Considerations on Application - Network Collaboration Using Path Signals
draft-iab-path-signals-collaboration-00
The information below is for an old version of the document.
| Document | Type |
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9419.
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Jari Arkko , Ted Hardie , Tommy Pauly , Mirja Kühlewind | ||
| Last updated | 2022-03-07 | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Architecture Board (IAB) | ||
| Formats | |||
| Stream | IAB state | (None) | |
| Consensus boilerplate | Unknown | ||
| IAB shepherd | (None) |
draft-iab-path-signals-collaboration-00
Network Working Group J. Arkko
Internet-Draft Ericsson
Intended status: Informational T. Hardie
Expires: 8 September 2022 Cisco
T. Pauly
Apple
M. Kühlewind
Ericsson
7 March 2022
Considerations on Application - Network Collaboration Using Path Signals
draft-iab-path-signals-collaboration-00
Abstract
This document discusses principles for designing mechanisms that use
or provide path signals, and calls for standards action in specific
valuable cases. RFC 8558 describes path signals as messages to or
from on-path elements, and points out that visible information will
be used whether it is intended as a signal or not. The principles in
this document are intended as guidance for the design of explicit
path signals, which are encouraged to be authenticated and include a
minimal set of parties and minimize information sharing. These
principles can be achieved through mechanisms like encryption of
information and establishing trust relationships between entities on
a path.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 8 September 2022.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1. Intentional Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2. Minimum Set of Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3. Control of the Distribution of Information . . . . . . . 7
2.4. Minimize Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5. Carrying Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.6. Protecting Information and Authentication . . . . . . . . 9
2.7. Limiting Impact of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. Further Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. Introduction
RFC 8558 defines the term "path signals" as signals to or from on-
path elements. Today path signals are often implicit, e.g. derived
from cleartext end-to-end information by e.g. examining transport
protocols. For instance, on-path elements use various fields of the
TCP header [RFC0793] to derive information about end-to-end latency
as well as congestion. These techniques have evolved because the
information was available and its use required no coordination with
anyone. This made such techniques more easily deployed than
alternative, potentially more explicit or cooperative approaches.
Such techniques had some drawbacks as well, such as having to
interpret information designed to be carried for another purpose.
Today, applications and networks have often evolved their interaction
without comprehensive design for how this interaction should happen
or which information would be desired for a certain function. This
has lead to a situation where sometimes information is used that
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maybe incomplete, incorrect, or only indirectly representative of the
information that was actually desired. In addition, dependencies on
information and mechanisms that were designed for a different
function limits the evolvability of the protocols in question.
The unplanned interaction ends up having several negative effects:
* Ossifying protocols by introducing unintended parties that may not
be updating
* Creating systemic incentives against deploying more secure or
otherwise updated versions of protocols
* Basing network behaviour on information that may be incomplete or
incorrect
* Creating a model where network entities expect to be able to use
rich information about sessions passing through
For instance, features such as DNS resolution or TLS setup have been
used beyond their original intent, such as in name-based filtering.
MAC addresses have been used for access control, captive portal
implementations that employ taking over cleartext HTTP sessions, and
so on.
A large number of protocol mechanisms today fall into one of two
categories: authenticated and private communication that is only
visible to the a very limited set nodes, often one on each "end"; and
unauthenticated public communication that is visible to all nodes on
a path.
Exposed information encourages pervasive monitoring, which is
described in RFC 7258 [RFC7258], and may also be used for commercial
purposes, or form a basis for filtering that the applications or
users do not desire. But a lack of all path signaling, on the other
hand, may be harmful to network management, debugging, or the ability
for networks to provide the most efficient services. There are many
cases where elements on the network path can provide beneficial
services, but only if they can coordinate with the endpoints. It
also affects the ability of service providers and others to observe
why problems occur [RFC9075].
As such, this situation is sometimes cast as an adversarial tradeoff
between privacy and the ability for the network path to provide
intended functions. However, this is perhaps an unnecessarily
polarized characterization as a zero-sum situation. Not all
information passing implies loss of privacy. For instance,
performance information or preferences do not require disclosing the
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content being accessed, the user identity, or the application in use.
Similarly, network congestion status information does not have reveal
network topology or the status of other users, and so on.
Increased deployment of encryption is changing this situation.
Encryption provides tools for controling information access and
protects again ossification by avoiding unintended dependencies and
requiring active maintenance.
The increased deployment of encryption provides an opportunity to
reconsider parts of Internet architecture that have used implicit
derivation of input signals for on-path functions rather than
explicit signaling, as recommended by RFC 8558 [RFC8558].
For instance, QUIC replaces TCP for various applications and ensures
end-to-end signals are only be accessible by the endpoints, ensuring
evolvability [RFC9000]. QUIC does expose information dedicated for
on-path elements to consume by using explicit signals for specific
use cases, such as the Spin bit for latency measurements or
connection ID that can be used by load balancers
[I-D.ietf-quic-manageability]. This information is accessible by all
on-path devices but information is limited to only those use cases.
Each new use case requires additional action. This points to one way
to resolve the adversity: the careful design of what information is
passed.
Another extreme is to employ explicit trust and coordination between
all involved entities, endpoints as well as network devices. VPNs
are a good example of a case where there is an explicit
authentication and negotiation with a network path element that is
used to optimize behavior or gain access to specific resources.
Authentication and trust must be considered in multiple directions:
how endpoints trust and authenticate signals from network devices,
and how network devices trust and authenticate signals from
endpoints.
The goal of improving privacy and trust on the Internet does not
necessarily need to remove the ability for network elements to
perform beneficial functions. We should instead improve the way that
these functions are achieved and design new protocols to support
explicit collaboration where it is seen as beneficial. As such our
goals should be:
* To ensure that information is distributed intentionally, not
accidentally;
* to understand the privacy and other implications of any
distributed information;
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* to ensure that the information distribution is limited the
intended parties; and
* to gate the distribution of information on the participation of
the relevant parties
These goals for exposure and distribution apply equally to senders,
receivers, and path elements.
Going forward, new standards work in the IETF needs to focus on
addressing this gap by providing better alternatives and mechanisms
for building functions that require some collaboration between
endpoints and path elements.
We can establish some basic questions that any new network functions
should consider:
* What is the minimum set of entities that need to be involved?
* What is the minimum information each entity in this set needs?
* Which entities must consent to the information exchange?
* What is the effect that new signals should have?
If we look at many of the ways network functions are achieved today,
we find that many if not most of them fall short the standard set up
by the questions above. Too often, they send unnecessary information
or fail to limit the scope of distribution or providing any
negotiation or consent.
Designing explicit signals between applications and network elements,
and ensuring that all other information is appropriately protected,
enables information exchange in both directions that is important for
improving the quality of experience and network management. This
kind of cleanly separated architecture is also more conducive to
protocol evolvability.
This draft discusses different approaches for explicit collaboration
and provides guidance on architectural principles to design new
mechanisms. Section 2 discusses principles that good design can
follow. This section also provides some examples and explanation of
situations that not following the principles can lead to. Section 3
points to topics that need more to be looked at more carefully before
any guidance can be given.
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Beyond the recommandation in [RFC8558], the IAB has provided further
guidance on protocol design. Among other documents, [RFC5218]
provides general advice on incremental deployability based on an
analysis of successes and failures and [RFC6709] discusses protocol
extensibility. The Internet Technology Adoption and Transition
(ITAT) workshop report [RFC7305] is also recommended reading on this
same general topic. [RFC9049], an IRTF document, provides a
catalogue of past issues to avoid and discusses incentives for
adoption of path signals such as the need for outperforming end-to-
end mechanisms or considering per-connection state.
2. Principles
This section provides architecture-level principles for protocol
designers and recommends models to apply for network collaboration
and signaling.
While RFC 8558 [RFC8558] focused specifically on "on-path elements",
the principles described in this document can be applied both to on-
path signalling and signalling with other elements in the network
that are not directly on-path, but still influence end-to-end
connections. An example of on-path signalling is communication
between an endpoint and a router on a network path. An example of
signalling with another network element is communication between an
endpoint and a network-assigned DNS server, firewall controller, or
captive portal API server.
Taken together, these principles focus on the inherent privacy and
security concerns of sharing information between endpoints and
network elements, emphasizing that careful scrutiny and a high bar of
consent and trust need to be applied.
2.1. Intentional Distribution
This guideline is best expressed in RFC 8558:
"Fundamentally, this document recommends that implicit signals should
be avoided and that an implicit signal should be replaced with an
explicit signal only when the signal's originator intends that it be
used by the network elements on the path. For many flows, this may
result in the signal being absent but allows it to be present when
needed."
This guideline applies in the other direction as well. For instance,
a network element should not unintentionally leak information that is
not visible to endpoints. An explicit decision is needed for a
specific information to be provided, along with analysis of the
security and privacy implications of that information.
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2.2. Minimum Set of Entities
It is recommended that a design identifies the minimum number of
entities needed to share a specific signal required for an identified
function.
Often this will be a very limited set, such as when an application
only needs to provide a signal to its peer at the other end of the
connection or a host needs to contact a specific VPN gateway. In
other cases a broader set is neeeded, such as when explicit or
implicit signals from a potentially unknown set of multiple routers
along the path inform the endpoints about congestion.
While it is tempting to consider removing these limitations in the
context of closed, private networks, each interaction is still best
considered separately, rather than simply allowing all information
exchanges within the closed network. Even in a closed network with
carefully managed elements there may be compromised components, as
evidenced in the most extreme way by the Stuxnet worm that operated
in an airgapped network. Most "closed" networks have at least some
needs and means to access the rest of the Internet, and should not be
modeled as if they had an impenetrable security barrier.
2.3. Control of the Distribution of Information
Trust and mutual agreement between the involved entities must
determine the distribution of information, in order to give adequate
control to each entity over the collaboration or information sharing.
The sender needs to agree to sending the information. Any passing of
information or request for an action needs to be explicit, and use
protocol mechanisms that are designed for the purpose. Merely
sending a particular kind of packet to a destination should not be
interpreted as an implicit agreement.
At the same time, the recipient of information or the target of a
request should agree to receiving the information. It should not be
burdened with extra processing if it does not have willigness or a
need to do so. This happens naturally in most protocol designs, but
has been a problem for some cases where "slow path" packet processing
is required or implied, and the recipient or router is not willing to
handle this.
In both cases, all involved entities must be identified and
potentially authenticated if trust is required as a prerequisite to
share certain information.
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Many Internet communications are not performed on behalf of the
applications, but are ultimately made on behalf of users. However,
not all information that may be shared directly relates to user
actions or other senstive data. All information shared must be
evaluated carefully to identify potential privacy implications for
users. Information that directly relates to the user should not be
shared without the user's consent. It should be noted that the
interests of the user and other parties, such as the application
developer, may not always coincide; some applications may wish to
collect more information about the user than the user would like.
How to achieve a balance of control between the actual user and an
application representing an user's interest is out of scope for this
document.
2.4. Minimize Information
Each party should provide only the information that is needed for the
other parties to perform the task for which collaboration is desired,
and no more. This applies to information sent by an application
about itself, information sent about users, or information sent by
the network.
An architecture can follow the guideline from RFC 8558 in using
explicit signals, but still fail to differentiate properly between
information that should be kept private and information that should
be shared.
In looking at what information can or cannot easily be passed, we
need to consider both, information from the network to the
application and from the application to the network.
For the application to the network direction, user-identifying
information can be problematic for privacy and tracking reasons.
Similarly, application identity can be problematic, if it might form
the basis for prioritization or discrimination that the application
provider may not wish to happen.
On the other hand, as noted above, information about general classes
of applications may be desirable to be given by application
providers, if it enables prioritization that would improve service,
e.g., differentiation between interactive and non-interactive
services.
For the network to application direction there is similarly sensitive
information, such as the precise location of the user. On the other
hand, various generic network conditions, predictive bandwidth and
latency capabilities, and so on might be attractive information that
applications can use to determine, for instance, optimal strategies
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for changing codecs. However, information given by the network about
load conditions and so on should not form a mechanism to provide a
side-channel into what other users are doing.
While information needs to be specific and provided on a per-need
basis, it is often beneficial to provide declarative information
that, for instance, expresses application needs than makes specific
requests for action.
2.5. Carrying Information
There is a distinction between what information is passed and how it
is carried. The actually sent information may be limited, while the
mechanisms for sending or requesting information can be capable of
sending much more.
There is a tradeoff here between flexibility and ensuring the
minimality of information in the future. The concern is that a fully
generic data sharing approach between different layers and parties
could potentially be misused, e.g., by making the availability of
some information a requirement for passing through a network. This
is undesirable.
This document recommends that the protocols that carry information
are specific to the type of information that is needed to carry the
minimal set of information (see Section 2.4) and can establish
sufficient trust to pass that information (see Section 2.6).
2.6. Protecting Information and Authentication
Some simple forms of information often exist in cleartext form, e.g,
ECN bits from routers are generally not authenticated or integrity
protected. This is possible when the information exchanges do not
carry any significantly sensitive information from the parties.
Often these kind of interations are also advisory in their nature
(see also section {#impact}).
In other cases it may be necessary to establish a secure channel for
communication with a specific other party, e.g., between a network
element and an application. This channel may need to be
authenticated, integrity protected and confidential. This is
necessary, for instance, if the particular information or request
needs to be share in confidence only with a particular, trusted node,
or there's a danger of an attack where someone else may forge
messages that could endanger the communication.
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Authenticated integrity protections on signalled data can help ensure
that data received in a signal has not been modified by other
parties, but both network elements and endpoints need to be careful
in processing or responding to any signal. Whether through bugs or
attacks, the content of path signals can lead to unexpected behaviors
or security vulernabilities if not properly handled.
However, it is important to note that authentication does not equal
trust. Whether a communication is with an application server or
network element that can be shown to be associated with a particular
domain name, it does not follow that information about the user can
be safely sent to it.
In some cases, the ability of a party to show that it is on the path
can be beneficial. For instance, an ICMP error that refers to a
valid flow may be more trustworthy than any ICMP error claiming to
come from an address.
Other cases may require more substantial assurances. For instance, a
specific trust arrangement may be established between a particular
network and application. Or technologies such as confidential
computing can be applied to provide an assurance that information
processed by a party is handled in an appropriate manner.
2.7. Limiting Impact of Information
Information shared between a network element and an endpoint of a
connection needs to have a limited impact on the behavior of both
endpoints and network elements. Any action that an endpoint or
network element takes based on a path signal needs to be considered
appropriately based on the level of authentication and trust that has
been established, and be scoped to a specific network path.
For example, an ICMP signal from a network element to an endpoint can
be used to influence future behavior on that particular network path
(such as changing the effective packet size or closing a path-
specific connection), but should not be able to cause a multipath or
migration-capable transport connection to close.
In many cases, path signals can be considered to be advisory
information, with the effect of optimizing or adjusting the behavior
of connections on a specific path. In the case of a firewall
blocking connectivity to a given host, endpoints should only
interpret that as the host being unavailable on that particular path;
this is in contrast to an end-to-end authenticated signal, such as a
DNSSEC-authenticated denial of existence [RFC7129].
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3. Further Work
This is a developing field, and it is expected that our understanding
will continue to grow. Among the recent changes are much higher use
of encryption at different protocol layers and the consolidation of
more and more traffic to the same destinations; these have greatly
impacted the field.
While there are some examples of modern, well-designed collaboration
mechanisms, clearly more work is needed. Many complex cases would
require significant developments in order to become feasible.
Some of the most difficult areas are listed below. Research on these
topics would be welcome.
* Business arrangements. Many designs - for instance those related
to quality-of-service - involve an expectation of paying for a
service. This is possible and has been successful within
individual domains, e.g., users can pay for higher data rates or
data caps in their ISP networks. However, it is a business-wise
much harder proposition for end-to-end connections across multiple
administrative domains [Claffy2015] [RFC9049].
* Secure communications with path elements. This has been a
difficult topic, both from the mechanics and scalability point
view, but also because there is no easy way to find out which
parties to trust or what trust roots would be appropriate. Some
application-network element interaction designs have focused on
information (such as ECN bits) that is distributed openly within a
path, but there are limited examples of designs with secure
information exchange with specific nodes.
* The use of path signals for reducing the effects of denial-of-
service attacks, e.g., in the form of modern "source quench"
designs.
* Ways of protecting information when held by network elements or
servers, beyond communications security. For instance, host
applications commonly share sensitive information about the user's
actions with other nodes, starting from basic data such as domain
names learned by DNS infrastructure or source and destination
addresses and protocol header information learned by all routers
on the path, to detailed end user identity and other information
learned by the servers. Some solutions are starting to exist for
this but are not widely deployed, at least not today [Oblivious]
[PDoT] [I-D.arkko-dns-confidential] [I-D.thomson-http-oblivious].
These solutions address also very specific parts of the issue, and
more work remains.
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* Sharing information from networks to applications. There are some
working examples of this, e.g., ECN. A few other proposals have
been made (see, e.g., [I-D.flinck-mobile-throughput-guidance]),
but very few of those have seen deployment.
* Sharing information from applications to networks. There are a
few more working examples of this (see Section 1). However,
numerous proposals have been made in this space, but most of them
have not progressed through standards or been deployed, for a
variety of reasons [RFC9049]. Several current or recent proposals
exist, however, such as [I-D.yiakoumis-network-tokens].
* Data privacy regimes generally deal with more issues than merely
whether some information is shared with another party or not. For
instance, there may be rules regarding how long information can be
stored or what purpose information may be used for. Similar
issues may also be applicable to the kind of information sharing
discussed in this document.
4. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank everyone at the IETF, the IAB, and
our day jobs for interesting thoughts and proposals in this space.
Fragments of this document were also in
[I-D.per-app-networking-considerations] and
[I-D.arkko-path-signals-information] that were published earlier. We
would also like to acknowledge [I-D.trammell-stackevo-explicit-coop]
for presenting similar thoughts. Finally, the authors would like to
thank Adrian Farrell, Toerless Eckert, Martin Thomson, Mark
Nottingham, Luis M. Contreras, Watson Ladd, Vittorio Bertola, Andrew
Campling, Eliot Lear, Spencer Dawkins, Christian Huitema, and Jeffrey
Haas for useful feedback in the IABOPEN sessions and on the list.
5. Informative References
[Claffy2015]
kc Claffy, . and D. Clark, "Adding Enhanced Services to
the Internet: Lessons from History", TPRC 43: The 43rd
Research Conference on Communication, Information and
Internet Policy Paper , April 2015.
[I-D.arkko-dns-confidential]
Arkko, J. and J. Novotny, "Privacy Improvements for DNS
Resolution with Confidential Computing", Work in Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-arkko-dns-confidential-02, 2 July
2021, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-arkko-dns-
confidential-02.txt>.
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[I-D.arkko-path-signals-information]
Arkko, J., "Considerations on Information Passed between
Networks and Applications", Work in Progress, Internet-
Draft, draft-arkko-path-signals-information-00, 22
February 2021, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-
arkko-path-signals-information-00.txt>.
[I-D.flinck-mobile-throughput-guidance]
Jain, A., Terzis, A., Flinck, H., Sprecher, N.,
Arunachalam, S., Smith, K., Devarapalli, V., and R. B.
Yanai, "Mobile Throughput Guidance Inband Signaling
Protocol", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-flinck-
mobile-throughput-guidance-04, 13 March 2017,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-flinck-mobile-
throughput-guidance-04.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-quic-manageability]
Kuehlewind, M. and B. Trammell, "Manageability of the QUIC
Transport Protocol", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-ietf-quic-manageability-14, 21 January 2022,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-quic-
manageability-14.txt>.
[I-D.per-app-networking-considerations]
Colitti, L. and T. Pauly, "Per-Application Networking
Considerations", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
per-app-networking-considerations-00, 15 November 2020,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-per-app-networking-
considerations-00.txt>.
[I-D.thomson-http-oblivious]
Thomson, M. and C. A. Wood, "Oblivious HTTP", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-thomson-http-oblivious-02,
24 August 2021, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-
thomson-http-oblivious-02.txt>.
[I-D.trammell-stackevo-explicit-coop]
Trammell, B., "Architectural Considerations for Transport
Evolution with Explicit Path Cooperation", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-trammell-stackevo-
explicit-coop-00, 23 September 2015,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-trammell-stackevo-
explicit-coop-00.txt>.
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[I-D.yiakoumis-network-tokens]
Yiakoumis, Y., McKeown, N., and F. Sorensen, "Network
Tokens", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
yiakoumis-network-tokens-02, 22 December 2020,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-yiakoumis-network-
tokens-02.txt>.
[Oblivious]
Schmitt, P., "Oblivious DNS: Practical privacy for DNS
queries", Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
2019.2: 228-244 , 2019.
[PDoT] Nakatsuka, Y., Paverd, A., and G. Tsudik, "PDoT: Private
DNS-over-TLS with TEE Support", Digit. Threat.: Res.
Pract., Vol. 2, No. 1, Article 3,
https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3431171 , February
2021.
[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.
[RFC5218] Thaler, D. and B. Aboba, "What Makes for a Successful
Protocol?", RFC 5218, DOI 10.17487/RFC5218, July 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5218>.
[RFC6709] Carpenter, B., Aboba, B., Ed., and S. Cheshire, "Design
Considerations for Protocol Extensions", RFC 6709,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6709, September 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6709>.
[RFC7129] Gieben, R. and W. Mekking, "Authenticated Denial of
Existence in the DNS", RFC 7129, DOI 10.17487/RFC7129,
February 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7129>.
[RFC7258] Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an
Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, DOI 10.17487/RFC7258, May
2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7258>.
[RFC7305] Lear, E., Ed., "Report from the IAB Workshop on Internet
Technology Adoption and Transition (ITAT)", RFC 7305,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7305, July 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7305>.
[RFC8558] Hardie, T., Ed., "Transport Protocol Path Signals",
RFC 8558, DOI 10.17487/RFC8558, April 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8558>.
Arkko, et al. Expires 8 September 2022 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft Path Signals Collab March 2022
[RFC9000] Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
Multiplexed and Secure Transport", RFC 9000,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9000, May 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9000>.
[RFC9049] Dawkins, S., Ed., "Path Aware Networking: Obstacles to
Deployment (A Bestiary of Roads Not Taken)", RFC 9049,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9049, June 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9049>.
[RFC9075] Arkko, J., Farrell, S., Kühlewind, M., and C. Perkins,
"Report from the IAB COVID-19 Network Impacts Workshop
2020", RFC 9075, DOI 10.17487/RFC9075, July 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9075>.
Authors' Addresses
Jari Arkko
Ericsson
Email: jari.arkko@ericsson.com
Ted Hardie
Cisco
Email: ted.ietf@gmail.com
Tommy Pauly
Apple
Email: tpauly@apple.com
Mirja Kühlewind
Ericsson
Email: mirja.kuehlewind@ericsson.com
Arkko, et al. Expires 8 September 2022 [Page 15]