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Mechanisms for Directory Assisting TRILL
draft-dunbar-trill-scheme-for-directory-assist-03

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Replaced".
Authors Linda Dunbar , Donald E. Eastlake 3rd , Radia Perlman , Igor Gashinsky , Yizhou Li
Last updated 2012-10-22
Replaced by draft-ietf-trill-directory-assist-mechanisms, RFC 8171
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draft-dunbar-trill-scheme-for-directory-assist-03
TRILL Working Group                                        L. Dunbar
Internet Draft                                           D. Eastlake
Intended status: Standard Track                               Huawei
Expires: April 2013                                 Radia Perlman
                                                                Intel
                                                      Igor Gashinsky
                                                                Yahoo
                                                          YiZhou Li
                                                             Huawei
                                                      October 22, 2012

                 Mechanisms for Directory Assisting TRILL
           draft-dunbar-trill-scheme-for-directory-assist-03.txt

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 22, 2009.

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   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without
   warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

Abstract

   This draft describes the mechanisms of using directory server(s) to
   assist TRILL (Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links) edge
   switches in reducing ARP/ND and unknown unicast flooding across
   TRILL domain in data center environment.

Conventions used in this document

   The term ''Subnet'' and ''VLAN'' are used interchangeably in this
   document because it is common to map one subnet to one VLAN. The
   term ''TRILL switch'' and ''RBridge'' are used interchangeably in this
   document.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [RFC2119].

Table of Contents

   1. Introduction ................................................ 3
   2. Terminology ................................................. 3
   3. Push Model of Directory Assisted RBridge Edge in DC Environment4
      3.1. Minimize the mapping entries maintained by RBridge Edge.. 4
      3.2. Messages to trigger pushing from directory .............. 4
      3.3. Actions by Push Directory Servers ....................... 5
      3.4. Applicable Components of ESADI used in Push Scheme....... 5
      3.5. Aggregated entries to push down ......................... 6
   4. Pull model of Directory Assisted RBridge Edge in DC Environment7
   5. Push-Pull Hybrid Model ....................................... 9
   6. Manageability Considerations ................................. 9
   7. Security Considerations ...................................... 9
   8. IANA Considerations ......................................... 9
   9. Acknowledgments ............................................ 10
   10. References ................................................ 10
   Authors' Addresses ............................................ 12
   Intellectual Property Statement................................ 12
   Disclaimer of Validity ........................................ 13

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1. Introduction

   [TRILL-Directory-Framework] describes the framework for using
   directory servers to assist TRILL edge nodes to reduce multi-
   destination ARP/ND and unknow unicast flooding traffic, thus
   improving TRILL network scalability in data center environment. This
   draft describes the detailed mechanisms of using directory servers
   to assist RBridge edge nodes.

   Although this document describes directory servers as being part of
   RBridges, they may be separate end-stations devices (i.e. standalone
   directory servers), or co-located with an RBridge.

2. Terminology

   AF      Appointed Forwarder RBridge port

   Bridge:  IEEE 802.1Q compliant device. In this draft, Bridge is used
             interchangeably with Layer 2 switch.

   DA:     Destination Address

   DC:      Data Center

   DDS:    Designated Directory Server for a specific VLAN or a group
             of VLANs

   EoR:    End of Row switches in data center. Also known as
             Aggregation switches in some data centers

   FDB:    Filtering Database for Bridge or Layer 2 switch

   Host:    Application running on a physical server or a virtual
             machine. A host usually has at least one IP address and at
             least one MAC address.

   NDSR:    Non-Directory Server RBridge. An RBridge which is not
             directly connected or embedded with a Directory Server

   SA:     Source Address

   STP:    Spanning Tree Protocol

   RSTP:    Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol

   ToR:    Top of Rack Switch in data center. It is also known as
             access switches in some data centers.

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   VM:     Virtual Machines

3. Push Model of Directory Assisted RBridge Edge in DC Environment

   Under this model, Directory Server(s) push down the IP&MAC&VLAN <->
   RBridgeEdge mapping for all the hosts which might communicate with
   hosts attached to an RBridge edge node. With this environment, it is
   recommended that RBridge edge simply drop a data packet (instead of
   flooding to RBridge domain) if the packet's destination address
   can't be found in the IP&MAC&VLAN<->RBridgeEdge mapping table.

   The mapping entry to be pushed down could leverage the gratuitous
   ARP reply or (Unsolicited) Neighbor Advertisement with extended
   fields showing the edge RBridge's name, as shown in Table 2.

   The push scheme can be accomplished by using the [ESADI] protocol
   with some simplification or a similar protocol. It is important that
   it be VLAN scoped.

   3.1. Minimize the mapping entries maintained by RBridge Edge

     One major drawback of the ''Push Model'' is that RBridge edge's
     MAC&VLAN<->RBridgeEdge mapping table will have more entries than
     it really needs.

     One simple step for an RBridge to reduce the number of mapping
     entries pushed down from directory is to prune out entries
     belonging to VIDs which are not enabled on its bridged LANs ports.
     For example, if only {vid#1, vid#2, vid#3} are enabled on bridged
     LANs connected to an RBridge edge ports, only MAC&VLAN<-
     >RBridgeEdge entries for those three VIDs need to be pushed down
     to the RBridge edge.

     To achieve this goal, RBridges need to subscribe directory
     services for the VLANs which they are interested in. Directory
     servers only send the directory information to an RBridge for the
     VLANs subscribed by the RBridge. This process eliminates
     unnecessary entries to be pushed down to RBridges.

     RBridges uses the same mechanism as ESADI protocol to announce all
     the VLANs which they are interested in since ESADI is already VLAN
     scoped.

   3.2.  Messages to trigger pushing from directory

     In push down model, it is necessary to have a way for RBridge node
     to request directory server(s) to start pushing down the mapping
     entries.

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     RBridges uses the same mechanism as ESADI protocol to announce, in
     the IS-IS link state database, all the VLANs which they are
     interested in. The difference from ESADI is that ''Request for
     Directory'' message is sent to the Push Directory Servers. All
     other RBridges who are not attached to any directory servers are
     not going to process this request.

   3.3. Actions by Push Directory Servers

     A Push Directory Server could be directly attached to an RBridge
     or embedded in an RBridge through which VLAN scoped directory
     contents are pushed to other RBridges.

     A Push Directory Server could also be a standalone server which is
     capable of sending required LSPs to announce its ability and push
     the content to the subscribed RBridges. A standalone Push
     Directory is almost like a dummy RBridge node which participates
     in TRILL link state flooding, but doesn't perform RBridge's
     forwarding, encapsulating, or decapsulation of native Ethernet
     data frames.

     Push Directory servers advertise their availability by turning on
     a flag bit in the Interested VLANs sub-TLV [rfc6326bis] in their
     LSP for the VLAN or VLANs for which they offer Push Directory
     services. If more than one Directory Server is advertising that it
     can provide Push Directory Service for a particular VLAN, only the
     Directory Server associated with the RBridge with the highest
     System ID on the ESADI pseudo-link [EASDI] should push the
     information for that VLAN. Other Push Directory servers for that
     VLAN (presumably present for backup) SHOULD NOT push their
     directory information to avoid unnecessary duplication.

     The Directory Server with the highest System ID is called
     Designated Directory Server - DDS. Different ESADI pseudo-links
     [EASDI] for different VLANS could have different DDSs.

     There is a reserved Multicast Address for all Push Directory
     Servers.

   3.4. Applicable Components of ESADI used in Push Scheme

     RBridges that are not associated with any Push Directory Servers
     should only participate in ESADI for getting the mapping
     information for the interested VLAN, but SHOULD NOT advertise any
     locally learned MAC attachment information into ESADI.

     When a non-directory server RBridge detects that the information
     appears to be missing from the directory information, they can

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     advertise the information only to the Push Directory Servers by
     using the well-known multicast address for the Push Directory
     Servers.  This behavior is different from ESADI protocol where the
     locally learned MAC attachment information is advertised to all
     RBridges who are interested in the VLANs.

     ESADI only advertises the locally learned MAC address. But the
     directory needs to push down IP/MAC/VLAN and their directly
     attached RBridges.

     [draft-eastlake-isis-ia-tlv] describes a proposed TLV to carry the
     VLAN scoped IP/MAC/VLAN information for all the hosts.

   3.5. Aggregated entries to push down

     Using Table 2 requires one entry per host/VM. When directory
     pushes down the entire mapping to an edge RBridge for the very
     first time, there usually are many entries. To minimize the amount
     of data pushed down, summarization should be considered, e.g. with
     one edge RBridge Nickname being associated with all attached
     hosts' MAC addresses and VLANs as shown below:

          +------------+-------+--------------------------------+
          | Nickname1  |VID-1  | MAC1/IP, MAC2/IP, ,, MACn/IP   |
          |            |------ +--------------------------------+
          |            |VID-2  | MAC1/IP, MAC2/IP, ,, MACn/IP   |
          |            |------ +--------------------------------+
          |            |,,,,,  | MAC1/IP, MAC2/IP, ,, MACn/IP   |
          +------------+------ +--------------------------------+
          | Nickname2  |VID-1  | MAC1/IP, MAC2/IP, ,, MACn/IP   |
          |            |------ +--------------------------------+
          |            |VID-2  | MAC1/IP, MAC2/IP, ,, MACn/IP   |
          |            |------ +--------------------------------+
          |            |,,,,,  | MAC1/IP, MAC2/IP, ,, MACn/IP   |
          +------------+------ +--------------------------------+
          | -------    |------ +--------------------------------+
          |            |,,,,,  | MAC1/IP, MAC2/IP, ,, MACn/IP   |
          +------------+------ +--------------------------------+
              Table 1: Summarized table pushed down from directory

       Whenever there is any change in MAC&VLAN <-> RBridgeEdge
       mapping, which can be triggered by hosts being added, moved, or
       de-commissioned, an incremental update can be sent to the
       RBridge edges which are impacted by the change.

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4. Pull model of Directory Assisted RBridge Edge in DC Environment

   Under this model, ''RBridge'' pulls the VLAN scoped MAC<->IP<-
   >RBridgeEdge mapping entry from the directory server when needed.

   Pull Directory Servers for a particular VLAN are located by looking
   in the link state database for RBridges that advertise themselves by
   having the Pull Directory Server flag on in their Interested VLANs
   sub-TLV [rfc6326bis] for that VLAN. If multiple RBridges indicate
   that they are Pull Directory Servers for a particular VLAN, then
   pull requests can be sent to any of them.

   Pull Directory requests are sent to the RBridge, or a dummy RBridge,
   whose LSP contains the Interested VLANs sub-TLV advertising that it
   is a Pull Directory server for the relevant VLAN. These requests are
   sent by enclosing them in an RBridge Channel [Channel] message using
   the Pull Directory channel protocol number (see Section 8).
   Responses are returned in an RBridge Channel message using the same
   protocol number.

   The requests to Pull Directory Servers are derived from normal ARP
   [RFC826], ND [RFC4861], RARP [RFC903] messages intercepted by the
   RBridge, or data frame with unknown DA.

   However, additional information is desired from the directory server
   response in this case, such as the nickname to which an end station
   (probably identified by IP address) is attached. For this purpose,
   extended ARP op codes are specified in Table 2.

   For a Pull Request derived from an unknown data frame, the RBridge
   edge node can drop the data frame if there is no response from the
   directory server after X number of tries.

   The requesting RBridge node can cache the mapping and age out
   MAC&IP&VLAN entries if the entries haven't been used for a certain
   period of time. Therefore, each RBridge edge will only keep the
   entries which are frequently used, i.e. mapping table size can be
   smaller.

   The following table shows how target RBridge nickname can be
   attached to a standard ARP Reply when replying to an ARP request
   forwarded by ingress RBridge edge.

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        0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     | Hardware Type                 |        protocol Type          |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     | HLEN          |  PLEN         |     Operation           |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |            Sender Hardware Address (MAC)                      |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |Sender Hardware Address' cont  |  Sender Protocol Address (IP) |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |Sender Protocol Address' cont  |  Target Hardware Address (MAC)|
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Target Hardware Address' cont (MAC)               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Target Protocol Address (IP)                      |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   ->|             Ingress RBridge's Nickname                        |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   ->|Ingress RBridge's Nickname ext |   Egress RBridge's Nickname   |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   ->|              Egress RBridge's Nickname extension              |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
            Table 2: Extended fields added to standard ARP reply

   The original ARP reply format consists of the first 28 octets shown
   in this table. The last 12 octets in this table marked by ''->'' are
   extended fields to indicate the Ingress RBridge to which originating
   host is attached and the Egress RBridge to which the target host is
   attached. More bits are reserved for RBridge nicknames in case
   multiple levels of nicknames are needed in the future for large data
   centers.

   There are 16 bits for Operation type field in ARP message. IANA has
   assigned 0~25 for various purposes and leave 26~65534 unassigned
   [http://www.iana.org/assignments/arp-parameters/arp-parameters.xml].
   If this approach is taken, a new ARP Operation code has to be
   assigned by IANA.

   It worth noting that the ''Egress RBridge's Nickname in Table 2 is
   the nickname of the ''Target RBridge'' to which the Target host is
   attached.

   When Pull Directory Server is embedded in an RBridge, the Pull
   Request would have the ''Ingress RBridge Nickname'' in the TRILL
   Header. The ''Ingress RBridges Nickname'' field in the Pull Request is
   for future extension when directory server is not an RBridge.

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5. Push-Pull Hybrid Model

   For some edge nodes which have great number of VIDs enabled,
   managing the MAC&VLAN <-> RBridgeEdge mapping for hosts under all
   those VIDs can be challenge. This is especially true for Data Center
   gateway nodes, which need to maintain majority of VIDs if not all.

   For those RBridge Edge nodes, hybrid model should be considered.
   I.e. Push model are used for some VIDs, and pull model are used for
   other VIDs. It can be operator's decision (i.e. by configuration) on
   which VIDs' mapping entries are pushed down from directory and which
   VIDs' mapping entries are pulled.

   For example, in a data center when hosts in specific VIDs (vid#1,
   vid#2, ? vid#100)communicate regularly with external peers, the
   mapping entries for those 100 VIDs should be pushed down to the data
   center gateway routers. For hosts in other VIDs which only
   communicate with external peers once a day (or once a few days) for
   management interface, the mapping entries for those VIDs should be
   pulled down from directory whenever the needs come up.

   The mechanisms described above for Push and Pull Directory services
   make it easy to use Push for some VIDs and Pull for others. In fact,
   different RBridges can even be configured so that some use Push
   Directory services and some use Pull Directory services for the same
   VID if both Push and Pull Directory services are available for that
   VID. And there can be VIDs for which directory services are not
   used.

6. Manageability Considerations

   TBD.

7. Security Considerations

   For general TRILL security considerations, see [RFC6325].

8. IANA Considerations

   There are 16 bits for ARP Operation type field [RFC826]. IANA has
   assigned 0~25 for various purposes and leave 26~65534 unassigned
   [http://www.iana.org/assignments/arp-parameters/arp-parameters.xml].
   If this approach is taken, IANA is requested to assign a new ARP
   Operation code for TRILL Directory Pull services.

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   IANA is request to allocate a new RBridge Channel protocol number
   for Pull Directory Services.

   IANA is requested to allocate two currently reserved bits in the
   Interested VLANs field of the Interested VLANs and Spanning Tree
   Roots sub-TLV [rfc6326bis] to indicate directory servers and to
   create a sub-registry in the TRILL Parameters Registry, as follows:

     Interested VLANs Flag Bits

     Registration Procedures: IETF Review

     Reference:

        Bit  Mnemonic  Description                      Reference
        ---  --------  -----------                      ---------
          0     M4     IPv4 Multicast Router Attached   [rfc6326bis]
          1     M6     IPv6 Multicast Router Attached   [rfc6326bis]
          2     PS     Push Directory Server            This document
          3     PL     Pull Directory Server            This document
      16-19      -     available for allocation         [rfc6326bis]

9. Acknowledgments

   This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot.

10. References

   [TRILL-Directory-Framework] Dunbar, et, al ''TRILL Edge Directory
   Assistance Framework'', <draft-ietf-trill-directory-framework-02>,
   work in progress,Oct 2012.

   [RFC6325]  Perlman, R., Eastlake 3rd, D., Dutt, D., Gai, S., and A.
   Ghanwani, "Routing Bridges (RBridges): Base Protocol Specification",
   RFC 6325, July 2011.

   [RFC826] Plummer, D., "An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol", RFC
   826, November 1982.

   [RFC903] Finlayson, R., Mann, T., Mogul, J., and M. Theimer, "A
   Reverse Address Resolution Protocol", STD 38, RFC 903, June 1984

   [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
   Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997

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   [RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
   "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861, September

   [RFC6325]  Perlman, R., Eastlake 3rd, D., Dutt, D., Gai, S., and A.
   Ghanwani, "Routing Bridges (RBridges): Base Protocol Specification",
   RFC 6325, July 2011.

   [RFC6439]  Perlman, R., Eastlake, D., Li, Y., Banerjee, A., and F.
   Hu, "Routing Bridges (RBridges): Appointed Forwarders", RFC 6439,
   November 2011.

   [rfc6326bis]  Eastlake, D., Banerjee, A., Dutt, D., Perlman, R., and
            A. Ghanwani, ''TRILL Use of IS-IS'', draft-ietf-isis-
   rfc6326bis, work in progress

   [ESADI] draft-ietf-trill-esadi, work in progress.

   [InterfaceAddresses]   ''Interface Addresses TLV'', draft-eastlake-
   isis-ia-tlv, work in progress.

   [RFC6439]  Perlman, R., Eastlake, D., Li, Y., Banerjee, A., and F.
   Hu, "Routing Bridges (RBridges): Appointed Forwarders", RFC 6439,
   November 2011.

   [ARMD-Problem] Narten, et,al, ''Problem Statement for ARMD'', June
             2012.

   [ARP reduction] Shah, et. al., "ARP Broadcast Reduction for Large Data
             Centers", Oct 2010

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Authors' Addresses

   Linda Dunbar
   Huawei Technologies
   5430 Legacy Drive, Suite #175
   Plano, TX 75024, USA
   Phone: (469) 277 5840
   Email: ldunbar@huawei.com

   Donald Eastlake
   Huawei Technologies
   155 Beaver Street
   Milford, MA 01757 USA
   Phone: 1-508-333-2270
   Email: d3e3e3@gmail.com

   Radia Perlman
   Intel Labs
   2200 Mission College Blvd.
   Santa Clara, CA 95054-1549 USA
   Phone: +1-408-765-8080
   Email: Radia@alum.mit.edu

   Igor Gashinsky
   Yahoo
   45 West 18th Street 6th floor
   New York, NY 10011
   Email: igor@yahoo-inc.com

   YiZhou Li
   Huawei
   Email: liyizhou@huawei.com

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