Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Controller Plane - VPFC Planning Scheme Based on VPFP in Large-scale Deterministic Networks
draft-guo-detnet-vpfc-planning-01
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| Authors | Daorong Guo , Guangliang Wen , Kehan Yao , Guoyu Peng | ||
| Last updated | 2023-02-15 (Latest revision 2022-12-23) | ||
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draft-guo-detnet-vpfc-planning-01
Deterministic Networking Working Group D. Guo
Internet-Draft G. Wen
Intended status: Standards Track New H3C Technologies Co., Ltd
Expires: 20 August 2023 K. Yao
China Mobile
G. Peng
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
16 February 2023
Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Controller Plane - VPFC Planning
Scheme Based on VPFP in Large-scale Deterministic Networks
draft-guo-detnet-vpfc-planning-01
Abstract
The cycle-based queuing and forwarding is an effective method to
ensure that the transmission has a definite upper bound of jitter, as
well as latency. The prerequisite for this method is to ensure that
queuing resources do not conflict. In large-scale deterministic
networks (LDNs), how to avoid the queuing resources conflict of this
method is an open problem. This document presents a scheme of
planning virtue periodic forwarding channel (VPFC) based on virtual
periodic forwarding path (VPFP) in LDNs. The scheme can solve the
queuing resources conflict of cycle-specified queuing and forwarding
in nonlinear topology domain, thus ensuring the bounded latency of
DetNet flow in the same periodic forwarding domain.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 20 August 2023.
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This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction (informative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Document Roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Terminology and Definitions (informative) . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. VPFP/VPFC and Configuration Data Models (normative) . . . . . 6
3.1. VPFP: Virtual Periodic Forwarding Path . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. VPFC: Virtual Periodic Forwarding Channel . . . . . . . . 9
3.3. Configuration Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. Resources Planning and Reservation Model (informative) . . . 11
4.1. Theoretical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1.1. Measurement and Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1.2. Mapping Function and Scheduling Cycle Conflict
Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1.3. Proposed Resources Planning Scheme . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2. Detailed Description of resources Reservation Scheme . . 20
4.2.1. Establish New resources Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.2. Resources Reservation Corresponding to the Scheduling
Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.3. Resources of Scheduling Cycle Description . . . . . . 24
4.2.4. Mapping Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.5. Resources Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.6. Resources Reservation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2.7. Resources Reservation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5. Resources-Related Processing Flow (informative) . . . . . . . 29
5.1. Collection Process of Cycle Resources . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2. Process Flow of Reserving Cycle Resources . . . . . . . . 30
5.2.1. Reservation Calculation for Resources with Specified
Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.2.2. Reservation Calculation for Resources with
Non-Specified Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.2.3. Execution of Cycle Resources Reservation . . . . . . 35
5.2.4. Resources Reservation for PREOF . . . . . . . . . . . 36
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5.2.5. Bandwidth Increase Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2.6. Reroute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2.7. Reclaiming Reserved Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
9. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
10. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1. Introduction (informative)
As described in [I-D.ietf-detnet-scaling-requirements], LDNs need to
support not only large amounts of flows and devices, but also large
single-hop propagation latency and accommodate a variety of data
plane queuing and forwarding mechanisms to carry App-flows with
different levels of SLA. For some App-flows with strict requirements
on delivery delay and delay variation (jitter), it is necessary to
adopt a mechanism based on cyclic queuing and forwarding similar to
CQF [IEEE802.1Qch]. These mechanisms are extended for WAN and make
forwarding in DetNet transit nodes lightweight, without per-flow and
per-hop state, and suitable for high-performance hardware
implementation.
[I-D.qiang-detnet-large-scale-detnet] presents the overall framework
and key method for LDNs. Because of different bearing methods, CSQF
[I-D.chen-detnet-sr-based-bounded-latency] and TCQF
[I-D.eckert-detnet-mpls-tc-tcqf] propose different methods for LDNs.
For multi-hop forwarding with these LDN methods, the delay variation
(jitter) does not exceed the length of 2 cycles. These LDN methods
are all based on CQF extensions, which are cycle-based queuing and
forwarding schemes. All these methods need to work with some
resources reservation scheme, but none of them gives how to realize
the resources reservation scheme in detail. This document proposes a
VPFC planning scheme based on VPFP to meet this demand.
1.1. Problem Statement
The resources reservation method of queuing and forwarding with
specified cycle is very different from the traditional resources
reservation method. Traditional resources reservation methods, such
as RSVP-TE [RFC3473], only consider bandwidth availability for best-
effort flows, that is, the reserved bandwidth meets the Peak Data
Rate (PDR) of the service flow at the macroscopic level, which do not
take into account the injection time of the packets at the
microscopic level. The result of applying these methods to the
resources reservation of cyclic queuing and forwarding is that the
bandwidth resources meet the transmission demand at the macroscopic
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level, but there may be no resources in a specific cycle. If this
problem remains unsolved, the prerequisite of CSQF/TCQF bounded
latency cannot be satisfied.
[1]>> +-----+ [1]>>
-------| PE1 |------
+-----+If0 \
\ ^ |
\ ^ |
\ [3]|
\ [1]>> |If0
[2]>> +-----+ [2]>> +-----+ If2 +-----+ +-----+
-------| PE2 |--------| P1 |--------| P3 | | PE4 |
+-----+If0 +-----+ --- +-----+ +-----+
| If3 \ If1|[1] ^ |
| [2]>>\ | v ^ |
| \ | v [1]>> [3]|
| \ | [2]>> |If1
[3]>> +-----+ [3]>> +-----+ [3]>> +-----+ [3]>> +-----+
-------| PE3 |--------| P2 |--------| P4 |--------| P5 |
+-----+If0 +-----+If2 +-----+If3 +-----+
[1][2]|If2
v v |
v v |
|
+-----+
| PE5 |
+-----+
[1][2]|If0
v v |
v v |
|
[N] : Flow N
>/^/v : Direction of flows, Left/Up/Down
IfN : Interface N of the Router
Figure 1: Multiple Flows Converging
The prerequisite of CSQF/TCQF is that the data corresponding to a
cycle can be forwarded during the cycle. In a single path model, the
prerequisite of CSQF/TCQF is easy to meet, but in reality, networks
are all nonlinear topologies, and to ensure the prerequisite, more
work needs to be done.
For example, as shown in Figure 1, three flows (or aggregation of
multiple service flows) flow1, flow2, and flow3 are injected into
PE1, PE2, and PE3 respectively, and are converged on P4 after being
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forwarded. On the macroscopic level, the converged traffic of flow1,
flow2 and flow3 does not exceed the bandwidth of the outgoing
interface of P4 (set to intf3).
In a certain scenario (which is definitely unavoidable in practical
applications), the three DetNet flows arrive at P4 within the same
cycle interval and need to be forwarded to P5 through intf3. Assume
that all physical links have 100Gbps bandwidth and the cycle interval
is planned to be 10us, so about 125,000 bytes of data can be
transmitted within this interval. Also assume for each of the three
flows, 125,000 bytes of data reaches P4 within 10us, but no data
arrives within 990us after that. In the micro of 10us time interval,
each flow rate reaches 100G bps over a 10us time interval, but only
1G bps per flow over a 1ms time interval. In this case, if the
traffic arriving at P4 at the same time is scheduled in the same
cycle of Intf3 of P4, a conflict will occur in this cycle (the
deterministic data that arrives cannot be sent within the specified
cycle, resulting in additional random queuing delay, thereby
affecting the deterministic forwarding of the next node), and the
theoretical prerequisite of CSQF cannot be guaranteed. Therefore,
the theoretical upper boundary of end-to-end jitter of CSQF, which
should be less than two cycles, cannot be achieved. Especially after
multi-hop accumulation, the jitter will exceed the upper limit that
the App-flow can tolerate.
For a small-scale deterministic network, the conflict in the domain
is not very prominent, but in an LDN, multiple App-flows access to
the deterministic domain from different edge devices, and the
topology formed by the forwarding paths is nonlinear. After further
consideration of factors such as time injection, different link
bandwidths, etc., the situation becomes very complicated. For an
LDN, this document presents a general scheme to avoid the conflict of
resources in the domain for cycle-based queuing and forwarding.
Note: To simplify the description, CSQF is used in the following
examples.
1.2. Document Roadmap
In the following chapters, Section 2 gives the definition of relevant
terminology; Section 3 specifies VPFP, VPFC and their configuration
data models in our proposed scheme in detail; Section 4 describes the
resources planning and reservation model in detail, in which
Section 4.1 describes the relevant principles, and Section 4.2.1
describes the resources planning and reservation scheme in detail on
the basis of Section 4.1. The resources reservation process involved
in it is detailed in Section 5 separately due to too much content.
In Section 5, the detailed processing flow related to resources is
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given.
2. Terminology and Definitions (informative)
This document uses the terms defined as [RFC8655],
[RFC8938],[I-D.ietf-detnet-controller-plane-framework] and [RFC9320].
Moreover, the following terms are used in this document:
MCPE
Management/Control Plane Entity.
Forwarding Path
Traditional best-effort forwarding path.
Virtual Periodic Forwarding Path(VPFP)
In the forwarding path, the virtual path forwarding based on the
cycle and the mapping relationship between cycles is called a
VPFP.
Virtual Periodic Forwarding Channel (VPFC)
A forwarding channel established on VPFP.
NQA
Network quality analyzer.
TWAMP
Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol.
CSPF
Constrained Shortest Path First.
3. VPFP/VPFC and Configuration Data Models (normative)
In an LDN, multiple intersecting VPFPs form a mesh topology. In
order to meet the transmission requirements of a specific DetNet
flow, one or more VPFCs needs to be planned on one or more VPFPs.
This section specifies VPFP, VPFC and their configuration data models
in detail.
3.1. VPFP: Virtual Periodic Forwarding Path
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f1
[1]>> +-----+ [1]>>
-------| PE1 |------
+-----+If0 \
\ ^ |
\ ^ |
\ f2 [3]|
g1 \ [1]>> |If0
[2]>> +-----+ [2]>> +-----+ [2]>> +-----+
-------| PE2 |--------| P1 |------ | PE4 |
+-----+If0 +-----+If3 \ +-----+
| \ ^ |
| \ f3/h3 ^ |h4
| \ [1]>> [3]|
h1 | h2 \ [2]>> |If1
[3]>> +-----+ [3]>> +-----+ [3]>> +-----+ [3]>> +-----+
-------| PE3 |--------| P2 |--------| P3 |--------| P4 |
+-----+If0 +-----+If2 +-----+If3 +-----+
[1][2]|If2
v v |
v v |f4/f5
|
<<[1] +-----+
------| PE5 |
If0+-----+
[2]|If1
v |
v |
|
[N] : Flow N
>/</^/v : Direction of flows, Left/Right/Up/Down
IfN : Interface N of the Router
fN/gN/hN : Mapping functions
Figure 2: VPFP: Virtual Periodic Forwarding Path
When there is a transmission requirement of a deterministic service
flow, the forwarding path needs to be calculated in advance. Then
add cycle-based queuing and forwarding capabilities, and establish
cycle-to-cycle mapping relationships between adjacent nodes. We
further abstract this mapping relationship as a function. After the
mapping function is added to the forwarding path, a VPFP is formed.
Virtual Periodic Forwarding Path (VPFP):
A virtual forwarding path based on the cycles and the mapping
functions between the cycles is called a VPFP. The mapping function
is established between an outgoing interface scheduling cycle of an
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upstream node and an outgoing interface scheduling cycle of a
downstream node, and the upstream node and the downstream must be
adjacent nodes. The VPFP has the following characteristics:
* The outbound interface of each node in the forwarding path
supports cycle-based forwarding;
* In each segment link of the path, there is a mapping relationship
between the scheduling cycle of the outbound interface of the
upstream node and the scheduling cycle of the outbound interface
of the downstream node;
The sending cycle on the upstream node and the mapping relationship
together determine the forwarding cycle on the outbound interface of
the downstream node.
Taking the topology in Figure 2 as an example, the topology data adds
a function relationship description:
((PE1,Intf0), (P1,Intf3)): f1;
((P1,Intf3), (P3,Intf3)): f2;
((P3,intf3), (P4,intf2)): f3;
((P4,Intf2), (PE5,Intf0)): f4;
((P4,intf2), (PE5,Intf1)): f5;
((PE2,Intf0), (P1,intf3)): g1;
((PE3,intf0), (P2,intf2)): h1;
((P2,intf2), (P3,intf3)): h2;
((P3,intf3), (P4,intf1)): h3;
((P4,intf1), (PE4,Intf0)): h4.
The controller plane maintains the mapping function between the
scheduling cycles of the outgoing interfaces of each pair of adjacent
nodes. This function can be unique or multiple. Once the path is
determined, the function is also determined. When the resources
reservation fails, the physical path carrying the VPFP can be
changed, or the mapping function in the VPFP can be changed to
calculate the reserved resources again (TBD).
The forwarding path carrying the VPFP is generated by the MCPE or
network administrator after calculating the path, and the mapping
function is generated by the calibration after
measurement(Section 4.1.1). As shown in Figure 2, assuming that
there are three deterministic flow paths, the VPFPs form are:
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VPFP1: (PE1,Intf0) f1 (P1,Intf3) f2 (P3,Intf3) f3 (P4,Intf2) f4
(PE5,Intf0)
VPFP2: (PE2,Intf0) g1 (P1,intf3) f2 (P3,intf3) f3 (P4,intf2) f5
(PE5,Intf1)
VPFP3: (PE3,intf0) h1 (P2,intf2) h2 (P3,intf3) h3 (P4,intf1) h4
(PE4,Intf0)
Where f1~5, g1, h1~3 are injective functions, see Section 4.1.2 for
details.
3.2. VPFC: Virtual Periodic Forwarding Channel
After the cycle-based resources reservation is completed in the one
or more VPFPs, one or more VPFCs are planned in the paths.
Virtual Periodic Forwarding Channel (VPFC): a forwarding channel
established within VPFP. The basic elements of a VPFC are:
* VPFCID(VPFC Identifier).VPFCID is an integer that uniquely
identifies a VPFC within the same deterministic periodic
forwarding domain.
* VPFP. VPFP is the path that carries the VPFC, see Section 3.1 for
detail;
* Cycle Info. Cycle Info contains the scheduling cycle and the
allocated resources corresponding to the scheduling cycle,
describes the bandwidth and periodicity characteristics of the
VPFC, and is the result of resources reservation. For details,
see Section 4.2.7.
A forwarding path can carry multiple VPFPs. When all the mapping
relationships along the path are determined, a unique VPFP is
determined. Multiple VPFCs can be established in one VPFP.
3.3. Configuration Data Model
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User Network Operator
flow/service
+--+ info model +---+
| | <---------------> | X | management/control
+--+ +-+-+ plane entity
^
| VPFP&VPFC configuration
| data model
+------------+
v | |
+-+ | v network
+-+ v +-+ nodes
+-+ +-+
+-+
Figure 3: VPFP & VPFC configuration data model
If the cycle mapping mode is stack mode, the VPFP parameters(see
Figure 3) should be deployed to the head node of the VPFP (e.g.,
ingress PE) to generate the information for directing forwarding. If
the cycle mapping mode is swap mode, VPFP related information needs
to be deployed to each node of VPFP, including Ingress PE, P, and
Egress PE. In both mode, the VPFC pararmters should be deployed to
the head node of the VPFP. The specific process is beyond the scope
of this document.
Take the stack mode as an example, assuming the VPFP for a DetNet
flow is:
VPFP1 = (PE1,Intf0) f1 (P1,Intf3) f2 (P3,Intf3) f3 (P4,Intf2) f4
(PE5,Intf0)
Assuming the successfully reserved result list on PE1 is:
{
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle0,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle1,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle2,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle3,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle4,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle5,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle6,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle7,1),
}
The VPFC consists of a VPFP and resources reserved along the VPFP.
When the MCPE deploys the VFPC to the head node of the VPFP, the
parameters that need to be configured are summarized as below.
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+-- uint16 vpfcid # Virtual Periodic Forwarding Channel Identifier
+-- uint16 vpfpid # virtual periodic forwarding path identifier
+-- if_config[oif] # Outgoing InterFace configuration
+-- uint16 cycles # Number of cycles involved in resources
# reservation
+-- cycleinfo[0..cycles-1] #Cycle Info
+--uint16 cycleid #Cycle ID
+--uint16 res #Number of Resources
Figure 4: VPFC configuration data structure
Note: A vpfcid uniquely identifies a VPFC, and a vpfpid uniquely
identifies a VPFP. For PREOF, a returned result list may create
multiple VPFCs, each corresponding to a VPFP in PREOF paths.
+-- uint16 vpfpid # virtual periodic forwarding path identifier
+-- uint8 cycles # is the number of cycles used across all
# interfaces in the CSQF/TCQF domain.
+-- policy_info [policy] # Policy information, e.g. SRv6 policy
+-- pipe_info[0..cycles-1] # The scheduling cycle pipeline
# corresponding to each scheduling cycle
# on the head node
+-- uint8 hops # Number of hops
+-- map_info[0..hops-1] # The mapping target in each pipeline
# is a specific scheduling cycle
+--uint8 out_cycle #output cycle
Figure 5: VPFP configuration data structure
In the head node (e.g., Ingress PE) of the VPFP, the forwarding
information is generated based on the vpfp configuration, which is
used for cyclic queueing and forwarding, as well as packet
encapsulating in the CSQF domain. At the same time, according to the
configuration information of VPFC, the selection of the scheduling
cycle in the head node is strictly stipulated, which is used to
realize the PSPF function similar to [IEEE802.1Qci].
With these configuration data models, the creation, deletion, and
modification operations of VPFP and VPFC can be achieved.
4. Resources Planning and Reservation Model (informative)
The establishment of periodic forwarding resources system is a
complex system engineering. It is more realistic to establish the
system based on the existing best-effort system. The whole process
needs the cooperation of user plane, management/control plane and
data plane. To show the overall framework of resources reservation,
the content shown in Figure 6 is copied from [RFC9016]. The
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management/control plane entity (MCPE) is responsible for the
managing, planning, reserving, and recycling of cyclic forwarding
resources for deterministic service flows. To get a sense of the
whole picture, the main resources planning related processes are
listed as follows:
User Network Operator
flow/service
/\ info model +---+
/ \ <---------------> | X | management/control
---- +-+-+ plane entity
^
| configuration
| info model
+------------+
v | |
+-+ | v network
+-+ v +-+ nodes
+-+ +-+
+-+
Figure 6: Usage of Information Models (Flow, Service, and
Configuration)
1. The data plane generates topology information. IGP (OSPF or IS-
IS) collects the network topology information. Using the
powerful route selection and calculation capabilities of BGP
protocol, BGP-LS protocol summarizes the topology information
discovered by IGP protocol and sends it to the MCPE (management/
control plane entity,see Figure 6). The MCPE stores this
information in the topology database of the control plane.
2. MCPE measures the transmission delay between nodes through NQA or
TWAMP. This delay is a relatively coarse granularity in
accuracy, usually in milliseconds.
3. MCPE obtains the link transmission delay measurement results
through NETCONF [RFC6241]/YANG [RFC6020] and uses the results
with less accurate delay info to update the topology data.
4. User (see Figure 6) provides flow information required to
establish a session (see [RFC9016] for specific parameters)
5. MCPE uses CSPF to calculate the end-to-end path to obtain an
optimal path, or multiple paths with close propagation delays for
PREOF.
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6. The MCPE performs accurate segmentation measurement on the
forwarding path (the measurement mechanism with microsecond-level
accuracy needs to be solved). According to the measurement
results and the resident delay in the node, the correlation
mapping is established to form VPFP. VPFP is delivered to the
data plane and integrated into the forwarding table to direct
data forwarding.
7. MCPE uses the resources planning scheme provided in this document
to reserve resources (see Section 4 and Section 5 for details).
After the planning is successful, the result forms VPFC.
8. MCPE delivers the planned resources to the head node (e.g.,
Ingress PE) of VPFP, and creates VPFC. (The VPFP&VPFC
configuration data models are defined in Section 3.3)
9. The head node of VPFP (network node in Figure 6, Ingress PE)
schedules the data of the DetNet flow according to the cycle
resources owned by the VPFC to which the DetNet flow belongs.
As stated in [RFC8557], whether a distributed alternative without a
PCE can be valuable could be studied. For example, such an
alternative could be to build a solution similar to that in
[RFC3209]. But the focus of current work on DetNet should be to
provide a centralized method first. The solution provided in this
document belongs to the centralized solution, and can make the
implementation of resources reservation by data plane devices as
lightweight and stateless as possible.
In the following contents of this chapter, Section 4.1 first
describes the basic principles, in which the measurement and
calibration in Section 4.1.1 are the prerequisite for establishing
the function mapping of VPFP. Section 4.1.2 describes how to use the
characteristics of mapping functions to resolve scheduling cycle
planning conflicts; combined with the theory in Section 4.1.2,
Section 4.1.3 briefly introduces the overall process of resources
planning. Based on the principles of Section 4.1, Section 4.2
describes the complete scheme of resources reservation in detail,
including various data models involved in the scheme. Due to too
much content, the resources reservation process involved is
elaborated separately in Section 5.
4.1. Theoretical Model
4.1.1. Measurement and Calibration
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DetNet transit node A DetNet transit node B
+-------------------------+ +------------------------+
| Queuing | | Queuing |
| Regulator subsystem | | Regulator subsystem |
| +-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+ | | +-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+ |
-->+ | | | | | | | | | + +------>+ | | | | | | | | | + +--->
| +-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+ | | +-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+ |
| | | |
+-------------------------+ +------------------------+
|<->|<------>|<------->|<->|<---->|<->|<------>|<------>|<->|<--
2,3 4 5 6 1 2,3 4 5 6 1 2,3
1: Output delay 4: Processing delay
2: Link delay 5: Regulation delay
3: Frame preemption delay 6: Queuing delay
Figure 7: Timing model for DetNet or TSN
As shown in Figure 7, [RFC9320] highly abstracts the timing model of
the DetNet transit node. In a large-scale deterministic network, the
implementation of some DetNet transit nodes is a distributed
architecture, and the processing delay in these nodes varies widely,
which is the operation that contributes the most to the delay jitter.
In cycle-based queuing and forwarding, the jitter introduced by
various operations needs to be fully considered, so that the end-to-
end transmission delay can reach a definite bound.
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A
+-----+--------+
| 0 |********|\ B
+-----+--------+ \ +-----+--------+
| 1 | | \ | 0 | |
+-----+--------+ \ +-----+--------+
| 2 | | \ | 1 | |
+-----+--------+ \ +-----+--------+
| 3 | | \ | 2 |********| <-- CTQ
+-----+--------+ \ +-----+--------+
| 4 | | \ | 3 | |\<-- TRQ
+-----+--------+ \ +-----+--------+ \
| 5 | | \ | 4 | | \
+-----+--------+ \ +-----+--------+ \ <-- JTR
| 6 | | \ | 5 | | /
+-----+--------+ \ +-----+--------+ /
| 7 | | \->| 6 |********|/<-- SRQ
+-----+--------+ +-----+--------+
| 7 | |
+-----+--------+
CTQ : Current transmitting queue when the packet arrives
TRQ : Theoretical receiving queue for the packet
SRQ : Safe receiving queue for the packet
JTR : Jitter of the node
Figure 8: Mapping relationship between scheduling cycles of
outbound interfaces of upstream and downstream nodes
Taking CSQF as an example, before forwarding, it is necessary to
establish a mapping relationship between the scheduling cycles of the
outgoing interfaces of upstream and downstream nodes, and the process
is completed by measurement and calibration. (In order to simplify
the description, the specific interface of the Node A is uniformly
replaced by the Node A, and similar for Node B.)
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As shown in Figure 8, taking 8 cycles as an example, Node A and Node
B are two adjecent CSQF nodes. Node A is the upstream node, and Node
B is the downstream node. To know which cycle is being scheduled in
Node B (for example, cycle 2 in Figure 8) when packets sent from a
certain cycle in Node A (for example, cycle 0 in Figure 8) reaches
it, a measurement should be applied. The specific implementation of
the measurement is beyond the scope of this demo, and will not be
described here. After the measurement is done, the forwarding cycle
in Node B for these packets should be decided, which should take into
account the processing delay variant in the device. In this example,
for packets sent in cycle 0 of Node A, cycle 6 is chosen as
forwarding cycle in Node B. The packets sent in cycle 1 of Node A
are assigned to cycle 7 of Node B, and so on. This is the task to be
done by calibration.
After calibration, the scheduling cycles of A and that of B have the
following mapping relationship:
0 --> 6
1 --> 7
2 --> 0
3 --> 1
4 --> 2
5 --> 3
6 --> 4
7 --> 5.
In terms of jitter absorption in Figure 8, it is feasible to assign
the packet sent in the 0th scheduling cycle of Node A to the queue in
the 6th or 7th or 0th scheduling cycle of Node B. So there is more
than one mapping that can be calibrated.
4.1.2. Mapping Function and Scheduling Cycle Conflict Resolution
As described in Section 4.1.1, after the calibration is completed, a
definite mapping relationship is established between the scheduling
cycles of the outbound interface of the two adjacent nodes. This
relationship can be regarded as a function f: its domain is the
scheduling cycle range of Node A, 0~7, and its range is the
scheduling cycle range of Node B, 0~7. Further constraint can be
imposed on the mapping relationship: during calibration, any
scheduling cycle in A has one and only one scheduling cycle in B
which is calibrated with it. Under this constraint, the function f
becomes an injective function.
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[1]>> +-----+ [1]>>
-------| PE1 |------
+-----+ f1 \
\
\
\
\ f2
[2]>> +-----+ [2]>> +-----+ [1]>>
-------| PE2 |--------| P1 |------
+-----+ g1 +-----+ [2]>>\
g2 \
\
\ [1]>>
\ [2]>>
[3]>> +-----+ [3]>> +-----+ [3]>> +-----+ [3]>> +-----+
-------| PE3 |--------| P2 |--------| P3 |--------| P4 |
+-----+ h1 +-----+ h2 +-----+ +-----+
[N] : Flow N
> : Direction of flows
fN/gN/hN : Mapping functions
Figure 9: Schematic diagram of multiple flows convergence with
cycle mapping function
The cycle planning is further constrained: in the same CSQF domain,
all interface plan the same number of scheduling cycles. Under this
constraint, all mapping functions have the same domain and range.
Note:Different interfaces of the same node can belong to different
domains, and the cross-domain processing is beyond the scope of this
document.
It is assumed that the calibrated mapping between the scheduling
cycles of the outbound interfaces of the upstream and downstream
nodes described in Figure 9 also satisfies the injective function
relationship, and the calibrated relationship between the scheduling
cycles of the outbound interfaces of PE1 and P1 is the functional
relationship f1, and the calibrated mapping relationship between the
scheduling cycles of the outbound interfaces of P1 and P3 is the
functional relationship f2. The mapping relationship between the PE
and the scheduling cycles of the P3 outbound interface satisfies the
composite function f:
f = f2(f1)
According to the property of injective function, f is also an
injective function.
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Similarly, we can get:
g = g2(g1)
h = h2(h1)
and g, h are both injective functions, where g2 is the mapping
relationship between the scheduling cycle of outbound interface of P1
and the scheduling cycle of outbound interface of P3, and h2 is the
mapping relationship between the scheduling cycle of outbound
interface of P2 and the scheduling cycle of outbound interface of P3.
With the above constraints,assume the flow from PE1, PE2, and PE3
conflicts at P3, that is, they are mapped to the same scheduling
cycle. Let the scheduling cycles of flow in PE1, PE2, and PE3 be a,
b, and c respectively, the following situation occurs:
The function values of f(a), g(b) and h(c) appear the same, which is
a conflict. According to the property of the injective function, if
a is changed to d (d!= a), then f(d) != f(a), so f(d) != g(b) and
f(d) != h(c). Similarly, changing the input of function g or h can
also achieve the effect of eliminating conflict.
At the same time, it is easy to draw the following conclusions:
For f = f2(f1), if d != a, then f(d) != f(a) and f1(d) != f1(a).
Further generalize this conclusion: Suppose that the ordered set <f1,
f2, ..., fn> is a set composed of injective functions(where n is a
natural number), and the domain and range are both A, A={x|0<=x<k , x
and k are natural numbers}. The composite function composed of the
first i (1<=i<=n) functions is denoted as:
f[i] = fi(fi-1(...(f1))).
Let the proper subsets B and C of set A satisfy the condition:
The union of B and C is A, the intersection of B and C is empty set,
then for any b in B and any c in C, f[i](b) != f[i](c).
When planning the usage of scheduling cycles, the scheduling cycles
that have been traversed in the scheduling cycles of the head node of
VPFP (e.g., Ingress PE) are regarded as set B, and the scheduling
cycles that have not been traversed are regarded as set C. When a
conflict for a scheduling cycle occurs when converging with other
paths, a new scheduling cycle c is selected from C, and the new c and
the set elements that have been traversed in set B as input produce
different results. That is, there will be no cycle planning
conflicts starting from the same head node along the currently
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planning VPFP. In this way, it is only necessary to judge whether
there is a conflict with other path aggregation, and if there is no
conflict, the scheduling cycle planning is successful.
Note: When there are multiple mapping relationships that can be
calibrated, each calibrated relationship corresponds to a function.
In multiple planning, different function mappings can be used each
time.
4.1.3. Proposed Resources Planning Scheme
Under the prerequisite of rational utilization of resources,the key
issue to ensure that the theoretical conditions of CSQF are satisfied
is to plan a VPFC to be scheduled during a certain cycle of the
interface of the corresponding node. In other words, the forwarding
capability corresponding to the specified cycle interval on the
interface of the corresponding node is allocated to the VPFC. The
common feature of cycle-based forwarding is that all data is first
buffered and then forwarded in a specific cycle interval. Combined
with this feature, the more abstract forwarding capability during a
cycle can be converted into the cache resources required for the
specific data that can be forwarded during this cycle. The problem
is transformed into a buffer resources reservation problem, that is,
the buffer resources is reserved for the deterministic flows that are
allowed to be scheduled during the cycle (referred to as resources
reservation for cyclic forwarding), and the deterministic flows that
do not have buffer resources reserved are not scheduled during the
cycle.
According to the conclusion in Section 4.1.2, the resources in the
CSQF domain can be reasonably planned. When a scheduling cycle
conflict occurs on the convergence point or the outbound interface
with small bandwidth and the traffic entering from other paths,
change the planning cycle of the head node, then perform cycle
calculation along the VPFP and try to reserve resources. After the
attempt is successful, the conflict can be eliminated.
At the same time, because the mapping functions along the VPFP are
injection functions, we can regard the scheduling cycle and buffering
resources of the non-head node's aggregation interface or low-
bandwidth outbound interface to be shared as a common resources, and
allocate this common resources to the head nodes with deterministic
transmission requirements. The resources allocated on the head node
and the VPFP constitute the VPFC of our scheme.
The injective function also strictly constrains the corresponding
relationship between the head node and convergent node resources.
Therefore, the head node only needs to save the allocated resources
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of its own node, and does not need to save the allocated resources of
the non-head node (including sink node). The non-head node does not
need to save the resources allocation state, and the resources
allocation state is saved by the MCPE, so as to achieve the
lightweight implementation of the resources reservation of the non-
head node (e.g., P node).
While the head node of VPFP performs VPFC scheduling strictly
according to the resources allocated to the VPFC, conflicts can be
avoided on the non-head node's aggregation interface or low-bandwidth
outbound interface sharing transmission. Scheduling strictly
according to allocated resources on the head node is a key issue,
which will be further studied in other literatures.
According to [RFC8655], service flows can be aggregated and resources
can be reserved for the aggregated flows. With our solution, the
aggregated flows share the scheduled resources reserved on the edge
nodes, and the resources competition is localized. The delay jitter
caused by the aggregated flows will also be local, and it is easier
to realize the time delay bounded. In order to further optimize the
jitter of the member service flows in the aggregate flow, only the
scheduling resources allocated to the edge nodes of the aggregate
flow need to be further refined, and this arrangement will not cause
the change of global resources allocation.
By separating resources planning from measurement and calibration,
there is no need to consider the problem of path aggregation when
performing calibration after measurement, which can greatly reduce
the complexity of calibration.
4.2. Detailed Description of resources Reservation Scheme
In Section 4.1, we give a highly abstract description of the
principle and method of our resources reservation scheme, and give a
very high-level idea. This section discusses the scheme in detail,
including quantitative representation of forwarding resources
corresponding to the scheduling cycle, and description of the main
elements involved in the scheme. The detailed process of resources
reservation in this scheme is described in Section 5.
4.2.1. Establish New resources Metrics
Forwarding resources are a relatively vague concept. They include
not only bandwidth resources, but also device storage resources. For
example, high-speed on-chip caches inside ASICs are often measured in
units of bytes rather than bps. It is not enough to consider
bandwidth only when reserving resources, we have to establish a new
resources metric in bytes or bytes of a certain length, for example,
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64 bytes is one resources unit. The comprehensive capability of one
cycle is measured in new resources units, which covers cache
capacity, cycle interval time, and interface bandwidth. In this way,
the three dimensions of cycle duration, cache capacity, and physical
bandwidth are simplified into one dimension: the number of resources
units, so as to simplify the implementation of resources reservation.
For example, assuming that the backbone network is uniformly divided
into a 10us scheduling cycle and one resources unit has 64 bytes, the
data that can be transmitted on a 400G interface in each scheduling
cycle is about 7812 resources units, 1953 on a 100G interface, 195 on
a 10G interface, and 19 on a 1G interface. The amount of resources
that can be provided by the scheduling cycle of an interface is given
by the comprehensive evaluation of the implementation specifications
of devices such as interface bandwidth and storage resources.
Resources planning is done based on this quantity, which simplifies
implementation.
4.2.2. Resources Reservation Corresponding to the Scheduling Cycle
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[1]>> +-----+ [1]>>
-------| PE1 |------
+-----+ \
\
\
\
\
[2]>> +-----+ [2]>> +-----+ [1]>>
-------| PE2 |--------| P1 |------
+-----+ +-----+ [2]>>\
\
\
\ [1]>>
\ [2]>>
[3]>> +-----+ [3]>> +-----+ [3]>> +-----+ [3]>> +-----+
-------| PE3 |--------| P2 |--------| P3 |--------| P4 |
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
Resourc of the interfaces:
T=10us Buffers
+-----+ +--------+
/ | T | =====> | 1 |
| +-----+ +--------+
| | T | | 1 |
N cycles < +-----+ +--------+
| | ... | | ... |
| +-----+ +--------+
\ | T | | 1953 |
+-----+ +--------+
[N] : Flow N
> : Direction of flows
Figure 10: Scheduling cycle resources of the interface
This section extends the description of the method described in
Section 4.1 in conjunction with the constraints of Section 4.2.1.
According to the theory in Section 4.1, if the scheduling cycle a of
PE1 is mapped to the scheduling cycle c of P1, and the scheduling
cycle b of PE2 is also mapped to the scheduling cycle c of P1, then a
cycle conflict occurs. The conflict can be resolved by adjusting the
scheduling cycle a or b, but if P1 has multiple units of resources in
the same scheduling cycle, it is allowed to allocate resources in the
same scheduling cycle to PE1 and PE2 as needed, thereby increasing
the utilization of resources in the scheduling cycle.
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Based on the resources metrics proposed in Section 4.2.1, the
resources of the scheduling cycle are uniformly quantified. As shown
in Figure 10, assuming the data rates of all physical links are
100Gbps, and the length of the scheduling cycle is 10us, each
scheduling cycle can transmit 1953 64-byte data resources units.
Because of multiple resources belonging to one cycle, instead of
explicitly judging whether a scheduling cycle conflict occurs, it is
changed to judge whether the resources corresponding to the
scheduling cycle on the path meet the demand. If the demand for
resources can be satisfied, the corresponding resources are reserved.
Otherwise, the MCPE chooses another scheduling cycle as the input of
the function, and tries iterative calculation and resources
reservation again.
According to the resources demand of a DetNet flow, starting from the
head node of the VPFP, the functions in the path are sequentially
called along the VPFP for calculation. Firstly, the first value in
the domain of the function associated with the head node, is used as
the input of that function, and then the previous function's value is
used as the input value of the next function for iterative
calculation. Concomitantly, it is judged whether the resources of
the cycle corresponding to each input value and output value meet the
demand. If the resources do not meet the demand, the current
iterative calculation is terminated, and the next value in the domain
of the function associated with the head node is used as a new input,
and the above processing is continued. When all the values in the
domain of the function of the head node are traversed and fail to
meet the demand, no VPFC is successfully planned for the DetNet flow.
If the resources meets the demand, a VPFC is successfully planned,
and the remaining resources corresponding to the scheduling cycle are
updated along the planned VPFC. The controller plane records the
VPFC, and delivers the VPFC to the head node of the VPFP.
To optimize resources usage, multiple DetNet flows can be aggregated
together to share a VPFC. For example, suppose the cycle duration is
10us and 10 cycles are used, then each cycle will be scheduled once
every 100us. If 1 unit of resources is allocated to a VPFC for a
DetNet flow which sends 1 unit of data every 1ms, then only 1/10 of
the allocated resources is really used. If another DetNet flow
regularly sends 1 unit of data every 3ms, which has the same
forwarding path with the VPFC, then this VPFC can be shared. Of
course, this inevitably introduces jitter, but this jitter is
bounded, unperceived or tolerated by most applications, and can be
eliminated by other methods, which are beyond the scope of this
document.
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4.2.3. Resources of Scheduling Cycle Description
Scheduling cycle resources description:
(node, interface, scheduling cycle): (number of available resources,
number of initial resources), where the number of resources is
measured in uniform resources units. For example, in Figure 10,
assuming that the total number of cycles in the domain is uniformed
as 8, the cycle interval is 10us, the PE1's Intf0 is a 10Gbps
interface, and each cycle can forward about 193 units of resources.
For factors that have not been considered, some capabilities need to
be reserved, the number of resources can be initialized as 180. The
resources numbers of PE1's Intf0 are initialized as follows:
(PE1,Intf0,Cycle0): (180,180);
(PE1,Intf0,Cycle1): (180,180);
(PE1,Intf0,Cycle2): (180,180);
(PE1,Intf0,Cycle3): (180,180);
(PE1,Intf0,Cycle4): (180,180);
(PE1,Intf0,Cycle5): (180,180);
(PE1,Intf0,Cycle6): (180,180);
(PE1,Intf0,Cycle7): (180,180);
The P1's Intf3 is a 100Gbps interface, and each cycle can forward
about 1953 units of resources. For factors that have not been
considered, some capabilities need to be reserved, the number of
resources can be initialized as 1900. The resources numbers of P1's
Intf3 are initialized as follows:
(P1,Intf3,Cycle0): (1900, 1900);
(P1,Intf3,Cycle1): (1900, 1900);
(P1,Intf3,Cycle2): (1900, 1900);
(P1,Intf3,Cycle3): (1900, 1900);
(P1,Intf3,Cycle4): (1900, 1900);
(P1,Intf3,Cycle5): (1900, 1900);
(P1,Intf3,Cycle6): (1900, 1900);
(P1,Intf3,Cycle7): (1900, 1900);
The controller plane maintains the resources information of the
scheduling cycle of the interface of each node, and reduces the
number of available resources in the corresponding scheduling cycle
of the interface of the corresponding node after the DetNet flow path
resources reservation is performed.
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4.2.4. Mapping Function
Assuming that each node is divided into n equal-length scheduling
cycles, after measurement and calibration, there are n function
mapping relationships:
y = (x+k) mod n, the domain of definition is {x | 0<=x<n, x and n are
natural numbers}, and the value range of the constant k is: {k |
0<=k<n, k and n are natural numbers, n>3}, (In principle, the
scheduling cycle and the number of corresponding CSQF queues can be
less than 3, but in large-scale deterministic networks, it is
unrealistic to be less than or equal to 3, and it is not conducive to
resources planning).
Taking the network in Figure 9 as an example, it is assumed that each
node is divided into 8 (n=8) equal-length scheduling cycles. After
measurement, the function mapping relationships such as f1~2, g1~2,
and h1~2 are obtained by calibration as one of the following 8
functions:
y = (x+0) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
y = (x+1) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
y = (x+2) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
y = (x+3) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
y = (x+4) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
y = (x+5) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
y = (x+6) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
y = (x+7) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
As a specific example,these functions can be finally decided as:
f1(x) = (x+3) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
f2(x) = (x+1) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
g1(x) = (x+4) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
g2(x) = (x+5) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
h1(x) = (x+6) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
h2(x) = (x+7) mod 8, {x | 0<=x<8, x is a natural number};
The controller plane saves the mapping function which is one of the
components used to describe VPFP.
4.2.5. Resources Demand
The resources demand here is the input for reservation processing
after conversion processing of app-flow's requirements (see
[RFC9016]), not the original transmission requirement of an app-flow.
Resources demands are described as a list of requirements:
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{sub-demand 1, sub-demand 2, ...}
Each sub-demand looks like:
(Virtual Periodic Forwarding Path): (Outbound Interface, Scheduling
Cycle, Number of Resources Units Required, Minimum Allocation
Granularity Per Cycle).
The components of the above requirements are described as follows:
* "Virtual Periodic Forwarding Path" is used to specify the virtual
periodic forwarding path for allocating resources;
* "Outbound Interface" is the outgoing interface of the first node
in the virtual periodic forwarding path;
* "Scheduling Cycle" is used to specify which cycle to be selected
in the first node to send data. The resources of the cycle need
to be allocated. The scheduling cycle may not be specified,
indicating that any cycle can be used. Otherwise, the resources
are allocated according to the specified cycle;
* "Number of Resources Units Required" is used to specify the number
of resources required by the resources requirement;
* "Minimum Allocation Granularity per Cycle" specifies the minimum
number of resources allocated in the same scheduling cycle to
ensure that the same data packet of a deterministic service flow
does not cross the scheduling cycles. For example, if each packet
transmission of a service flow requires 2 resources units, then
the "Minimum Allocation Granularity per Cycle" will be 2, means at
least 2 resources units needs to be allocated from the same
scheduling cycle.
For the transmission requirements of app-flows with strict jitter
upper bound requirements, resources for a specified cycle may be
allocated. For example, a certain DetNet flow has a transmission
requirement of one resources unit, but it is required to be
transmitted in time, and the jitter is less than 2 scheduling cycles.
CSQF can meet this requirement. A unit of resources is allocated
from each cycle along the VPFP, so that no matter when the data of
the service flow arrives, there is always a unit of resources is
ready.
In order to facilitate the following description, the demand list is
further symbolized, and the resources demand is described as the
demand list DemandList:
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{SubDemand1, SubDemand2, ...}
SubDemand for each specified cycle is in the form of:
(VPFP): (oif,cycle,res,min);
That is, SubDemand1 is set to "(VPFP): (oif1, cycle1, res1, min1)".
The allocation of sub-requirements for each non-specified cycle is as
follows:
(VPFP): (oif, InvalidCycle, res, min);
That is, SubDemand1 is set to "(VPFP): (oif1, InvalidCycle, res1,
min1)".
where VPFP is described in Section 3.1, for example, VPFP is:
(PE1,Intf0) f1 (P1,Intf3) f2 (P3,Intf3) f3 (P4,Intf2) f4 (PE5,Intf0)
For example, for a flow, its path is the above VPFP, and for its
specified cycle allocation, its resources demand list DemandList on
PE1 can be expressed as:
{
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle0,1,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle1,1,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle2,1,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle3,1,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle4,1,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle5,1,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle6,1,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle7,1,1)
}
The above allocation indicates that resources of 0 to 7 cycles are
allocated to the flow, and one unit of resources is allocated from
each cycle; and if the resources list DemandList allocated by the
scheduling cycle is not specified, it can be expressed as:
{(VPFP): (intf0, InvalidCycle, 10, 2)}, where InvalidCycle is the
invalid cycle, defined by the implementation.
4.2.6. Resources Reservation Process
For details, see Section 5.
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4.2.7. Resources Reservation Results
The resources allocation result of the specified scheduling cycle is
exactly the same as the resources allocation result of the non-
specified cycle, and it is described as a result list:
{subresult 1, subresult 2, ...}
Each sub-result looks like:
(path information): (outbound interface, scheduling cycle, number of
resources units).
In order to facilitate the following description, the resources
allocation result list is further symbolized, and the resources
allocation result is the result list ResultList:
{SubResult1,SubResult2, ...}
SubResult of each specified cycle sub-requirement is as follows:
(VPFP): (oif, cycle, res);
That is, SubResult1 is set to (VPFP): (oif1, cycle1, res1).
Where VPFP is described in Section 3.3, for example:
VPFP is:
(PE1,Intf0) f1 (P1,Intf3) f2 (P3,Intf3) f3 (P4,Intf2) f4 (PE5,Intf0)
List of results after the specified cycle reservation method is
successful:
{
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle0,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle1,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle2,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle3,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle4,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle5,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle6,1),
(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle7,1),
}
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After the reservation of non-specified cycle resources is successful,
the resulting list contains the actually reserved cycles and their
corresponding resources. Suppose the requirements of Flow1 are as
follows:
{(VPFP): (intf0, InvalidCycle, 10, 2)}
After the allocation is successful, the result list may be:
{(VPFP): (intf0,Cycle0,10)}
It may also be as follows, when one cycle cannot meet the
transmission demand, it is allocated from multiple cycles:
{
(VPFP): (intf0, Cycle0, 5),
(VPFP): (intf0, Cycle1, 5)
}
Note: When resources requirements are allocated for multiple
scheduling cycles, ensure that the resources allocated for each cycle
can transmit the full packet in service.
After the resources is successfully reserved, the MCPE needs to
record the VPFC planned for the DetNet flow, which will be used for
the reasons of VPFC recycling, modifying, etc. Since the topology
may change, resources reclamation cannot rely on topology
information. Therefore, it is necessary to save the VPFC allocated
on the PE on the controller plane.
5. Resources-Related Processing Flow (informative)
This section gives a detailed resources-related processing flow. At
the same time, the complex issue of resources recycling will be
briefly covered, and there will be discussions of unresolved issues
related to resources reservation. These discussions do not give any
direction to the solution developer for how they should do with the
forwarding resources recycling, but to point out that these issues
should not be ignored in the implementation.
5.1. Collection Process of Cycle Resources
For simplicity, this solution is based on the existing best-effort
forwarding mechanism and do some extensions. In terms of network
topology and path planning, it directly inherits current
implementation. For example, collecting topology through IGP and
BGP-LS, measuring inter-node delay through NQA or TWAMP, collecting
link delay through NETCONF, planning paths that meet application
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delay requirements based on CSPF, are all existing technologies. The
specific implementation is beyond the scope of this document.
In order to implement this solution, it is necessary to add some new
functions on the basis of the existing implementation, including
establishing a resources database in the periodic forwarding domain.
The database needs to include the association relationship of
interface, cycle, and forwarding resources, and also needs to include
the mapping relationship between the outgoing interfaces of the
upstream node and the downstream node. For reference, a new added
process can be:
1. Plan the scheduling cycle of nodes in the deterministic domain,
including the cycle length and the number.
2. Install the planned path, and configure the scheduling cycle to
the interfaces of the nodes along the path;
3. The MCPE collects the number of resources of the scheduling cycle
on the outgoing interface of each node along the path through
YANG/NETCONF.
4. The MCPE measures the mapping relationship between the outgoing
interface cycles of the upstream node and the downstream node.
For example, if a packet is sent from cycle 0 in the upstream
node's outgoing interface, and when it reaches the downstream
node, cycle 5 of the downstream node's outgoing interface is
being scheduled, then the mapping relationship between the two
interfaces is 0 to 5. To achieve this, a new measurement method
is needed, which will be described in a separate document (TBD);
5. The MCPE collects the cycle mapping information between nodes and
the processing delay inside each node through NETCONF/YANG.
Based on this information, the injective function described in
Section 4.2.4 is established;
6. The MCPE uses the collected path information and the cycle
mapping information to establish the path information described
in Section 3.1, and saves them in the control plane.
5.2. Process Flow of Reserving Cycle Resources
When a deterministic service flow session needs to be established, it
sends a request to the MCPE. The MCPE selects a path and allocate
resources according to the flow characteristics. The overall process
is as follows:
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1. When the USER has a deterministic service flow session to
establish, it sends a request and the flow characteristics to the
MCPE, following the format described in [RFC9016];
2. The MCPE translates the flow characteristics provided by the USER
into resources demands. If there are any interfaces in the
planned path whose periodic resources information has not been
collected by the MCPE, the MCPE will install the interfaces and
collect their resources information as described in Section 5.1;
3. The MCPE translates the resources demand into the resources units
demand as described in Section 4.2.1, and decides whether the
demand type is specified cycle (type 1, see Section 5.2.1) or un-
specified cycle (type 2, Section 5.2.2). The form of the
translated resources demand is described in Section 4.2.5;
4. The MCPE reserves the resources according to the demand type.
See Section 5.2.1 and Section 5.2.2 for detail;
5. If the resources reservation succeeds, the session will be
established. Otherwise, the MCPE will select a new path and
repeat from step 2, until the timeout is hit;
6. When successfully planned VPFC, the allocated resources need to
be delivered to the head node of the VPFP. For the configuration
data model, see Section 3.3. The head node of the VPFP schedules
according to the allocated resources. The implementation of the
head node of the VPFP is beyond the scope of this document and
will be described in detail in other documents (TBD).
After a VPFC is established, the VPFC is scheduled based on the its
buffer resources in the scheduling cycle of the VPFP head node, so
that conflict of periodic data forwarding will not occur in the CSQF
domain.
5.2.1. Reservation Calculation for Resources with Specified Cycle
Assuming the format of the path information calculated by MCPE is as
described in Section 3.1, then VPFP1 is:
(PE1,Intf0) f1 (P1,Intf3) f2 (P3,Intf3) f3 (P4,Intf2) f4 (PE5,Intf0)
The resources demand list for specified cycle is:
{
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle0,1,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle1,1,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle2,1,1),
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(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle3,1,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle4,1,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle5,1,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle6,1,1),
(VPFP1): (intf0,Cycle7,1,1)
}
For the convenience, the node, outgoing interface, and available
resources are respectively abbreviated as cn (Current Node), ci, and
ar. So cn.ci.ar[c] denotes the available resources in cycle c of the
outgoing interface of current node. For the above resources demands
for specified scheduling cycle, perform the following resources
reservation calculation and reservation processing:
1. Let SubDemand be the first entry(sub-demand) of DemandList. The
format of SubDemand is: (VPFP):(oif,cycle,res,min); Go to 2);
2. Get VPFP from SubDemand. Let IngressPE be the first node in
VPFP, and EgressPE be the last node in VPFP. Let cn be
IngressPE. Variant j keeps the value of the current node's
scheduling cycle, let j=cycle. Go to 3);
3. If cn.ci.ar[j] >= res, it indicates that the available resources
in the current scheduling cycle meet the resources demand, go to
4); otherwise, the reservation fails, go to 8);
4. If cn is the EgressPE of VPFP, then the resources reservation of
the entire VPFP for SubDemand completed. Save the result to
ResultList, then go to 5); otherwise, go to 6);
5. If SubDemand is the last entry in DemandList, it indicates that
all sub-demands have been satisfied, then go to 7); Otherwise,
let SubDemand be the next entry in DemandList, then go to 2);
6. From VPFP, get the mapping function fx between cn.ci and the
outgoing interface of the next node. Then update cn, let it be
the next node in VPFP, and cn.ci is the corresponding outgoing
interface. Calculate the scheduling cycle for the outgoing
interface of the next node, and update the value of j. That is,
let j=fx(j). Go to 3);
7. The resources reservation calculation succeed, and the resources
reservation will be performed. For details, see Section 5.2.3.
8. The resources reservation calculation fails, the ResultList
should be recycled. For details, see the overall process at the
beginning of Section 5.2.
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5.2.2. Reservation Calculation for Resources with Non-Specified Cycle
Assuming the format of the path calculated by MCPE is as described in
Section 3.1, and VPFP1 is:
(PE1,Intf0) f1 (P1,Intf3) f2 (P3,Intf3) f3 (P4,Intf2) f4 (PE5,Intf0),
and VPFP2 is:
(PE2,Intf0) g1 (P1,intf3) f2 (P3,intf3) f3 (P4,intf2) f5 (PE5,Intf1)
The resources demand list for unspecified cycle is:
{
(VPFP1): (intf0, InvalidCycle, 10,2);
(VPFP2): (intf0, InvalidCycle, 8,2)
},
Where InvalidCycle means invalid cycle, whose value is defined by the
implementation.
For the above resources demands for non-specified scheduling cycle,
perform the following resources reservation calculation and
reservation processing:
1. Let SubDemand be the first sub-demand entry of DemandList. The
format of SubDemand is: (VPFP): (oif,cycle,res,min). Go to 2);
2. Get VPFP from SubDemand. Let IngressPE be the first node in
VPFP, and EgressPE be the last node in VPFP. Let cn be
IngressPE. Some variants are defined: j keeps the value of the
current node's scheduling cycle; c keeps the value of the
scheduling cycle in IngressPE; Demand keeps the number of
resources to be reserved; CandDemandRes keeps the number of
candidate demand resources corresponding to cycle j. The search
starts from the cycle 0 in IngressPE, so the initial values are
: cn=IngressPE; c=j=0; SubDemandRes=res;
CandDemandRes=SubDemandRes; Go to 3);
3. If cn.ci.ar[j] >= CandDemandRes, it indicates that the available
resources of the current scheduling cycle meet the resources
demand SubDemandRes. Let j=c, go to 4); otherwise, go to 8);
4. If cn is the EgressPE of VPFP, It indicates that the available
resources of all scheduling cycles along the VPFP corresponding
to the scheduling cycle c of the head node meet the resources
demand CandDemandRes, then go to 5); otherwise, go to 6);
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5. Record the SubResult currently calculated, where SubResult is
(VPFP): (oif, c, CandDemandRes), add SubResult to the result-
list ResultList, go to 7);
6. From VPFP, get the mapping function fx between cn.ci and the
outgoing interface of the next node. Then update cn, let it be
the next node in VPFP, and cn.ci is the corresponding outgoing
interface. Calculate the scheduling cycle for the outgoing
interface of the next node, and update the value of j. That is,
let j=fx(j). Go to 3);
7. If CandDemandRes >= SubDemandRes, it indicates that the
remaining resources demand of SubDemand is met, go to 8);
otherwise, go to 10) ;
8. If SubDemand is the last entry in DemandList, it indicates that
all sub-demands have been satisfied, then go to step 19);
otherwise, go to 9);
9. Let SubDemand be the next entry in DemandList, then go to 2);
10. If c<cycles-1, which means c is not the last scheduling cycle,
go to 11); otherwise, it means all cycles of IngressPE have been
traversed, but the resources demands cannot be met, go to step
20);
11. Let SubDemandRes = SubDemandRes - CandDemandRes. Go to 12);
12. If SubDemandRes<min, It indicates that the remaining resources
demand is less than the minimum allocation granularity, then go
to 13); otherwise, go to 14);
13. Let SubDemandRes=min, which updates the remaining resources
demand as the minimum allocation granularity; go to 14);
14. Prepare for the next scheduling cycle of IngressPE to be
processed. Let CandDemandRes=SubDemandRes, c=c+1, j=c,
cn=IngressPE. Go to step 3);
15. If c<cycles-1, which means c is not the last scheduling cycle,
then go to 16); otherwise, it means all cycles of IngressPE have
been traversed, but the resources demands cannot be met, go to
step 20);
16. Let k=floor(cn.ci.ar[j]/min), where min is the minimum
allocation granularity. Go to 17);
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17. If k>0, it indicates that the available resources of the current
scheduling cycle of the current node meet part of the resources
demand, then go to 18); otherwise go to 14);
18. Let CandDemandRes=k*min, go to 4);
19. The resources reservation calculation succeeds, and the
resources reservation will be performed. For details, see
Section 5.2.3.
20. The resources reservation calculation fails, release the
resources in the ResultList. For failure handling, see the
overall process at the beginning of Section 5.2.
5.2.3. Execution of Cycle Resources Reservation
After the resources reservation calculation, the resources
reservation is executed. The MCPE traverse the ResultList and
perform the following resources reservation operations:
1. Let SubResult be the first entry in ResultList. The format of
SubResult is: (VPFP): (oif, cycle, res). Go to 2);
2. Get VPFP from SubResult. Let IngressPE be the first node in
VPFP, and EgressPE be the last node in VPFP. Let cn be
IngressPE. Let j be the current cycle, so j=cycle. Go to 3);
3. Update the resources of the cycle j, that is, the number of
resources of cn.ci.ar[j] is reduced by res. See Section 4.2.3
for the description of the resources of the cycle. Go to 4);
4. If cn is the EgressPE of VPFP, then the resources reservation of
the entire VPFP completed, go to 5); otherwise, go to 6);
5. If SubResult is the last entry in ResultList, then the
reservation is completed for all sub-results, go to 7);
otherwise, let SubResult be the next entry in ResultList, go to
2);
6. From VPFP, get the mapping function fx between cn.ci and the
outgoing interface of the next node. Then update cn, let it be
the next node in VPFP, and cn.ci is the corresponding outgoing
interface. Calculate the cycle for the outgoing interface of the
next node, and update the value of j. That is, let j=fx(j). Go
to 4);
7. Save ResultList to the database, then return success.
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5.2.4. Resources Reservation for PREOF
For a PREOF implementation, each resources reservation demand on a
VPFP forms a sub-demand (see Section 4.2.5). Multiple sub-demands
form a demand list for resources reservation calculation and
reservation (see Section 4.2.1, Section 4.2.2 and Section 4.2.3).
For example, suppose there is a deterministic service flow that
requires two member paths to form a compound path to increase
reliability. Where one of the member paths is VPFP1:
(PE1,Intf0) f1 (P1,Intf3) f2 (P3,Intf3) f3 (P4,Intf2) f4 (PE5,Intf0)
Another Member Path is VPFP2:
(PE1,Intf1) g1 (P2,Intf3) f2 (P5,intf3) f3 (P6,intf2) f5 (PE5,Intf0)
In this example, the DetNet flow is injected from PE1 and copied on
PE1. The original flow and the copy are sent from Intf0 and Intf1
respectively. The original flow and the copy are finally aggregated
on PE5, and the aggregated data flows out from Intf0 of PE5 after
processing. The bandwidth requirement of this service flow is 10
resources units. Due to the multi-path, the jitter caused by unequal
path lengths is greater than the jitter caused by the access PE
scheduling cycle. Therefore, for the PREOF deployment method, the
resources reservation method with a non-specified cycle is more
practical. Assuming that the resources demand of the service flow is
10 resources units, and the minimum granularity of resources
allocation in each cycle is 2 resources units, the following non-
specified cycle resources demand list is formed:
{
(VPFP1): (intf0, InvalidCycle, 10,2);
(VPFP2): (intf0, InvalidCycle, 10,2);
},
Where InvalidCycle is the invalid cycle, whose value is defined by
the implementation.
5.2.5. Bandwidth Increase Procedure
When the bandwidth demand of a service flow increases, convert the
newly added bandwidth demand into resources demand to form the demand
list described in Section 4.2.5, and execute the combined processing
flow of Section 4.2.1 and Section 4.2.4 or Section 4.2.2 and
Section 4.2.4.
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5.2.6. Reroute
For a single path change, the MCPE recycles the old path resources
and reserves demanded resources along the new path.
For the PREOF implementation, the process for one VPFP change is same
as the process for a single path change.
5.2.7. Reclaiming Reserved Resources
Resources recycling is a key issue. The resources recycling process
is relatively complex. In an LDN, resources that have been allocated
will not be used for various reasons. If they are not recycled,
resources "leakage" will occur, reducing the effective utilization of
the network.
The reasons that may trigger the resources recovery include:
1. DetNet flow deletion;
2. Changes in service flow demands. One scenario is the flow's
resources demand changes. In this case, the original VPFC may no
longer meet the demand, and needs to be re-planned, so the
allocated resources should be recycled and the new ones should be
reserved. Another scenario is the resources demand of a flow is
reduced. In this case, some resources that have been reserved
for the flow need to be recycled, but no new resources needs to
be reserved.
3. One or more nodes along the VPFP fail. In this case, the
resources reserved by all service flows in the failure nodes need
to be recycled. For PREOF, some resources may serve one than one
VPFPs, in which case the resources can be recycle only when all
the VPFPs fail. The detailed process for node failing is out of
scope of this document and left for further study.
4. The controller detects a flow failure through monitoring methods
like periodical handshaking.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-controller-plane-framework] meations the
convergent management plane method. Resources recovery is a
comprehensive and complex problem, and the convergent management
plane method is also suitable.
5. In PREOF mode, if resources reservation for some member VPFPs
fails, all the resources reserved for all member VPFPs should be
recycled.
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As a common resource, the scheduling cycle resources should be
correlated with the OAM module. When OAM detects some failure or
abnormality, recycling of the scheduling cycle resources should be
triggered. Therefore, the scheduling cycle resources recovery is
also a part of the OAM that needs to be enhanced.
6. Security Considerations
The security considerations related to resources reservation are the
same as those described in
[I-D.ietf-detnet-controller-plane-framework]. In addition, it is
necessary to deal with the errors mentioned in [IEEE802.1Qci] , such
as exceeding SDU, etc. This kind of process includes discarding and
counting the packets, and is usually implemented on the forwarding
plane.
7. IANA Considerations
This document makes no IANA requests.
8. Acknowledgements
The authors express their appreciation and gratitude to Min Liu for
the review and helpful comments.
9. Contributors
The editor wishes to thank and acknowledge the following author for
contributing text to this document.
Lei Zhou
New H3C Technologies
100094
Email: zhou.leiH@h3c.com
Shiyin Zhu
New H3C Technologies
100094
Email: zhushiyin@h3c.com
Zuopin Cheng
New H3C Technologies
100094
Email: czp@h3c.com
Ning Pan
New H3C Technologies
100094
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Email: panning@h3c.com
Shenchao Xu
New H3C Technologies
100094
Email: xushenchao@h3c.com
Xusheng Chen
New H3C Technologies
100094
Email: cxs@h3c.com
Pin Wu
New H3C Technologies
100094
Email: wupin@h3c.com
Jun Chu
New H3C Technologies
100094
Email: chu.jun@h3c.com
Wei Wang
New H3C Technologies
100094
Email: david_wang@h3c.com
Xinmin Liu
New H3C Technologies
100094
Email: liuxinmin@h3c.com
10. Informative References
[I-D.chen-detnet-sr-based-bounded-latency]
Chen, M., Geng, X., and Z. Li, "Segment Routing (SR) Based
Bounded Latency", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
chen-detnet-sr-based-bounded-latency-01, 7 May 2019,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-chen-detnet-sr-
based-bounded-latency-01.txt>.
[I-D.eckert-detnet-mpls-tc-tcqf]
Eckert, T. T., Bryant, S., and A. G. Malis, "Deterministic
Networking (DetNet) Data Plane - MPLS TC Tagging for
Cyclic Queuing and Forwarding (MPLS-TC TCQF)", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-eckert-detnet-mpls-tc-
tcqf-03, 11 July 2022, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/
draft-eckert-detnet-mpls-tc-tcqf-03.txt>.
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[I-D.ietf-detnet-controller-plane-framework]
Malis, A. G., Geng, X., Chen, M., Qin, F., and B. Varga,
"Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Controller Plane
Framework", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
detnet-controller-plane-framework-03, 30 December 2022,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-detnet-
controller-plane-framework-03.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-scaling-requirements]
Liu, P., Li, Y., Eckert, T. T., Xiong, Q., Ryoo, J.,
zhushiyin, and X. Geng, "Requirements for Large-Scale
Deterministic Networks", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-ietf-detnet-scaling-requirements-00, 9 December
2022, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-detnet-
scaling-requirements-00.txt>.
[I-D.qiang-detnet-large-scale-detnet]
Qiang, L., Geng, X., Liu, B., Eckert, T. T., Geng, L., and
G. Li, "Large-Scale Deterministic IP Network", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-qiang-detnet-large-scale-
detnet-05, 2 September 2019,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-qiang-detnet-large-
scale-detnet-05.txt>.
[IEEE802.1Qch]
IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area
networks -- Bridges and Bridged Networks - Amendment 29:
Cyclic Queuing and Forwarding", IEEE 802.1Qch-2017,
DOI 10.1109/IEEESTD.2017.7961303, 28 June 2017,
<https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2017.7961303>.
[IEEE802.1Qci]
IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area
networks -- Bridges and Bridged Networks - Amendment 28:
Per-Stream Filtering and Policing", IEEE 802.1Qci-2017,
DOI 10.1109/IEEESTD.2017.8064221, 28 September 2017,
<https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2017.8064221>.
[RFC3209] Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V.,
and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP
Tunnels", RFC 3209, DOI 10.17487/RFC3209, December 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3209>.
[RFC3473] Berger, L., Ed., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation Protocol-
Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions", RFC 3473,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3473, January 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3473>.
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[RFC6020] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.
[RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
(NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
[RFC8557] Finn, N. and P. Thubert, "Deterministic Networking Problem
Statement", RFC 8557, DOI 10.17487/RFC8557, May 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8557>.
[RFC8655] Finn, N., Thubert, P., Varga, B., and J. Farkas,
"Deterministic Networking Architecture", RFC 8655,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8655, October 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8655>.
[RFC8938] Varga, B., Ed., Farkas, J., Berger, L., Malis, A., and S.
Bryant, "Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Data Plane
Framework", RFC 8938, DOI 10.17487/RFC8938, November 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8938>.
[RFC9016] Varga, B., Farkas, J., Cummings, R., Jiang, Y., and D.
Fedyk, "Flow and Service Information Model for
Deterministic Networking (DetNet)", RFC 9016,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9016, March 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9016>.
[RFC9320] Finn, N., Le Boudec, J.-Y., Mohammadpour, E., Zhang, J.,
and B. Varga, "Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Bounded
Latency", RFC 9320, DOI 10.17487/RFC9320, November 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9320>.
Authors' Addresses
Daorong Guo
New H3C Technologies Co., Ltd
Beijing
100094
China
Email: guodaorong@h3c.com
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Guangliang Wen
New H3C Technologies Co., Ltd
Beijing
100094
China
Email: wenguangliang@h3c.com
Kehan Yao
China Mobile
Beijing
100053
China
Email: yaokehan@chinamobile.com
Guoyu Peng
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Beijing
100876
China
Email: guoyupeng@bupt.edu.cn
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