Skip to main content

Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Near Field Communication
draft-ietf-6lo-nfc-15

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9428.
Authors Younghwan Choi , Yong-Geun Hong , Joo-Sang Youn , Dongkyun Kim , JinHyeock Choi
Last updated 2020-03-25 (Latest revision 2019-07-08)
Replaces draft-hong-6lo-ipv6-over-nfc
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Formats
Reviews
Additional resources Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state Submitted to IESG for Publication
Document shepherd Carles Gomez
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2019-03-05
IESG IESG state Became RFC 9428 (Proposed Standard)
Consensus boilerplate Yes
Telechat date (None)
Needs 2 more YES or NO OBJECTION positions to pass.
Responsible AD Erik Kline
Send notices to Samita Chakrabarti <samitac.ietf@gmail.com>, Carles Gomez <carlesgo@entel.upc.edu>
IANA IANA review state Version Changed - Review Needed
draft-ietf-6lo-nfc-15
6Lo Working Group                                           Y. Choi, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                 Y-G. Hong
Intended status: Standards Track                                    ETRI
Expires: January 9, 2020                                       J-S. Youn
                                                            Dongeui Univ
                                                                D-K. Kim
                                                                     KNU
                                                               J-H. Choi
                                                Samsung Electronics Co.,
                                                            July 8, 2019

       Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Near Field Communication
                         draft-ietf-6lo-nfc-15

Abstract

   Near field communication (NFC) is a set of standards for smartphones
   and portable devices to establish radio communication with each other
   by touching them together or bringing them into proximity, usually no
   more than 10 cm apart.  NFC standards cover communications protocols
   and data exchange formats, and are based on existing radio-frequency
   identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa.
   The standards include ISO/IEC 18092 and those defined by the NFC
   Forum.  The NFC technology has been widely implemented and available
   in mobile phones, laptop computers, and many other devices.  This
   document describes how IPv6 is transmitted over NFC using 6LoWPAN
   techniques.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 9, 2020.

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020                [Page 1]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Overview of Near Field Communication Technology . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Peer-to-peer Mode of NFC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  Protocol Stacks of NFC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.3.  NFC-enabled Device Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.4.  MTU of NFC Link Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  Specification of IPv6 over NFC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  Protocol Stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.2.  Link Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.3.  Stateless Address Autoconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.4.  IPv6 Link Local Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.5.  Neighbor Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.6.  Dispatch Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.7.  Header Compression  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.8.  Fragmentation and Reassembly Considerations . . . . . . .  11
     4.9.  Unicast and Multicast Address Mapping . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.  Internet Connectivity Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     5.1.  NFC-enabled Device Connected to the Internet  . . . . . .  13
     5.2.  Isolated NFC-enabled Device Network . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   8.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   9.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16

1.  Introduction

   NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically
   requiring a distance of 10 cm or less.  NFC operates at 13.56 MHz on
   ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates ranging from 106 kbit/s to

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020                [Page 2]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

   424 kbit/s [ECMA-340].  NFC always involves an initiator and a
   target; the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a
   passive target.  This enables NFC targets to take very simple form
   factors such as tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards that do not
   require batteries.  NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible,
   provided both devices are powered.  NFC builds upon RFID systems by
   allowing two-way communication between endpoints.  At the time of
   this writing, it has been used in devices such as mobile phones,
   running Android operating system, named with a feature called
   "Android Beam".  It is expected for the other mobile phones, running
   other operating systems (e.g., iOS, etc.) to be equipped with NFC
   technology in the near future.

   Considering exponential growth in the number of heterogeneous air
   interface technologies, NFC has been widely used like Bluetooth Low
   Energy (BT-LE), Wi-Fi, and so on.  Each of the heterogeneous air
   interface technologies has its own characteristics, which cannot be
   covered by the other technologies, so various kinds of air interface
   technologies would co-exist together.  NFC can provide secured
   communications with its short transmission range.

   When the number of devices and things having different air interface
   technologies communicate with each other, IPv6 is an ideal internet
   protocol owing to its large address space.  Also, NFC would be one of
   the endpoints using IPv6.  Therefore, this document describes how
   IPv6 is transmitted over NFC using 6LoWPAN techniques.

   [RFC4944] specifies the transmission of IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4.  The
   NFC link also has similar characteristics to that of IEEE 802.15.4.
   Many of the mechanisms defined in [RFC4944] can be applied to the
   transmission of IPv6 on NFC links.  This document specifies the
   details of IPv6 transmission over NFC links.

2.  Conventions and Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Overview of Near Field Communication Technology

   NFC enables simple and two-way interaction between two devices,
   allowing consumers to perform contactless transactions, access
   digital content, and connect electronic devices with a single touch.
   NFC complements many popular consumer level wireless technologies, by
   utilizing the key elements in existing standards for contactless card

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020                [Page 3]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

   technology (ISO/IEC 14443 A&B and JIS-X 6319-4).  NFC can be
   compatible with existing contactless card infrastructure and it
   enables a consumer to utilize one device across different systems.

   Extending the capability of contactless card technology, NFC also
   enables devices to share information at a distance that is less than
   10 cm with a maximum communication speed of 424 kbps.  Users can
   share business cards, make transactions, access information from a
   smart poster or provide credentials for access control systems with a
   simple touch.

3.1.  Peer-to-peer Mode of NFC

   NFC-enabled devices are unique in that they can support three modes
   of operation: card emulation, peer-to-peer, and reader/writer.  Only
   peer-to-peer in the three modes enables two NFC-enabled devices to
   communicate with each other to exchange information and share files,
   so that users of NFC-enabled devices can quickly share contact
   information and other files with a touch.  Therefore, the peer mode
   is used for ipv6-over-nfc.  In addition, NFC-enabled devices can
   securely send IPv6 packets in wireless range when an NFC-enabled
   gateway is linked to the Internet.

3.2.  Protocol Stacks of NFC

   IP can use the services provided by the Logical Link Control Protocol
   (LLCP) in the NFC stack to provide reliable, two-way transmission of
   information between the peer devices.  Figure 1 depicts the NFC P2P
   protocol stack with IPv6 bindings to LLCP.

   For data communication in IPv6 over NFC, an IPv6 packet MUST be
   passed down to LLCP of NFC and transported to an Information (I) and
   an Unnumbered Information (UI) Field in Protocol Data Unit (PDU) of
   LLCP of the NFC-enabled peer device.  LLCP does not support
   fragmentation and reassembly.  For IPv6 addressing or address
   configuration, LLCP MUST provide related information, such as link
   layer addresses, to its upper layer.  The LLCP to IPv6 protocol
   binding MUST transfer the SSAP and DSAP value to the IPv6 over NFC
   protocol.  SSAP stands for Source Service Access Point, which is a
   6-bit value meaning a kind of Logical Link Control (LLC) address,
   while DSAP means an LLC address of the destination NFC-enabled
   device.

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020                [Page 4]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

       |                                        |
       |                                        |  Application Layer
       |         Upper Layer Protocols          |   Transport Layer
       |                                        |    Network Layer
       |                                        |         |
       +----------------------------------------+ ------------------
       |            IPv6-LLCP Binding           |         |
       +----------------------------------------+        NFC
       |                                        |    Logical Link
       |      Logical Link Control Protocol     |       Layer
       |                 (LLCP)                 |         |
       +----------------------------------------+ ------------------
       |                                        |         |
       |               Activities               |         |
       |            Digital Protocol            |        NFC
       |                                        |      Physical
       +----------------------------------------+       Layer
       |                                        |         |
       |               RF Analog                |         |
       |                                        |         |
       +----------------------------------------+ ------------------

                     Figure 1: Protocol Stacks of NFC

   The LLCP consists of Logical Link Control (LLC) and MAC Mapping.  The
   MAC Mapping integrates an existing RF protocol into the LLCP
   architecture.  The LLC contains three components, such as Link
   Management, Connection-oriented Transmission, and Connection-less
   Transmission.  The Link Management component is responsible for
   serializing all connection-oriented and connection-less LLC PDU
   (Protocol Data Unit) exchanges and for aggregation and disaggregation
   of small PDUs.  The Connection-oriented Transmission component is
   responsible for maintaining all connection-oriented data exchanges
   including connection set-up and termination.  The Connectionless
   Transmission component is responsible for handling unacknowledged
   data exchanges.

3.3.  NFC-enabled Device Addressing

   According to NFC Logical Link Control Protocol v1.3 [LLCP-1.3], NFC-
   enabled devices have two types of 6-bit addresses (i.e., SSAP and
   DSAP) to identify service access points.  The several service access
   points can be installed on a NFC device.  However, the SSAP and DSAP
   can be used as identifiers for NFC link connections with the IPv6
   over NFC adaptation layer.  Therefore, the SSAP can be used to
   generate an IPv6 interface identifier.  Address values between 00h
   and 0Fh of SSAP and DSAP are reserved for identifying the well-known
   service access points, which are defined in the NFC Forum Assigned

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020                [Page 5]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

   Numbers Register.  Address values between 10h and 1Fh are assigned by
   the local LLC to services registered by local service environment.
   In addition, address values between 20h and 3Fh are assigned by the
   local LLC as a result of an upper layer service request.  Therefore,
   the address values between 20h and 3Fh can be used for generating
   IPv6 interface identifiers.

3.4.  MTU of NFC Link Layer

   As mentioned in Section 3.2, an IPv6 packet MUST be passed down to
   LLCP of NFC and transported to an Unnumbered Information Protocol
   Data Unit (UI PDU) and an Information Field in Protocol Data Unit (I
   PDU) of LLCP of the NFC-enabled peer device.

   The information field of an I PDU contains a single service data
   unit.  The maximum number of octets in the information field is
   determined by the Maximum Information Unit (MIU) for the data link
   connection.  The default value of the MIU for I PDUs is 128 octets.
   The local and remote LLCs each establish and maintain distinct MIU
   values for each data link connection endpoint.  Also, an LLC is
   announce a larger MIU for a data link connection by transmitting an
   MIUX extension parameter within the information field.  If no MIUX
   parameter is transmitted, the MIU value is 128 bytes.  Otherwise, the
   MTU size in NFC LLCP MUST be calculated from the MIU value as
   follows:

                          MTU = MIU = 128 + MIUX.

   According to [LLCP-1.3], Figure 2 shows an example of the MIUX
   parameter TLV.  Each of TLV Type and TLV Length field is 1 byte, and
   TLV Value field is 2 bytes.

                 0          0          1      2          3
                 0          8          6      2          1
                +----------+----------+------+-----------+
                |   Type   |  Length  |       Value      |
                +----------+----------+------+-----------+
                | 00000010 | 00000010 | 1011 | 0x0~0x7FF |
                +----------+----------+------+-----------+

                  Figure 2: Example of MIUX Parameter TLV

   When the MIUX parameter is encoded as a TLV option, the TLV Type
   field MUST be 0x02 and the TLV Length field MUST be 0x02.  The MIUX
   parameter MUST be encoded into the least significant 11 bits of the
   TLV Value field.  The unused bits in the TLV Value field MUST be set
   to zero by the sender and ignored by the receiver.  A maximum value
   of the TLV Value field can be 0x7FF, and a maximum size of the MTU in

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020                [Page 6]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

   NFC LLCP is 2176 bytes including the 128 byte default of MIU.  This
   value MUST be 0x480 to cover MTU of IPV6 if FAR is not used in IPv6
   over NFC.

4.  Specification of IPv6 over NFC

   NFC technology also has considerations and requirements owing to low
   power consumption and allowed protocol overhead. 6LoWPAN standards
   [RFC4944], [RFC6775], and [RFC6282] provide useful functionality for
   reducing overhead which can be applied to NFC.  This functionality
   consists of link-local IPv6 addresses and stateless IPv6 address
   auto-configuration (see Section 4.3), Neighbor Discovery (see
   Section 4.5) and header compression (see Section 4.7).

4.1.  Protocol Stacks

   Figure 3 illustrates IPv6 over NFC.  Upper layer protocols can be
   transport layer protocols (TCP and UDP), application layer protocols,
   and others capable running on top of IPv6.

                |                                        |
                |         Upper Layer Protocols          |
                +----------------------------------------+
                |                 IPv6                   |
                +----------------------------------------+
                |   Adaptation Layer for IPv6 over NFC   |
                +----------------------------------------+
                |              NFC Link Layer            |
                +----------------------------------------+
                |            NFC Physical Layer          |
                +----------------------------------------+

                Figure 3: Protocol Stacks for IPv6 over NFC

   The adaptation layer for IPv6 over NFC support neighbor discovery,
   stateless address auto-configuration, header compression, and
   fragmentation & reassembly.

4.2.  Link Model

   In the case of BT-LE, the Logical Link Control and Adaptation
   Protocol (L2CAP) supports fragmentation and reassembly (FAR)
   functionality; therefore, the adaptation layer for IPv6 over BT-LE
   does not have to conduct the FAR procedure.  The NFC LLCP, in
   contrast, does not support the FAR functionality, so IPv6 over NFC
   needs to consider the FAR functionality, defined in [RFC4944].
   However, the MTU on an NFC link can be configured in a connection

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020                [Page 7]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

   procedure and extended enough to fit the MTU of IPv6 packet (see
   Section 4.8).

   This document does NOT RECOMMEND using FAR over NFC link.  In
   addition, the implementation for this specification MUST use MIUX
   extension to communicate the MTU of the link to the peer as defined
   in Section 3.4.

   The NFC link between two communicating devices is considered to be a
   point-to-point link only.  Unlike in BT-LE, an NFC link does not
   support a star topology or mesh network topology but only direct
   connections between two devices.  Furthermore, the NFC link layer
   does not support packet forwarding in link layer.  Due to this
   characteristics, 6LoWPAN functionalities, such as addressing and
   auto-configuration, and header compression, need to be specialized
   into IPv6 over NFC.

4.3.  Stateless Address Autoconfiguration

   An NFC-enabled device (i.e., 6LN) performs stateless address
   autoconfiguration as per [RFC4862].  A 64-bit Interface identifier
   (IID) for an NFC interface is formed by utilizing the 6-bit NFC SSAP
   (see Section 3.3).  In the viewpoint of address configuration, such
   an IID should guarantee a stable IPv6 address during the course of a
   single connection, because each data link connection is uniquely
   identified by the pair of DSAP and SSAP included in the header of
   each LLC PDU in NFC.

   Following the guidance of [RFC7136], interface identifiers of all
   unicast addresses for NFC-enabled devices are 64 bits long and
   constructed by using the generation algorithm of random (but stable)
   identifier (RID) [RFC7217] (see Figure 4).

                  0         1         3         4       6
                  0         6         2         8       3
                 +---------+---------+---------+---------+
                 |  Random (but stable) Identifier (RID) |
                 +---------+---------+---------+---------+

                   Figure 4: IID from NFC-enabled device

   The RID is an output which is created by the algorithm, F() with
   input parameters.  One of the parameters is Net_IFace, and NFC Link
   Layer address (i.e., SSAP) is a source of the NetIFace parameter.
   The 6-bit address of SSAP of NFC is easy and short to be targeted by
   attacks of third party (e.g., address scanning).  The F() can provide
   secured and stable IIDs for NFC-enabled devices.  In addition, an

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020                [Page 8]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

   optional parameter, Network_ID is used to increase the randomness of
   the generated IID.

4.4.  IPv6 Link Local Address

   The IPv6 link-local address for an NFC-enabled device is formed by
   appending the IID, to the prefix FE80::/64, as depicted in Figure 5.

        0          0                  0                          1
        0          1                  6                          2
        0          0                  4                          7
       +----------+------------------+----------------------------+
       |1111111010|       zeros      |    Interface Identifier    |
       +----------+------------------+----------------------------+
       |                                                          |
       | <---------------------- 128 bits ----------------------> |
       |                                                          |

                 Figure 5: IPv6 link-local address in NFC

   The tool for a 6LBR to obtain an IPv6 prefix for numbering the NFC
   network can be accomplished via DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation ([RFC3633]).
   The "Interface Identifier" is used the secured and stable IIDs for
   NFC-enabled devices.

4.5.  Neighbor Discovery

   Neighbor Discovery Optimization for 6LoWPANs ([RFC6775]) describes
   the neighbor discovery approach in several 6LoWPAN topologies, such
   as mesh topology.  NFC does not support a complicated mesh topology
   but only a simple multi-hop network topology or directly connected
   peer-to-peer network.  Therefore, the following aspects of RFC 6775
   are applicable to NFC:

   o  When an NFC-enabled device (6LN) is directly connected to a NFC-
      enabled 6LBR, an NFC 6LN MUST register its address with the
      6LBR[RFC4944] by sending a Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message with
      the Address Registration Option (ARO) and process the Neighbor
      Advertisement (NA) accordingly.  In addition, when the 6LN and
      6LBR are directly connected, DHCPv6 is used for address
      assignment.  Therefore, Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) is not
      necessary between them.

   o  When two or more NFC 6LNs[RFC4944](or 6LRs) are connected, there
      are two cases.  One is that three or more NFC devices are linked
      with multi-hop connections, and the other is that they meet within
      a single hop range (e.g., isolated network).  In a case of multi-
      hops, all of 6LNs, which have two or more connections with

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020                [Page 9]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

      different neighbors, is a router for 6LR/6LBR.  In a case that
      they meet within a single hop and they have the same properties,
      any of them can be a router.

   o  For sending Router Solicitations and processing Router
      Advertisements, the NFC 6LNs MUST follow Sections 5.3 and 5.4 of
      [RFC6775].

   o  When a NFC device becomes a 6LR or a 6LBR, the NFC device MUST
      follow Section 6 and 7 of [RFC6775].

4.6.  Dispatch Header

   All IPv6-over-NFC encapsulated datagrams are prefixed by an
   encapsulation header stack consisting of a Dispatch value followed by
   zero or more header fields.  The only sequence currently defined for
   IPv6-over-NFC is the LOWPAN_IPHC header followed by payload, as
   depicted in Figure 6.

             +---------------+---------------+--------------+
             | IPHC Dispatch |  IPHC Header  |    Payload   |
             +---------------+---------------+--------------+

    Figure 6: A IPv6-over-NFC Encapsulated 6LOWPAN_IPHC Compressed IPv6
                                 Datagram

   The dispatch value is treated as an unstructured namespace.  Only a
   single pattern is used to represent current IPv6-over-NFC
   functionality.

              +------------+--------------------+-----------+
              |  Pattern   | Header Type        | Reference |
              +------------+--------------------+-----------+
              | 01  1xxxxx | 6LOWPAN_IPHC       | [RFC6282] |
              +------------+--------------------+-----------+

                         Figure 7: Dispatch Values

   Other IANA-assigned 6LoWPAN Dispatch values do not apply to this
   specification.

4.7.  Header Compression

   Header compression as defined in [RFC6282], which specifies the
   compression format for IPv6 datagrams on top of IEEE 802.15.4, is
   REQUIRED in this document as the basis for IPv6 header compression on
   top of NFC.  All headers MUST be compressed according to RFC 6282
   encoding formats.

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020               [Page 10]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

   Therefore, IPv6 header compression in [RFC6282] MUST be implemented.
   Further, implementations MUST also support Generic Header Compression
   (GHC) of [RFC7400].

   If a 16-bit address is required as a short address, it MUST be formed
   by padding the 6-bit NFC link-layer (node) address to the left with
   zeros as shown in Figure 8.

                      0                   1
                      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
                     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                     | Padding(all zeros)| NFC Addr. |
                     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                    Figure 8: NFC short address format

4.8.  Fragmentation and Reassembly Considerations

   IPv6-over-NFC MUST NOT use fragmentation and reassembly (FAR) for the
   payloads as discussed in Section 3.4.  The NFC link connection for
   IPv6 over NFC MUST be configured with an equivalent MIU size to fit
   the MTU of IPv6 Packet.  The MIUX value is 0x480 in order to fit the
   MTU (1280 bytes) of a IPv6 packet if NFC devices support extension of
   the MTU.  However, if the NFC device does not support extension,
   IPv6-over-NFC uses FAR with the default MTU (128 bytes), as defined
   in [RFC4944].

4.9.  Unicast and Multicast Address Mapping

   The address resolution procedure for mapping IPv6 non-multicast
   addresses into NFC link-layer addresses follows the general
   description in Section 4.6.1 and 7.2 of [RFC4861], unless otherwise
   specified.

   The Source/Target link-layer Address option has the following form
   when the addresses are 6-bit NFC link-layer (node) addresses.

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020               [Page 11]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

                      0                   1
                      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
                     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                     |      Type     |   Length=1    |
                     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                     |                               |
                     +-     Padding (all zeros)     -+
                     |                               |
                     +-                  +-+-+-+-+-+-+
                     |                   | NFC Addr. |
                     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                     Figure 9: Unicast address mapping

   Option fields:

      Type:

         1: for Source Link-layer address.

         2: for Target Link-layer address.

      Length:

         This is the length of this option (including the type and
         length fields) in units of 8 octets.  The value of this field
         is 1 for 6-bit NFC node addresses.

      NFC address:

         The 6-bit address in canonical bit order.  This is the unicast
         address the interface currently responds to.

   The NFC Link Layer does not support multicast.  Therefore, packets
   are always transmitted by unicast between two NFC-enabled devices.
   Even in the case where a 6LBR is attached to multiple 6LNs, the 6LBR
   cannot do a multicast to all the connected 6LNs.  If the 6LBR needs
   to send a multicast packet to all its 6LNs, it has to replicate the
   packet and unicast it on each link.

5.  Internet Connectivity Scenarios

   NFC networks can be isolated and connected to the Internet.

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020               [Page 12]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

5.1.  NFC-enabled Device Connected to the Internet

   One of the key applications of using IPv6 over NFC is securely
   transmitting IPv6 packets because the RF distance between 6LN and
   6LBR is typically within 10 cm.  If any third party wants to hack
   into the RF between them, it must come to nearly touch them.
   Applications can choose which kinds of air interfaces (e.g., BT-LE,
   Wi-Fi, NFC, etc.) to send data depending on the characteristics of
   the data.

   Figure 10 illustrates an example of an NFC-enabled device network
   connected to the Internet.  The distance between 6LN and 6LBR is
   typically 10 cm or less.  If there is any laptop computers close to a
   user, it will become a 6LBR.  Additionally, when the user mounts an
   NFC-enabled air interface adapter (e.g., portable NFC dongle) on the
   close laptop PC, the user's NFC-enabled device (6LN) can communicate
   with the laptop PC (6LBR) within 10 cm distance.

                                           ************
         6LN ------------------- 6LBR -----* Internet *------- CN
          |  (dis. 10 cm or less)  |       ************         |
          |                        |                            |
          | <-------- NFC -------> | <----- IPv6 packet ------> |
          | (IPv6 over NFC packet) |                            |

      Figure 10: NFC-enabled device network connected to the Internet

   Two or more 6LNs are connected with a 6LBR, but each connection uses
   a different subnet.  The 6LBR is acting as a router and forwarding
   packets between 6LNs and the Internet.  Also, the 6LBR MUST ensure
   address collisions do not occur and forwards packets sent by one 6LN
   to another.

5.2.  Isolated NFC-enabled Device Network

   In some scenarios, the NFC-enabled device network may transiently be
   a simple isolated network as shown in the Figure 11.

         6LN ---------------------- 6LR ---------------------- 6LN
          |     (10 cm or less)      |     (10 cm or less)      |
          |                          |                          |
          | <--------- NFC --------> | <--------- NFC --------> |
          |   (IPv6 over NFC packet) |  (IPv6 over NFC packet)  |

              Figure 11: Isolated NFC-enabled device network

   In mobile phone markets, applications are designed and made by user
   developers.  They may image interesting applications, where three or

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020               [Page 13]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

   more mobile phones touch or attach each other to work achieve a
   common objective.  In an isolated NFC-enabled device network, when
   two or more 6LRs are connected with each other, and then they are
   acting like routers, the 6LR MUST ensure address collisions do not
   occur.

6.  IANA Considerations

   There are no IANA considerations related to this document.

7.  Security Considerations

   This document does not RECOMMEND sending NFC packets over the
   Internet or any unsecured network.

   When interface identifiers (IIDs) are generated, devices and users
   are required to consider mitigating various threats, such as
   correlation of activities over time, location tracking, device-
   specific vulnerability exploitation, and address scanning.

   IPv6-over-NFC uses an IPv6 interface identifier formed from a "Short
   Address" and a set of well-known constant bits for the modified
   EUI-64 format.  However, NFC applications use short-lived
   connections, and the every connection is made with different address
   of NFC link with an extremely short-lived link.

   This document does not RECOMMEND sending NFC packets over the
   Internet or any unsecured network.  Especially, there can be a threat
   model in the scenario of Section 5.1. when the NFC-enabled device
   links to a NFC-enabled gateway for connectivity with the Internet,
   the gateway can be attacked.  Even though IPv6 over NFC guarantees
   security between the two NFC devices, there can be another threat
   during packet forwarding.

8.  Acknowledgements

   We are grateful to the members of the IETF 6lo working group.

   Michael Richardson, Suresh Krishnan, Pascal Thubert, Carsten Bormann,
   Alexandru Petrescu, James Woodyatt, Dave Thaler, Samita Chakrabarti,
   and Gabriel Montenegro have provided valuable feedback for this
   draft.

9.  Normative References

   [ECMA-340]
              "Near Field Communication - Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-
              1) 3rd Ed.", ECMA-340 , June 2013.

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020               [Page 14]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

   [LLCP-1.3]
              "NFC Logical Link Control Protocol version 1.3", NFC Forum
              Technical Specification , March 2016.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3633]  Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
              Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3633, December 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3633>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

   [RFC4862]  Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
              Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4862, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4862>.

   [RFC4944]  Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler,
              "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4
              Networks", RFC 4944, DOI 10.17487/RFC4944, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4944>.

   [RFC6282]  Hui, J., Ed. and P. Thubert, "Compression Format for IPv6
              Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks", RFC 6282,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6282, September 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6282>.

   [RFC6775]  Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C.
              Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over
              Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)",
              RFC 6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6775>.

   [RFC7136]  Carpenter, B. and S. Jiang, "Significance of IPv6
              Interface Identifiers", RFC 7136, DOI 10.17487/RFC7136,
              February 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7136>.

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020               [Page 15]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

   [RFC7217]  Gont, F., "A Method for Generating Semantically Opaque
              Interface Identifiers with IPv6 Stateless Address
              Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)", RFC 7217,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7217, April 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7217>.

   [RFC7400]  Bormann, C., "6LoWPAN-GHC: Generic Header Compression for
              IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks
              (6LoWPANs)", RFC 7400, DOI 10.17487/RFC7400, November
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7400>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

Authors' Addresses

   Younghwan Choi (editor)
   Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
   218 Gajeongno, Yuseung-gu
   Daejeon  34129
   Korea

   Phone: +82 42 860 1429
   Email: yhc@etri.re.kr

   Yong-Geun Hong
   Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
   161 Gajeong-Dong Yuseung-gu
   Daejeon  305-700
   Korea

   Phone: +82 42 860 6557
   Email: yghong@etri.re.kr

   Joo-Sang Youn
   DONG-EUI University
   176 Eomgwangno Busan_jin_gu
   Busan  614-714
   Korea

   Phone: +82 51 890 1993
   Email: joosang.youn@gmail.com

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020               [Page 16]
Internet-Draft                IPv6 over NFC                    July 2019

   Dongkyun Kim
   Kyungpook National University
   80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu
   Daegu  702-701
   Korea

   Phone: +82 53 950 7571
   Email: dongkyun@knu.ac.kr

   JinHyouk Choi
   Samsung Electronics Co.,
   129 Samsung-ro, Youngdong-gu
   Suwon  447-712
   Korea

   Phone: +82 2 2254 0114
   Email: jinchoe@samsung.com

Choi, et al.             Expires January 9, 2020               [Page 17]