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Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Bluetooth Low Energy
draft-ietf-6lowpan-btle-10

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Replaced".
Authors Johanna Nieminen , Teemu Savolainen , Markus Isomaki , Basavaraj Patil , Zach Shelby , Carles Gomez
Last updated 2012-09-17
Replaces draft-patil-6lowpan-v6over-btle
Replaced by draft-ietf-6lo-btle, draft-ietf-6lo-btle, draft-ietf-6lo-btle, RFC 7668
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Send notices to 6lowpan-chairs@tools.ietf.org, draft-ietf-6lowpan-btle@tools.ietf.org
draft-ietf-6lowpan-btle-10
6LoWPAN Working Group                                   J. Nieminen, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                        T. Savolainen, Ed.
Intended status: Standards Track                              M. Isomaki
Expires: March 21, 2013                                            Nokia
                                                                B. Patil

                                                               Z. Shelby
                                                               Sensinode
                                                                C. Gomez
                                              Universitat Politecnica de
                                                         Catalunya/i2CAT
                                                      September 17, 2012

         Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Bluetooth Low Energy
                       draft-ietf-6lowpan-btle-10

Abstract

   Bluetooth Low Energy is a low power air interface technology defined
   by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (BT-SIG).  The standard
   Bluetooth radio has been widely implemented and available in mobile
   phones, notebook computers, audio headsets and many other devices.
   The low power version of Bluetooth is a new specification and enables
   the use of this air interface with devices such as sensors, smart
   meters, appliances, etc.  The low power variant of Bluetooth is
   currently specified in revision 4.0 of the Bluetooth specifications
   (Bluetooth 4.0).  This document describes how IPv6 is transported
   over Bluetooth Low Energy using 6LoWPAN techniques.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on March 21, 2013.

Copyright Notice

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   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Bluetooth Low Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     2.1.  Bluetooth Low Energy stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.2.  Link layer roles and topology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.3.  BT-LE device addressing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     2.4.  BT-LE packets sizes and MTU  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Specification of IPv6 over Bluetooth Low Energy  . . . . . . .  6
     3.1.  Protocol stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.2.  Link model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       3.2.1.  Stateless address autoconfiguration  . . . . . . . . .  8
       3.2.2.  Neighbor discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       3.2.3.  Header compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       3.2.4.  Unicast and Multicast address mapping  . . . . . . . . 10
     3.3.  Internet connectivity scenarios  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   4.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   5.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   6.  Additional contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   7.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   8.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     8.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     8.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   Appendix A.  Bluetooth Low Energy fragmentation and L2CAP Modes  . 13
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

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1.  Introduction

   Bluetooth Low Energy (BT-LE) is a radio technology targeted for
   devices that operate with coin cell batteries or minimalistic power
   sources, which means that low power consumption is essential.  BT-LE
   is an especially attractive technology for Internet of Things
   applications, such as health monitors, environmental sensing,
   proximity applications and many others.

   Considering the potential for the exponential growth in the number of
   sensors and Internet connected devices and things, IPv6 is an ideal
   protocol due to the large address space it provides.  In addition,
   IPv6 provides tools for stateless address autoconfiguration, which is
   particularly suitable for sensor network applications and nodes which
   have very limited processing power or lack a full-fledged operating
   system.

   [RFC4944] specifies the transmission of IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4.  The
   Bluetooth Low Energy link in many respects has similar
   characteristics to that of IEEE 802.15.4.  Many of the mechanisms
   defined in [RFC4944] can be applied to the transmission of IPv6 on
   Bluetooth Low Energy links.  This document specifies the details of
   IPv6 transmission over Bluetooth Low Energy links.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

   The terms 6LN, 6LR and 6LBR are defined as in [I-D.ietf-6lowpan-nd].

2.  Bluetooth Low Energy

   BT-LE is designed for transferring small amounts of data infrequently
   at modest data rates at a very low cost per bit.  Bluetooth Special
   Interest Group has introduced two trademarks, Bluetooth Smart for
   single-mode devices (a device that only supports BT-LE) and Bluetooth
   Smart Ready for dual-mode devices.  In the rest of the draft, the
   term BT-LE refers to both types of devices.

   BT-LE is an integral part of the BT 4.0 specification [BTCorev4.0].
   Devices such as mobile phones, notebooks, tablets and other handheld
   computing devices which include BT 4.0 chipsets also have the low-
   energy functionality of Bluetooth.  BT-LE is also included in many
   different types of accessories that collaborate with mobile devices
   such as phones, tablets and notebook computers.  An example of a use
   case for a BT-LE accessory is a heart rate monitor that sends data
   via the mobile phone to a server on the Internet.

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2.1.  Bluetooth Low Energy stack

   The lower layer of the BT-LE stack consists of the Physical (PHY) and
   the Link Layer (LL).  The Physical Layer transmits and receives the
   actual packets.  The Link Layer is responsible for providing medium
   access, connection establishment, error control and flow control.
   The upper layer consists of the Logical Link Control and Adaptation
   Protocol (L2CAP), Generic Attribute protocol (GATT) and Generic
   Access Profile (GAP) as shown in Figure 1.  GATT and BT-LE profiles
   together enable the creation of applications in a standardized way
   without using IP.  L2CAP provides multiplexing capability by
   multiplexing the data channels from the above layers.  L2CAP also
   provides fragmentation and reassembly for large data packets.

           +----------------------------------------+------------------+
           |              Applications                                 |
           +----------------------------------------+------------------+
           |        Generic Attribute Profile       |  Generic Access  |
           +----------------------------------------+     Profile      |
           | Attribute Protocol |Security Manager   |                  |
           +--------------------+-------------------+------------------+
           |              Logical Link Control and Adaptation          |
           +--------------------+-------------------+------------------+
           |              Host Controller Interface                    |
           +--------------------+-------------------+------------------+
           |           Link Layer       |      Direct Test Mode        |
           +--------------------+-------------------+------------------+
           |              Physical Layer                               |
           +--------------------+-------------------+------------------+

                      Figure 1: BT-LE Protocol Stack

2.2.  Link layer roles and topology

   BT-LE defines two Link Layer roles: the Master Role and the Slave
   Role.  A device in the Master Role, which is called master, can
   manage multiple simultaneous connections with a number of devices in
   the Slave Role, called slaves.  A slave can only be connected to a
   single master.  Hence, a BT-LE network (i.e. a BT-LE piconet) follows
   a star topology shown in the Figure 2.  This specification primarily
   addresses the situation where the BT-LE Slave is a host but not a
   router at the IP level.

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                 [BTLE-Slave]-----\                /-----[BTLE-Slave]
                                   \              /
                  [BTLE-Slave]-----/[BTLE-Master]/-----[BTLE-Slave]
                                   /              \
                 [BTLE-Slave]-----/                \-----[BTLE-Slave]

                       Figure 2: BT-LE Star Topology

   A master is assumed to be less constrained than a slave.  Hence,
   master and slave can act as 6LoWPAN Border Router (6LBR) and host,
   respectively.

   In BT-LE, communication only takes place between a master and a
   slave.  Hence, in a BT-LE network using IP, a radio hop is equivalent
   to an IP link and vice versa.

2.3.  BT-LE device addressing

   Every BT-LE device is identified by a unique 48 bit Bluetooth Device
   Address (BD_ADDR).  A Bluetooth Smart device such as a sensor can use
   a public or a random device address (generated internally).  The
   public address is created according to the IEEE 802-2001 standard
   [IEEE802-2001] and using a valid Organizationally Unique Identifier
   (OUI) obtained from the IEEE Registration Authority.

2.4.  BT-LE packets sizes and MTU

   Maximum size of the payload in the BT-LE data channel PDU is 27
   bytes.  Depending on the L2CAP mode in use, the amount of data
   available for transporting IP bytes in the single BT-LE data channel
   PDU ranges between 19 and 27 octets.  For power efficient
   communication between two BT-LE devices, data and its header should
   fit in a single BT-LE data channel PDU.  However, IPv6 requires
   support for an MTU of 1280 bytes.  An inherent function of the BT-LE
   L2CAP layer, called Fragmentation and Recombination (FAR), can assist
   in transferring IPv6 packets that do not fit in a single BT-LE data
   channel PDU.

   The maximum IP datagram size that can be transported by L2CAP depends
   on the L2CAP mode.  The Basic L2CAP Mode allows a maximum payload
   size (i.e.  IP datagram size) of 65535 bytes per L2CAP PDU.  The rest
   of the L2CAP modes allow a maximum payload size that ranges between
   65527 and 65533 bytes per L2CAP PDU.  Appendix A describes FAR
   operation and five L2CAP Modes.

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3.  Specification of IPv6 over Bluetooth Low Energy

   BT-LE technology sets strict requirements for low power consumption
   and thus limits the allowed protocol overhead. 6LoWPAN standards
   [RFC4944], [I-D.ietf-6lowpan-nd] and [RFC6282] provide useful generic
   functionality like header compression [Section 3.2.3], link-local
   IPv6 addresses, Neighbor Discovery [Section 3.2.2] and stateless IP-
   address autoconfiguration [Section 3.2.1] for reducing the overhead
   in 802.15.4 networks.  This functionality can be partly applied to
   BT-LE.

   A significant difference between IEEE 802.15.4 and BT-LE is that the
   former supports both star and mesh topology (and requires a routing
   protocol), whereas BT-LE does not currently support the formation of
   multihop networks at the link layer.  In consequence, the mesh header
   defined in [RFC4944] for mesh under routing MUST NOT be used in BT-LE
   networks.  In addition, a BT-LE device MUST NOT play the role of a
   6LoWPAN Router (6LR).

3.1.  Protocol stack

   In order to enable transmission of IPv6 packets over BT-LE, a new
   fixed L2CAP channel ID is being reserved for IPv6 traffic by the BT-
   SIG.  A request for allocation of a new fixed channel ID for IPv6
   traffic by the BT-SIG should be submitted through the liaison process
   or formal communique from the 6lowpan chairs and respective area
   directors.  Until a channel ID is allocated by BT-SIG, the channel ID
   0x0007 is recommended for experimentation.  Once the channel ID is
   allocated, the allocated value MUST be used.  Figure 3 illustrates
   IPv6 over BT-LE stack.  UDP/TCP are provided as examples of a
   transport protocol, but the stack can be used by other transport
   protocols as well.

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                  +-------------------+
                  |    UDP/TCP        |
                  +-------------------+
                  |      IPv6         |
                  +-------------------+
                  | 6LoWPAN adapted   |
                  |     to BT-LE      |
                  +-------------------+
                  |  BT-LE L2CAP      |
                  +-------------------+
                  |  BT-LE Link Layer |
                  +-------------------+
                  |  BT-LE Physical   |
                  +-------------------+

                      Figure 3: IPv6 over BT-LE Stack

3.2.  Link model

   The concept of IP link (layer 3) and the physical link (combination
   of PHY and MAC) needs to be clear and the relationship has to be well
   understood in order to specify the addressing scheme for transmitting
   IPv6 packets over the BT-LE link.  [RFC4861] defines a link as "a
   communication facility or medium over which nodes can communicate at
   the link layer, i.e., the layer immediately below IP."

   In the case of BT-LE, L2CAP is an adaptation layer that supports the
   transmission of IPv6 packets.  L2CAP also provides multiplexing
   capability in addition to FAR functionality.  This specification
   requires that FAR functionality MUST be provided in the L2CAP layer
   up to the IPv6 minimum MTU of 1280 bytes.  The corresponding L2CAP
   Mode MUST be Basic Mode.  Since FAR in BT-LE is a function of the
   L2CAP layer, fragmentation functionality as defined in [RFC4944] MUST
   NOT be used in BT-LE networks.  This specification also assumes the
   IPv6 header compression format specified in [RFC 6282].  It is also
   assumed that the IPv6 payload length can be inferred from the L2CAP
   header length and also assumes that IPv6 addresses assigned to
   6LoWPAN interfaces are formed with an IID derived directly from the
   48-bit Bluetooth device addresses, as described in subsection 3.2.1.

   The BT-LE link between two communicating nodes can be considered to
   be a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint link.  When one of the
   communicating nodes is in the role of a master, then the link can be
   viewed as a point-to-multipoint link.

   When a host connects to another BT-LE device the link is up and IP
   address configuration and transmission can occur.

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3.2.1.  Stateless address autoconfiguration

   A BT-LE 6LN performs stateless address autoconfiguration as per
   [RFC4862].  This specification mandates that the 64 bit Interface
   Identifier (IID) for a BT-LE interface MUST be formed using a
   Bluetooth Device Address that is a 48-bit unique public Bluetooth
   address, [Section 2.3] as per the "IPv6 over Ethernet" specification
   [RFC2464].  A BT-LE 6LN node MAY use this EUI-64 based IID or a
   randomly generated IID [Section 3.2.2] for stateless address
   autoconfiguration.  Since the 48-bit public Bluetooth address is
   globally unique, the "Universal/Local" (U/L) bit MUST be set to 0.

   As defined in [RFC4291], the IPv6 link-local address for a BT-LE node
   is formed by appending the IID, to the prefix FE80::/64, as depicted
   in Figure 4.

   The tool for a gateway to obtain an IPv6 prefix for numbering the
   BT-LE network is out of scope of this document, but can for example
   be accomplished via DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation [RFC3633].  The used
   IPv6 prefix may change due to the gateway's movement.

3.2.2.  Neighbor discovery

   [I-D.ietf-6lowpan-nd] describes the neighbor discovery approach as
   adapted for use in several 6LoWPAN topologies, including the mesh
   topology.  BT-LE does not support mesh networks and hence only those
   aspects of the [I-D.ietf-6lowpan-nd] that apply to a star topology
   are considered.

   The following aspects of 6lowpan-nd are applicable to BT-LE 6LNS:

   1.  A BT-LE 6LN MUST register its address with the router by sending
   a NS message with the ARO option and process the NA accordingly.  The
   NS with the ARO option SHOULD be sent irrespective of whether the IID
   is derived from the unique 48 bit BT-LE device address or the IID is
   a random value that is generated as per the privacy extensions for
   stateless address autoconfiguration [RFC4941].  Although [RFC 4941]
   permits the use of deprecated addresses for old connections, in this
   specification we mandate that one interface MUST NOT use more than
   one IID at any one time.

   2.  Sending a Router solicitation (RS) and processing Router
   advertisements by BT-LE 6LNs MUST follow Sections 5.3 and 5.4
   respectively of [I-D.ietf-6lowpan-nd].

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                     10 bits        54 bits             64 bits
                   +----------+-----------------+----------------------+
                   |1111111010|       zeros     | Interface Identifier |
                   +----------+-----------------+----------------------+

                Figure 4: IPv6 link-local address in BT-LE

3.2.3.  Header compression

   Header compression, as defined in [RFC6282], which specifies the
   compression format for IPv6 datagrams on top of IEEE 802.15.4 is
   REQUIRED in this document as the basis for IPv6 header compression on
   top of BT-LE.  All headers MUST be compressed according to RFC 6282
   encoding formats.  In BT-LE the star topology structure can be
   exploited in order to provide a mechanism for IID compression.  The
   following text describes the principles of IPv6 address compression
   on top of BT-LE.

   In a link-local communication, both the IPv6 source and destination
   addresses MUST be elided [RFC6282], since the device knows that the
   packet is destined for it even if the packet does not have
   destination IPv6 address.  On the other hand, a node SHALL learn the
   IID of the other endpoint of each L2CAP connection it participates
   in.  By exploiting this information, a node that receives a data
   channel PDU containing an IPv6 packet (or a part of it) can infer the
   corresponding IPv6 source address.  The device MUST maintain a
   Neighbor Cache, in which the entries include both the IID of the
   neighbor and the Device Address that identifies the neighbor.  For
   the type of communication considered in this paragraph, the following
   settings MUST be used in the IPv6 compressed header: CID=0, SAC=0,
   SAM=11, DAC=0, DAM=11.

   When a BT-LE slave transmits an IPv6 packet to a remote destination
   using global Unicast IPv6 addresses, if a context is defined for the
   prefix of the slave global IPv6 address, the slave MUST indicate this
   context in the corresponding source fields of the compressed IPv6
   header as per Section 3.1 of [RFC 6282], and MUST elide the IPv6
   source address.  For this, the slave MUST use the following settings
   in the IPv6 compressed header: CID=1, SAC=1, SAM=11.  In this case,
   the 6LBR/master can infer the elided IPv6 source address since 1) the
   master/6LBR has previously assigned the prefix to the slaves; and 2)
   the master/6LBR maintains a Neighbor Cache that relates the Device
   Address and the IID of the corresponding slave.  If a context is
   defined for the IPv6 destination address, the slave MUST also
   indicate this context in the corresponding destination fields of the
   compressed IPv6 header, and MUST elide the prefix of the destination

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   IPv6 address.  For this, the slave MUST set the DAM field of the
   compressed IPv6 header as DAM=01 (if the context covers a 64-bit
   prefix) or as DAM=11 (if the context covers a full, 128-bit address).
   CID and DAC MUST be set to CID=1 and DAC=1.  Note that when a context
   is defined for the IPv6 destination address, the 6LBR/master can
   infer the elided destination prefix by using the context.

   When a master/6LBR receives an IPv6 packet sent by a remote node
   outside the BT-LE network, and the destination of the packet is a
   slave, if a context is defined for the prefix of the slave global
   IPv6 address, the master/6LBR MUST indicate this context in the
   corresponding destination fields of the compressed IPv6 header, and
   MUST elide the IPv6 destination address of the packet before
   forwarding it to the slave.  For this, the master/6LBR MUST set the
   DAM field of the IPv6 compressed header as DAM=11.  CID and DAC MUST
   be set to CID=1 and DAC=1.  If a context is defined for the prefix of
   the IPv6 source address, the master/6LBR MUST indicate this context
   in the source fields of the compressed IPv6 header, and MUST elide
   that prefix as well.  For this, the master/6LBR MUST set the SAM
   field of the IPv6 compressed header as SAM=01 (if the context covers
   a 64-bit prefix) or SAM=11 (if the context covers a full, 128-bit
   address).  CID and SAC MUST be set to CID=1 and SAC=1.

3.2.4.  Unicast and Multicast address mapping

   The BT-LE link layer does not support multicast.  Hence traffic is
   always unicast between two BT-LE devices.  Even in the case where a
   master is attached to multiple slave BT-LE devices, the master device
   cannot do a multicast to all the connected slave devices.  If the
   master device needs to send a multicast packet to all its slave
   devices, it has to replicate the packet and unicast it on each link.
   However, this may not be energy-efficient and particular care must be
   taken if the master is battery-powered.  In the opposite direction, a
   slave can only transmit data to a single destination (i.e. the
   master).  Hence, if a slave transmits an IPv6 multicast packet, the
   slave can unicast the corresponding BT-LE packet to the master.  The
   master MUST provide a table for mapping different types of multicast
   addresses (all-nodes, all-routers and solicited-node multicast
   addresses) to the corresponding IIDs and Device Addresses.

3.3.  Internet connectivity scenarios

   In a typical scenario, the BT-LE network is connected to the Internet
   as shown in the Figure 5.

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                        h           ____________
                         \         /            \
                   h ---- 6LBR --- |  Internet  |
                         /         \____________/
                        h
                                           h:      host
                 <-- BT-LE -->             6LBR:   6LoWPAN Border Router

             Figure 5: BT-LE network connected to the Internet

   In some scenarios, the BT-LE network may transiently or permanently
   be an isolated network as shown in the Figure 6.

                        h       h           h:     host
                         \     /            6LBR:  6LoWPAN Border Router
                    h --- 6LBR -- h
                         /    \
                        h      h

                     Figure 6: Isolated BT-LE network

   Host-to-master and master-to-host communication MUST use the same
   mechanisms as would be used in global IPv6 communications.  The
   gateway is used to route the packets to one of its slaves.

4.  IANA Considerations

   There are no IANA considerations related to this document.

5.  Security Considerations

   The transmission of IPv6 over BT-LE links has similar requirements
   and concerns for security as for IEEE 802.15.4.  IPv6 over BT-LE
   SHOULD be protected by using BT-LE Link Layer security.

   BT-LE Link Layer supports encryption and authentication by using the
   Counter with CBC-MAC (CCM) mechanism [RFC3610] and a 128-bit AES
   block cipher.  Upper layer security mechanisms may exploit this
   functionality when it is available.  (Note: CCM does not consume
   bytes from the maximum per-packet L2CAP data size, since the link
   layer data unit has a specific field for them when they are used.)

   Key management in BT-LE is provided by the Security Manager Protocol

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   (SMP), as defined in [BTCorev4.0].

6.  Additional contributors

   Kanji Kerai, Jari Mutikainen, David Canfeng-Chen and Minjun Xi from
   Nokia have contributed significantly to this document.

7.  Acknowledgements

   The Bluetooth, Bluetooth Smart and Bluetooth Smart Ready marks are
   registred trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc.

   Samita Chakrabarti and Erik Nordmark have provided valuable feedback
   for this draft.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [BTCorev4.0]
              BLUETOOTH Special Interest Group, "BLUETOOTH Specification
              Version 4.0", June 2010.

   [I-D.ietf-6lowpan-nd]
              Shelby, Z., Chakrabarti, S., and E. Nordmark, "Neighbor
              Discovery Optimization for Low Power and Lossy Networks
              (6LoWPAN)", draft-ietf-6lowpan-nd-21 (work in progress),
              August 2012.

   [IEEE802-2001]
              Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),
              "IEEE 802-2001 Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area
              Networks: Overview and Architecture", 2002.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2464]  Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet
              Networks", RFC 2464, December 1998.

   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,

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              September 2007.

   [RFC4862]  Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
              Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007.

   [RFC4944]  Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler,
              "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4
              Networks", RFC 4944, September 2007.

   [RFC6282]  Hui, J. and P. Thubert, "Compression Format for IPv6
              Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks", RFC 6282,
              September 2011.

8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC3610]  Whiting, D., Housley, R., and N. Ferguson, "Counter with
              CBC-MAC (CCM)", RFC 3610, September 2003.

   [RFC3633]  Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
              Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
              December 2003.

   [RFC4941]  Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
              Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
              IPv6", RFC 4941, September 2007.

Appendix A.  Bluetooth Low Energy fragmentation and L2CAP Modes

   This section provides an overview of Fragmentation and Recombination
   (FAR) method and L2CAP modes in Bluetooth Low Energy.  FAR is an
   L2CAP mechanism, in which an L2CAP entity can take the (large) upper
   layer PDU, prepend the L2CAP header (4 bytes in the Basic L2CAP mode)
   and break the resulting L2CAP PDU into fragments which can then be
   directly encapsulated into Data channel PDUs.  There are bits in the
   Data channel PDUs which identify whether the payload is a complete
   L2CAP PDU or the first of a set of fragments, or one of the rest of
   the fragments.

   There are five L2CAP modes defined in the BT 4.0 spec.  These modes
   are: Retransmission Mode (a Go-Back-N mechanism is used), Enhanced
   Retransmission Mode (includes selective NAK among others), Flow
   Control Mode (PDUs are numbered, but there are no retransmissions),
   Streaming Mode (PDUs are numbered, but there are no ACKs of any kind)
   and Basic L2CAP Mode.

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Authors' Addresses

   Johanna Nieminen (editor)
   Nokia
   Itaemerenkatu 11-13
   FI-00180 Helsinki
   Finland

   Email: johannamaria.nieminen@gmail.com

   Teemu Savolainen (editor)
   Nokia
   Hermiankatu 12 D
   FI-33720 Tampere
   Finland

   Email: teemu.savolainen@nokia.com

   Markus Isomaki
   Nokia
   Keilalahdentie 2-4
   FI-02150 Espoo
   Finland

   Email: markus.isomaki@nokia.com

   Basavaraj Patil
   6021 Connection drive
   Irving, TX  75039
   USA

   Email: bpatil@ovi.com

   Zach Shelby
   Sensinode
   Hallituskatu 13-17D
   FI-90100 Oulu
   Finland

   Email: zach.shelby@sensinode.com

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   Carles Gomez
   Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya/i2CAT
   C/Esteve Terradas, 7
   Castelldefels  08860
   Spain

   Email: carlesgo@entel.upc.edu

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