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Remote Procedure Call over QUIC Version 1
draft-cel-nfsv4-rpc-over-quicv1-03

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (individual)
Authors Benjamin Coddington , Scott Mayhew , Chuck Lever
Last updated 2025-11-02
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draft-cel-nfsv4-rpc-over-quicv1-03
Network File System Version 4                              B. Coddington
Internet-Draft                                                 S. Mayhew
Intended status: Standards Track                                 Red Hat
Expires: 6 May 2026                                        C. Lever, Ed.
                                                                  Oracle
                                                         2 November 2025

               Remote Procedure Call over QUIC Version 1
                   draft-cel-nfsv4-rpc-over-quicv1-03

Abstract

   This document specifies a protocol for conveying Remote Procedure
   (RPC) messages via QUIC version 1 connections.  It requires no
   revision to application RPC protocols or the RPC protocol itself.

Note

   This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

   Discussion of this draft occurs on the NFSv4 working group mailing
   list (nfsv4@ietf.org), archived at
   https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/nfsv4/. Working Group
   information is available at https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/nfsv4/
   about/.

   Submit suggestions and changes as pull requests at
   https://github.com/chucklever/i-d-rpc-over-quicv1.  Instructions are
   on that page.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 6 May 2026.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Motivation For a New RPC Transport  . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  RPC-over-QUIC Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  Establishing a Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       3.1.1.  Connection Transport Parameters . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  RPC Service Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.2.1.  Transport Layer Security  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.3.  QUIC Streams  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.4.  RPC Message Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.4.1.  Receiver Data Placement Assistance  . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.5.  QUIC Load Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   4.  RPC Authentication Flavors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.  Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     7.1.  Netids for RPC-over-QUIC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     7.2.  ALPN Identifier for SunRPC on QUIC  . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

1.  Introduction

   The QUIC version 1 protocol is a secure, reliable connection-oriented
   network transport described in [RFC9000].  Its features include
   integrated transport layer security, multiple independent streams
   over each connection, fast reconnecting, and advanced packet loss
   recovery and congestion avoidance mechanisms.

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   Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (often shortened to
   "RPC") is a Remote Procedure Call protocol that runs over a variety
   of network transports [RFC5531].  RPC implementations so far use UDP
   [RFC0768], TCP [RFC0793], or RDMA [RFC8166].  This document specifies
   how to transport RPC messages over QUIC version 1.

1.1.  Motivation For a New RPC Transport

   Viewed at a moderate distance, RPC over QUIC provides a similar
   feature set as RPC over TCP with TLS (as described in [RFC9289]).
   However, a closer look reveals some essential benefits of using QUIC
   transports:

   *  Even though the QUIC protocol utilizes the same set of encryption
      algorithms as TLSv1.3, the QUIC record protocol encrypts nearly
      the entire transport layer header and authenticates each IP
      packet.  Advanced traffic analysis which was possible with TLS on
      TCP is no longer possible.  QUIC protects against transport packet
      spoofing and downgrade attacks better than TLS on TCP.

   *  Because many real IP networks are oversubscribed, packet loss due
      to momentary link or switch saturation continues to be likely even
      on well-maintained data center-quality network fabrics.

      The QUIC protocol utilizes packet loss recovery and congestion
      avoidance features that are lacking in TCP.  Because TCP protocol
      design has ossified, it is unlikely to gain these improvements.
      QUIC is more extensible than TCP, meaning future improvements in
      this area can be designed and deployed without application
      disruption.

   *  Further, because QUIC handles packet loss on a per-stream rather
      than a per-connection basis, spreading RPC traffic across multiple
      streams enables workloads to continue largely unperturbed while
      packet recovery proceeds.

   *  The QUIC protocol is designed to facilitate secure and automatic
      transit of firewalls.  Firewall transparency is a foundational
      feature of NFSv4 (which is built on RPC).

2.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

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3.  RPC-over-QUIC Framework

   RPC is first and foremost a message-passing protocol.  This section
   covers the implementaion details of exchanging RPC messages over
   QUIC.  Readers should already be familiar with the fundamentals of
   ONC RPC [RFC5531].

   RPC-over-QUIC relies on QUIC version 1 as the underlying transport
   [RFC9000].  The use of other QUIC transport versions with RPC MAY be
   defined by future specifications.

3.1.  Establishing a Connection

   When a network host wishes to send RPC requests to a remote service
   via QUICv1, it must first find an established QUICv1 connection, or
   establish a new one.

   For the purpose of explanation, this document refers to the peer that
   initiates QUICv1 connection establishment as an "RPC client" peer.
   This document refers to the peer that passively accepts an incoming
   connection request as an "RPC server" peer.

   QUICv1 connections are not completely defined by the classic 5-tuple
   (IP proto, source address, source port, destination address, and
   destination port).  Each connection is also defined by its QUIC
   connection ID.  For instance, if the IP address of either peer should
   change, or a NAT/PAT binding and the source UDP port changes, the
   receiver can still recognize an ingress QUICv1 packet as belonging to
   an established connection.

   As a result, due to network conditions or administrative actions, an
   RPC-over-QUIC connection can be replaced (a reconnect event) or
   migrated (a failover event) without interrupting the operation of an
   upper layer protocol such as RPC-over-QUIC.  A more complete
   discussion can be found in Section 9 of [RFC9000].

3.1.1.  Connection Transport Parameters

   When establishing a connection, peers exchange transport parameters,
   as described in Section 7.4 of [RFC9000].

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3.1.1.1.  Initial Flow Control Limits

   These limits control the amount of data that each peer may send on a
   newly-created stream.  The limits are used for flow control and cap
   the amount of memory needed by both peers to keep data flowing on the
   connection.  The value of these limits are typically based on the
   bandwidth-delay of the physical link between the peers, and are not
   exposed to RPC applications.

3.1.1.2.  Number of Streams Per Connection

   Each QUICv1 peer may limit the number of streams per connection; see
   Section 4.6 of [RFC9000].

   Given the definition of RPC message framing in Section 3.4, it is
   possible for an RPC client to create a stream, send one RPC Call,
   receive one RPC Reply, then destroy the stream.  That usage might be
   common with simple RPC-based protocols like rpcbind.

   For protocols that carry a more intensive workload, this style of
   stream allocation generates needless overhead.  Moreover, stream
   identifiers cannot be re-used on a single QUICv1 connection, so
   eventually a QUICv1 connection can no longer create a new stream for
   each RPC XID.  Finally, a connection peer may advertise a max_streams
   value that is significantly lower than 2 ^ 60.

   Instead, RPC clients may create enough streams to maximize workload
   parallism, and should avoid sending only a few RPCs on each stream
   before creating a new one.

   For example, an RPC client could allocate a handful of streams per
   CPU core to reduce contention for the streams and their associated
   data structures.  Or, an RPC client could create a set of streams
   whose count is the same as the number of slots in an NFSv4.1 session.

   Even so, to provide a framework that makes implementing RPC-over-QUIC
   as fast and simple as possible, this specification needs to focus on
   enabling the use of as few as a single stream per connection.

   Servers that implement RPC-over-QUIC must be mindful that each
   additional stream amounts to incremental overhead.  RPC servers MAY
   deny the creation of new streams if an RPC client already has many
   active streams.  RPC clients need to be prepared for that behavior.

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3.1.1.3.  Maximum Frame Size

   This size is the largest QUIC frame that can appear in any stream on
   this connection.  The QUIC framing protocol is not visible to the RPC
   application.  The RPC client and server can therefore negotiate a
   frame size that enables efficient transit of RPC traffic with minimal
   internal memory fragmentation.

3.2.  RPC Service Discovery

   For RPC, the destination port is special.  RPC services may use a
   standardized destination port that is bound to an RPC program number.
   Such ports are assigned in the IANA Service Name and Transport
   Protocol Port Number registry [IANA].

   For example, the rpcbind program, which is RPC program 100000,
   listens on port 111.  This is done so that RPC clients can always
   contact the rpcbind service and discover the other RPC services that
   are operating on that network peer.

   In other cases, an RPC service might use any available port.  The RPC
   server registers its port number with the local rpcbind service so
   that RPC clients can contact that service.

   This mechanism is no different for RPC-over-QUIC than it is for RPC
   on other network transports. rpcbind clients specify an RPC program
   number and either the "quic" or "quic6" netid when requesting
   information about a QUIC-based RPC service.  More detail is available
   in Section 7.1.

3.2.1.  Transport Layer Security

   During connection establishment, the client peer indicates RPC-over-
   QUIC support by presenting the ALPN token "sunrpc" in the TLS
   handshake.  Support for other application-layer protocols MAY be
   offered in the same handshake.

   As part of establishing a QUICv1 connection, the two connecting peers
   authenticate to each other and choose encryption parameters to
   establish a confidential channel of communication.  All traffic on
   one QUICv1 connection is thus bound to the authenticated identities
   that were presented during connection establishment.  These peer
   identities apply to the streams and RPC messages carried by that
   connection.

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   RPC-over-QUIC provides peer authentication and encryption services
   using a framework based on Transport Layer Security (TLS).  Ergo,
   RPC-over-QUIC inherently fulfills many of the requirements of
   [RFC9289].  The details of QUIC's use of TLS are specified in
   [RFC9001].  In particular:

   *  With QUICv1, security at the transport layer is always enabled.
      Therefore, the discussion in [RFC9289] about the opportunistic use
      of TLS does not apply to RPC-over-QUIC, and the STARTTLS mechanism
      described in Section 4 of [RFC9289] MUST NOT be used on RPC-over-
      QUIC connections.

   *  The peer authentication requirements in Section 5.2 of [RFC9289]
      apply to RPC-over-QUIC.

   *  The PKIX Extended Key Usage values defined in [RFC9289] are valid
      for use with RPC-over-QUIC.

   *  The ALPN defined in Section 8.2 of [RFC9289] is also used for RPC-
      over-QUIC.

3.3.  QUIC Streams

   RPC-over-QUIC connections are mediated entirely by each peer's RPC
   layer and, aside from authentication and connection transport
   parameters, are not otherwise visible to RPC applications.  An RPC
   client establishes an RPC-over-QUIC connection whenever there are
   application RPC transactions to be executed.

   QUICv1 provides a "stream" abstraction, described in Section 2 of
   [RFC9000].  A QUICv1 connection carries one or more streams.  Once a
   QUICv1 connection has been established, either connection peer may
   create a stream.  Typically, the RPC client peer creates the first
   stream on a connection.

   Unless explicitly specified, when RPC upper layer protocol
   specifications refer to a "connection", for RPC-over-QUIC, this is a
   QUIC stream.  As an example, an NFSv4.1 BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION
   operation [RFC8881] binds to a QUICv1 stream.  As another example, to
   signify the loss of an RPC request, an NFS server closes the QUICv1
   stream that received that request, but it does close not the
   encompassing QUICv1 connection.

   In terms of TI-RPC semantic labels, a QUICv1 stream behaves as a
   "tpi_cots_ord" transport: connection-oriented and in order.

      |  cel: There is an opportunity here to add a stream that acts as
      |  a control plane.

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      |  
      |  cel: Should we limit each stream to carry only one RPC program
      |  and version combination?  Doing so would delegate
      |  demultiplexing of ingress RPC traffic to QUIC -- eg, NFSACL and
      |  NFS would be required to flow over separate streams.

3.4.  RPC Message Framing

   RPC-over-QUIC uses only bidirectional streams.

   When a connection peer creates a QUICv1 stream, that peer's stream
   endpoint is referred to as a "Requester", and MUST emit only RPC Call
   messages on that stream.  The other endpoint is referred to as a
   "Responder", and MUST emit only RPC Reply messages on that stream.
   Receivers MUST silently discard RPC messages whose direction field
   does not match its Requester/Responder role.

   Requesters and Responders match RPC Calls to RPC Replies using the
   XID carried in each RPC message.  Responders MUST send RPC Replies on
   the same stream on which they received the matching RPC Call.

   Each QUICv1 stream provides reliable in-order delivery of bytes.
   However, each stream makes no guarantees about delivery order with
   regard to bytes on other streams on the same connection.

   The stream data containing RPC records is carried by QUIC STREAM
   frames, but this framing is invisible to the RPC layer.  The
   transport layer buffers and orders received stream data, exposing
   only a reliable byte stream to the RPC layer.  Although QUIC permits
   out-of-order delivery within a stream, RPC-over-QUIC does not make
   use of this feature.

   Because each QUICv1 stream is an ordered-byte stream, an RPC-with-
   QUIC stream carries only a sequence of complete RPC messages.
   Although data from multiple streams can be interleaved on a single
   QUICv1 connection, RPC messages MUST NOT be interleaved on one
   stream.

   Just as with RPC on a TCP socket, each RPC message is an ordered
   sequence of one or more records on a single stream.  Such RPC records
   bear no relationship to QUIC stream frames; in fact, stream frames as
   defined in [RFC9000] are not visible to RPC endpoints.

   Each RPC record begins with a four-octet record marker.  A record
   marker contains the count of octets in the record in its lower 31
   bits, and a flag that indicates whether the record is the last record
   in the RPC message in the highest order bit.  See Section 11 of
   [RFC5531] for a comparison with TCP record markers.

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      |  NFS requirement on resends: QUIC allows reconnecting using the
      |  same connection ID, so isn't breaking/reconnection somewhat
      |  ambiguous?  When can a server drop or a client resend?  Any
      |  advice needed for server-side DRC implementations?
      |  
      |  lars: I'm not sure I understand what is meant by "reconnecting"
      |  above.  Is this referring to connection migration?  Or a 0-RTT
      |  repeated connection instance?  Something else?
      |  
      |  lars: Also, I'm not sure if the use of streams is fully
      |  specified by the above.  Is the intent here to leave it to
      |  callers to decide if they want to use a fresh stream for each
      |  RPC, or reuse an existing stream for a series of RPCs?
      |  
      |  cel: We need to define a server backpressure mechanism akin to
      |  the TCP window.

3.4.1.  Receiver Data Placement Assistance

   One recurring weakness with RPC on TCP is that large payloads (for
   instance, in NFS WRITEs) can land at arbitrary offsets in receive
   buffers, limiting the ability for receivers to handle the payloads
   with zero-touch tactics such as direct I/O.

   It remains an open question whether RPC-over-QUIC should implement
   RDMA-like features or features that simply provide help with data
   placement on receivers.  Possibilities include:

   *  A single additional integer giving the offset of a payload,
      serving only as a hint;

   *  Include references to separate streams in the same connection that
      contain opaque payloads, similar to RDMA chunks; this would
      presume that it is valid for some streams on a QUIC connection to
      carry traffic that is not in the form of an RPC message sequence.

   Long-term there could be interest in supporting RDMA over QUIC.
   Direct data placement over TCP can already be accomplished today
   using MPA/DDP protocols (formerly known as iWARP; see [RFC5040]).
   Using a software iWARP implementation means no special hardware is
   required.

   If the MPA/DDP protocols themselves can be made to operate directly
   on QUIC transports, much of the need for a separate RPC-over-QUIC
   becomes moot.  It would bring transport layer security to other RDMA-
   enabled protocols, such as RPC-over-RDMA [RFC8166].

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3.5.  QUIC Load Balancing

   Large-scale RPC deployments often distribute incoming connections
   across multiple backend servers using load balancers.  The QUIC Load
   Balancing specification [I-D.ietf-quic-load-balancers] defines
   standardized methods for encoding routing information in QUIC
   connection IDs, enabling stateless or low-state load balancing even
   when clients migrate to new network addresses.  QUIC-LB provides
   several advantages for RPC server pools:

   *  Load balancers can route all packets for a given RPC-over-QUIC
      connection to the same backend server by extracting the server ID
      from the connection ID, even as the client’s network address
      changes due to NAT rebinding or deliberate migration.

   *  Because routing decisions are encoded directly in connection IDs,
      load balancers can operate with minimal or no per-connection
      state, improving scalability and resilience to load balancer
      failures or restarts.

   *  Since RPC-over-QUIC may use multiple streams within a single QUIC
      connection (see Section 3.3), QUIC-LB ensures that all streams
      within a connection are consistently routed to the same server,
      preserving the connection-level semantics that upper-layer RPC
      protocols may depend upon.

   *  The connection ID length self-encoding feature of QUIC-LB, when
      enabled, assists hardware cryptographic offload devices that need
      to efficiently look up connection-specific keys, improving
      performance in high-throughput RPC deployments.

   RPC-over-QUIC implementations MAY use QUIC-LB to facilitate load
   balancing in RPC server pool deployments.  A full specification of
   this facility is beyond the scope of the current document.

   QUIC-LB is transparent to QUIC clients.  They do not need to know
   whether servers are using QUIC-LB encoding.  Clients simply:

   *  Use server-provided connection IDs as-is

   *  Respond to NEW_CONNECTION_ID frames normally

   *  Perform address migration as permitted by server transport
      parameters

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4.  RPC Authentication Flavors

   Streams in a QUIC connection may use different RPC authentication
   flavors.  One stream might use RPC_AUTH_UNIX, while at the same time,
   another might use RPCSEC_GSS.

   GSS mutual (peer) authentication occurs only after a QUIC connection
   has been established.  It is a separate process, and is unchanged by
   the use of QUIC.  Additionally, authentication of RPCSEC_GSS users is
   unchanged by the use of QUIC.

   RPCSEC_GSS can optionally perform per-RPC integrity or
   confidentiality protection.  When operating within a QUIC connection,
   these GSS services become largely redundant.  An RPC implementation
   capable of concurrently using QUIC and RPCSEC_GSS MUST use Generic
   Security Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API) channel
   binding, as defined in [RFC5056], to determine when an underlying
   transport already provides a sufficient degree of confidentiality.

   RPC-over-QUIC implementations MUST provide the "tls-exporter" channel
   binding type, as defined in [RFC9266].

5.  Implementation Status

   This section is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

   This section records the status of known implementations of the
   protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this
   Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in [RFC7942].
   The description of implementations in this section is intended to
   assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to
   RFCs.

   Please note that the listing of any individual implementation here
   does not imply endorsement by the IETF.  Furthermore, no effort has
   been spent to verify the information presented here that was supplied
   by IETF contributors.  This is not intended as, and must not be
   construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their
   features.  Readers are advised to note that other implementations may
   exist.

   There are no known implementations of RPC-over-QUIC as described in
   this document.

6.  Security Considerations

   Readers should refer to the discussion of QUIC's transport layer
   security in Section 21 of [RFC9000].

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7.  IANA Considerations

   RFC Editor: In the following subsections, please replace RFC-TBD with
   the RFC number assigned to this document.  Furthermore, please remove
   this Editor's Note before this document is published.

7.1.  Netids for RPC-over-QUIC

   Each new RPC transport is assigned one or more RPC "netid" strings.
   These strings are an rpcbind [RFC1833] string naming the underlying
   transport protocol, appropriate message framing, and the format of
   service addresses and ports, among other things.

   This document requests that IANA allocate the following "Netid"
   registry strings in the "ONC RPC Netid" registry, as defined in
   [RFC5665]:

         NC_QUIC    "quic"
         NC_QUIC6   "quic6"

   These netids MUST be used for any transport satisfying the
   requirements described in this document.  The "quic" netid is to be
   used when IPv4 addressing is employed by the underlying transport,
   and "quic6" for IPv6 addressing.  IANA should use this document (RFC-
   TBD) as the reference for the new entries.

      |  lars: Why one per IP address family?  This seems common
      |  practice with netids, but also seems to be a layering
      |  violation?
      |  
      |  cel: That question might be out of scope for this document.
      |  netids very nearly amount to technical debt at this point.

7.2.  ALPN Identifier for SunRPC on QUIC

   RPC-over-QUIC utilizes the same ALPN string as RPC-with-TLS does, as
   defined in Section 7.2 of [RFC9289]:

      Identification Sequence:  0x73 0x75 0x6e 0x72 0x70 0x63 ("sunrpc")

   This document requests that a reference to (RFC-TBD) be added to the
   SunRPC protocol entry in the "TLS Application-Layer Protocol
   Negotiation (ALPN) Protocol IDs" registry.

      |  lars: If changes to the RPC-over-QUIC binding might be desired
      |  in the future, how would they be negotiated/expressed?  Should
      |  a versioned ALPN be used instead of the one from [RFC9289]?

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8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-quic-load-balancers]
              Duke, M., Banks, N., and C. Huitema, "QUIC-LB: Generating
              Routable QUIC Connection IDs", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-ietf-quic-load-balancers-21, 27 August 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-quic-
              load-balancers-21>.

   [IANA]     "IANA Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number
              registry", n.d., <https://www.iana.org/assignments/
              service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-
              numbers.txt>.

   [RFC1833]  Srinivasan, R., "Binding Protocols for ONC RPC Version 2",
              RFC 1833, DOI 10.17487/RFC1833, August 1995,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1833>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.

   [RFC5056]  Williams, N., "On the Use of Channel Bindings to Secure
              Channels", RFC 5056, DOI 10.17487/RFC5056, November 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5056>.

   [RFC5531]  Thurlow, R., "RPC: Remote Procedure Call Protocol
              Specification Version 2", RFC 5531, DOI 10.17487/RFC5531,
              May 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5531>.

   [RFC5665]  Eisler, M., "IANA Considerations for Remote Procedure Call
              (RPC) Network Identifiers and Universal Address Formats",
              RFC 5665, DOI 10.17487/RFC5665, January 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5665>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

   [RFC9000]  Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
              Multiplexed and Secure Transport", RFC 9000,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9000, May 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9000>.

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   [RFC9001]  Thomson, M., Ed. and S. Turner, Ed., "Using TLS to Secure
              QUIC", RFC 9001, DOI 10.17487/RFC9001, May 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9001>.

   [RFC9266]  Whited, S., "Channel Bindings for TLS 1.3", RFC 9266,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9266, July 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9266>.

   [RFC9289]  Myklebust, T. and C. Lever, Ed., "Towards Remote Procedure
              Call Encryption by Default", RFC 9289,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9289, September 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9289>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC0768]  Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc768>.

   [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", RFC 793,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc793>.

   [RFC5040]  Recio, R., Metzler, B., Culley, P., Hilland, J., and D.
              Garcia, "A Remote Direct Memory Access Protocol
              Specification", RFC 5040, DOI 10.17487/RFC5040, October
              2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5040>.

   [RFC7942]  Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running
              Code: The Implementation Status Section", BCP 205,
              RFC 7942, DOI 10.17487/RFC7942, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7942>.

   [RFC8166]  Lever, C., Ed., Simpson, W., and T. Talpey, "Remote Direct
              Memory Access Transport for Remote Procedure Call Version
              1", RFC 8166, DOI 10.17487/RFC8166, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8166>.

   [RFC8881]  Noveck, D., Ed. and C. Lever, "Network File System (NFS)
              Version 4 Minor Version 1 Protocol", RFC 8881,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8881, August 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8881>.

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Acknowledgments

   The authors express their deepest appreciation for the contributions
   of J.  Bruce Fields who was an original author of this document.  In
   addition, we are indebted to Lars Eggert and the QUIC working group
   for the creation of the QUIC transport protocol.

   The editor is grateful to Bill Baker, Greg Marsden, Richard
   Scheffenegger, Martin Thomson, and Long Xin for their input and
   support.

   Special thanks to Area Director Gorry Fairhurst, NFSV4 Working Group
   Chairs Brian Pawlowski and Christopher Inacio, and NFSV4 Working
   Group Secretary Thomas Haynes for their guidance and oversight.

Authors' Addresses

   Benjamin Coddington
   Red Hat
   United States of America
   Email: bcodding@redhat.com

   Scott Mayhew
   Red Hat
   United States of America
   Email: smayhew@redhat.com

   Charles Lever (editor)
   Oracle Corporation
   United States of America
   Email: chuck.lever@oracle.com

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