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TLS 1.3 Extension for Certificate-based Authentication with an External Pre-Shared Key
draft-housley-tls-tls13-cert-with-extern-psk-00

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Replaced".
Author Russ Housley
Last updated 2018-07-26 (Latest revision 2018-03-01)
Replaced by draft-ietf-tls-tls13-cert-with-extern-psk, RFC 8773
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draft-housley-tls-tls13-cert-with-extern-psk-00
Network Working Group                                         R. Housley
Internet-Draft                                            Vigil Security
Intended status: Standards Track                           March 1, 2018
Expires: September 2, 2018

TLS 1.3 Extension for Certificate-based Authentication with an External
                             Pre-Shared Key
            draft-housley-tls-tls13-cert-with-extern-psk-00

Abstract

   This document specifies a TLS 1.3 extension that allows a server to
   authenticate with a combination of a certificate and an external pre-
   shared key (PSK).

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 2, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

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1.  Introduction

   The TLS 1.3 [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] handshake protocol provides two
   mutually exclusive forms of server authentication.  First, the server
   can be authenticated by providing a signature certificate and
   demonstrating that it possesses the corresponding private key by
   creating a valid digital signature.  Second, the server can be
   authenticated by demonstrating that it possesses a pre-shared key
   (PSK) that was established by a previous handshake.  A PSK that is
   established in this fashion is called a resumption PSK.  A PSK that
   is established by any other means is called an external PSK.  This
   document specifies a TLS 1.3 extension permitting certificate-based
   server authentication to be combined with an external PSK as an input
   to the TLS 1.3 key schedule.

   The invention of a large-scale quantum computer would pose a serious
   challenge for the cryptographic algorithms that are widely deployed
   today, including the digital signature algorithms that are used to
   authenticate the server in the TLS 1.3 handshake protocol.  It is an
   open question whether or not it is feasible to build a large-scale
   quantum computer, and if so, when that might happen.  However, if
   such a quantum computer is invented, many of the cryptographic
   algorithms and the security protocols that use them would become
   vulnerable.

   The TLS 1.3 handshake protocol employs key agreement algorithms that
   could be broken by the invention of a large-scale quantum computer
   [I-D.hoffman-c2pq].  These algorithms include Diffie-Hellman (DH)
   [DH] and Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) [IEEE1363].  As a
   result, an adversary that stores a TLS 1.3 handshake protocol
   exchange today could decrypt the associated encrypted communications
   in the future when a large-scale quantum computer becomes available.

   In the near-term, this document describes TLS 1.3 extension to
   protect today's communications from the future invention of a large-
   scale quantum computer by providing a strong external PSK as an input
   to the TLS 1.3 key schedule while preserving the authentication
   provided by the existing certificate and digital signature
   mechanisms.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

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3.  Extension Overview

   This section provides a brief overview of the
   "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension.

   The client includes the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension in the
   ClientHello message.  The "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension MUST
   accompanied by the "key_share", "psk_key_exchange_modes", and
   "pre_shared_key" extensions.  The "pre_shared_key" extension MUST be
   the last extension in the ClientHello message, and it provides a list
   of external PSK identifiers that the client is willing to use with
   this server.  Since tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension is intended
   to be used only with initial handshakes, it MUST NOT be sent
   alongside the "early_data" extension.  These extension are all
   described in Section 4.2 of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].

   If the server is willing to use one of the external PSKs listed in
   the "pre_shared_key" extension and perform certificate-based
   authentication, then the server includes the
   "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension in the ServerHello message.  The
   "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension MUST accompanied by the
   "key_share" and "pre_shared_key" extensions.  If none of the external
   PSKs in the list provided by the client is acceptable to the server,
   then the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension is omitted from the
   ServerHello message.

   The successful negotiation of the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk"
   extension requires the TLS 1.3 key schedule processing to include
   both the selected external PSK and the (EC)DHE shared secret value.
   As a result, the Early Secret, Handshake Secret, and Master Secret
   values all depend upon the value of the selected external PSK.

   The authentication of the server and optional authentication of the
   client depend upon the ability to generate a signature that can be
   validated with the public key in their certificates.  The
   authentication processing is not changed in any way by the selected
   external PSK.

   Each external PSK is associated with a single Hash algorithm.  The
   hash algorithm MUST be set when the PSK is established, with a
   default of SHA-256 if no hash algorithm is specified during
   establishment.

4.  Certificate with External PSK Extension

   This section specifies the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension,
   which MAY appear in the ClientHello message and ServerHello message.
   It MUST NOT appear in any other messages.  The

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   "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension MUST NOT appear in the
   ServerHello message unless "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension
   appeared in the preceding ClientHello message.  If an implementation
   recognizes the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension and receives it
   in any other message, then the implementation MUST abort the
   handshake with an "illegal_parameter" alert.

   The general extension mechanisms enable clients and servers to
   negotiate the use of specific extensions.  Clients request extended
   functionality from servers with the extensions field in the
   ClientHello message.  If the server responds with a HelloRetryRequest
   message, then the client sends another ClientHello message as
   described in Section 4.1.2 of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13], and it MUST
   include the same "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension as the original
   ClientHello message or abort the handshake.

   Many server extensions are carried in the EncryptedExtensions
   message; however, the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension is carried
   in the ServerHello message.  It is only present in the ServerHello
   message if the server recognizes the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk"
   extension and the server possesses one of the external PSKs offered
   by the client in the "pre_shared_key" extension in the ClientHello
   message.

   The Extension structure is defined in [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]; it is
   repeated here for convenience.

     struct {
         ExtensionType extension_type;
         opaque extension_data<0..2^16-1>;
     } Extension;

   The "extension_type" identifies the particular extension type, and
   the "extension_data" contains information specific to the particular
   extension type.

   This document specifies the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension,
   adding one new type to ExtensionType:

     enum {
         tls_cert_with_extern_psk(TBD), (65535)
     } ExtensionType;

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   The "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension is relevant when the client
   and server possess an external PSK in common that can be used as an
   input to the TLS 1.3 key schedule.

   To use an external PSK with certificates, clients MUST provide the
   "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension, and it MUST be accompanied by
   the "key_share", "psk_key_exchange_modes", and "pre_shared_key"
   extensions in the ClientHello.  If clients offer a
   "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension without all of these other
   extensions, servers MUST abort the handshake.  The client MAY also
   find it useful to include the the "supported_groups" extension.  Note
   that Section 4.2 of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] allows extensions to appear
   in any order, with the exception of the "pre_shared_key" extension,
   which MUST be the last extension in the ClientHello.  Also, there
   MUST NOT be more than one instance of each extension in the
   ClientHello message.

   The "key_share" extension is defined in Section 4.2.8 of
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].

   The "psk_key_exchange_modes" extension is defined in Section 4.2.9 of
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].  The "psk_key_exchange_modes" extension
   restricts both the use of PSKs offered in this ClientHello and those
   which the server might supply via a subsequent NewSessionTicket.  As
   a result, clients MUST include the psk_dhe_ke mode, and clients MAY
   also include the psk_ke mode to support a subsequent
   NewSessionTicket.  Servers MUST select the psk_dhe_ke mode for the
   initial handshake.  Servers MUST select a key exchange mode that is
   listed by the client for subsequent handshakes that include the
   resumption PSK from the initial handshake.

   The "supported_groups" extension is defined in Section 4.2.7 of
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].

   The "pre_shared_key" extension is defined in Section 4.2.11 of
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]. the syntax is repeated below for convenience.
   All of the listed PSKs MUST be external PSKs.

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     struct {
         opaque identity<1..2^16-1>;
         uint32 obfuscated_ticket_age;
     } PskIdentity;

     opaque PskBinderEntry<32..255>;

     struct {
         PskIdentity identities<7..2^16-1>;
         PskBinderEntry binders<33..2^16-1>;
     } OfferedPsks;

     struct {
         select (Handshake.msg_type) {
             case client_hello: OfferedPsks;
             case server_hello: uint16 selected_identity;
         };
     } PreSharedKeyExtension;

   The OfferedPsks contains the list of PSK identities and associated
   binders for the external PSKs that the client is willing to use with
   the server.

   The identities are a list of external PSK identities that the client
   is willing to negotiate with the server.  Each external PSK has an
   associated identity that is known to the client and the server.  (The
   identity is also referred to as an identifier or a label.)

   The obfuscated_ticket_age is not used for external PSKs; clients
   SHOULD set this value to 0, and servers MUST ignore the value.

   The binders are a series of HMAC values, one for each external PSK
   offered by the client, in the same order as the identities list.  The
   HMAC value is computed using the binder_key, which is derived from
   the external PSK, and a partial transcript of the current handshake.
   Generation of the binder_key from the external PSK is described in
   Section 7.1 of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].  The partial transcript of the
   current handshake includes a partial ClientHello up to and including
   the PreSharedKeyExtension.identities field as described in
   Section 4.2.11.2 of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].

   The selected_identity contains the external PSK identity that the
   server selected from the list offered by the client.  If none of the
   offered external PSKs in the list provided by the client are
   acceptable to the server, then the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk"
   extension MUST be omitted from the ServerHello message.  The server
   MUST validate the binder value that corresponds to the selected

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   external PSK as described in Section 4.2.11.2 of
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].  If the binder does not validate, the server
   MUST abort the handshake with an "illegal_parameter" alert.  Servers
   SHOULD NOT attempt to validate multiple binders; rather they SHOULD
   select one of the offered external PSKs and validate only the binder
   that corresponds to that external PSK.

   When the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension is successfully
   negotiated, authentication of the server depends upon the ability to
   generate a signature that can be validated with the public key in the
   server's certificate.  This is accomplished by the server sending the
   Certificate and CertificateVerify messages as described in Sections
   4.4.2 and 4.4.3 of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].

   TLS 1.3 does not permit the server to send a CertificateRequest
   message when a PSK is being used.  This restriction is removed when
   the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension is negotiated, allowing the
   certificate-based authentication for both the client and the server.
   If certificate-based client authentication is desired, this is
   accomplished by the client sending the Certificate and
   CertificateVerify messages as described in Sections 4.4.2 and 4.4.3
   of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].

   Section 7.1 of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] specifies the TLS 1.3 Key
   Schedule.  The successful negotiation of the
   "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension requires the key schedule
   processing to include both the external PSK and the (EC)DHE shared
   secret value.

   If the client and the server have different values associated with
   the selected external PSK identifier, then the client and the server
   will compute different values for every entry in the key schedule,
   which will lead to the termination of the connection with a
   "decrypt_error" alert.

5.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is requested to update the TLS ExtensionType Registry to include
   "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" with a value of TBD and the list of
   messages "CH, SH" in which the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension
   may appear.

6.  Security Considerations

   The Security Considerations in [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] remain relevant.

   TLS 1.3 [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] does not permit the server to send a
   CertificateRequest message when a PSK is being used.  This

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   restriction is removed when the "tls_cert_with_extern_psk" extension
   is offered by the client and accepted by the server.  However, TLS
   1.3 does not permit an external PSK to be used in the same fashion as
   a resumption PSK, and this extension does not alter those
   restrictions.  Thus, a certificate MUST NOT be used with a resumption
   PSK.

   Implementations must protect the external pre-shared key (PSK).
   Compromise of the external PSK will make the encrypted session
   content vulnerable to the future invention of a large-scale quantum
   computer.

   Implementers should not transmit the same content on a connection
   that is protected with an external PSK and a connection that is not.
   Doing so may allow an eavesdropper to correlate the connections,
   making the content vulnerable to the future invention of a large-
   scale quantum computer.

   Implementations must choose external PSKs with a secure key
   management technique, such as pseudo-random generation of the key or
   derivation of the key from one or more other secure keys.  The use of
   inadequate pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) to generate
   external PSKs can result in little or no security.  An attacker may
   find it much easier to reproduce the PRNG environment that produced
   the external PSKs and searching the resulting small set of
   possibilities, rather than brute force searching the whole key space.
   The generation of quality random numbers is difficult.  [RFC4086]
   offers important guidance in this area.

7.  Acknowledgments

   Many thanks to Peter Yee for his review and comments on an early
   draft of this document.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]
              Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", draft-ietf-tls-tls13-24 (work in progress),
              February 2018.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

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   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [DH]       Diffie, W. and M. Hellman, "New Directions in
              Cryptography", IEEE Transactions on Information
              Theory V.IT-22 n.6, June 1977.

   [I-D.hoffman-c2pq]
              Hoffman, P., "The Transition from Classical to Post-
              Quantum Cryptography", draft-hoffman-c2pq-03 (work in
              progress), February 2018.

   [IEEE1363]
              Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "IEEE
              Standard Specifications for Public-Key Cryptography", IEEE
              Std 1363-2000, 2000.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
              "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4086>.

Author's Address

   Russ Housley
   Vigil Security, LLC
   918 Spring Knoll Drive
   Herndon, VA  20170
   USA

   Email: housley@vigilsec.com

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