Skip to main content

Requirements and Challenges for User-level Service Managements of IoT Network by utilizing Artificial Intelligence
draft-choi-icnrg-aiot-08

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Expired".
Authors Junkyun Choi , Jaeseob Han , Gyeong Ho Lee
Last updated 2021-12-30
RFC stream (None)
Formats
Stream Stream state (No stream defined)
Consensus boilerplate Unknown
RFC Editor Note (None)
IESG IESG state I-D Exists
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD (None)
Send notices to (None)
draft-choi-icnrg-aiot-08
ICN Research Group                                          J.K. Choi 
    Internet Draft                                               J.S. Han 
    Intended status: Informational                               G.H. Lee 
    Expires: June 30, 2022                                          KAIST 
                                                              Dec 30, 2021 
     
                                       
     
                                          
         Requirements and Challenges for User-level Service Managements of 
                  IoT Network by utilizing Artificial Intelligence 
                             draft-choi-icnrg-aiot-08 

    Abstract 

       This document describes the requirements and challenges to employ 
       artificial intelligence (AI) into the constraint Internet of Things 
       (IoT) service environment for embedding intelligence and increasing 
       efficiency. 

       The IoT service environment includes heterogeneous and multiple IoT 
       devices and systems that work together in a cooperative and 
       intelligent way to manage homes, buildings, and complex autonomous 
       systems. Therefore, it is becoming very essential to integrate IoT 
       and AI technologies to increase the synergy between them. However, 
       there are several limitations to achieve AI enabled IoT as the 
       availability of IoT devices is not always high, and IoT networks 
       cannot guarantee a certain level of performance in real-time 
       applications due to resource constraints. 

       This document intends to present a right direction to empower AI in 
       IoT for learning and analyzing the usage behaviors of IoT 
       devices/systems and human behaviors based on previous records and 
       experiences. With AI enabled IoT, the IoT service environment can be 
       intelligently managed in order to compensate for the unexpected 
       performance degradation often caused by abnormal situations. 

    Status of this Memo 

       This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the 
       provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.  

       Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering 
       Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that 
       other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. 

     

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                 [Page 1] 
     

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months 
       and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any 
       time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference 
       material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." 

       The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at 
       http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt 

       The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at 
       http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html 

       This Internet-Draft will expire on June 30, 2022. 

    Copyright Notice 

       Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the 
       document authors. All rights reserved. 

       This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal 
       Provisions Relating to IETF Documents 
       (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of 
       publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, 
       as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this 
       document. Code Components extracted from this document must include 
       Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust 
       Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in 
       the Simplified BSD License. 

    Table of Contents 

        
       1. Introduction ................................................ 3 
       2. Challenging Issues of IoT network 
                                           ............................ 6 
          2.1. Untrusted and incorrect IoT devices ..................... 6 
          2.2. Traffic burstiness of IoT network ....................... 7 
          2.3. Management overheads of heterogeneous IoT sensors 
                                                               ........ 8 
       3. Overview of AI/ML-based IoT services ......................... 9 
       4. Requirements for AI/ML-based IoT services ................... 12 
          4.1. Requirements for AI/ML-based IoT data collection and delivery
           
           ........................................................... 12 
          4.2. Requirements for intelligent and context-aware IoT services13 
          4.3. Requirements for applying AI/ML to IoT data ............ 15 
             4.3.1. Training AI/ML algorithm 
                                            .......................... 15 
             4.3.2. AI/ML inference in IoT application ................ 15 
             4.3.3. AI/ML models update in IoT application ............ 16 

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                 [Page 2] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       5. State of arts of the artificial intelligence/machine learning 
       technologies for IoT services 
                                    .................................. 16 
          5.1. Machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies 
          review ..................................................... 17 
             5.1.1. Supervised learning for IoT ....................... 17 
             5.1.2. Unsupervised learning for IoT ..................... 18 
             5.1.3. Reinforcement learning for IoT .................... 19 
             5.1.4. Neural Network based algorithms for IoT ........... 20 
          5.2. Technologies for lightweight and real-time intelligence 
                                                                     . 22 
       6. Use cases of AI/ML into IoT service ......................... 23 
          6.1. Surveillance and Security in Smart Home ................ 23 
             6.1.1. Characteristics of Smart Home for AI/ML processing 
                                                                     . 23 
             6.1.2. Use case ......................................... 24 
          6.2. Smart home for elderly welfare ......................... 24 
             6.2.1. Characteristics of Smart Home for elderly welfare 
                                                                    .. 24 
          6.3. Smart Building Management 
                                        .............................. 25 
             6.3.1. Characteristics of Smart Building for AI/ML processing25 
             6.3.2. Use case ......................................... 25 
          6.4. Manufacturing optimization in Smart factory ............ 26 
             6.4.1. Characteristics of Smart Building for AI/ML processing26 
             6.4.2. Use case ......................................... 26 
          6.5. Smart parking ......................................... 26 
             6.5.1. Characteristics of Smart Parking for AI/ML processing26 
       7. IANA Considerations ........................................ 27 
       8. Acknowledgements ........................................... 27 
       9. Contributors ............................................... 27 
       10. Informative References 
                                 ..................................... 27 
        
    1. Introduction 

       The document explains the effects of applying artificial intelligence
       /machine learning (AI/ML) algorithms in the Internet of Thing (IoT) s
       ervice environments.  

       IoT applications will be deployed in heterogeneous and different area
       s such as the energy, transportation, automation and manufacturing in
       dustries as well as the information and communication technology (IC
       T) industry. Many IoT sensors and devices can connect to an IoT servi
       ce environment where IoT objects cannot interoperate with each other 
       and can interact with different applications. The IoT service may not
        run in a single administrative domain. If market demand exists, the 
       cross-domain service scenarios for IoT applications could be widely d
       eployed. Future IoT applications occur at multiple domains of heterog

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                 [Page 3] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       eneity with various time scales.  

       The IoT service requirements for common architectures and public APIs
        poses some challenges to the underlying service environment and netw
       orking technologies. Some IoT applications require significant securi
       ty and privacy as well as significant resource and time constraints. 
       These mission-critical applications can be separated from many common
        IoT applications that current technology may not provide. It means t
       hat IoT service requirements are difficult to classify common require
       ments and functional requirements depending on IoT service scenario.  

       Recently, artificial intelligence technologies can help the context-a
       ware IoT service scenarios apply rule-based knowledge accumulation. T
       he IoT service assumes that many sensing devices are connected to sin
       gle or multiple IoT network domains. Each sensor sends small packets 
       to the IoT servers periodically or non-periodically. Detection data c
       ontains periodic status information that monitors whether the system 
       is in a normal state or not. In some cases, alert information is incl
       uded for quick processing. Most IoT applications can operate in two m
       odes. One is a simple monitoring mode and the other is an abnormal mo
       de for rapid processing. In a simple monitoring phase, the IoT device
        periodically sends sensing data to the server. If the measured data 
       is outside the normal range, the IoT service can change the operating
        mode to an abnormal phase and activate future probes. Alarm conditio
       ns should be promptly notified to responsible persons. For mission-cr
       itical applications, reliable communication with robust QoS requireme
       nts in terms of error and latency is required. 

       Periodic data accumulation from IoT devices is cumbersome. Under norm
       al conditions, the IoT data is simply accumulated without further act
       ion. In an unusual situation, incoming IoT data can cause an urgent a
       ction to notify the administrator of the problem. Streaming data traf
       fic from thousands of IoT devices is annoying to store in the databas
       e because it is not easy to extract unidentified or future incidents.
        Only a significant portion of the incoming data stream can be stored
        in a real-time database that is time-sensitive and capable of rapid 
       query processing. A combination of different IoT detection data, incl
       uding location, time, and status, allows you to sort and categorize a
        portion of streaming data when an additional inspection is required,
     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                 [Page 4] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

        and perform real-time processing. One of the missions of the IoT dat
       abase is to be able to extract preliminary symptoms of unexpected acc
       idents from a large amount of streaming data. 

       If some transmitted data is important to invoke the corresponding act
       ion, there are some questions about whether the incoming data is corr
       ect. If the incoming data contains accurate and time-critical events,
        appropriate real-time control and management can be performed. Howev
       er, if the incoming data is inaccurate or intentionally corrupted, ad
       ditional accidents may occur. In these cases, incoming data can trigg
       er to initiate additional inspections to protect against future unacc
       eptable situations. But, if time-critical data is missed due to error
       s in the sensing devices and the delivery protocol, there is no reaso
       n to configure IoT networks and devices at a high cost.  

       It is not easy to analyze data collected through IoT devices installe
       d to monitor complex IoT service environments. If the sensor malfunct
       ions, the data of the sensor cannot be trusted. Additional investigat
       ion should be done if abnormal status from specific sensors is collec
       ted. The data of the redundant sensor installed in the same area shou
       ld be received or combined with other sensor information adjacent to 
       the sensor to determine the abnormal state. 

       For sensors installed in a specific area, sensing records will remain
        for a certain period of time. IoT service operators can look at the 
       operational history of the sensor for a period of time to determine w
       hat problems were encountered when data was collected. When an abnorm
       al situation occurs, IoT sensor should investigate whether it noticed
        normal operations and notified the IoT service operator. If the abno
       rmal situation is not properly detected, the operator should analyze 
       whether it was caused by malfunction of the IoT sensor or other reaso
       ns. 

       In the IoT service environment, it is possible to analyze the situati
       on accurately by applying recent artificial intelligence and machine 
       learning technologies. If there is an operational record of the past,
        it is possible to determine when an abnormal situation arises. Most 
       problems are likely to be repeated, so if the past learning experienc
       e is accumulated, the anomaly of IoT services can be easily and immed
     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                 [Page 5] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       iately identified. In addition, when information gathered from variou
       s sensors is synthesized, it is possible to accurately determine whet
       her abnormal situations have occurred. 

       Various types of IoT sensors are installed with certain purposes. It 
       expects that all the IoT sensors intend to monitor the occurrence of 
       special abnormal situations in advance. Therefore, it should be set i
       n advance what actions are required when a specific anomaly occurs. T
       he appropriate work is performed on the abnormal situation according 
       to the procedure, predefined by the human. By using artificial intell
       igence and machine learning algorithms, the appropriate actions are t
       aken when an abnormal situation is detected from various IoT sensors. 

    2. Challenging Issues of IoT network 

       This section describes the challenging issues of data sensing, 
       collection, transfer, and intelligent decision from untrusted data 
       quality and unexpected situations of IoT service environments. 

    2.1. Untrusted and incorrect IoT devices 

       IoT traffic is similar to traditional Internet traffic with small 
       packet sizes. Mobile IoT traffic can cause some errors and delays 
       because wireless links are unstable and signal strength may be 
       degraded with device mobility. If the signal strength of the IoT 
       device with a power limit is not so strong, the reception quality of 
       the IoT server may not be sufficient to obtain the measurement data.  

       For mission-critical applications, such as smart-grid and factory-
       automation, expensive IoT sensors with self-rechargeable batteries 
       and redundant hardware logic may be required. However, unexpected 
       abnormal situations may occur due to sensor malfunctions. There are 
       trade-offs between implementation cost and efficiency for cost-
       effective IoT services. When smart-grid and factory-automation 
       applications are equipped with IoT devices, the acceptable quality 
       from IoT solutions can be required. Sometimes, expensive and 
       duplicated IoT solutions may be needed. 

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                 [Page 6] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

    2.2. Traffic burstiness of IoT network 

       IoT traffic includes two types of traffic characteristic: periodic 
       with small packet sizes and bursty with high bandwidth. Under normal 
       conditions, the IoT traffic periodically transmits status information 
       with a small bandwidth, several kilobits/sec. However, in an abnormal 
       state, IoT devices need a high bandwidth, up to several tens of 
       megabits/sec, in order to identify actual events and investigate 
       accurate status information. In addition, traffic volume can 
       explosively increase in response to emergencies. For example, in the 
       case of smart-grid application, the bandwidth of several kilobits/sec 
       is usually used, and when an urgent situation occurs, a broadband 
       channel is required up to several tens of megabits/sec. 

       The other traffic can be integrated at an IoT network to increase 
       bandwidth efficiency. If an emergency situation occurs in the IoT 
       service, IoT traffic volumes suddenly increase, in which case network 
       processing capacity may be not sufficient. If the IoT service is 
       integrated with voice and video applications, the problem can become 
       more complex. As time goes by, traffic congestion and bottlenecks are 
       frequent in some areas. In addition, if an existing service policy 
       changes (for example, prioritizing certain traffic or suddenly 
       changing the route), other unexpected problems may be encountered. 
       Various congestion control and load balancing algorithms with the 
       help of artificial intelligence can be applied to handle time-varying 
       traffic on a network.  

       Until now, much research has been done on traffic variability in an 
       integrated network service environment. All networks have their own 
       traffic characteristics, depending on geographical area, number of 
       subscribers, subscribers' preferences, and types of applications used. 
       In the case of IoT traffic, the normal bandwidth is very small. If 
       the IoT traffic volume increases abruptly in an abnormal situation, 
       the network may suffer unacceptable delay and loss. If emergency 
       situations detected by IoT networks occur in a smart grid or 
       intelligent transportation system, the processing power of the IoT 
       network alone cannot solve the problem and the help of existing 
       network resources is inevitable. 

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                 [Page 7] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

    2.3. Management overheads of heterogeneous IoT sensors 

       Traffic management in an integrated network environment is not easy. 
       In order to operate the network steadily, a network operator has its 
       own know-hows and experiences. If there are plenty of network 
       resources, it is easy to set up a bypass route even if network 
       failure or congestion occurs in a specific area. For operating 
       network steadily, network resources may be designed to be over-
       provisioned in order to cope with various possible outages. A network 
       operator predicts the amount of traffic generated by the 
       corresponding equipment and grasps to what extent a transmission 
       bandwidth is required. If traffic fluctuation is very severe, the 
       network operator can allocate network resources in advance. In case 
       of frequent failures or severe traffic fluctuation, some network 
       resources are separated in order not to affect normal traffic.  

       More than a billion IoT devices are expected to connect to 
       smartphones, tablets, wearables, and vehicles. Therefore, IoT 
       services are targeted at mobile applications. In particular, 
       intelligent transportation systems need the help of IoT technology to 
       provide traffic monitoring and prevent public or private traffic 
       accidents. IoT technology can play an important role in reducing 
       traffic congestion, saving people's travel time and costs, and 
       providing a pleasant journey.  

       The IoT service has troublesome administrative problems to configure 
       an IoT network which consists of IoT servers, gateways, and many 
       sensing devices. The small-sized but large-numbered IoT devices may 
       incur administrative overhead since all the IoT devices should be 
       initialized and the bootstrapping information of IoT resources should 
       be loaded into the IoT service environments. Whenever some IoT 
       devices are newly added and some devices have to be removed, the 
       dynamic reconfiguration of IoT resources is essential. In addition, 
       the IoT device's preinstalled software should be regularly inspected 
       and upgraded according to its version. Frequent upgrades and changes 
       to some IoT devices may require autonomic management and 
       bootstrapping techniques. 

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                 [Page 8] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       Network management generally assumes that all network resources 
       operate reliably with acceptable quality. In most failure situations, 
       the network operator decides to switch to a redundant backup device 
       or bypass the failed communication path. If some IoT devices are not 
       stable, duplicate IoT devices can be installed for the same purpose. 
       If IoT resources are not duplicated, various mechanisms are needed to 
       reduce the damage. Therefore, it is necessary to prioritize the 
       management tasks to be performed first when an abnormality occurs in 
       the IoT service environment. However, managing duplicate networks can 
       cause another problem. If two IoT devices are running at the same 
       time, the recipient can get redundant information. If two or more 
       unusual situations occur at the same time, it is difficult to solve 
       the problem since tasks for urgent processing should be distinguished 
       from tasks that can be performed over time.  

       In addition, the operations manager's mistakes or misunderstanding of 
       problem situations can lead to other unexpected complications. 
       Therefore, artificial intelligence technologies can help what kind of 
       network management work is required when an unexpected complicated 
       situation occurs even though a procedure for an abnormal situation is 
       already prepared.  

    3. Overview of AI/ML-based IoT services 

       In this section, successful applications of artificial intelligence i
       n IoT domains are provided. The common property of IoT applications a
       nd services is that they require fast analytics rather than later ana
       lytics with piled data. Recently, neural-network-based artificial int
       elligence technologies are widely used across many IoT applications. 

       Simple IoT applications include dynamic contexts that share common fe
       atures among social relations at the same administration domain. IoT 
       devices in the same domain can provide their service contexts to the 
       IoT server. When a dynamic change occurs in an IoT service context, t
       he IoT device needs real-time processing to activate urgent events, a
       lert notifications, update, and reconnect contexts. The IoT service m
       ust support real-time interactions between the IoT device and the sys
       tem in the same domain. The IoT service contexts must be shared betwe
       en physical objects and social members in the same domain as well. 
     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                 [Page 9] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       Artificial intelligence technologies have been shown promising in man
       y areas, including IoT. For example, contextual information for a car
       -sharing business must interact with customers, car owners, and car s
       haring providers. All entities in the value chain of a car sharing bu
       siness must share the corresponding situation to pick up, board, and 
       return shared cars. Communication networks and interactive informatio
       n, including registration and payment, can be shared tightly among th
       e entities. Home IoT service environment can be equipped with sensors
        for theft detection, door lock, temperature, fire detection, gas det
       ection, short circuit, air condition to name a few. Office IoT servic
       e environments, including buildings such as shopping centers and bus/
       airport terminals, have their own sensors, including alarm sensors. W
       hen an alarm signal is detected by the sensor, the physical position 
       and occurrence time of the sensor is determined in advance. All signa
       ls from various sensors are analyzed comprehensively to make the righ
       t decision. If some sensors frequently malfunction, the situation can
        be grasped more accurately by analyzing the information of the adjac
       ent sensor. In particular, when installing multiple sensors in a part
       icular building (e.g., surveillance camera, location monitoring, temp
       erature, etc.), a much wider range of sensors can be used when utiliz
       ing artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies.  

       (Smart home) Smart home concept span over multiple IoT applications, 
       health, energy, entertainment, education, etc. It involves voice reco
       gnition, natural language processing, image-based object recognition,
        appliance management, and many more artificial intelligence technolo
       gies integrated with IoT. Smart connected-devices monitor the house t
       o provide better control over home supplies and expenses. The energy 
       consumption and efficiency of home appliances are monitored and analy
       zed with deep learning based technologies, such as artificial neural 
       network, long-short-term-memory, etc. 

       (Smart city) Smart city, as well, contains multiple IoT domains, tran
       sportation, infrastructure, energy, agriculture, etc. Since heterogen
       eous data from different domains are gathered in smart cities, variou
       s artificial intelligence approaches are studied in smart-city applic
       ation. Public transportation behaviors and crowd movements patterns a
       re important issues, and they are often dealt with neural network bas

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 10] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       ed methods, long-short-term-memory and convolutional neural network.  

       (Smart energy) As two-way communication energy infrastructure is depl
       oyed, smart grid has become a big IoT application, which requires int
       elligent data processing. The traditional energy providers are highly
        interested in recognizing local energy consumption patterns and fore
       casting the needs in order to make appropriate decisions on real-time.
        Moreover, the energy consumers, as well, want analyzed information o
       n their own energy consumption behaviors. Recently, many works on ene
       rgy consumption prediction, energy flexibility analysis, etc. are act
       ively ongoing. Most works are based on the latest deep learning techn
       ologies, such as multi-layered-perceptron, recurrent neural network, 
       long-short-term-memory, autoencoder, etc.  

       (Smart transportation) The intelligent transportation system is anoth
       er source of big data in IoT domains. Many use cases, such as traffic
        flow and congestion prediction, traffic sign recognition, vehicle in
       trusion detection, etc., have been studied. Moreover, a lot of advanc
       ed artificial intelligence technologies are required in autonomous an
       d smart vehicles, which require many intelligent sub-tasks, such as p
       edestrian's detection, obstacle avoidance, etc. 

       (Smart healthcare) IoT and artificial intelligence are integrated int
       o the healthcare and wellbeing domain as well. By analyzing food imag
       es with convolutional neural network on mobile devices, dietary intak
       es can be measured. With voice signal captured from sensor devices, v
       oice pathologies can be detected. Moreover, recurrent neural network 
       and long-short-term-memory technologies are actively being studied fo
       r early diagnosis and prediction of diseases with time series medical
        data. 

       (Smart agriculture) To manage a vast area of land, IoT and artificial
        intelligence technologies are recently used in agriculture domains. 
       Deep neural network and convolutional neural network are utilized for
        crop detection or classification and disease recognition in the plan
       ts. Moreover, for automatic farming with autonomous machine operation,
        obstacle avoidance, fruit location, and many more sub-tasks are hand
       led with advanced artificial intelligence technologies. 

        
     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 11] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

    4. Requirements for AI/ML-based IoT services 

       In this section, the requirements for AI/ML-based IoT data collection
        and delivery, intelligent and context-aware IoT services, and applyi
       ng AI/ML to IoT data will be described. 

    4.1. Requirements for AI/ML-based IoT data collection and delivery  

       IoT services store a vast amount of data that IoT devices 
       periodically generate, and the refining and analyzing are costly. 
       Effective analysis of IoT data has been considered to be the most 
       important factor in data processing, but the analysis of efficient 
       data collection and delivery methods are becoming other significant 
       factors as the amount of the data collected is explosively increasing. 

       In particular, as a number of IoT devices have been deployed within 
       the IoT network, controlling data collection and delivery for each of 
       them has become impossible. The introduction of AI/ML techniques for 
       simultaneous and efficient management of the IoT devices should be 
       considered as a countermeasure. For IoT data collection and delivery, 
       the following two factors will need to be considered, IoT devices 
       energy and data quality. 

       (IoT Device Energy) As many IoT devices have begun to be deployed 
       within the IoT network, it is impossible to deliver energy to many 
       IoT devices simultaneously. Consequently, the efficient battery use 
       has become an important issue.  

       If IoT data collection and delivery periods are too short, a lifetime 
       of the IoT device will be shortened through the reckless use of IoT 
       device energy. Thereby, it increases the cost required to provide IoT 
       service. On the other hand, if IoT data collection and delivery 
       period are too long, the quality of the IoT services provided will be 
       reduced due to the lack of details in the data for situation 
       recognition and real-time processing. Therefore, taking into account 
       the energy consumption of the IoT devices, research on proper IoT 
       data collection and delivery period is necessary. 

        (Data Quality) Since the data collected from the majority of IoT 
       devices usually contain redundant information, it causes additional 

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 12] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       costs for the data collection and refinement processes. Therefore, it 
       will be necessary to select and deliver meaningful information from 
       redundant IoT data to reduce unnecessary cost on the IoT network. To 
       do so, it will need the research to identify the relationships among 
       the data collected various devices and interpret the information that 
       the data contains. 

       (Optimal IoT Device Operation) Each IoT service may have its own 
       defined information requirements and it is imperative that the data 
       with certain quality level should be collected to extract the core 
       information for each situation. As scheme of data collection 
       considerably affects the data quality, the operation of IoT devices 
       should be effectively adjusted to ensure the data quality. In general, 
       high resolution of data collected from IoT devices as well as data 
       preprocessing are required for high quality data. However, these 
       methods leading tremendous operation cost of IoT devices causes a 
       lifetime of IoT networks, degrading the QoS of IoT services. 
       Eventually, an optimal IoT device operation technique for each IoT 
       service must be considered. 

        

    4.2. Requirements for intelligent and context-aware IoT services  

       In a context-aware IoT service environment, it is important to 
       establish a context to be aware of in advance since IoT devices will 
       be deployed according to a pre-designed architecture and to check how 
       characteristics of IoT data and data-to-data characteristics are 
       expressed under these circumstances. For the data produced by IoT 
       devices, since it contains the device's relative location information, 
       sensing value over time, event information, it should be reviewed to 
       provide the target context-aware service using this information. Some 
       of the necessary technologies will be described in the following. 

       (Physical Clustering) To increase the accuracy of context-awareness, 
       the provision of context-aware services should be considered in a 
       situation where the relationship between IoT devices with respect to 
       physical layout or physical environment is taken into account. 
       Setting a rule using the service provider's domain knowledge may be 

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 13] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       possible, but introducing the physical clustering into a diverse IoT 
       environment (e.g., in bedroom, kitchen, balcony, or a space connected 
       through an open door) will require identifying the physical 
       relationship between the devices using data generated from IoT 
       devices. 

       (Extra Data Processing) In order to prevent degradation of service 
       quality from errors in data values or device malfunctions, extra 
       sensors should be placed in the majority of IoT environments. In a 
       context-aware service, they contain the same information, so the 
       technologies filtering the data that contains only essential part 
       among the same information while preventing data errors would be 
       required. 

       (Unreported data handling) If an event is detected on a particular 
       IoT device, it will transmit data regardless of the device's sensing 
       and delivery interval. At this time, the data of IoT devices which 
       are physically clustered are needed to accurately detect events that 
       occurred, and it is difficult to expect that these devices will 
       provide data at the same time. A gateway can request data from 
       clustered devices, but it has a problem for real-time processing for 
       emergency situations. Therefore, handling unreported data will be 
       required based on previously collected data. 

       (Abnormal data in AI/ML) In the case of context-aware services that 
       operates based on the predetermined rule, the flexibility to cope 
       with emergency situations that have not been considered is low, and 
       thus AI/ML algorithms are required to intelligently cope with a 
       myriad of situations. However, many abnormal data are generated 
       depending on environmental conditions such as device status, so AI/ML 
       algorithms that can operate in that imperfect environment should be 
       considered. 

       (Edge computing in IoT) There are two necessary prerequisites 
       required in context-aware IoT services: IoT devices real-time 
       management and IoT network architecture supporting the high-volume 
       data transmission. When an abnormal situation is discovered, high-
       volume data should be utilized to adequately to monitor the situation 
       through the IoT device's real-time management. As contrasted with 
     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 14] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       conventional cloud computing structures, an edge computing structure, 
       where IoT data processing servers are located in closer proximity to 
       IoT devices, provides higher energy efficiency and lesser 
       communication delay.  

    4.3. Requirements for applying AI/ML to IoT data 

       In this subsection, the requirements for applying AI/ML to IoT data 
       are described. 

    4.3.1. Training AI/ML algorithm 

       To use AI/ML algorithm, two elements are required, AI/ML model and 
       training data. The presence of training dataset in good quality is an 
       important factor of the AI/ML model performance since the model is 
       iteratively trained with the training data. However, for anomaly 
       detection, there is not enough training data since not only the 
       probability of anomaly occurrence is very low but also it is almost 
       impossible to retrieve the ground truth value even when the situation 
       has occurred. Therefore, using domain knowledge, AI/ML learning based 
       on abnormal situation data generation or simulation should be 
       considered. For example, for an external intrusion detection 
       application within a smart home, when a camera and a motion sensor 
       detect an intruder, a light sensor checks the measuring value. If the 
       light does not turn on, then the IoT application recognizes it as an 
       abnormal situation. In this way, by using the domain knowledge, the 
       rule regarding the operational scenario of the IoT application is 
       generated as the training data, and the generated training data can 
       be used for model learning. This will not only enable learning the 
       anomaly detection algorithm in IoT application but also improving the 
       accuracy. Therefore, IoT application, in which it is difficult to 
       acquire dataset in good quality, will require data generation based 
       on domain knowledge for AI/ML.  

    4.3.2. AI/ML inference in IoT application 

       In order for AI ML technology to be applied to IoT applications, the 
       training data and the input data for model testing and inferencing 
       must have the same characteristics such as dimension, time interval, 
       types of features, etc. However, due to the volatile IoT data 
     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 15] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       characteristics that vary from situations in many IoT applications, 
       it is difficult to directly apply the AI/ML algorithms. For example, 
       in a simple monitoring phase, the IoT devices periodically send 
       sensing data, and AI/ML have no difficulty in operating. However, in 
       an abnormal mode, the IoT applications require a fast response, and 
       IoT devices transmit data at shorter intervals than normal, which 
       changes the characteristics of the data being input to the AI/ML 
       algorithm. Therefore, data preprocessing technology handling the 
       abnormal data will be required in advance, such as data imputation, 
       correcting data anomalies, and Interpolation of unreported data. 

    4.3.3. AI/ML models update in IoT application 

       While IoT devices deployed in an IoT environment continuously collect 
       and transmit the necessary data to an IoT server, the IoT server 
       delivers intelligent IoT services using AI/ML models, based on these 
       collected data. As IoT devices monitor a wide variety of IoT 
       environmental information such as time-relevant and place-relevant 
       information, the data gathered from IoT devices changes significantly 
       depending on the events occurred in an IoT environment. For this 
       reason, complete information is no longer reflected during AI/ML 
       training and this, sooner or later, affects the quality of IoT 
       services provided. Therefore, AI/ML models must be updated 
       periodically upon the data subsequently collected. However, if the 
       models are updated in a too short period, not only the high 
       management (or labor) cost for updating is required, but also it may 
       detrimentally affect the overall performance of the models. Therefore, 
       models should be updated by fairly considering between the cost 
       required for updating AI/ML models and the merits gained from the 
       usage of updated AI/ML models. 

    5. State of arts of the artificial intelligence/machine learning 
       technologies for IoT services 

       In this section, well-known machine learning and artificial 
       intelligence technologies applicable to IoT applications are reviewed. 

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 16] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

    5.1. Machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies review 

       The classical machine learning models can be divided into three types, 
       supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learnings. Therefore, in 
       this subsection, machine learning and artificial intelligence 
       technology reviews are done in four different categories: supervised, 
       unsupervised, reinforcement, and neural-network-based.  

    5.1.1. Supervised learning for IoT 

       Supervised learning is a task-based type of machine learning, which 
       approximates function describing the relationship and causality 
       between input and output data. Therefore, the input data needs to be 
       clearly defined with proper output data since supervised learning 
       models learn explicitly from direct feedback. 

       (K-Nearest Neighbor) Given a new data point in K-Nearest Neighbor 
       (KNN) classifier, it is classified according to its K number of the 
       closest data points in the training set. To find the K nearest 
       neighbors of the new data point, it needs to use a distance metric 
       which can affect classifier performance, such as Euclidean, 
       Mahalanobis or Hamming. One limitation of KNN in applying for IoT 
       network is that it is unscalable to large datasets because it 
       requires the entire training dataset to classify a newly incoming 
       data. However, KNN required less processing power capability compared 
       to other complex learning methods. 

       (Naive Bayes) Given a new data point in Naive Bayes classifiers,  
       it is classified based on Bayes' theorem with the "naive" assumption 
       of independence between the features. Since Naive Bayes classifiers 
       don't need a large number of data points to be trained, they can deal 
       with high-dimensional data points. Therefore, they are fast and 
       highly scalable. However, since its "naive" assumptions are somewhat 
       strong, a certain level of prior knowledge on the dataset is required. 

       (Support Vector Machine) Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a binary and 
       non-probabilistic classifier which finds the hyperplane maximizing 
       the margin between the classes of the training dataset. SVM has been 
       the most pervasive machine learning technology until the study on 
       neural network technologies are advanced recently. However, SVM still 
     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 17] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       has advantages over neural network based and probabilistic approaches 
       in terms of memory usage and capability to deal with high-dimensional 
       data. In this manner, SVM can be used for IoT applications with 
       severe data storage constraint. 

       (Regression) Regression is a method for approximating the 
       relationships of the dependent variable, which is being estimated, 
       with the independent variables, which are used for the estimation. 
       Therefore, this method is widely used for forecasting and inferring 
       causal relationships between input data and output data in time-
       sensitive IoT application. 

         Random Forests) In random forests, instead of training a single 
       decision tree, a group of trees is trained. Each tree is trained on a 
       subset of the training set using a randomly chosen subset of M input 
       variables. Random forests considering various tree structures have 
       very high accuracy, so it can be utilized in the accuracy-critical 
       IoT applications. 

    5.1.2. Unsupervised learning for IoT 

       Unsupervised learning is a data-driven type of machine learning which 
       finds hidden structure in unlabeled dataset without feedback during 
       the learning process. Unlike supervised learning, unsupervised 
       learning focuses on discovering patterns in the data distributions 
       and gaining insights from them. 

       (K-means clustering) K-means clustering aims to assign observations 
       into K number of clusters in which each observation belongs to the 
       cluster having the most similarities. The measure of similarity is 
       the distance between K cluster centers and each observation. K-means 
       is a very fast and highly scalable clustering algorithm, so it can be 
       used for IoT applications with real-time processing requirements such 
       as smart transportation. 

       (Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise) 
       Density-Based approach to Spatial Clustering of Applications with 
       Noise (DBSCAN) is a method that clusters dataset based on the density 
       of its data samples. In this model, dense regions which include data 
       samples with many close neighbors are considered as clusters, and 
     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 18] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       data samples in low-density regions are classified as outliers 
       [Kriegal]. Since this method is robust to outliers, DBSCAN is 
       efficient data clustering method for IoT network environments with 
       untrusted big datasets in practice. 

    5.1.3. Reinforcement learning for IoT 

       Reinforcement learning is a reactive type of machine learning that 
       learn a series of actions in a given set of possible states, actions, 
       and rewards or penalties. It can be seen as the exploring decision-
       making process and choosing the action series with the most reward or 
       the least penalty which can be cost, priority, time to name a few. 
       Reinforcement learning can be helpful for selecting action of IoT 
       device by providing a guideline. 

       (Q-learning) Q-Learning is a model-free, off-policy reinforcement 
       learning algorithm based on the well-known Bellman Equation. The goal 
       is to learn an action-selection policy maximizing the Q-value, which 
       tells an agent what action to take. It can be used for IoT device to 
       determine which action it should take according to conditions. 

       (State-Action-Reward-State-Action) Though State-Action-Reward-State-
       Action (SARSA) is a much similar algorithm to Q-learning, the main 
       difference is that it is an on-policy algorithm in which agent 
       interacts with the environment and updates the policy based on 
       actions taken. It means that the Q-value is updated by an action 
       performed by the current policy instead of the greed policy that 
       maximizes Q-value. In this perspective, it is relevant when an action 
       of one IoT device will greatly influence the condition of the 
       environment. 

       (Deep Q Network) Deep Q network (DQN) is developed to solve the 
       exploration problem for unseen states. In the case of Q-learning, the 
       agent is not capable of estimating value for unseen states. To handle 
       this generality problem, DQN leverages neural network technology. As 
       a variation of the classic Q-Learning algorithm, DQN utilizes a deep 
       convolutional neural net architecture for Q-function approximation. 
       In real environments not all possible states and conditions are not 
       able to be observed. Therefore, DQN is more relevant than Q-learning 

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 19] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       or SARSA in real applications such as IoT. Since DQN could be used 
       within only discrete action space, it can be utilized for traffic 
       routing in the IoT network. 

       (Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient) DQN has solved generality and 
       exploration problem of the unseen or rare states. Deep Deterministic 
       Policy Gradient (DDPG) takes DQN into the continuous action domain. 
       DDPG is a deterministic policy gradient based actor-critic, model-
       free algorithm. The actor decides the best action for each state and 
       critic is used to evaluate the policy, the chosen action set. In IoT 
       applications, DDPG can be utilized for the tasks that require 
       controlled in continuous action spaces, such as energy-efficient 
       temperature control, computation offloading, network traffic 
       scheduling, etc. 

    5.1.4. Neural Network based algorithms for IoT 

       (Recurrent Neural Network) Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is a 
       discriminative type of supervised learning model that takes serial or 
       time-series input data. RNN is specifically developed to address 
       issue of time dependency of sequential time-series input data. It 
       processes sequences of data through internal memory, and it is useful 
       in IoT applications with time-dependent data, such as identifying 
       time-dependent patterns of sensor data, estimating consumption 
       behavior over time, etc. 

       (Long Short Term Memory) As an extension of RNN, Long Short Term 
       Memory (LSTM) is a discriminative type of supervised learning model 
       that is specialized for serial or time-series input data as well 
       [Hochreiter]. The main difference of LSTM from RNN is that it 
       utilizes the concept of gates. It actively controls forget gates to 
       prevent the long term time dependency from waning. Therefore, 
       compared to RNN, it is more suitable for data with long time 
       relationship and IoT applications requiring analysis on the long lag 
       of dependency, such as activity recognition, disaster prediction, to 
       name a few [Chung]. 

       (Convolutional Neural Network) Convolutional neural network (CNN) is 
       a discriminative type of supervised learning model. It is developed 

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 20] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       specifically for processing 2-dimensional image data by considering 
       local connectivity, but now generally used for multidimensional data 
       such as multi-channel sound signals, IoT sensor values, etc. As in 
       CNN neurons are connected only to a small subset of the input and 
       share weight parameters, CNN is much more sparse compared to fully 
       connected network. However, it needs a large training dataset, 
       especially for visual tasks. In CNN, a new activation function for 
       neural network, Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), was proposed, which 
       accelerates training time without affecting the generalization of the 
       network [Krizhevsky]. In IoT domains, it is often used for detection 
       tasks that require some visual analysis. 

       (Variational Autoencoder) Autoencoder (AE) is a generative type 
       of  unsupervised learning model. AE is trained to generate output to 
       reconstruct input data, thus it has the same number of input and 
       output units. It is suitable for feature extraction and 
       dimensionality reduction. Because of its behavior to reconstructing 
       the input data at the output layer, it is often used for machinery 
       fault diagnosis in IoT applications. The most popular type of AE, 
       Variational Autoencoder (VAE) is a generative type of semi-supervised 
       learning model. Its assumptions on the structure of the data are weak 
       enough for real applications and its training process through 
       backpropagation is fast [Doersch]. Therefore, VAE is suitable in IoT 
       applications where data tends to be diverse and scarce. 

       (Generative Adversarial Network) Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) 
       is a hybrid type of semi-supervised learning model which contain two 
       neural networks, namely the generative and discriminative networks 
       [Goodfellow]. The generator is trained to learn the data distribution 
       from a training dataset in order to generate new data which can 
       deceive the latter network, so-called the discriminator. Then, the 
       discriminator learns to discriminate the generated data from the real 
       data. In IoT applications, GAN can be used in situations when 
       something needs to be generated from the available data, such as 
       localization, way-finding, and data type conversion.  

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 21] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

    5.2. Technologies for lightweight and real-time intelligence 

       As the era of IoT has come, some sort of light-weight intelligence is 
       needed to support smart objects. Prior to the era of IoT, most of the 
       works on learning did not consider resource-constrained environments. 
       Especially, deep learning models require many resources such as 
       processing power, memory, stable power source, etc. However, it has 
       been recently shown that the parameters of the deep learning models 
       contain redundant information, so that some parts of them can be 
       delicately removed to reduce complexity without much degradation of 
       performance [Ba], [Denil]. In this section, the technologies to 
       achieve real-time and serverless learning in IoT environments are 
       introduced. 

       (network compression) Network compression is a method to convert a 
       dense network into a sparse one. With this technology the network can 
       be reduced in its size and complexity. By pruning irrelevant parts or 
       sharing redundant parameters, the storage and computational 
       requirements can be decreased [Han]. After pruning, the performance 
       of the network is examined and the pruning process is repeated until 
       the performance reaches the minimum requirements for the specific 
       applications and use cases. As many parameters are removed or shared, 
       the memory required is reduced, as well as computational burden and 
       energy. Especially as most energy in neural network is used to access 
       memory, the consumed energy dramatically drops. Although its main 
       limitation is that there is not a general solution to compress all 
       kinds of network, but it rather depends on the characteristics of 
       each network. However, network compression is still the most 
       widespread method to make deep learning technologies to be 
       lightweight and IoT-friendly. 

       (approximate computing) Approximate computing is an approach to 
       support deep learning in smart devices [Venkataramani], [Moons]. It 
       is based on the facts that the results of deep learning do not need 
       to be exact in many IoT applications but still valid if the results 
       are in an acceptable range. By integrating approximate computing into 
       deep learning, not only the execution time but also the energy 
       consumption is reduced [Mohammadi]. Based on the optimal trade-off 
       between accuracy and run-time or energy consumption, the network can 
     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 22] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       be adjustably approximated. The network approximate technology can be 
       well-used in such situations when the response time is more important 
       than sophisticatedly analyzed results. Although it is a technology to 
       facilitate real-time and lightweight intelligence, the process of 
       training models and converting it to approximate network require some 
       amount of resource. Therefore, the approximated model can be deployed 
       on smart devices but the learning and approximation processes still 
       need to take places on resource rich platforms. 

    6. Use cases of AI/ML into IoT service 

       Many IoT service environments are equipped with camera, door lock, 
       temperature sensor, fire detector, gas detector, alarm, and so on. 
       Each sensor is deployed with particular purposes of each own to 
       provide a specific service. However, there is a problem that the 
       sensor utilization is not high enough due to the provision of the 
       service using only a single sensor rather than multiple sensors and 
       their mutual relations. Therefore, the quality of the service 
       provided is not high as well. To enhance the sensor utilization and 
       the service quality, all signals from various sensors should be 
       analyzed comprehensively to make the right decision. This section 
       describes the use cases for introducing AI / ML techniques in actual 
       IoT service, utilizing multiple sensors. In advance of each use case 
       description of various IoT service domains, characteristics of each 
       domain to adopt AI/ML techniques are investigated. 

    6.1. Surveillance and Security in Smart Home 

       To minimize users' inconvenience and ensure their safety, 
       surveillance and safety IoT applications provided within smart homes 
       require fast notification with good level of precision IoT service 
       quality for abnormal conditions detection. To do this, both data 
       preprocessing techniques and AI/ML technologies for analysis of 
       anomalies with high accuracy will be required. 

    6.1.1. Characteristics of Smart Home for AI/ML processing 

       (Training Data Generation) For Surveillance and Security, the 
       processed data is necessary because there is little data for 
       anomalies and the ground truth values are hardly available. Therefore, 
     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 23] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       first, the steps to detect and calibrate the abnormal data are 
       essential before the anomaly data should be generated using domain 
       knowledge. First, constructing simulators about targeted smart home 
       and generating events against external intrusions and then collecting 
       the anomaly data can be considered. Furthermore, based on the data 
       collected in the actual environment, anomaly data generation can 
       proceed by breaking the relationship between sensors considering 
       possible links between them within any intrusive environment. 

       (AI/ML Algorithm) One of the characteristics of the IoT environment 
       for surveillance and safety is that a massive amount of data is 
       collected and real-time responses are required. For the kNN algorithm, 
       since the more data sets, the stronger against the noise and the 
       higher the accuracy. If the appropriate dataset is used, the fast 
       response can be expected. It makes suitable for the service 
       environment to be considered. In addition, considering real-time data 
       forecasting and analysis via LSTM, it is believed that improved 
       accuracy for real-time anomalies detection can be expected. 

    6.1.2. Use case 

       (To be continued) 

    6.2. Smart home for elderly welfare 

       In the currently existing smart home IoT system for elders, it is 
       difficult to detect exact physical and mental health status from IoT 
       data because it is a very complicated problem mixed with various 
       factors such as depression levels, heart rates, surroundings, etc. If 
       health status can be detected correctly, it could be used for various 
       single living-elderly care services. To do this, various techniques 
       will be required such as protecting user's privacy and recognizing 
       complex situation.  

    6.2.1. Characteristics of Smart Home for elderly welfare 

       IoT devices for in-home healthcare operations need to be small and 
       unobtrusive. This form factor limitation means that these devices are 
       also energy constrained. At the same time, the devices need to be 
       ultra-reliable and provide timely and accurate data, coupled with 
       processing capabilities to extract vital information. However, it is 
       not an easy task for single-living elders to manage the status of all 
       IoT devices in the house. To support reliable smart healthcare 
     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 24] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       services for elders, the trade-offs between the energy-efficiency of 
       the devices and the reliability of the collected data should be 
       properly considered. Additionally, to manage and handle various 
       emergency situations, AI/ML-based real-time data monitoring and 
       automatic behavior recognition, sophisticated situation aware 
       technology should be required.  

    6.3. Smart Building Management 

       Smart buildings often consist of heterogeneous IoT devices. These 
       devices cooperate and their data is integrated for efficient 
       autonomous building management. Many of the events in a large 
       building may not require deep, complicated learning or processing. 
       Some of them may require a fast response than an accurate analysis. 
       Above all, a lot of events simultaneously occur and can arise heavy 
       loads on the main server. The edge-computing techniques can be used 
       to offload the main server's tasks. 

    6.3.1. Characteristics of Smart Building for AI/ML processing 

       (Training Data Generation) In smart buildings, heterogeneous IoT 
       devices are deployed. They are diverse in their types, functions, 
       performances, etc. To utilize the data from diverse devices, data 
       needs to be able to well-integrated. Therefore, it is better for data 
       to be in a common data format, or it needs to be able to transform 
       into one another. The other characteristic is that the IoT devices 
       may interact in local and global environments of the building. 
       Therefore, the scope of the dataset used in training can play a 
       critical role in developing AL/ML model for building management. 

       (AI/ML Algorithm) To offload and reduce the burden of the main server 
       and to provide fast, efficient decision makings, the IoT and the 
       other network-related devices can use their computing resources. 
       Various edge-computing techniques can be applied to do so, such as 
       developing light-weighted AI/ML models that can be easily deployed in 
       the edge devices or balancing the learning and processing computation 
       load from the server to the edge devices.  

    6.3.2. Use case 

       (To be continued) 

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 25] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

    6.4. Manufacturing optimization in Smart factory  

       When IoT meets smart factory Industry, Industrial Internet of Things 
       (IIoT) technology integrating various technologies such as AI/ML, big 
       data analytics, massive sensor connection, Machine to Machine 
       communication (M2M) and automation are generally utilized. Its IIoT 
       applications has initiated a profound change within companies making 
       them increasingly connected and allowing them to exploit data to 
       optimize their production processes, since IIoT is able to support 
       real-time monitoring of each process line, thanks to different types 
       of sensors positioned in critical points.  

       However, to anticipate and prevent possible failures, the health 
       state of assets is always monitored, which generating tremendous 
       volume of data, and instantons and intelligent responses to 
       unexpected behavior are required. 

    6.4.1. Characteristics of Smart Building for AI/ML processing 

       (To be continued) 

    6.4.2. Use case 

       (To be continued) 

    6.5. Smart parking 

       Parking operators are nowadays in the process of transforming their 
       business model to satisfy a more demanding end-user, by looking for 
       new technologies that allow the enhancement of drivers'user-
       experience. These drivers are currently facing mobility issues in 
       urban areas, where the correlation of traffic congestion in cities is 
       highlighted with drivers looking for parking spaces. As a consequence, 
       current drivers are spending more time searching for a free place, 
       contributing to higher fuel consumption and increased environmental 
       pollution. Therefore, intelligent smart parking system is required to 
       collect and process real-time parking occupancy information.  

    6.5.1. Characteristics of Smart Parking for AI/ML processing 

       In smart parking system, any end-user has access to real-time parking 
       occupancy information both through urban furniture (information 
       displays) and mobile/automobile apps, reducing the time each driver 
       spends looking for a parking space. Moreover, parking operators can 
       enhance their ongoing operations by knowing in every instant what is 
       happening and by analyzing reports on the behavioural patterns 
     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 26] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       detected by the platform, improving their operational and enforcement 
       efficiency. To achieve this, the usage of a video camera will be 
       required to monitor in real time the available slots in a parking 
       park. Additionally, the media acquired from the deployed cameras will 
       be processed using image recognition AI/ML model allowing to perceive 
       in real time the status of each parking spot. A lightweight AI/ML 
       model will be initially used to support real-time processing, however, 
       if any potential change is detected (a parking slot was potentially 
       filled up for instance) more powerful AI/ML models can be utilized to 
       confirm/dismiss the potential change. It can be also confirmed which 
       entity is occupying the slot (car, bike, truck person, etc.) 

    7. IANA Considerations 

       This document requests no action by IANA. 

    8. Acknowledgements 

    9. Contributors 

    10. Informative References 

       [Hochreiter]S. Hochreiter and J. Schmidhuber, "Long short-term 
                 memory," Neural Comput., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1735-1780, Nov. 
                 1997. 

       [Chung] J. Chung, C. Gulcehre, K. Cho, and Y. Bengio, "Empirical 
                 evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence 
                 modeling," arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.3555v1 [cs.NE], 2014. 

       [Krizhevsky]A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, and G. E. Hinton, "ImageNet 
                 classification with deep convolutional neural networks," in 
                 Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst., 2012, pp. 1097-1105.. 
                 Hochreiter and J. Schmidhuber, "Long short-term memory," 
                 Neural Comput., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1735-1780, Nov. 1997. 

       [Doersch] C. Doersch, "Tutorial on variational autoencoders," arXiv 
                 preprint arXiv:1606.05908v2 [stat.ML], 2016. 

       [Goodfellow]I. Goodfellow et al., "Generative adversarial nets," in 
                 Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst., 2014, pp. 2672-2680. 

       [Ba]    J. Ba and R. Caruana, "Do deep nets really need to be deep?" 
                 in Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst., Montreal, QC, 
                 Canada, 2014, pp. 2654-2662. 

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 27] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       [Denil] M. Denil, B. Shakibi, L. Dinh, N. de Freitas, and M. Ranzato, 
       "Predicting parameters in deep learning," in Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. 
       Process. Syst., 2013, pp. 2148-2156.  

       [Han]   S. Han, J. Pool, J. Tran, and W. Dally, "Learning both 
                 weights and connections for efficient neural network," in 
                 Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst., Montreal, QC, Canada, 
                 2015, pp. 1135-1143. 

       [Venkataramani]S. Venkataramani, A. Ranjan, K. Roy, and A. 
                 Raghunathan, "AxNN: Energy-efficient neuromorphic systems 
                 using approximate computing," in Proc. Int. Symp. Low Power 
                 Electron. Design, ACM, 2014, pp. 27-32. [Moons]S. 
                 Hochreiter and J. Schmidhuber, "Long short-term memory," 
                 Neural Comput., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1735-1780, Nov. 1997. 

       [Moons] B. Moons, B. De Brabandere, L. Van Gool, and M. Verhelst, 
                 "Energy- efficient ConvNets through approximate computing," 
                 in Proc. IEEE Winter Conf. Appl. Comput. Vis. (WACV), Lake 
                 Placid, NY, USA: IEEE, 2016, pp. 1-8. 

       [Mohammadi] Mohammadi, Mehdi, et al. "Deep learning for IoT big data 
                 and streaming analytics: A survey," IEEE Communications 
                 Surveys & Tutorials, 2018, pp. 2923-2960. 

       [Kriegel]  Kriegel, HansPeter, et al. "Densitybased clustering," 
       Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 
       2011, pp. 231-240.

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 28] 
        

    Internet-Draft    IoT with Artificial Intelligence            Dec 2021
                                       
     

       Authors' Addresses 

       Jun Kyun Choi (editor) 
       Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 
       193 Munji Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea 
          
       Email: jkchoi59@kaist.ac.kr 
        

       Jae Seob Han 
       Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 
       193 Munji Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea 
          
       Email: j89449@kaist.ac.kr 
        

       Gyeong Ho Lee 
       Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 
       193 Munji Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea 
          
       Email: gyeongho@kaist.ac.kr 

     
     
    Choi, et.al.            Expires June 30, 2022                [Page 29]