SAV-based Anti-DDoS Architecture
draft-cui-savnet-anti-ddos-01
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| Authors | Yong Cui , Jianping Wu , Linbo Hui , Lei Zhang , Yannan Hu | ||
| Last updated | 2023-03-13 | ||
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draft-cui-savnet-anti-ddos-01
SAVNET Working Group Y. Cui
Internet-Draft J. Wu
Intended status: Informational Tsinghua University
Expires: 14 September 2023 L. Hui
L. Zhang
Y. Hu
Zhongguancun Laboratory
13 March 2023
SAV-based Anti-DDoS Architecture
draft-cui-savnet-anti-ddos-01
Abstract
Existing SAV schemes can not effectively defend against IP Spoofing
DDoS under incremental deployment. This document proposes SAV-D, an
SAV-honeynet based distributed defense architecture to enhance SAV's
defense. The main idea of SAV-D is to collect and aggregate more
threat data from existing SAV devices and then distribute crucial
knowledge to widespread devices, thus significantly expanding defense
across the entire network.
Status of This Memo
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. SAV-D Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. SAV Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. SAV Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. Legacy Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.4. Victims' Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.5. Connection Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1. Introduction
Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks have been a persistent
cyber threat, where IP spoofing DDoS is one of the major
contributors. Amplification DDoS typically exploit IP spoofing to
generate large volumes of traffic with small requests, allowing
attackers to overwhelm the target's resources while evading
detection. Some other DDoS attacks (e.g., TCP SYN Flooding
[RFC4987]) also forge source IP addresses in order to drain the
target's resources.
To eliminate IP spoofing, several Source Address Validation (SAV)
schemes have been proposed, such as SAVI[RFC7039], uRPF[RFC3704] and
EFP-uRPF[RFC8704]. However, the defense effectiveness of current SAV
schemes highly depends on the SAV devices' deployment ratio. A large
number of spoofed packets can only be prevented with a significantly
high deployment ratio, but the incremental deployment process is
often slow. According to CAIDA's Spoofer Project[CAIDA], 28.7% of
IPv4 autonomous systems (excluding NAT), and 34.3% of IPv6 autonomous
systems are still spoofable by March 2023. This indicates a limited
SAV deployment, thus the defense effectiveness.
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In the above context, this document offers an SAV-based anti-DDoS
architecture (SAV-D) that incorporates the following advances.
* SAV-honeynet based threat data collection. Each SAV device
functions as a honeypot that does not directly drop spoofed
packets but instead records the spoofing characteristics and sends
them to a centralized control plane.
* Collaborative defense with both SAV and non-SAV devices. The
control plane detects ongoing attacks and generates filtering
rules. These rules are then distributed to both SAV and non-SAV
devices along the attack paths to manipulate malicious traffic.
* Threat information sharing with the victim-end. The control plane
shares attack detection information and IP blocklists with victim-
end defense systems to assist their mitigations.
Through the mechanisms of honeynet, data aggregation and
distribution, SV-D can fully leverage the value of SAV devices and
threat data, resulting in a significant defense improvement.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2. Problem Statement
The effectiveness of existing SAV schemes highly relies on the
deployment ratio of devices, which is currently limited. Adversaries
often actively test their bots for plausibility, packet loss, and
amplification benefits. This testing can force the bots to migrate
from SAV domains to non-SAV domains, resulting in fewer spoofed
packets being blocked by SAV devices. Additionally, uRPF and EFP-
uRPF have issues with filtering accuracy in certain scenarios. Some
managers may hesitate to enable SAV due to the probability of
filtering errors. Moreover, SAV can prevent spoofed packets from
being sent out, but it cannot provide protection for the deployers.
The lack of direct benefits may also impede the deployment process.
In this context, there is a strong need to improve the defense
capabilities of current SAV practices.
To achieve the goal, it is essential to consider the following
limitations. Firstly, due to the attack testing, directly dropping
spoofed packets can reduce the possibility of capturing threat data.
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Secondly, in amplification DDoS, the reflected packets sent to
victims have the authentic src-IP, making them unfilterable by SAV
devices. Lastly, although today's SAV mechanism can filter spoofed
packets at local devices, the important threat information they
provide has yet to be fully utilized. If victims were made aware of
the type of spoofing traffic targeting them, they could execute
faster and more accurate countermeasures.
3. SAV-D Architecture
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Control Plane (SAV Controller) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| +----------------+ +------------------+ +---------------+ |
| | Detecting DDoS | | Generating Rules | | Issuing Rules | |
| +----------------+ +------------------+ +---------------+ |
| |
| +----------------+ +------------------+ |
| | Maintain IP | | Sharing Threat | |
| | Blocklists | | Information | ... |
| +----------------+ +------------------+ |
+---------------/\------------------------------++----------------+
|| ||
|| ||
+---------------++------------------------------\/----------------+
| Data Plane (SAV Devices, Legacy Devices, Victims' Defense) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| +------------+ +-----------------+ +-------------+ |
| | Monitoring | | Receiving Rules | | Filtering | ... |
| +------------+ +-----------------+ +-------------+ |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 1: The SAV-based Anti-DDoS Architecture
The proposed SAV-D is shown in Figure 1. It introduces a centralized
control plane (i.e., the controller) that connects SAV devices,
legacy devices, and victims' defense systems. The controllers can
collect spoofing characteristics from widespread SAV devices (as
honeypots) and aggregate them for further analysis. From a whole
viewpoint, the controller can detect ongoing attacks and generate
filtering rules for both SAV and non-SAV devices. These rules will
be distributed to corresponding devices to perform filtering.
Additionally, the controller will share the attack information with
the victims' defense system to assist in their defense operations.
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3.1. SAV Controller
The controller is a logical entity that can be implemented as a
distributed or centralized cluster system. The placement of
controllers may take several factors into consideration, including
latency, resiliency, and load balancing to connected devices.
* To collect spoofing information, the controller will passively
receive the data sent from the certified SAV devices. The
collected spoofing information should include but not limited to
timestamp, 5-tuple (i.e., src-IP, dst-IP, src-port, dst-port, and
protocol), TCP flag, packet size, and amounts. This information
will be readily stored in a database for further analysis.
* To analyze the aggregated statistics, the controller retrieves the
spoofing information periodically (e.g., every 10 seconds). The
spoofed packets are analyzed based on their src-IP to detect
reflection attacks with certain algorithms. A large volume of
spoofed packets using a specific protocol (e.g., NTP, DNS) is a
clear indication that the src-IP is being targeted by reflection
attacks. The detection results include the attack target, type,
duration, malicious IP lists, etc.
* Generating filtering rules based on detection results is a
straightforward process. Before the reflection, the filtering
rules are based on src-IP and ports. After reflection, the src-IP
is the server's address, and the dst-IP is the victim's address.
Considering the reflected packets are often much larger than
legitimate packets, filtering rules could be generated based on
dst-IP, ports, and packet size.
* Communicating with relevant devices consists of two folds. One
fold is distributing filtering rules to SAV and legacy devices and
receiving feedback from SAV devices. The other fold is to provide
the victim's defense system with attack detection information,
which is essential to efficiently stop the attack traffic.
3.2. SAV Device
The SAV devices refer to routers or switches that are capable of
validating the source IP address, including SAVI, uRPF, etc.
Compared to simply dropping spoofed packets, SAV devices are required
to selectively allow spoofed packets through if they do not match the
filtering rules. This mechanism can be considered as a SAV-honeynet
that records threat data related to spoofing.
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* The SAV device must register it to the controller when being
installed, in which a unique identification number and other
information (e.g., location, management IP address) may needed.
Whenever a spoofed packet is detected, the SAV device will record
its timestamp, 5-tuple, TCP flag, packet size, and so on.
However, only if the spoofed packet matches existing filtering
rules, will the packet be dropped. After a certain interval, the
recorded data will be compressed and sent to the controller.
* Modern devices are generally capable of filtering based on packet
length and counting the number of filtered packets. Upon
receiving filtering rules from the controller, the SAV device must
install them into its data plane. The SAV device also needs to
record the number of packets filtered by each rule. If a rule
filters no packet during some periods, the rule will be
automatically removed to save the rule's space.
3.3. Legacy Device
The commercial routers that are widely deployed in production are
considered to be legacy devices. Access Control List (ACL) is
universally supported in today's routers for packet filtering.
Legacy devices can achieve extensive filtering by simply connecting
their management interface to the controller and receiving the rules.
Since ACLs may vary across legacy devices, filtering rules must be
adapted to meet the specific requirements of each device. The legacy
routers can join the SAV-D system by registering it to the controller
with information similar to the SAV router. Once registered, the
legacy routers can receive the filtering rules from the controller in
a safe and trusted channel. These rules will be installed into the
data plane. Similar to SAV devices, if a rule filters no packet
during some period, the rule will be automatically removed.
3.4. Victims' Defense
The SAV deployers can request access to the attack detection
information related to themselves. The information includes various
details such as the attack target, type, duration, and malicious IP
lists. These details can serve as auxiliary signals to boost the
detection time. In addition, SAV-D can provide real-time updated IP
blocklists, which can be efficiently used for blocking malicious
traffic. In an ideal situation, the defense system could provide an
interface to directly receive the information and automatically
perform corresponding filtering policies. This mechanism could
improve the effectiveness of DDoS defense and incentivize more SAV
deployment.
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3.5. Connection Example
+-------------------------------+
+-------+ | +-------+ +-------+ | +-------+
| SR 1 +---+ | SC 1 +----+----+ SC 2 | +--+ SR 3 |
+-------+ | +-------+ | +-------+ | +-------+
| | |
+-------+ | +---+---+ | +-------+
| SR 2 +---+ | SC 3 | +--+ SR 4 |
+-------+ | +-------+ | +-------+
+-------------------------------+
SR: SAV router
SC: SAV controller
Figure 2: Connection Example of SAV Devices
Figure 2 depicts a connection example of SAV-D system. There are SAV
routers distributed throughout the network, and they MUST communicate
with the SAV controller in order to collaborate. This document
suggests that each SAV router stores several records of the SAV
controller for backup. Each SAV router MUST try to connect to its
nearest SAV controller at all times. If the SAV router loses contact
with the present controller, it MUST seek the next closest
controller. Such a mechanism can assist SAV routers in maintaining
connections to the best of their abilities.
The SAV controller appears as a single entity to the external.
Realizing the full functionality of the SAV controller MAY require
many computing and storage resources. As a result, the SAV
controller can be built as clustered or distributed servers, where
consistency and scalability are the primary concerns. Each SAV
controller can communicate with many SAV routers and perform the
corresponding functions.
4. Workflow
The proposed SAV-D architecture can collaboratively defend the IP
spoofing DDoS in a distributed pattern. The typical procedures are
described as follows.
(i). The SAV routers validate and record the characteristics of
spoofed packets, and periodically send this data to the logically
centralized controller, where the global spoofing information is
aggregated.
(ii). Based on the aggregated statistics, the controller can
accurately detect whether there are ongoing IP spoofing attacks with
the help of predefined algorithms.
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(iii). Based on the detection results, the controller can generate
defense policies for both SAV and non-SAV devices. The policies
mainly involve filtering rules on 5-tuple and packet size.
(iv). For detected attacks, the defense policies will be distributed
to all SAV and legacy devices. Moreover, the detection results will
also be sent to the victim's defense system.
(v). The filtering rules will be installed on relevant devices to
block the malicious packets. If a rule filters no packet during some
period, the rule will be automatically removed.
5. Scalability
When there are large amounts of devices introduced into the SAV-D,
the control plane could be implemented with hierarchical structure,
where multiple sub-level controllers are in charge of the devices
inside AS domains. The single top-level controller can exchange
information (i.e., IP spoofing statistics and filtering rules) with
these sub-level controllers. Additionally, a large number of attacks
and filtering rules could introduce another scalability problem. One
possible solution is to prioritize the mitigations of these attacks,
where severe attacks will be tackled first so that the number of
filtering rules will be limited to moderate scope.
6. IANA Considerations
This document includes no request to IANA.
7. Security Considerations
Adversaries may send forged IP spoofing statistics to the control
plane or send forged filtering rules to SAV and legacy devices, which
could cause severe harm to legitimate traffic. To avoid this
situation, the information transmissions of SAV-D could be encrypted
with certification. There could also be attacks directly on the
SAV-D controllers. As common systems, security systems (e.g.,
firewalls) are essential to protect the controllers. In addition,
hot-standby controllers can also significantly improve security and
availability.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC3704] Baker, F. and P. Savola, "Ingress Filtering for Multihomed
Networks", BCP 84, RFC 3704, DOI 10.17487/RFC3704, March
2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3704>.
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[RFC8704] Sriram, K., Montgomery, D., and J. Haas, "Enhanced
Feasible-Path Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding", BCP 84,
RFC 8704, DOI 10.17487/RFC8704, February 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8704>.
[RFC4987] Eddy, W., "TCP SYN Flooding Attacks and Common
Mitigations", RFC 4987, DOI 10.17487/RFC4987, August 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4987>.
[RFC7039] Wu, J., Bi, J., Bagnulo, M., Baker, F., and C. Vogt, Ed.,
"Source Address Validation Improvement (SAVI) Framework",
RFC 7039, DOI 10.17487/RFC7039, October 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7039>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
8.2. Informative References
[CAIDA] "State of IP Spoofing", March 2023,
<https://spoofer.caida.org/summary.php>.
Acknowledgements
TBD
Authors' Addresses
Yong Cui
Tsinghua University
Beijing, 100084
China
Email: cuiyong@tsinghua.edu.cn
URI: http://www.cuiyong.net/
Jianping Wu
Tsinghua University
Beijing, 100084
China
Email: jianping@cernet.edu.cn
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Linbo Hui
Zhongguancun Laboratory
Beijing, 100094
China
Email: huilb@zgclab.edu.cn
Lei Zhang
Zhongguancun Laboratory
Beijing, 100094
China
Email: zhanglei@zgclab.edu.cn
Yannan Hu
Zhongguancun Laboratory
Beijing, 100094
China
Email: huyn@zgclab.edu.cn
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