Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) Deployment Observations
draft-heist-tsvwg-ecn-deployment-observations-01
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| Author | Peter G. Heist | ||
| Last updated | 2021-02-20 (Latest revision 2021-02-18) | ||
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draft-heist-tsvwg-ecn-deployment-observations-01
Transport Working Group P. Heist
Internet-Draft 20 February 2021
Intended status: Informational
Expires: 24 August 2021
Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) Deployment Observations
draft-heist-tsvwg-ecn-deployment-observations-01
Abstract
This note presents data gathered at an Internet Service Provider's
gateway on the observed deployment and usage of ECN. Relevant IP
counter and flow tracking data was collected and analyzed for TCP and
other protocols.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 24 August 2021.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
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as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Collection Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. ECN Endpoint Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.1. Client Initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.2. Server Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. RFC3168 AQM Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3. ECN Codepoints on Non-TCP Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3.1. Tunneled Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3.2. Use of the ECN Field for Historical Reasons . . . . . 6
3.3.3. Use of the ECN Field Inadvertently . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3.4. Use of the ECN Field Maliciously . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Study Limitations and Recommendations for Future Work . . . . 7
4.1. ECN Acceptance Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Not-ECT Counts by IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3. Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4. Non-TCP Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.5. Other Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.6. NS Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Abbreviated Output from ecn-stats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1. All IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2. TCP initiated from LAN to WAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.3. Non-TCP conntrack-supported protocols initiated from LAN to
WAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8. Affiliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1. Introduction
To help guide the evolution of ECN, there is a need for more data on
current deployment status, and observed usage of the ECN related
bits, including:
* the initiation and acceptance of ECN capable TCP flows
* marking via CE, and feedback for TCP via the ECE and CWR flags
* codepoints set on packets for protocols other than TCP
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For several weeks, we gathered data on all traffic through an
Internet Service Provider's gateway. Though some of the results are
informative, we caution that a larger, more widely reviewed and
geographically distributed survey would be needed to be
authoritative.
2. Collection Details
From December 28, 2020 to January 20, 2021, data was gathered on all
traffic into and out of the Internet gateway at FreeNet Liberec, a
cooperative WISP in an urban area of the Czech Republic. A total of
122.5 TB of incoming data and 12 TB of outgoing data was seen.
Around 660 members belong to the ISP, and 861 member IP addresses on
the LAN were considered active during data collection. Most member
IPs are used by a household of users, while others are for individual
devices and public locations.
[IPTABLES-ECN] was used to collect and analyze the data. This
consists of a script to gather the data using iptables and ipsets in
Linux, and an analysis program that produces textual output. An
abbreviated version of the output is included in Section 5. See the
referred to source repository for more details and full output.
3. Observations
Our key observations are summarized as follows, and further expanded
upon in the following sections:
* 1.44% of TCP flows initiated ECN, across 45% of member IPs.
* The acceptance rate for ECN flows was likely >50%.
* 24% of member IPs that negotiated TCP ECN flows saw apparent AQM
marking via CE or ECE, with more congestion observed on the
downstream.
* 42% of the member IPs that saw CE or ECE were from subnets that
have known AQM instances in the ISP's backhaul, and the remainder
appear to be from unknown AQMs.
* Nonzero ECN codepoints were observed on 0.053% of non-TCP packets,
with possible attribution to tunneled ECN and/or misuse of the ECN
field.
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3.1. ECN Endpoint Activity
3.1.1. Client Initiation
Of 319.5 million TCP SYNs from LAN to WAN, 1.44% indicated ECN
capability. Of 861 active member IP addresses, 390 (45.3%) attempted
initiation for at least one ECN flow. A large proportion of the ECN
flows are thought to come from Apple devices.
3.1.2. Server Acceptance
While 4.6 million ECN TCP SYNs were seen from LAN to WAN, 3.3 million
ECN SYN-ACKs were seen in return. While it's not possible to get an
exact ECN acceptance rate from this, it appears to be reasonably
high, likely due to default acceptance on prevailing server operating
systems like Linux, FreeBSD and recent versions of Windows Server.
3.2. RFC3168 AQM Activity
There appears to be evidence of [RFC3168] marking AQMs. Of 861
active member IP addresses:
* 382 member IPs, or 44%, successfully negotiated any TCP ECN flows
* 90 member IPs, or 24% of those that negotiated ECN, saw any CE or
ECE marks on negotiated TCP ECN flows
Two backhaul links have fq_codel [RFC8290] deployed, serving the
10.45.64.0/24 and 10.45.235.0/24 subnets. This accounts for 38 of
the 90 member IP addresses that saw CE or ECE, with the source of the
remaining CE and ECE marks unknown. These are presumed to be from
other [RFC3168] marking AQM instances.
Note that depending on the position of the marking AQM relative to
the gateway, CE marks may not be seen on some packets, while TCP ECE
flags are seen in the opposite direction. For a number of member IP
addresses, we saw 0 CE marks downstream, but ECE flags set upstream,
suggesting an AQM downstream from the gateway marking downstream
traffic.
3.3. ECN Codepoints on Non-TCP Protocols
Referring to the packet counts in the _All IP_ / _Both Directions_
table in the stats output in Section 5, where M indicates megapackets
and G, gigapackets:
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+========+==========+===============+=========+==========+
| | TCP | Conntrack (X) | Other | Total |
+========+==========+===============+=========+==========+
| All | 76.60 G | -> | 43.52 G | 120.14 G |
+--------+----------+---------------+---------+----------+
| CE | 10031 | 3.38 M | 813951 | 4.20 M |
+--------+----------+---------------+---------+----------+
| ECT(0) | 523.91 M | 9.66 M | 2.55 M | 536.12 M |
+--------+----------+---------------+---------+----------+
| ECT(1) | 63 | 6.68 M | 182928 | 6.86 M |
+--------+----------+---------------+---------+----------+
Table 1
(X) UDP, ICMP, DCCP, SCTP, GRE (Conntrack All packets included in
Other)
We note the following:
* TCP accounted for 97.7% of the 536 million ECT(0) marks
* 0.68% of all TCP packets were marked with a nonzero ECN codepoint
* 0.053% of all non-TCP packets were marked with a nonzero ECN
codepoint
* Non-TCP accounted for 99.8% of the 4.2 million CE marks
* Non-TCP accounted for virtually all of the ECT(1) marks
Possible explanations for ECN marks on non-TCP packets are explored
further in this section.
3.3.1. Tunneled Traffic
There are several different encapsulation methods used when handling
the ECN field through tunnels, as per [RFC3168] and [RFC6040]:
1. copy the ECN field from the inner to the outer packet
2. reset the ECN field on the outer packet to ECT(0)
3. set Not-ECT on the outer packet
When method 3 is used at both ends of a tunnel, we would not expect
to see ECN codepoint usage in either direction.
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When methods 1 or 2 are used at both ends of a tunnel, we would
expect to see ECT(0) on both incoming and outgoing packets. We would
also expect a bias towards incoming packets, since more data is
generally downloaded than uploaded, and pure ACKs do not have ECT(0)
marks.
When method 3 is used at only one end of the tunnel, we would expect
to see ECT(0) on packets in only one direction.
We note the following:
* Bi-directional ECT(0) marks were observed for two member IP / port
pairs, on UDP port 443 and 60001.
* Uni-directional ECT(0) marks were observed for:
- UDP port 4500 (IPSec NAT traversal [RFC3948]) with 23 member IP
addresses downstream, and 1 member IP address upstream.
- UDP port 51820 [WIREGUARD] with 2 member IP addresses
downstream.
- Numerous UDP ports in other ranges, mostly on the downstream.
While it's possible that some of the data observed was from tunneled
ECN traffic, this can't be established definitively.
3.3.2. Use of the ECN Field for Historical Reasons
Some applications may still use historical definitions of the former
TOS byte. Although RFC791 reserved the ECN field for future use, the
now obsolete [RFC1349] defined the TOS field as four bits within the
Type of Service octet, one of which overlaps with the ECN field.
This may account for some of the observed usage of ECT(0), since the
value for "minimize monetary cost" was 0001, shifted to the left one
bit, coinciding with ECT(0).
3.3.3. Use of the ECN Field Inadvertently
Users of operating system's socket APIs wishing to set a DiffServ
codepoint may be confused as to whether or not they need to shift the
desired value left two bits before passing it in. Additionally, OS
header files have been seen with out-of-date definitions for obsolete
values in the former Type of Service octet, and obsolete definitions
from [RFC2481].
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Another possible source of confusion is the TOS field values listed
in the now obsolete [RFC1349], without having been shifted. A casual
reader could see the value 0001 for "minimize monetary cost" and
think that they should use this value in the TOS byte, conflicting
with ECT(1), not realizing that:
* [RFC1349] is obsolete
* even if it weren't obsolete, the TOS values must be shifted to the
left *by one bit*
To reduce incorrect usages of the DS field, OS header files should be
sanitized, obsolete RFCs more prominently marked as such, and API
documentation brought up to date.
3.3.4. Use of the ECN Field Maliciously
It's possible that some software is using the ECN field to gain an
advantage in Internet queues or for some other nefarious purpose.
Further analysis would be needed to determine if this is the case.
4. Study Limitations and Recommendations for Future Work
4.1. ECN Acceptance Rate
While we captured the ratio of ECN SYNs to ECN SYN-ACKs, we do not
have an exact count of flows that were accepted or rejected. It may
be possible to do this more accurately with additional iptables rules
in [IPTABLES-ECN].
4.2. Not-ECT Counts by IP
While we captured the nonzero ECN codepoints by IP address,
separately for TCP and conntrack-supported protocols, we do not have
a count of Not-ECT by IP address. Although it may be possible to
obtain this, it would require an ipset lookup for every packet
traversing the gateway.
4.3. Tunnels
Tunnel protocols are challenging because of the different
encapsulation methods and protocols used. An analysis at the flow
level, rather than by IP address and destination port pairs, might be
more useful in identifying the usage of ECN over tunnels.
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4.4. Non-TCP Protocols
More research is needed into the reasons for ECN codepoints being set
on non-TCP traffic. Given the relatively low volume of this traffic,
it might be practical to take packet captures of it for further
analysis.
Additionally, we are currently not able to differentiate between the
total number of packets for conntrack-supported and Other protocols.
This could be improved with some changes to [IPTABLES-ECN].
4.5. Other Protocols
While this study looked at signals by IP address for TCP and IP/port
for conntrack-supported protocols, it does not break down signals for
Other protocols by IP address. Among those protocols is IPSec ESP
packets, using IP protocol 50. The [IPTABLES-ECN] script could be
modified to create more ipsets of type hash:ip, parallel to what was
done for IP traffic as a whole, to further analyze these protocols
for tunnel activity.
4.6. NS Flag
Since [RFC8311] declared that the NS (Nonce Sum) flag is again
Reserved, after its now historical use by [RFC3540], we could collect
any observed usages of this flag, to confirm that it's available for
use in practice.
5. Abbreviated Output from ecn-stats
This abbreviated output only includes LAN to WAN flows, and a small
subset of the non-TCP conntrack protocols by member IP address. For
full output, see the [IPTABLES-ECN] repository.
*Note* the IP addresses shown here have been anonymized within the
10.0.0.0/8 address space, in a way that retains the subnet structure.
5.1. All IP
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Packets, CE, ECT(0) and ECT(1) are packet counts, and use
units of M, G or T for mega, giga, or terapackets.
Total (both directions):
TCP Conntrack [*] Other Total
--- ------------- ----- -----
Bytes 101.22 TB -> 33.22 TB 134.46 TB
Packets 76.60 G -> 43.52 G 120.14 G
|-CE 10031 3.38 M 813951 4.20 M
|-ECT(0) 523.91 M 9.66 M 2.55 M 536.12 M
|-ECT(1) 63 6.68 M 182928 6.86 M
WAN to LAN:
TCP Conntrack [*] Other Total
--- ------------- ----- -----
Bytes 95.79 TB -> 26.65 TB 122.45 TB
Packets 41.43 G -> 30.29 G 71.72 G
|-CE 9298 3.38 M 721002 4.11 M
|-ECT(0) 480.35 M 9.62 M 1.93 M 491.91 M
|-ECT(1) 62 6.68 M 65111 6.74 M
LAN to WAN:
TCP Conntrack [*] Other Total
--- ------------- ----- -----
Bytes 5.43 TB -> 6.57 TB 12.00 TB
Packets 35.17 G -> 13.23 G 48.41 G
|-CE 733 60 92949 93742
|-ECT(0) 43.56 M 40366 614623 44.21 M
|-ECT(1) 1 28 117817 117846
[*] Conntrack protocols: UDP, ICMP, DCCP, SCTP, GRE
Conntrack total Bytes and Packets included in Other
5.2. TCP initiated from LAN to WAN
IP address counts with TCP and ECN activity:
Active (sent >= 10 SYNs): 861 (of 1195)
Initiated any ECN flows: 390 (45.3%)
Negotiated any ECN flows: 382 (44.4%)
Saw CE or ECE on ECN flow: 90 (23.6% of ECN, 10.5% of all)
Saw ECT(1) on ECN flow: 5
SYN packet count totals for active IPs:
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All SYNs: 319560652
ECN SYNs: 4601118 (1.44% of all)
ECN SYN/ACKs: 3273815 (71.15% of ECN SYNs)
ECN packet count totals for active IPs:
Direction CE ECE ECT(0) ECT(1)
--------- -- --- ------ ------
From LAN 733 502985 42903861 1
From WAN 9298 19367 479756419 62
ECN codepoint packet counts by active IP, for nonzero CE or ECE:
ECT(0) CE ECE ECT(0) CE ECE
from from from from from from
IP WAN WAN LAN LAN LAN WAN
-- --- --- --- --- --- ---
10.45.9.88 17970 0 0 0 0 431
10.45.64.3 2909975 36 13348 245614 0 45
10.45.64.4 228451 0 2192 60531 0 0
10.45.64.7 1119810 28 4610 15970 0 35
10.45.64.11 158206 0 335 52721 0 0
10.45.64.12 466173 0 14955 28006 3 0
10.45.64.13 287196 0 223 17277 0 0
10.45.64.14 2264292 13 20863 362708 0 23
10.45.64.15 46467 0 9 33894 0 0
10.45.64.16 12238 0 1396 3339 0 0
10.45.64.17 1058702 0 464 10578 0 0
10.45.64.31 1137817 0 46740 114016 12 0
10.45.64.39 519279 0 11019 44094 0 0
10.45.64.45 229911 0 363 297811 0 0
10.45.64.47 1257622 0 15731 410234 321 6041
10.45.64.59 186455 0 44 71189 0 0
10.45.64.85 4958 0 57 1069 0 0
10.45.64.93 604641 0 16530 89847 0 0
10.45.64.103 660575 0 10649 129808 0 0
10.45.64.105 407561 0 2046 28347 0 0
10.45.64.112 2007755 0 1135 58168 1 1
10.45.64.116 427696 0 1042 30081 0 0
10.45.64.118 275449 163 710 94141 0 170
10.45.64.123 461008 0 3118 29852 0 0
10.45.64.125 540511 0 52960 57523 49 0
10.45.64.126 686366 0 12579 57480 122 0
10.45.65.7 959608 0 176 94920 0 0
10.45.65.16 1392760 0 4483 157057 0 0
10.45.65.110 694373 0 1530 44914 0 0
10.45.65.112 1140897 0 2313 171205 0 0
10.45.65.124 73846 5 6 24228 0 9
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10.45.86.39 823913 1 13 135427 0 0
10.45.86.41 6872888 72 3228 1116750 0 0
10.45.87.32 62967 0 64 33255 0 0
10.45.87.45 2052604 1 0 225774 0 0
10.45.87.50 2500669 3 3 134178 0 0
10.45.87.127 527732 17 22 58020 0 39
10.45.101.96 1883157 155 156 270789 0 151
10.45.104.24 1837837 55 63 416284 0 77
10.45.107.73 1851297 400 416 463753 0 430
10.45.108.24 230952 0 0 33749 0 36
10.45.113.6 10491356 168 191 253856 0 174
10.45.113.106 638565 34 37 173265 0 40
10.45.114.98 1370882 1619 1792 309940 0 1739
10.45.138.66 479880 43 56 95577 0 47
10.45.140.73 6036 510 551 1918 0 520
10.45.140.74 5396418 39 46 336854 0 38
10.45.141.85 450018 39 50 157585 0 85
10.45.145.2 118843 10 15 19309 0 25
10.45.145.73 3484464 1 0 153147 0 0
10.45.153.10 714256 6 11 80712 0 0
10.45.154.82 2355299 22 25 263636 0 44
10.45.155.68 1849086 1 1 349722 0 0
10.45.155.71 9089268 144 143 660457 1 152
10.45.158.197 17618743 493 53 369921 0 0
10.45.158.198 1019414 13 13 222440 0 25
10.45.176.114 736022 32 46 88713 0 62
10.45.176.119 2393601 38 47 167329 0 68
10.45.177.68 17191899 22 24 201187 0 27
10.45.182.75 615134 6 7 100995 0 13
10.45.183.117 199726 131 145 52876 6 152
10.45.183.204 2729641 8 10 851838 0 0
10.45.212.82 2497321 18 23 213484 0 48
10.45.229.81 1043941 268 2104 36517 1 0
10.45.230.25 4560825 3132 18481 290819 0 0
10.45.230.204 28514121 1 1 321299 0 0
10.45.231.31 62246 16 9 12782 0 30
10.45.234.197 265034 188 225 98664 0 153
10.45.235.6 140242 0 217 42778 0 0
10.45.235.24 213822 0 388 50485 0 0
10.45.235.59 1017759 16 897 121453 0 30
10.45.235.89 8066090 56 31899 637830 176 5630
10.45.235.90 3878916 727 4278 460048 0 709
10.45.235.92 15410232 151 169965 1030037 41 1784
10.45.235.94 344002 0 1394 3913608 0 0
10.45.235.196 2234 0 157 1323 0 0
10.45.235.199 2166 0 56 676 0 0
10.45.235.200 5279 0 220 2311 0 0
10.45.235.203 2966 0 234 1765 0 0
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10.45.235.206 154701 0 3484 333 0 0
10.45.235.208 5076 0 378 3240 0 0
10.45.238.75 4916805 196 262 942367 0 229
10.45.241.101 2838055 0 740 303980 0 0
10.45.242.72 81526 5 5 36884 0 11
10.45.242.146 894737 21 25 85268 0 44
10.45.243.69 1946622 2 3 64838 0 0
10.45.249.6 621444 0 2461 75061 0 0
10.45.249.34 180747 0 2260 128409 0 0
10.45.251.37 455964 39 171 18996 0 0
10.45.251.114 14208298 134 13794 946610 0 0
5.3. Non-TCP conntrack-supported protocols initiated from LAN to WAN
Protocols included:
UDP, ICMP, DCCP, SCTP, GRE
Active IPs:
Active IPs with ECN signals: 420
Active IP/dstport pairs with ECN signals: 24972
ECN packet count totals for active IPs:
Direction CE ECT(0) ECT(1)
--------- -- ------ ------
From LAN 59 26692 28
From WAN 2838929 9562002 6632561
ECN codepoint packet counts by client IP, with selected ports:
(ports with '*' had >100 ECT(0) marks)
ECT(0) CE ECT(1) ECT(0) CE ECT(1)
from from from from from from
IP/Port WAN WAN WAN LAN LAN LAN
------- --- --- --- --- --- ---
10.45.10.0 0 0 0 201 0 0
10.45.10.4 0 0 0 14 0 0
10.45.10.5 0 0 0 20 0 0
10.45.10.6 0 0 0 9 0 0
10.45.10.7 0 0 0 8 0 0
10.45.10.8 0 0 0 39 0 0
10.45.10.11 0 0 0 8 0 0
10.45.10.12 0 0 0 2 0 0
10.45.10.42 0 0 0 6 0 0
10.45.10.61 0 0 0 2 0 0
10.45.10.70 0 0 0 44 0 0
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10.45.10.71 0 0 0 5 0 0
10.45.10.73 0 0 0 7 0 0
10.45.10.77 0 0 0 13 0 0
10.45.10.81 0 0 0 10 0 0
10.45.10.82 0 0 0 8 0 0
10.45.10.83 0 0 0 3 0 0
10.45.10.95 0 0 0 59 0 0
10.45.10.96 0 0 0 39 0 0
10.45.10.129 0 403 1 0 0 0
10.45.10.196 0 0 0 80 0 0
10.45.10.197 0 0 0 63 0 0
10.45.10.201 0 0 0 3 0 0
10.45.10.204 0 0 0 25 0 0
10.45.10.227 0 0 0 40 0 0
10.45.10.228 0 0 0 7 0 0
10.45.10.244 0 0 0 14 0 0
10.45.10.245 0 0 0 7 0 0
10.45.64.3 0 0 0 100 0 0
10.45.64.4 0 0 0 31 0 0
10.45.64.6 0 0 0 2 0 0
10.45.64.7 12 126 20 8 0 0
10.45.64.10 0 0 0 29 0 0
10.45.64.11 0 0 0 67 0 0
10.45.64.12 0 0 0 6 0 0
10.45.64.13 0 0 0 35 0 0
10.45.64.14 0 0 0 121 0 0
10.45.64.15 0 0 0 52 0 0
10.45.64.16 0 0 0 18 0 0
10.45.64.19 16 0 0 0 0 0
udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 11 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.64.31 34129 2468 58304 27 0 0
udp:37658 0 0 4346 0 0 0
* udp:38129 24957 2468 15281 0 0 0
udp:38884 0 0 10409 0 0 0
* udp:40871 288 0 2269 0 0 0
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* udp:45465 866 0 0 0 0 0
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udp:3478 (stun) 56 1624 10 0 0 0
Heist Expires 24 August 2021 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft ecndep February 2021
10.45.64.85 0 0 0 4 0 0
10.45.64.86 7 434404 3 9 0 0
udp:4400 (ds-srv) 0 29065 0 0 0 0
udp:14757 0 97175 0 0 0 0
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udp:44495 0 41547 0 0 0 0
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10.45.64.89 7 50 0 4 0 0
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* udp:3478 (stun) 598 2971 341 0 0 0
10.45.64.98 0 0 32780 0 0 0
udp:6008 0 0 9234 0 0 0
udp:7008 (afs3-upd.. 0 0 23546 0 0 0
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udp:3478 (stun) 0 3 0 0 0 0
10.45.64.103 0 0 0 47 0 0
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10.45.64.105 213 33440 0 7 0 0
* udp:443 (https) 213 33440 0 0 0 0
10.45.64.107 0 0 0 2 0 0
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* udp:3478 (stun) 1595 22049 4 0 0 0
udp:26808 0 0 36805 0 0 0
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10.45.65.17 0 4 0 0 0 0
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udp:3478 (stun) 0 0 1 0 0 0
10.45.65.95 0 0 0 8 0 0
Heist Expires 24 August 2021 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft ecndep February 2021
10.45.65.104 0 0 0 41 0 0
10.45.65.107 12 77 2 5 0 0
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10.45.65.112 39 1168 18 75 0 0
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10.45.85.127 301 174 30747 68 0 0
* udp:599 (acp) 222 174 45 0 0 0
udp:6008 0 0 30702 0 0 0
* udp:60001 49 0 0 65 0 0
10.45.86.16 13 0 0 2 0 0
udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 8 0 0 0 0 0
udp:51820 (wiregua.. 5 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.86.36 0 0 0 4 0 0
10.45.86.39 205 37619 107 50 0 0
udp:29492 0 2512 0 0 0 0
udp:64733 0 30711 0 0 0 0
10.45.86.40 2 0 0 0 0 0
udp:443 (https) 2 0 0 0 0 0
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10.45.86.68 760 3528 614 325 0 0
udp:80 (http) 0 2 0 0 0 0
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10.45.87.44 709 4963 623 0 0 0
udp:80 (http) 0 1 0 0 0 0
udp:6881 3 1313 43 0 0 0
10.45.87.45 0 0 0 185 0 0
10.45.87.48 0 0 0 82 0 0
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udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 3 0 9 0 0 0
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10.45.93.75 361 2945 278 4 0 0
10.45.93.79 0 0 0 8 0 0
10.45.98.71 2 8 0 0 0 0
Heist Expires 24 August 2021 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft ecndep February 2021
10.45.98.72 0 1 0 40 0 0
udp:3478 (stun) 0 1 0 0 0 0
10.45.101.96 0 0 0 140 0 0
10.45.101.100 0 0 0 12 0 0
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udp:58479 0 21372 0 0 0 0
10.45.101.104 0 0 10 33 0 0
10.45.104.24 0 0 0 324 0 0
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10.45.107.73 32 0 1 58 0 0
udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 32 0 1 0 0 0
10.45.107.79 34 0 0 70 0 0
udp:443 (https) 34 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.107.81 0 4421 0 3 0 0
udp:61094 0 4421 0 0 0 0
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udp:33027 0 2978 0 0 0 0
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10.45.108.24 799 5543 1059 117 0 0
* udp:40211 107 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.108.25 1 2 1 799 0 0
10.45.108.66 0 0 0 0 0 1
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udp:34665 0 12462 0 0 0 0
10.45.108.75 0 0 6395176 38 0 0
udp:6008 0 0 1755476 0 0 0
udp:7008 (afs3-upd.. 0 0 1827173 0 0 0
udp:8008 (http-alt) 0 0 740987 0 0 0
udp:9008 0 0 809024 0 0 0
udp:10008 (octopus) 0 0 380001 0 0 0
udp:11008 0 0 578400 0 0 0
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10.45.108.76 0 0 0 2 0 0
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10.45.112.172 6333 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:443 (https) 6333 0 0 0 0 0
Heist Expires 24 August 2021 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft ecndep February 2021
10.45.112.216 0 0 0 2 0 0
10.45.113.6 147184 0 0 136 0 0
* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 147184 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.113.7 453 0 10 52 0 0
* udp:443 (https) 309 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 144 0 10 0 0 0
10.45.113.9 0 0 0 60 0 0
10.45.113.11 0 0 0 187 0 0
10.45.113.27 0 0 0 1 0 0
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* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 818 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.113.106 0 0 0 10 0 0
10.45.113.119 0 178 0 313 0 0
udp:3478 (stun) 0 178 0 0 0 0
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udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 36 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.113.124 0 0 0 201 0 0
10.45.114.8 0 3 0 0 0 0
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* udp:51820 (wiregua.. 286 0 66 0 0 0
10.45.114.98 0 0 0 10 0 0
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10.45.122.51 686 28190 122 66 0 0
udp:45622 0 5782 0 0 0 0
udp:59437 0 17791 0 0 0 0
10.45.124.31 1720 5946 16897 105 0 0
udp:3478 (stun) 0 6 0 0 0 0
* udp:50451 1720 0 15875 0 0 0
udp:50919 0 2428 0 0 0 0
udp:50996 0 0 1016 0 0 0
udp:57403 0 1944 0 0 0 0
10.45.124.43 0 0 0 12 0 0
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udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 37 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.124.74 0 0 0 1 0 0
Heist Expires 24 August 2021 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft ecndep February 2021
10.45.124.89 0 0 0 2 0 0
10.45.124.107 142 626895 83 0 0 0
udp:24616 0 501142 0 0 0 0
udp:51123 0 124060 0 0 0 0
10.45.124.111 0 1538 166 0 0 0
udp:4748 0 1491 166 0 0 0
10.45.124.117 0 0 0 248 0 0
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udp:8609 (canon-cp.. 0 3002 0 0 0 0
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10.45.136.82 0 0 0 1 0 0
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10.45.136.199 68 3210 7 0 0 0
udp:22312 0 2452 0 0 0 0
10.45.136.200 0 44 1 0 0 0
10.45.137.4 4603 0 0 1882 0 0
* udp:443 (https) 4603 0 0 1882 0 0
10.45.137.21 0 0 0 118 0 0
10.45.137.27 4 0 0 63 0 0
10.45.137.29 0 0 0 0 0 1
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udp:443 (https) 9 0 0 0 0 0
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10.45.137.62 5 29 1 14 0 0
udp:443 (https) 2 0 0 0 0 0
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udp:16772 0 55846 0 0 0 0
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udp:55430 0 1138 0 0 0 0
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* udp:42420 3087 18871 0 0 0 0
10.45.138.66 0 0 0 249 0 0
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10.45.140.100 143 465 37 0 0 0
10.45.140.103 0 0 0 16 0 0
Heist Expires 24 August 2021 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft ecndep February 2021
10.45.140.104 0 0 0 4 0 0
10.45.140.109 0 0 0 2 0 0
10.45.140.118 0 0 0 27 0 0
10.45.140.121 0 7032 0 17 0 0
udp:49710 0 1160 0 0 0 0
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10.45.141.2 91 0 0 12 0 0
udp:443 (https) 91 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.141.6 0 0 0 24 0 0
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* udp:443 (https) 579 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.141.83 0 0 0 14 0 0
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10.45.141.106 7 190 3947 1079 0 0
udp:3478 (stun) 0 24 12 0 0 0
* udp:5001 (commplex.. 0 0 0 1072 0 0
udp:40208 0 0 3932 0 0 0
10.45.141.125 0 0 0 2 0 0
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10.45.144.105 413 0 11 1 0 0
* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 413 0 11 0 0 0
10.45.144.139 1496 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:443 (https) 1496 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.144.197 0 0 0 102 0 0
10.45.145.2 0 0 0 15 0 0
10.45.145.26 0 0 0 44 0 0
10.45.145.39 2503039 0 0 11 0 0
udp:443 (https) 4 0 0 0 0 0
Heist Expires 24 August 2021 [Page 19]
Internet-Draft ecndep February 2021
* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 2503035 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.145.56 0 0 0 3 0 0
10.45.145.72 0 0 0 32 0 0
10.45.145.75 3024 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:443 (https) 3024 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.145.81 8691 107114 8245 292 0 0
udp:80 (http) 0 2 0 0 0 0
* udp:6881 355 8092 672 0 0 0
udp:19517 0 1097 0 0 0 0
udp:22784 0 3441 0 0 0 0
* udp:25223 110 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:37526 139 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:40631 191 0 0 0 0 0
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udp:51820 (wiregua.. 0 3 0 0 0 0
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10.45.146.66 52 88 7 26 0 0
10.45.146.195 0 0 0 2 0 0
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* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 1471 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.146.201 0 0 0 9 0 0
10.45.153.10 0 0 0 33 0 0
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10.45.154.6 0 0 0 9 0 0
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10.45.155.69 0 0 0 1 0 0
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10.45.155.73 0 0 0 72 0 0
10.45.155.74 0 1 0 0 0 0
udp:3478 (stun) 0 1 0 0 0 0
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10.45.155.229 4 42 6 48 0 0
10.45.156.94 25 152 8 0 0 0
Heist Expires 24 August 2021 [Page 20]
Internet-Draft ecndep February 2021
10.45.156.105 0 5362 0 19 0 0
udp:58796 0 5362 0 0 0 0
10.45.156.127 0 0 0 22 0 0
10.45.158.115 0 0 0 402 0 0
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udp:6881 0 1610 0 0 0 0
10.45.158.197 0 0 0 82 0 0
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10.45.176.117 0 0 0 35 0 0
10.45.176.119 9320 1028270 11302 218 0 0
udp:6881 0 91498 83 0 0 0
* udp:6900 322 0 0 0 0 0
udp:8999 (bctp) 0 405853 3 0 0 0
* udp:10556 741 0 0 0 0 0
udp:11778 0 311705 0 0 0 0
* udp:12111 274 0 0 0 0 0
udp:21606 0 5678 0 0 0 0
udp:23578 0 4281 0 0 0 0
udp:24488 0 2140 0 0 0 0
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* udp:37758 212 721 0 0 0 0
udp:40954 0 27113 0 0 0 0
* udp:42012 380 26 101 0 0 0
udp:48235 0 3182 0 0 0 0
* udp:50321 2066 14226 5982 0 0 0
* udp:50838 389 0 0 0 0 0
udp:50884 0 0 2743 0 0 0
udp:51413 39 1712 0 0 0 0
udp:54457 0 3504 0 0 0 0
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* udp:60050 3000 3961 1478 0 0 0
udp:60062 0 13672 0 0 0 0
udp:64329 0 75590 0 0 0 0
10.45.176.120 0 0 0 73 21 18
10.45.176.206 37 689 3 34 0 0
udp:3478 (stun) 37 685 3 0 0 0
10.45.176.207 8 143 0 5 0 0
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10.45.176.210 10 32 4 1 0 0
10.45.176.214 25 8900 0 18 0 0
udp:6672 (vision-s.. 23 8900 0 0 0 0
Heist Expires 24 August 2021 [Page 21]
Internet-Draft ecndep February 2021
10.45.176.224 1 0 0 114 0 0
10.45.176.225 120 786 137 1 0 0
10.45.176.226 0 0 0 4 0 0
10.45.176.237 4 0 0 0 0 0
udp:443 (https) 4 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.177.66 9 213 8349 0 0 0
udp:6672 (vision-s.. 0 0 8334 0 0 0
10.45.177.68 12 64 8 124 0 0
10.45.177.75 0 2 0 66 0 0
10.45.177.197 0 2 1 0 0 0
10.45.182.75 44 71 17 25 0 0
10.45.182.85 41 2612 5024 0 0 0
udp:45864 0 0 4985 0 0 0
10.45.182.136 0 0 0 8 0 0
10.45.183.117 0 0 0 15 0 0
10.45.183.199 45 1579 0 8 0 0
udp:3478 (stun) 45 1578 0 0 0 0
10.45.183.204 0 9478 0 731 0 0
* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 0 0 0 237 0 0
udp:22885 0 9404 0 0 0 0
10.45.183.205 0 0 1 3 0 0
udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 0 0 1 0 0 0
10.45.183.209 3 1 0 280 0 0
10.45.183.219 0 0 0 61 0 0
10.45.203.6 0 0 0 2 0 0
10.45.212.17 10472 25127 16430 0 0 0
* udp:62503 10452 23528 16423 0 0 0
10.45.212.27 0 0 0 1 0 0
10.45.212.29 0 0 0 30 0 0
10.45.212.51 0 0 0 2 0 0
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10.45.212.205 0 0 0 299 0 0
10.45.212.207 0 0 0 85 0 0
10.45.229.75 3 0 0 0 0 0
udp:443 (https) 3 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.229.78 6694314 0 0 113 0 0
* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 6694314 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.229.79 0 0 0 27 0 0
10.45.229.81 0 0 0 3 0 0
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udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 10 0 72 0 0 0
Heist Expires 24 August 2021 [Page 22]
Internet-Draft ecndep February 2021
10.45.230.89 495 3537 296 4 0 0
10.45.230.99 7 0 5 2 0 0
udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 7 0 5 0 0 0
10.45.230.204 9 57 18 110 0 0
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10.45.230.212 0 0 0 2 0 0
10.45.230.223 0 0 0 3 0 0
10.45.230.224 27927 93 13 0 0 0
* udp:50323 322 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:50361 128 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:52065 409 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:55236 257 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:57072 142 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:58494 170 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:59465 160 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:59659 445 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:60874 129 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:60898 102 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:61122 302 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:61312 137 0 0 0 0 0
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* udp:62889 24738 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:63354 122 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:63474 107 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.230.226 0 0 0 3 0 0
10.45.230.228 0 45 0 0 1 0
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* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 682 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.231.16 433 0 0 24 0 0
* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 433 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.231.21 40 256 81 0 0 0
10.45.231.31 0 0 0 32 0 0
10.45.231.53 2 46 0 0 0 0
10.45.231.61 4151 0 1 13 0 0
* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 4151 0 1 0 0 0
10.45.231.80 0 0 0 6 0 0
10.45.231.99 0 0 0 40 0 0
10.45.231.102 0 0 0 11 0 0
10.45.231.114 0 0 0 47 0 0
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10.45.233.47 0 0 0 1 0 0
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10.45.234.197 320 0 11 2 0 0
* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 320 0 11 0 0 0
10.45.235.6 107 454 62 6 0 0
Heist Expires 24 August 2021 [Page 23]
Internet-Draft ecndep February 2021
10.45.235.11 250 0 0 0 0 0
* udp:443 (https) 249 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.235.13 0 0 0 4 0 0
10.45.235.16 24 56 3 0 0 0
10.45.235.19 0 0 0 3 0 0
10.45.235.24 0 2 0 33 0 0
10.45.235.25 2310 28152 68 17 0 0
* udp:443 (https) 2214 0 0 0 0 0
udp:6881 0 13339 0 0 0 0
udp:31708 0 4595 0 0 0 0
udp:51413 0 5367 0 0 0 0
udp:52372 0 3975 0 0 0 0
10.45.235.49 672 3165 14 0 0 0
* udp:443 (https) 672 79 0 0 0 0
udp:59418 0 3078 0 0 0 0
10.45.235.52 23 0 0 0 0 0
udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 23 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.235.59 0 0 0 58 0 0
10.45.235.66 0 0 0 4 0 0
10.45.235.89 165 2580 23 582 0 0
* udp:3478 (stun) 165 2580 23 0 0 0
10.45.235.90 0 0 0 332 0 0
10.45.235.92 0 0 0 1007 0 0
10.45.235.93 229 3272 306 13 0 0
10.45.235.94 0 0 0 10 0 0
10.45.238.75 0 0 0 1744 0 0
10.45.238.104 0 2576 0 7 0 0
udp:443 (https) 0 2576 0 0 0 0
10.45.239.66 40 0 5 0 0 0
udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 40 0 5 0 0 0
10.45.239.219 1 0 0 18 0 0
udp:443 (https) 1 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.240.86 0 0 0 5 0 0
10.45.241.57 216 66079 437 0 0 0
udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 0 0 21 0 0 0
udp:33522 0 37844 0 0 0 0
udp:37859 0 27536 0 0 0 0
10.45.241.94 0 0 0 44 0 0
10.45.241.98 0 0 0 4 0 0
10.45.241.101 68946 10 2 120 0 0
* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 68942 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.241.121 0 0 0 2 0 0
10.45.242.72 0 0 0 4 0 0
10.45.242.81 0 0 0 14 1 0
10.45.242.144 0 0 0 5 0 0
10.45.242.146 0 0 0 30 0 0
10.45.242.161 143 134 2297 139 0 0
* udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 115 0 4 0 0 0
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udp:27032 0 78 2293 0 0 0
10.45.243.13 13877 63 1 0 0 0
* udp:20911 13853 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.243.41 12 0 0 14 0 0
udp:443 (https) 12 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.243.69 0 0 0 66 0 0
10.45.243.71 0 28 0 2 0 0
udp:80 (http) 0 28 0 0 0 0
10.45.243.109 0 2008 0 7 0 0
udp:41697 0 2002 0 0 0 0
10.45.248.33 2 8 0 10 0 0
udp:3478 (stun) 2 8 0 0 0 0
10.45.248.94 0 0 0 11 0 0
10.45.248.118 0 0 0 2 0 0
10.45.249.6 0 0 0 1502 0 0
10.45.249.34 25 0 0 154 0 0
udp:443 (https) 25 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.249.99 68 558 88 0 0 0
10.45.249.104 0 0 0 7 0 0
udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 0 0 0 6 0 0
10.45.250.89 0 0 0 5 0 0
10.45.251.37 0 0 0 19 0 0
10.45.251.110 9 72 1 0 0 0
10.45.251.119 0 0 0 23 0 0
10.45.253.59 0 0 0 1 0 0
udp:4500 (ipsec-na.. 0 0 0 1 0 0
10.45.253.61 0 0 0 53 0 0
10.45.253.84 121 0 0 16 0 0
* udp:443 (https) 121 0 0 0 0 0
10.45.253.93 0 0 0 4 0 0
10.45.253.100 0 0 0 142 0 0
10.45.253.121 0 0 0 2 0 0
10.45.254.94 0 0 0 12 0 0
10.45.255.90 1 125 0 0 0 0
10.45.255.97 0 0 0 36 0 0
ECN codepoint packet counts for selected ports:
ECT(0) CE ECT(1) ECT(0) CE ECT(1)
from from from from from from
Port WAN WAN WAN LAN LAN LAN
---- --- --- --- --- --- ---
icmp:network-unreach.. 321 4 0 0 0 0
icmp:host-unreachable 1171 2575 43 22990 0 0
icmp:port-unreachable 6632 40795 3539 404 0 0
icmp:ttl-zero-during.. 65 2 66 0 0 0
ipencap:0 0 0 0 1 0 0
udp:53 (domain) 0 403 1 0 0 0
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udp:80 (http) 0 33 0 0 0 0
udp:443 (https) 20006 36095 0 1882 0 0
udp:599 (acp) 238 261 59 0 0 0
udp:1024-3457 [81] 100 618 9 34 59 28
udp:3478 (stun) 2498 31725 394 0 0 0
udp:3553-4492 [19] 1 29449 0 0 0 0
udp:4500 (ipsec-nat-t) 9422229 0 151 244 0 0
udp:4548-51819 [8177] 62692 2291117 6604184 1072 0 0
udp:51820 (wireguard) 291 3 66 0 0 0
udp:51821-65535 [9371] 45758 405849 24049 65 0 0
6. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
7. Security Considerations
There are no known security considerations introduced by this note.
8. Affiliation
The author wrote the script used to deploy fq_codel to the two
backhaul subnets mentioned in Section 3.2.
9. Acknowledgements
Thanks go to:
* Adam Pribyl, for gathering data at the FreeNet gateway
* Jonathan Morton and Rodney Grimes, for helping to analyze the
results
* FreeNet Liberec, for allowing access for data collection
10. Informative References
[IPTABLES-ECN]
Heist, P.G., "iptables-ecn GitHub Repository",
<https://github.com/heistp/iptables-ecn/>.
[RFC1349] Almquist, P., "Type of Service in the Internet Protocol
Suite", RFC 1349, DOI 10.17487/RFC1349, July 1992,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1349>.
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[RFC2481] Ramakrishnan, K. and S. Floyd, "A Proposal to add Explicit
Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP", RFC 2481,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2481, January 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2481>.
[RFC3168] Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
RFC 3168, DOI 10.17487/RFC3168, September 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3168>.
[RFC3540] Spring, N., Wetherall, D., and D. Ely, "Robust Explicit
Congestion Notification (ECN) Signaling with Nonces",
RFC 3540, DOI 10.17487/RFC3540, June 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3540>.
[RFC3948] Huttunen, A., Swander, B., Volpe, V., DiBurro, L., and M.
Stenberg, "UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets",
RFC 3948, DOI 10.17487/RFC3948, January 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3948>.
[RFC6040] Briscoe, B., "Tunnelling of Explicit Congestion
Notification", RFC 6040, DOI 10.17487/RFC6040, November
2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6040>.
[RFC8290] Hoeiland-Joergensen, T., McKenney, P., Taht, D., Gettys,
J., and E. Dumazet, "The Flow Queue CoDel Packet Scheduler
and Active Queue Management Algorithm", RFC 8290,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8290, January 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8290>.
[RFC8311] Black, D., "Relaxing Restrictions on Explicit Congestion
Notification (ECN) Experimentation", RFC 8311,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8311, January 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8311>.
[WIREGUARD]
"WireGuard web site", <https://www.wireguard.com>.
Author's Address
Peter G. Heist
463 11 Liberec 30
Czech Republic
Email: pete@heistp.net
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