer using the IPv6 resolution if available.  The authority
   part of the URI is used internally by the HC proxy and SHOULD NOT be
   mapped to CoAP.

   Figure 1 shows an HTTP client on IPv4 (C) accessing a CoAP server on
   IPv6 (S) through an HC proxy on IPv4/IPv6 (P).  The DNS has an A
   record for "node.coap.something.net" resolving to the IPv4 address of
   the HC proxy, and an AAAA record with the IPv6 address of the CoAP
   server.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                  [Page 4]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   C     P     S
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  Source: IPv4 of C
   |     |     |  Destination: IPv4 of P
   +---->|     |  GET /foo HTTP/1.1
   |     |     |  Host: node.coap.something.net
   |     |     |  ..other HTTP headers ..
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  Source: IPv6 of P
   |     |     |  Destination: IPv6 of S
   |     +---->|  CON GET
   |     |     |  URI-Path: foo
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  Source: IPv6 of S
   |     |     |  Destination: IPv6 of P
   |     |<----+  ACK
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  ... Time passes ...
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  Source: IPv6 of S
   |     |     |  Destination: IPv6 of P
   |     |<----+  CON 2.00
   |     |     |  "bar"
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  Source: IPv6 of P
   |     |     |  Destination: IPv6 of S
   |     +---->|  ACK
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  Source: IPv4 of P
   |     |     |  Destination: IPv4 of C
   |<----+     |  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   |     |     |  .. other HTTP headers ..
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  bar
   |     |     |

                 Figure 1: HTTP/IPv4 to CoAP/IPv6 Mapping

   The proposed example shows the HC proxy operating also the mapping
   between IPv4 to IPv6 using the authority information available in any
   HTTP 1.1 request.  This way, IPv6 connectivity is not required at the
   HTTP client when accessing a CoAP server over IPv6 only, which is a
   typical expected use case.

   When P is an interception HC proxy, the CoAP request SHOULD have the
   IPv6 address of C as source (IPv4 can always be mapped into IPv6).

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                  [Page 5]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   The described solution takes into account only the HTTP/IPv4 clients
   accessing CoAP/IPv6 servers; this solution does not provide a full
   fledged mapping from HTTP to CoAP.

   In order to obtain a working deployment for HTTP/IPv6 clients, a
   different HC proxy access method may be required, or Internet AAAA
   records should not point to the node anymore (the HC proxy should use
   a different DNS database pointing to the node).

   When an HC interception proxy deployment is used this solution is
   fully working even with HTTP/IPv6 clients.

4.  Multiple Message Exchanges Mapping

   This section discusses the mapping of the multicast and observe
   features of CoAP, which have no corresponding primitive in HTTP, and
   as such are not immediately translatable.

   The mapping, which must be considered in both the arrow directions
   (H->C, C->H) may involve multi-part responses, as in the multicast
   use case, asynchronous delivery through HTTP bidirectional
   techniques, and HTTP Web Linking in order to reduce the semantics
   lost in the translation.

4.1.  Relevant Features of Existing Standards

   Various features provided by existing standards are useful to
   efficiently represent sessions involving multiple messages.

4.1.1.  Multipart Messages

   In particular, the "multipart/*" media type, defined in Section 5.1
   of [RFC2046], is a suitable solution to deliver multiple CoAP
   responses within a single HTTP payload.  Each part of a multipart
   entity SHOULD be represented using "message/http" media type
   containing the full mapping of a single CoAP response as previously
   described.

4.1.2.  Immediate Message Delivery

   An HC proxy may prefer to transfer each CoAP response immediately
   after its reception.  This is possible thanks to the HTTP Transfer-
   Encoding "chunked", that enables transferring single responses
   without any further delay.

   A detailed discussion on the use of chunked Transfer-Encoding to
   stream data over HTTP can be found in [RFC6202].  Large delays

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                  [Page 6]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   between chunks can lead the HTTP session to timeout, more details on
   this issue can be found in [I-D.thomson-hybi-http-timeout].

   An HC proxy MAY prefer (e.g. to avoid buffering) to transfer each
   response related to a multicast request as soon as it comes in from
   the server.  One possible way to achieve this result is using the
   "chunked" Transfer-Encoding in the HTTP response, to push individual
   responses until some trigger is fired (timeout, max number of
   messages, etc.).

   An example showing immediate delivery of CoAP responses using HTTP
   chunks will be provided in Section 4.4, while describing its
   application to an observe session.

4.1.3.  Detailing Source Information

   Under some circumstances, responses may come from different sources
   (i.e. responses to a multicast request); in this case details about
   the actual source of each CoAP response MAY be provided to the
   client.  Source information can be represented using HTTP Web Linking
   as defined in [RFC5988], by adding the actual source URI into each
   response using Link option with "via" relation type.

4.2.  Multicast Mapping

   In order to establish a multicast communication such a feature should
   be offered either by the network (i.e.  IP multicast, link-layer
   multicast, etc.) or by a gateway (i.e. the HC proxy).  Rationale on
   the methods available to obtain such a feature is out-of-scope of
   this document, and extensive discussion of group communication
   techniques is available in [I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm].

   Additional considerations related to handling multicast requests
   mapping are detailed in the following sections.

4.2.1.  URI Identification and Mapping

   In order to successfully handle a multicast request, the HC proxy
   MUST successfully perform the following tasks on the URI:

   Identification:  The HC proxy MUST understand whether the requested
      URI identifies a group of nodes.

   Mapping:  The HC proxy MUST know how to distribute the multicast
      request to involved servers; this process is specific of the group
      communication technology used.

   When using IPv6 multicast paired with DNS, the mapping to IPv6

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                  [Page 7]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   multicast is simply done using DNS resolution.  If the group
   management is performed at the proxy, the URI or part of it (i.e. the
   authority) can be mapped using some static or dynamic table available
   at the HC proxy.  In Section 3.5 of [I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm]
   discusses a method to build and maintain a local table of multicast
   authorities.

4.2.2.  Request Handling

   When the HC proxy receives a request to a URI that has been
   successfully identified and mapped to a group of nodes, it SHOULD
   start a multicast proxying operation, if supported by the proxy.

   Multicast request handling consists of the following steps:

   Multicast TX:  The HC proxy sends out the request on the CoAP side by
      using the methods offered by the specific group communication
      technology used in the constrained network;

   Collecting RXs:  The HC proxy collects every response related to the
      request;

   Timeout:  The HC proxy has to pay special attention in multicast
      timing, detailed discussion about timing depends upon the
      particular group communication technology used;

   Distributing RXs to the client:  The HC proxy can distribute the
      responses in two different ways: batch delivering them at the end
      of the process or on timeout, or immediately delivering them as
      they are available.  Batch requires more caching and introduces
      delays but may lead to lower TCP overhead and simpler processing.
      Immediate delivery is the converse.  A trade-off solution of
      partial batch delivery may also be feasible and efficient in some
      circumstances.

4.2.3.  Examples

   Figure 2 shows an HTTP client (C) requesting the resource "/foo" to a
   group of CoAP servers (S1/S2/S3) through an HC proxy (P) which uses
   IP multicast to send the corresponding CoAP request.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                  [Page 8]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

 C     P     S1    S2    S3
 |     |     |     |     |
 +---->|     |     |     |  GET /foo HTTP/1.1
 |     |     |     |     |  Host: group-of-nodes.coap.something.net
 |     |     |     |     |  .. other HTTP headers ..
 |     |     |     |     |
 |     +---->|---->|---->|  NON GET
 |     |     |     |     |  URI-Path: foo
 |     |     |     |     |
 |     |<----------+     |  NON 2.00
 |     |     |     |     |  "S2"
 |     |     |     |     |
 |     | X---------------+  NON 2.00
 |     |     |     |     |  "S3"
 |     |     |     |     |
 |     |<----+     |     |  NON 2.00
 |     |     |     |     |  "S1"
 |     |     |     |     |
 |     |     |     |     |  ... Timeout ...
 |     |     |     |     |
 |<----+     |     |     |  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 |     |     |     |     |  Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
 |     |     |     |     |                boundary="response"
 |     |     |     |     |  .. other HTTP headers ..
 |     |     |     |     |
 |     |     |     |     |  --response
 |     |     |     |     |  Content-Type: message/http
 |     |     |     |     |
 |     |     |     |     |  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 |     |     |     |     |  Link: <http://node2.coap.something.net/foo>;
 |     |     |     |     |        rel=via
 |     |     |     |     |
 |     |     |     |     |  S2
 |     |     |     |     |
 |     |     |     |     |  --response
 |     |     |     |     |  Content-Type: message/http
 |     |     |     |     |
 |     |     |     |     |  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 |     |     |     |     |  Link: <http://node1.coap.something.net/foo>;
 |     |     |     |     |        rel=via
 |     |     |     |     |
 |     |     |     |     |  S1
 |     |     |     |     |
 |     |     |     |     |  --response--
 |     |     |     |     |

             Figure 2: Unicast HTTP to Multicast CoAP Mapping

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                  [Page 9]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   The example proposed in the above diagram does not make any
   assumption on which underlying group communication technology is
   available in the constrained network.  Some detailed discussion is
   provided about it along the following lines.

   C makes a GET request to group-of-nodes.coap.something.net.  This
   domain name MAY either resolve to the address of P, or to the IPv6
   multicast address of the nodes (if IP multicast is supported and P is
   an interception proxy), or the proxy P is specifically known by the
   client that sends this request to it.

   To successfully start multicast proxying operation, the HC proxy MUST
   know that the destination URI involves a group of CoAP servers, e.g.
   the authority group-of-nodes.coap.something.net is known to identify
   a group of nodes either by using an internal lookup table, using DNS
   paired with IPv6 multicast, or by using some other special technique.

   A specific implementation option is proposed to further explain the
   proposed example.  Assume that DNS is configured such that all
   subdomain queries to coap.something.net, such as group-of-
   nodes.coap.something.net, resolve to the address of P. P performs the
   HC URI mapping by removing the 'coap' subdomain from the authority
   and by switching the scheme from 'http' to 'coap' (result:
   "coap://group-of-node.something.net/foo"); "group-of-
   nodes.something.net" is resolved to an IPv6 multicast address to
   which S1, S2 and S3 belong.  The proxy handles this request as
   multicast and sends the request "GET /foo" to the multicast group .

4.3.  Multicast Response Caching

   We call perfect caching when the proxy uses only the cached
   representations to provide a response to the HTTP client.  In the
   case of a multicast CoAP request, perfect caching is not adequate.
   This section updates the general caching and congestion control
   guidelines of with specific guidelines for the multicast use case.

   Due to the inherent unreliable nature of the NON messages involved
   and since nodes may have dynamic membership in multicast groups,
   responding only with previously cached responses without issuing a
   new multicast request is not recommended.  This perfect caching
   behaviour leads to miss responses of nodes that later joined the
   multicast group, and/or to repeatedly serve partial representations
   due to message losses.  Therefore a multicast CoAP request SHOULD be
   sent by a HC proxy for each incoming request addressed to a multicast
   group.

   Caching of multicast responses is still a valuable goal to pursue
   reduce network congestion, battery consumption and response latency.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   Some considerations to be performed when adopting a multicast caching
   behaviour are outlined in the following paragraph.

   Caching of multicast GET responses MAY be implemented by adopting
   some technique that takes into account either knowledge about dynamic
   characteristics of group membership (occurrence or frequency of group
   changes) or even better its full knowledge (list of nodes currently
   part of the group).

   When using a technique exploiting this knowledge, valid cached
   responses SHOULD be served from cache.

4.4.  Observe Mapping

   By design, and certainly not without a good rationale, HTTP lacks a
   publish-subscriber facility.  This implies that the mapping of the
   CoAP observe semantics has to be created ad hoc, perhaps by making
   use of one of the well-known HTTP techniques currently employed to
   establish an HTTP bidirectional connection with the target resource -
   as documented in [RFC6202].

   In the following sections we will describe some of the approaches
   that can be used to identify an observable resource and to create the
   communication bridging needed to set up an end to end HTTP-CoAP
   observation.

4.4.1.  Identification

   In order to appropriately process an observe request, the HC proxy
   needs to know whether a given request is intended to establish an
   observation on the target resource, instead of triggering a regular
   request-response exchange.

   At least two different approaches to identify such special requests
   exist, as discussed below.

4.4.1.1.  Observable URI Mapping

   An URI is said to be observable whenever every request to it
   implicitly requires the establishment of an HTTP bidirectional
   connection to the resource.

   Such subscription to the resource is always paired, if possible, to a
   CoAP observe session to the actual resource being observed.  In
   general, multiple connections that are active with a single
   observable resource at the same time, are multiplexed to the single
   observe session opened by the intermediary.  Its notifications are
   then de-multiplexed by the HC proxy to every HTTP subscriber.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   An intermediary MAY pair a couple of distinct HTTP URIs to a single
   CoAP observable resource: one providing the usual request-response
   mediated access to the resource, and the other that always triggers a
   CoAP observe session.

4.4.1.1.1.  Discovery

   As shown in Figure 3, in order to know whether an URI is observable,
   an HTTP UA MAY do a pre-flight request to the target resource using
   the HTTP OPTIONS method (see section 6.2 of
   [I-D.ietf-httpbis-p2-semantics]) to discover the communication
   options available for that resource.

   If the resource supports observation, the proxy adds a Link Header
   [RFC5988] with the "obs" attribute as link-param (see Section 7 of
   [I-D.ietf-core-observe]).

    C       P       S
    |       |       |  OPTIONS /kitchen/temp HTTP/1.1
    +------>|       |  Host: node.coap.something.net
    |       |       |
    |       +------>|  CON GET
    |       |       |  Uri-Path: /.well-known/core?anchor=/kitchen/temp
    |       |       |
    |       |<------+  ACK 2.05
    |       |       |  Payload: </kitchen/temp>;obs
    |       |       |
    |<------+       |  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    |       |       |  Link: </kitchen/temp>; obs;
    |       |       |        type="application/atom+xml"
    |       |       |  Allow: GET, OPTIONS

            Figure 3: Discover Observability with HTTP OPTIONS

4.4.1.2.  Differentiation Using HTTP Header

   Discerning an observation request through in-protocol means, e.g. via
   the presence and values of some HTTP metadata, avoids introducing
   static "observable" URIs in the HC proxy namespace.  Though ideally
   the former should be preferred, there seems to be no standard way to
   use one of the established HTTP headers to convey the observe
   semantics.

   Standardizing such methods is out-of-scope of this document, so we
   just point out some possible approaches that in the future may be
   used to differentiate observation requests from regular requests.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

4.4.1.2.1.  Expect Header

   The first method involves the use of the Expect header as defined in
   Section 9.3 of [I-D.ietf-httpbis-p2-semantics].  Whenever an HC proxy
   receives a request with a "206-partial-content" expectation, the
   proxy MUST fulfill this expectation by pairing this request to either
   a new or existing observe session to the resource.

   If the proxy is unable to observe the resource, or if the observation
   establishment fails, the proxy MUST reply to the client with "417
   Expectation Failed" status code.

   Given that the Expect header is processed hop-by-hop, this method
   will fail immediately in case a proxy not supporting this expectation
   is traversed.  For this reason, at present, the said approach can't
   be used in the public Internet.

4.4.1.2.2.  Prefer Header

   A second, very similar, approach involves the use of the Prefer
   header, defined in [I-D.snell-http-prefer].  The HTTP user agent
   expresses the preference to establish an observation with the target
   resource by including a "streaming" preference to request an HTTP
   Streaming session, or a "long-polling" preference to signal to the
   proxy its intended polling behaviour (see [RFC6202]).

   A compliant HC proxy will try to fulfill the preference, and manifest
   observation establishment success by responding with a status code of
   "206 Partial Content".  The observation request fails, falling back
   to a single response, whenever the status code is different from 206.

   This approach will never fail immediately, differently from the
   previous one, even across a chain of unaware proxies; however, as
   documented in [RFC6202], caching intermediaries may interfere, delay
   or block the HTTP bidirectional connection, making this approach
   unacceptable when no weak consistency of the resource can be
   tolerated by the requesting UA.

4.4.2.  Notification(s) Mapping

   Multiplexing notifications using a single HTTP bidirectional session
   needs some further considerations about the selection of the media
   type that best fits this specific use case.

   The usage of two different content-types that are suitable for
   carrying multiple notifications in a single session, is discussed in
   the following sections.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

4.4.2.1.  Multipart Messaging

   As already discussed in Section 4.1.1 for multicasting, the
   "multipart/*" media type is a suitable solution to deliver multiple
   CoAP notifications within a single HTTP payload.

   As in the multicast case, each part of the multipart entity MAY be
   represented using a "message/http" media type, containing the full
   mapping of the single CoAP notification mapped, so that CoAP envelope
   information are preserved (e.g. the response code).

   A more sophisticated mapping could use multipart/mixed with native or
   translated media type.

4.4.2.2.  Using ATOM Feeds

   Popular observable resources with refresh rates higher than a couple
   of seconds may be treated as Atom feeds [RFC4287], especially with
   delay tolerant user agents and where persistence is required.

   Figure 3 shows a resource supporting 'application/atom+xml' media-
   type.  In such case clients can listen to update notification by
   regularly polling the resource via opportunely spaced GETs, i.e.
   driven by the advertised max-age value.

4.4.3.  Examples

   Figure 4 shows the interaction between an HTTP client (C), an HC
   proxy (P), and a CoAP server (S) for the observation of the resource
   "temperature" (T) available on S.

   C manifests its intention to observe T by including the Expect Header
   in the request; if P or S do not support this interaction, the
   request MUST fail with "417 Expectation Failed" return code.  In the
   presented example, both P and C support this interaction, and the
   subscription is successful, as stated by the "206 Partial Content"
   return code.

   At every notification corresponds the emission of a HTTP chunk
   containing a single part, which contains a "message/http" payload
   containing the full mapping of the notification.  When the
   observation is dropped by the CoAP server, the HTTP streaming session
   is closed.

   C     P     S
   |     |     |
   +---->|     |  GET /temperature HTTP/1.1

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   |     |     |  Host: node.coap.something.net
   |     |     |  Expect: 206-partial-content
   |     |     |  Accept: multipart/mixed
   |     |     |
   |     +---->|  CON GET
   |     |     |  Uri-Path: temperature
   |     |     |  Observe: 0
   |     |     |
   |     |<----+  ACK 2.05
   |     |     |  Observe: 3482
   |     |     |  "22.1 C"
   |     |     |
   |<----+     |  HTTP/1.1 206 Partial Content
   |     |     |  Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=notification
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  XX
   |     |     |  --notification
   |     |     |  Content-Type: message/http
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  22.1 C
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  ... about 60 seconds have passed ...
   |     |     |
   |     |<----+  NON 2.05
   |     |     |  Observe: 3542
   |     |     |  "21.6 C"
   |     |     |
   |<----+     |  YY
   |     |     |  --notification
   |     |     |  Content-Type: message/http
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  21.6 C
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  ... if the server drops the relationship ...
   |     |     |
   |     |<----+  NON 2.05
   |     |     |  "21.8 C"
   |     |     |
   |<----+     |  ZZ
   |     |     |  --notification
   |     |     |  Content-Type: message/http
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   |     |     |

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   |     |     |  21.8 C
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  --notification--
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  0

                 Figure 4: HTTP Streaming to CoAP Observe

   Figure 5 shows the interaction between an HTTP client (C), an HC
   proxy (P), and a CoAP server (S) for the observation of the resource
   "temperature" (T) available on S.

   C manifests its intention to observe T by including the Prefer Header
   in the request; if P or S do not support this interaction, the
   request silently fails if a status code "200 OK" is returned, which
   means that no further notification is expected on that session.

   In the presented example, both P and C support this interaction, and
   the subscription is successful, as stated by the "206 Partial
   Content" status code.  At every notification a new response is sent
   to the pending client, always containing the "206 Partial Content"
   status code, to indicate that the observe session is still active, so
   that C can issue a new long-polling request immediately after this
   notification.

   If the observation relationship is dropped by S, P notifies the last
   received content using the "200 OK" status code, indicating that no
   further notification is expected on this observe session.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   C     P     S
   |     |     |
   +---->|     |  GET /temperature HTTP/1.1
   |     |     |  Host: node.coap.something.net
   |     |     |  Prefer: long-polling
   |     |     |
   |     +---->|  CON GET
   |     |     |  Uri-Path: temperature
   |     |     |  Observe: 0
   |     |     |
   |     |<----+  ACK 2.05
   |     |     |  Observe: 3482
   |     |     |  "22.1 C"
   |     |     |
   |<----+     |  HTTP/1.1 206 Partial Content
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  22.1 C
   |     |     |
   +---->|     |  GET /temperature HTTP/1.1
   |     |     |  Host: node.coap.something.net
   |     |     |  Prefer: long-polling
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  ... about 60 seconds have passed ...
   |     |     |
   |     |<----+  NON 2.05
   |     |     |  Observe: 3542
   |     |     |  "21.6 C"
   |     |     |
   |<----+     |  HTTP/1.1 206 Partial Content
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  21.6 C
   |     |     |
   +---->|     |  GET /temperature HTTP/1.1
   |     |     |  Host: node.coap.something.net
   |     |     |  Prefer: long-polling
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  ... if the server drops the relationship ...
   |     |     |
   |     |<----+  NON 2.05
   |     |     |  "21.8 C"
   |     |     |
   |<----+     |  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   |     |     |
   |     |     |  21.8 C

                Figure 5: HTTP Long Polling to CoAP Observe

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   Figure 6 shows the interaction between an HTTP client (C), an HC
   proxy (P), and a CoAP server (S) for the observation of the resource
   "kitchen/temp" (T) available on S.

   It is assumed that the HC proxy knows that the requested resource is
   observable (since perhaps being asked beforehand to discover its
   properties as described in Figure 3.)  When asked by the HTTP client
   to retrieve the resource, it requests an observation - in case it
   weren't already in place - and then sends the collected data to the
   client as an Atom feed.  The data coming through in the constrained
   network is stored locally on the proxy, and forwarded when further
   requests are received on the HTTP side.  As already said, using the
   Atom format has two main advantages: first, there is always a
   "current" feed, but there may also be a complete log made available
   to HTTP clients; secondly, the HTTP intermediaries can play a
   substantial role in absorbing a fair amount of the load on the HC
   proxy.  The latter is a very important property when the requested
   resource is or becomes very popular.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

    C       P       S
    |       |       |  GET /kitchen/temp HTTP/1.1
    +------>|       |  Host: node.coap.something.net
    |       |       |
    |       +------>|  CON GET
    |       |       |  Uri-Path: kitchen/temp
    |       |       |  Observe: 0
    |       |       |
    |       |<------+  ACK 2.05
    |       |       |  Observe: 1000
    |       |       |  Max-Age: 10
    |       |       |  "22.3 C"
    |       |       |
    |<------+       |  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    |       |       |  Cache-Control: max-age=10
    |       |       |  ETag: "0x5555"
    |       |       |  Content-Type: application/atom+xml
    |       |       |
    |       |       |  <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
    |       |       |    <entry>
    |       |       |      <id>urn:uuid:
    |       |       |          bf08203a-fbbf-49e8-bf11-3c4cff708525</id>
    |       |       |      <updated>2012-03-07T11:14:30</updated>
    |       |       |      <content type="text/plain">
    |       |       |        22.3 C
    |       |       |      </content>
    |       |       |    <entry>
    |       |       |  </feed>
    |       |       |
    |       |       |
    |       |<------+  NON 2.05
    |       |       |  Observe: 1010
    |       |       |  Max-Age: 10
    |       |       |  "22.4 C"
    |       |       |
    +------>|       |  GET /kitchen/temp HTTP/1.1
    |       |       |  Host: node.coap.something.net
    |       |       |
    |       |       |  [...]
    |       |       |

                   Figure 6: Observation via Atom feeds

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 19]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

5.  HTML5 Scheme Handler Registration

   The draft HTML5 standard offers a mechanism that allows an HTTP user
   agent to register a custom scheme handler through an HTML5 web page.
   This feature permits to an HC proxy to be registered as "handler" for
   URIs with the 'web+coap' or 'web+coaps' schemes using an HTML5 web
   page which embeds the custom scheme handler registration call
   registerProtocolHandler() described in Section 6.5.1.2 of
   [W3C.HTML5].

   Example: the HTML5 homepage of a HC proxy at h2c.example.org could
   include the method call:

   registerProtocolHandler('web+coap','proxy?url=%s','example HC proxy')

   This registration call will prompt the HTTP user agent to ask for the
   user's permission to register the HC proxy as a handler for all 'web+
   coap' URIs.  If the user accepts, whenever a 'web+coap' link is
   requested, the request will be fulfilled through the HC proxy: URI
   "web+coap://foo.org/a" will be transformed into URI
   "http://h2c.example.org/proxy?url=web+coap://foo.org/a".

6.  Placement and Deployment

   In typical scenarios, for communication from a CoAP client to an HTTP
   origin server, the HC proxy is expected to be located on the client-
   side (CS).  Specifically, the HC proxy is expected to be deployed at
   the edge of the constrained network as shown in Figure 7.

   The arguments supporting CS placement are as follows:

   Client/Proxy/Network configuration overhead:  CoAP clients require
      either static proxy configuration or proxy discovery support.
      This overhead is simplified if the proxy is placed on the same
      network domain of the client.

   TCP/UDP:  Translation between CoAP and HTTP requires also UDP to TCP
      mapping; UDP performance over the unconstrained Internet may not
      be adequate.  In order to minimize the number of required
      retransmissions on the constrained part of the network and the
      overall reliability, TCP/UDP conversion SHOULD be performed as
      soon as possible in the network path.

   Caching:  Efficient caching requires that all the CoAP traffic is
      intercepted by the same proxy, thus a CS placement, collecting all
      the traffic, is strategic for this need.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 20]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

                            +------+
                            |      |
                            | DNS  |
                            |      |
                            +------+
                                                --------------------
                                               //                  \\
                                              /    /-----\   /---\   \
                                             /       CoAP     CoAP    \
                                            ||      client   client   ||
                                     +----------+  \-----/  \-----/   ||
                                     | HTTP/CoAP|            /-----\  ||
                                     |  Proxy   |              CoAP   ||
                                     |(HC Proxy)|             client  ||
    +------+                         +----------+            \-----/  ||
    |HTTP  |                                ||  /-----\               ||
    |Origin|                                ||    CoAP                ||
    |Server|                                 \   client   /-----\     /
    +------+                                  \ \-----/     CoAP     /
                                               \           client   /
                                                \\        \-----/ //
                                                 ------------------

            Figure 7: Client-side HC Proxy Deployment Scenario

7.  Examples

   Figure 8 shows an example implementation of a basic CoAP GET request
   with an HTTP URI as the value of a Proxy-URI option.  The proxy
   retrieves a representation of the target resource from the HTTP
   origin server.  It converts the payload to a UTF-8 charset,
   calculates the Max-Age Option from the Expires header field, and
   derives an entity-tag from the ETag header field.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 21]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

 C           P           S
 |           |           |
 +---------->|           |  CoAP Header: GET (T=CON, Code=1, MID=0x1633)
 |   CoAP    |           |  Token:       0x5a
 |   Get     |           |  Proxy-URI:   http://www.example.com/foo/bar
 |           |           |
 |           |           |
 |           +---------->|  HTTP/1.1  GET /foo/bar
 |           |   HTTP    |  Host: www.example.com
 |           |   GET     |
 |           |           |
 |           |           |
 |<----------+           |  CoAP Header: (T=ACK, Code=0, MID=0x1633)
 |           |           |
 |           |           |
 |           |<----------+  HTTP/1.1  200 OK
 |           |   HTTP    |  Date: Friday, 14 Oct 2011 15:00:00 GMT
 |           |   200 OK  |  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
 |           |           |  Content-Length: 11
 |           |           |  Expires: Friday, 14 Oct 2011 16:00:00 GMT
 |           |           |  ETag: "xyzzy"
 |           |           |  Connection: close
 |           |           |
 |           |           |  Hello World
 |           |           |
 |           |           |
 |<----------+           |  CoAP Header: 2.00 OK
 |           |           |               (T=CON, Code=64, MID=0xAAFO)
 |   CoAP    |           |  Token:       0x5a
 |  2.00 OK  |           |  C-Type:      text/plain; charset=utf-8
 |           |           |  Max-Age:     3600
 |           |           |  ETag:        0x78797A7A79
 |           |           |  Payload:     "Hello World"
 |           |           |
 +---------->|           |  CoAP Header:   (T=ACK, Code=0, MID=0xAAF0)

                  Figure 8: A Basic CoAP-HTTP GET Request

   The example in Figure 9 builds on the previous example and shows an
   implementation of a GET request that includes a previously returned
   ETag Option.  The proxy makes a Conditional Request to the HTTP
   origin server by including an If-None-Match header field in the HTTP
   GET Request.  The CoAP response indicates that the response stored by
   the client is fresh.  It includes a Max-Age Option calculated from
   the HTTP response's Expires header field.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 22]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

 C           P           S
 |           |           |
 +---------->|           |  CoAP Header: GET (T=CON, Code=1, MID=0x1CBO)
 |   CoAP    |           |  Token:       0x7b
 |   Get     |           |  Proxy-URI:   http://www.example.com/foo/bar
 |           |           |  ETag:        0x78797A7A79
 |           |           |
 |           |           |
 |           +---------->|  HTTP/1.1  GET /foo/bar
 |           |   HTTP    |  Host: www.example.com
 |           |   GET     |  If-None-Match: "xyzzy"
 |           |           |
 |           |           |
 |<----------+           |  CoAP Header: (T=ACK, Code=0, MID=0x1CBO)
 |           |           |
 |           |           |
 |           |<----------+  HTTP/1.1  304 Not Modified
 |           |   HTTP    |  Date: Friday, 14 Oct 2011 17:00:00 GMT
 |           |   304     |  Expires: Friday, 14 Oct 2011 18:00:00 GMT
 |           |           |  ETag: "xyzzy"
 |           |           |  Connection: close
 |           |           |
 |           |           |
 |<----------+           |  CoAP Header: 2.03 Valid
 |           |           |               (T=CON, Code=67, MID=0xAAFF)
 |   CoAP    |           |  Token:       0x7b
 |   2.03    |           |  Max-Age:     3600
 |           |           |  ETag:        0x78797A7A79
 |           |           |
 |           |           |
 +---------->|           |  CoAP Header:   (T=ACK, Code=0, MID=0xAAFF)

           Figure 9: A CoAP-HTTP GET Request with an ETag Option

8.  Acknowledgements

   TBD.

9.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no request to IANA.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 23]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

10.  Security Considerations

10.1.  Cross-protocol Security Policy Mapping

   At the moment of this writing, CoAP and HTTP are missing any cross-
   protocol security policy mapping.

   The HC proxy SHOULD flexibly support security policies between the
   two protocols, possibly as part of the HC URI mapping function, in
   order to statically map HTTP and CoAP security policies at the proxy
   (see Appendix A.2 for an example.)

10.2.  Subscription

   As noted in Section 7 of [I-D.ietf-core-observe], when using the
   observe pattern, an attacker could easily impose resource exhaustion
   on a naive server who's indiscriminately accepting observer
   relationships establishment from clients.  The converse of this
   problem is also present, a malicious client may also target the HC
   proxy itself, by trying to exhaust the HTTP connection limit of the
   proxy by opening multiple subscriptions to some CoAP resource.

   Effective strategies to reduce success of such a DoS on the HTTP side
   (by forcing prior identification of the HTTP client via usual web
   authentication mechanisms), must always be weighted against an
   acceptable level of usability of the exposed CoAP resources.

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.castellani-core-http-mapping]
              Castellani, A., Loreto, S., Rahman, A., Fossati, T., and
              E. Dijk, "Best Practices for HTTP-CoAP Mapping
              Implementation", draft-castellani-core-http-mapping-06
              (work in progress), October 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-core-block]
              Bormann, C. and Z. Shelby, "Blockwise transfers in CoAP",
              draft-ietf-core-block-10 (work in progress), October 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-core-coap]
              Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., Bormann, C., and B. Frank,
              "Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)",
              draft-ietf-core-coap-13 (work in progress), December 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm]

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 24]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

              Rahman, A. and E. Dijk, "Group Communication for CoAP",
              draft-ietf-core-groupcomm-04 (work in progress),
              December 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-core-observe]
              Hartke, K., "Observing Resources in CoAP",
              draft-ietf-core-observe-07 (work in progress),
              October 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging]
              Fielding, R. and J. Reschke, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol
              (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
              draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-21 (work in progress),
              October 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-httpbis-p2-semantics]
              Fielding, R. and J. Reschke, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol
              (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content",
              draft-ietf-httpbis-p2-semantics-21 (work in progress),
              October 2012.

   [I-D.thomson-hybi-http-timeout]
              Thomson, M., Loreto, S., and G. Wilkins, "Hypertext
              Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Keep-Alive Header",
              draft-thomson-hybi-http-timeout-03 (work in progress),
              July 2012.

   [RFC2046]  Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
              Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
              November 1996.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2616]  Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
              Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
              Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, January 2005.

   [RFC4287]  Nottingham, M., Ed. and R. Sayre, Ed., "The Atom
              Syndication Format", RFC 4287, December 2005.

   [RFC5988]  Nottingham, M., "Web Linking", RFC 5988, October 2010.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 25]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

11.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.bormann-core-simple-server-discovery]
              Bormann, C., "CoRE Simple Server Discovery",
              draft-bormann-core-simple-server-discovery-01 (work in
              progress), March 2012.

   [I-D.shelby-core-resource-directory]
              Shelby, Z., Krco, S., and C. Bormann, "CoRE Resource
              Directory", draft-shelby-core-resource-directory-04 (work
              in progress), July 2012.

   [I-D.snell-http-prefer]
              Snell, J., "Prefer Header for HTTP",
              draft-snell-http-prefer-17 (work in progress),
              November 2012.

   [I-D.vanderstok-core-bc]
              Stok, P. and K. Lynn, "CoAP Utilization for Building
              Control", draft-vanderstok-core-bc-05 (work in progress),
              October 2011.

   [RFC3040]  Cooper, I., Melve, I., and G. Tomlinson, "Internet Web
              Replication and Caching Taxonomy", RFC 3040, January 2001.

   [RFC4732]  Handley, M., Rescorla, E., and IAB, "Internet Denial-of-
              Service Considerations", RFC 4732, December 2006.

   [RFC6202]  Loreto, S., Saint-Andre, P., Salsano, S., and G. Wilkins,
              "Known Issues and Best Practices for the Use of Long
              Polling and Streaming in Bidirectional HTTP", RFC 6202,
              April 2011.

   [W3C.HTML5]
              Hickson, I., "HTML5", World Wide Web Consortium WD (work
              in progress) WD-html5-20111018, October 2011,
              <http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/>.

Appendix A.  Internal Mapping Functions (from an Implementer's
             Perspective)

   At least three mapping functions have been identified, which take
   place at different stages of the HC proxy processing chain, involving
   the URL, Content-Type and Security Policy translation.

   All these maps are required to have at least URL granularity so that,
   in principle, each and every requested URL may be treated as an

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 26]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   independent mapping source.

   In the following, the said map functions are characterized via their
   expected input and output, and a simple, yet sufficiently rich,
   configuration syntax is suggested.

   In the spirit of a document providing implementation guidance, the
   specification of a map grammar aims at putting the basis for a
   reusable software component (e.g. a stand-alone C library) that many
   different proxy implementations can link to, and benefit from.

A.1.  URL Map Algorithm

   In case the HC proxy is a reverse proxy, i.e. it acts as the origin
   server in face of the served network, the URL of the resource
   requested by its clients (perhaps having an 'http' scheme) shall be
   mapped to the real resource origin (perhaps in the 'coap' scheme).

   In case HC is a forward proxy, no URL translation is needed since the
   client already knows the "real name" of the resource.

   An interception HC proxy, instead, MAY use the homogeneous mapping
   strategy to operate without any pre-configuration need.

   As noted in Appendix B of [RFC3986] any correctly formatted URL can
   be matched by a POSIX regular expression.  By leveraging on this
   property, we suggest a syntax that describes the URL mapping in terms
   of substituting the regex-matching portions of the requested URL into
   the mapped URL template.

   E.g.: given the source regular expression
   '^http://example.com/coap/.*$' and destination template 'coap://$1'
   (where $1 stands for the first - and only in this specific case -
   substring matched by the regex pattern in the source), the input URL
   "http://example.com/coap/node1/resource2" translates to
   "coap://node1/resource2".

   This is a well established technique used in many todays web
   components (e.g.  Django URL dispatcher, Apache mod_rewrite, etc.),
   which provides a compact and powerful engine to implement what
   essentially is an URL rewrite function.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 27]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   INPUT
       * requested URL

   OUTPUT
       * target URL

   SYNTAX
       url_map [rule name] {
           requested_url   <regex>
           mapped_url      <regex match subst template>
       }

   EXAMPLE 1
       url_map homogeneous {
           requested_url   '^http://.*$'
           mapped_url      'coap//$1'
       }

   EXAMPLE 2
       url_map embedded {
           requested_url   '^http://example.com/coap/.*$'
           mapped_url      'coap//$1'
       }

   Note that many different url_map records may be given in order to
   build the whole mapping function.  Each of these records can be
   queried (in some predefined order) by the HC proxy until a match is
   found, or the list is exhausted.  In the latter case, depending on
   the mapping policy (only internal, internal then external, etc.) the
   original request can be refused, or the same mapping query is
   forwarded to one or more external URL mapping components.

A.2.  Security Policy Map Algorithm

   In case the "incoming" URL has been successfully translated, the HC
   proxy must lookup the security policy, if any, that needs to be
   applied to the request/response transaction carried on the "outgoing"
   leg.

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 28]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

   INPUT
       * target URL (after URL map has been applied)
       * original requester identity (given by cookie, or IP address, or
         crypto credentials/security context, etc.)

   OUTPUT
       * security context that will be applied to access the target URL

   SYNTAX
       sec_map [rule name] {
           target_url      <regex>     -- one or more
           requester_id    <TBD>
                   sec_context     <TBD>
       }

   EXAMPLE
           <TBD>

A.3.  Content-Type Map Algorithm

   In case a set of destination URLs is known as being limited in
   handling a narrow subset of mime types, a content-type map can be
   configured in order to let the HC proxy transparently handle the
   compatible/lossless format translation.

   INPUT
       * destination URL (after URL map has been applied)
       * original content-type

   OUTPUT
       * mapped content-type

   SYNTAX
       ct_map {
           target_url  <regex>                 -- one or more targetURLs
           ct_switch   <source_ct, dest_ct>    -- one or more CTs
       }

   EXAMPLE
       ct_map {
           target_url  '^coap://class-1-device/.*$'
           ct_switch   */xml   application/exi
       }

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 29]
Internet-Draft              HTTP-CoAP Mapping               January 2013

Authors' Addresses

   Angelo P. Castellani
   University of Padova
   Via Gradenigo 6/B
   Padova  35131
   Italy

   Email: angelo@castellani.net

   Salvatore Loreto
   Ericsson
   Hirsalantie 11
   Jorvas  02420
   Finland

   Email: salvatore.loreto@ericsson.com

   Akbar Rahman
   InterDigital Communications, LLC
   1000 Sherbrooke Street West
   Montreal  H3A 3G4
   canada

   Phone: +1 514 585 0761
   Email: Akbar.Rahman@InterDigital.com

   Thomas Fossati
   KoanLogic
   Via di Sabbiuno 11/5
   Bologna  40136
   Italy

   Phone: +39 051 644 82 68
   Email: tho@koanlogic.com

   Esko Dijk
   Philips Research

   Email: esko.dijk@philips.com

Castellani, et al.        Expires July 7, 2013                 [Page 30]