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Key Provisioning for Group Communication using ACE
draft-ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-07

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Authors Francesca Palombini , Marco Tiloca
Last updated 2020-06-18 (Latest revision 2020-05-11)
Replaces draft-palombini-ace-key-groupcomm
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draft-ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-07
ACE Working Group                                           F. Palombini
Internet-Draft                                               Ericsson AB
Intended status: Standards Track                               M. Tiloca
Expires: December 20, 2020                                       RISE AB
                                                           June 18, 2020

           Key Provisioning for Group Communication using ACE
                    draft-ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-07

Abstract

   This document defines message formats and procedures for requesting
   and distributing group keying material using the ACE framework, to
   protect communications between group members.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 20, 2020.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Authorization to Join a Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  Authorization Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.2.  Authorization Response  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.3.  Token Post  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   4.  Keying Material Provisioning and Group Membership Management   14
     4.1.  Interface at the KDC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     4.2.  Joining Exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     4.3.  Retrieval of Updated Keying Material  . . . . . . . . . .  31
     4.4.  Retrieval of New Keying Material  . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     4.5.  Retrieval of Public Keys and Roles for Group Members  . .  34
     4.6.  Update of Public Key  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     4.7.  Retrieval of Group Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     4.8.  Retrieval of Keying Material Version  . . . . . . . . . .  36
     4.9.  Group Leaving Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
   5.  Removal of a Node from the Group  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
   6.  ACE Groupcomm Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     7.1.  Update of Keying Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     7.2.  Block-Wise Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     8.1.  Media Type Registrations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     8.2.  CoAP Content-Formats Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
     8.3.  OAuth Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
     8.4.  OAuth Parameters CBOR Mappings Registry . . . . . . . . .  42
     8.5.  ACE Groupcomm Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     8.6.  ACE Groupcomm Key Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     8.7.  ACE Groupcomm Profile Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
     8.8.  ACE Groupcomm Policy Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     8.9.  Sequence Number Synchronization Method Registry . . . . .  46
     8.10. Interface Description (if=) Link Target Attribute Values
           Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     8.11. Expert Review Instructions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     9.3.  URIs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
   Appendix A.  Requirements on Application Profiles . . . . . . . .  51
   Appendix B.  Document Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
     B.1.  Version -04 to -05  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
     B.2.  Version -03 to -04  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
     B.3.  Version -02 to -03  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
     B.4.  Version -01 to -02  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
     B.5.  Version -00 to -01  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55

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   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56

1.  Introduction

   This document expands the ACE framework [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] to
   define the message exchanges used to request, distribute and renew
   the keying material in a group communication scenario, e.g. based on
   multicast [I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm-bis] or on publishing-subscribing
   [I-D.ietf-core-coap-pubsub].  The ACE framework is based on CBOR
   [RFC7049], so CBOR is the format used in this specification.
   However, using JSON [RFC8259] instead of CBOR is possible, using the
   conversion method specified in Sections 4.1 and 4.2 of [RFC7049].

   Profiles that use group communication can build on this document, by
   defining a number of details such as the exact group communication
   protocol and security protocols used.  The specific list of details a
   profile needs to define is shown in Appendix A.

   If the application requires backward and forward security, new keying
   material is generated and distributed to the group upon membership
   changes.  A key management scheme performs the actual distribution of
   the new keying material to the group.  In particular, the key
   management scheme rekeys the current group members when a new node
   joins the group, and the remaining group members when a node leaves
   the group.  Rekeying mechanisms can be based on [RFC2093], [RFC2094]
   and [RFC2627].

1.1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   Readers are expected to be familiar with the terms and concepts
   described in [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz][I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-stru
   ct][I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs], such as Authorization Server (AS)
   and Resource Server (RS).

   This document additionally uses the following terminology:

   o  Transport profile, to indicate a profile of ACE as per
      Section 5.6.4.3 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].  A transport
      profile specifies the communication protocol and communication
      security protocol between an ACE Client and Resource Server, as
      well as proof-of-possession methods, if it supports proof-of-

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      possession access tokens, etc.  Tranport profiles of ACE include,
      for instance, [I-D.ietf-ace-oscore-profile],
      [I-D.ietf-ace-dtls-authorize] and [I-D.ietf-ace-mqtt-tls-profile].

   o  Application profile, that defines how applications enforce and use
      supporting security services they require.  These services may
      include, for instance, provisioning, revocation and
      (re-)distribution of keying material.  An application profile may
      define specific procedures and message formats.

2.  Overview

       +------------+                  +-----------+
       |     AS     |                  |    KDC    |
       |            |        .-------->|           |
       +------------+       /          +-----------+
             ^             /
             |            /
             v           /                           +-----------+
       +------------+   /      +------------+        |+-----------+
       |   Client   |<-'       | Dispatcher |        ||+-----------+
       |            |<-------->|    (RS)    |<------->||   Group   |
       +------------+          +------------+         +|  members  |
                                                       +-----------+

                  Figure 1: Key Distribution Participants

   The following participants (see Figure 1) take part in the
   authorization and key distribution.

   o  Client (C): node that wants to join the group communication.  It
      can request write and/or read rights.

   o  Authorization Server (AS): same as AS in the ACE Framework; it
      enforces access policies, and knows if a node is allowed to join a
      given group with write and/or read rights.

   o  Key Distribution Center (KDC): maintains the keying material to
      protect group communications, and provides it to Clients
      authorized to join a given group.  During the first part of the
      exchange (Section 3), it takes the role of the RS in the ACE
      Framework.  During the second part (Section 4), which is not based
      on the ACE Framework, it distributes the keying material.  In
      addition, it provides the latest keying material to group members
      when requested or, if required by the application, when membership
      changes.

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   o  Dispatcher: entity through which the Clients communicate with the
      group and which distributes messages to the group members.
      Examples of dispatchers are: the Broker node in a pub-sub setting;
      a relayer node for group communication that delivers group
      messages as multiple unicast messages to all group members; an
      implicit entity as in a multicast communication setting, where
      messages are transmitted to a multicast IP address and delivered
      on the transport channel.

   This document specifies a mechanism for:

   o  Authorizing a new node to join the group (Section 3), and
      providing it with the group keying material to communicate with
      the other group members (Section 4).

   o  Leaving or removing a current group member from the group
      (Section 5).

   o  Retrieval of keying material by a group member (Section 4.3 and
      Section 4.4).

   o  Renewing and re-distributing the group keying material (rekeying)
      upon a membership change in the group (Section 4.9 and Section 5).

   Figure 2 provides a high level overview of the message flow for a
   node joining a group communication setting, which can be expanded as
   follows.

   1.  The joining node requests an Access Token from the AS, in order
       to access a specific group-membership resource on the KDC and
       hence join the associated group.  The joining node will start or
       continue using a secure communication association with the KDC,
       according to the response from the AS.

   2.  The joining node transfers authentication and authorization
       information to the KDC, by posting the obtained Access Token to
       the /authz-info endpoint at the KDC.  After that, a joining node
       MUST have a secure communication association established with the
       KDC, before starting to join a group under that KDC.  Possible
       ways to provide a secure communication association are DTLS
       [RFC6347] and OSCORE [RFC8613].

   3.  The joining node starts the joining process to become a member of
       the group, by accessing the related group-membership resource at
       the KDC.  At the end of the joining process, the joining node has
       received from the KDC the parameters and keying material to
       securely communicate with the other members of the group, and the
       KDC has stored the association between the authorization

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       information from the access token and the secure session with the
       client.

   4.  The joining node and the KDC maintain the secure association, to
       support possible future communications.  These especially include
       key management operations, such as retrieval of updated keying
       material or participation to a group rekeying process.

               C                           AS  KDC                Group
               |                           |    |                 Member
             / |                           |    |                     |
             | |   Authorization Request   |    |                     |
    Defined  | |-------------------------->|    |                     |
    in the   | |                           |    |                     |
      ACE    | |   Authorization Response  |    |                     |
   framework | |<--------------------------|    |                     |
             | |                                |                     |
             \ |---------- Token Post --------->|                     |
               |                                |                     |
               |------- Joining Request ------->|                     |
               |                                |                     |
               |<------ Joining Response -------|-- Group Rekeying -->|
               |                                |                     |
               |                                     Dispatcher       |
               |                                         |            |
               |<===== Secure group communication =======|===========>|
               |                                         |            |

              Figure 2: Message Flow Upon New Node's Joining

   The exchange of Authorization Request and Authorization Response
   between Client and AS MUST be secured, as specified by the transport
   profile of ACE used between Client and KDC.

   The Joining Request and Joining Response, and all further
   communications between the Client and the KDC MUST be sent over the
   secure channel established as a result of the transport profile of
   ACE used between Client and KDC.

   All communications between a Client and the other group members MUST
   be secured using the keying material provided in Section 4.

3.  Authorization to Join a Group

   This section describes in detail the format of messages exchanged by
   the participants when a node requests access to a given group.  This
   exchange is based on ACE [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].

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   As defined in [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz], the Client requests from
   the AS an authorization to join the group through the KDC (see
   Section 3.1).  If the request is approved and authorization is
   granted, the AS provides the Client with a proof-of-possession access
   token and parameters to securely communicate with the KDC (see
   Section 3.2).

   Communications between the Client and the AS MUST be secured, as
   defined by the transport profile of ACE used.  The Content-Format
   used in the messages is the one specified by the used transport
   profile of ACE (e.g. application/ace+cbor for the first two messages
   and application/cwt for the third message, depending on the format of
   the access token).  The transport profile of ACE also defines a
   number of details such as the communication and security protocols
   used with the KDC (see Appendix C of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]).

   Figure 3 gives an overview of the exchange described above.

         Client                                            AS  KDC
            |                                               |   |
            |---- Authorization Request: POST /token ------>|   |
            |                                               |   |
            |<--- Authorization Response: 2.01 (Created) ---|   |
            |                                               |   |
            |----- POST Token: POST /authz-info --------------->|
            |                                                   |

               Figure 3: Message Flow of Join Authorization

3.1.  Authorization Request

   The Authorization Request sent from the Client to the AS is defined
   in Section 5.6.1 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] and MAY contain the
   following parameters, which, if included, MUST have the corresponding
   values:

   o  'scope', containing the identifier of the specific group(s), or
      topic(s) in the case of pub-sub, that the Client wishes to access,
      and optionally the role(s) that the Client wishes to take.

      This value is a CBOR byte string, encoding a CBOR array of one or
      more entries.

      An entry has as value a CBOR array, which contains:

      *  As first element, the identifier of the specific group or
         topic.

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      *  Optionally, as second element, the role (or CBOR array of
         roles) that the Client wishes to take in the group.  This
         element is optional since roles may have been pre-assigned to
         the Client, as associated to its verifiable identity
         credentials.  Alternatively, the application may have defined a
         single, well-known role for the target resource(s) and
         audience(s).  Note that, if applicable in the application use
         cases, the application profile can define a format for the role
         as the one defined in [I-D.bormann-core-ace-aif].

      In each entry, the encoding of the group or topic identifier (REQ1
      in Appendix A) and of the role identifiers (REQ2) is application
      specific, and part of the requirements for the application
      profile.

      In particular, the application profile may specify CBOR values to
      use for abbreviating role identifiers (OPT7).

      The CDDL definition [RFC8610] of scope, using as example group
      identifier encoded as byte string and role identifier as text
      string, is given in Figure 4.

   o  'audience', with an identifier of a KDC.

   o  'req_cnf', as defined in Section 3.1 of
      [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-params], optionally containing the public key
      or a reference to the public key of the Client, if it wishes to
      communicate that to the AS.

   o  Other additional parameters as defined in
      [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz], if necessary.

   As in [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz], these parameters are included in
   the payload, which is formatted as a CBOR map.  The Content-Format
   "application/ace+cbor" defined in Section 8.14 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] is used.

              gid = bstr

              role = tstr

              scope_entry = [ gid , ? ( role / [ 2*role ] ) ]

              scope = << [ + scope_entry ] >>

   Figure 4: CDLL definition of scope, using as example group identifier
                     encoded as bstr and role as tstr

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3.2.  Authorization Response

   The Authorization Response sent from the AS to the Client is defined
   in Section 5.6.2 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] and MUST contain the
   following parameters:

   o  'access_token', containing the proof-of-possession access token.

   o  'cnf' if symmetric keys are used, not present if asymmetric keys
      are used.  This parameter is defined in Section 3.2 of
      [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-params] and contains the symmetric proof-of-
      possession key that the Client is supposed to use with the KDC.

   o  'rs_cnf' if asymmetric keys are used, not present if symmetric
      keys are used.  This parameter is defined in Section 3.2 of
      [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-params] and contains information about the
      public key of the KDC.

   o  'expires_in', contains the lifetime in seconds of the access
      token.  This parameter MAY be omitted if the application defines
      how the expiration time is communicated to the Client via other
      means, or if it establishes a default value.

   Additionally, the Authorization Response MAY contain the following
   parameters, which, if included, MUST have the corresponding values:

   o  'scope' containing the granted scope, if different from the scope
      requested by the client.  This parameter has the same format and
      encoding of 'scope' in the Authorization Request, defined in
      Section 3.1.

   o  Other additional parameters as defined in
      [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz], if necessary.

   The proof-of-possession access token (in 'access_token' above) MUST
   contain the following parameters:

   o  a confirmation claim (see for example 'cnf' defined in Section 3.1
      of [RFC8747] for CWT);

   o  an expiration time claim (see for example 'exp' defined in
      Section 3.1.4 of [RFC8392] for CWT);

   o  a scope claim (see for example 'scope' registered in Section 8.13
      of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] for CWT).  This claim has the same
      encoding as 'scope' parameter above.  Additionally, this claim has
      the same value of the 'scope' parameter if the parameter is

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      present in the message, or it takes the value of 'scope' in the
      Authorization Request otherwise.

   The access token MAY additionally contain other claims that the
   transport profile of ACE requires, or other optional parameters.

   As in [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz], these parameters are included in
   the payload, which is formatted as a CBOR map.  The Content-Format
   "application/ace+cbor" is used.

   When receiving an Authorization Request from a Client that was
   previously authorized, and for which the AS still owns a valid non
   expired access token, the AS MAY reply with that token.  Note that it
   is up to application profiles of ACE to make sure that re-posting the
   same token does not cause re-use of keying material between nodes
   (for example, that is done with the use of random nonces in
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oscore-profile]).

3.3.  Token Post

   The Client sends a CoAP POST request including the access token to
   the KDC, as specified in Section 5.8.1 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].
   If the specific transport profile of ACE defines it, the Client MAY
   use a different endpoint than /authz-info at the KDC to post the
   access token to.

   Optionally, the Client might want to request necessary information
   concerning the public keys in the group, as well as concerning the
   algorithm and related parameters for computing signatures in the
   group.  In such a case, the joining node MAY ask for that information
   to the KDC in this same request.  To this end, it sends the CoAP POST
   request to the /authz-info endpoint using the Content-Format
   "application/ace+cbor".  The payload of the message MUST be formatted
   as a CBOR map, including the access token and the following
   parameters:

   o  'sign_info' defined in Section 3.3.1.

   o  'pub_key_enc' defined in Section 3.3.2, encoding the CBOR simple
      value Null, to require information on the exact encoding of public
      keys used in the group.

   Alternatively, the joining node may retrieve this information by
   other means.

   After successful verification, the Client is authorized to receive
   the group keying material from the KDC and join the group.  In
   particular, the KDC replies to the Client with a 2.01 (Created)

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   response, using Content-Format "application/ace+cbor" defined in
   Section 8.14 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].

   The payload of the 2.01 response is a CBOR map.  If the access token
   contains a role that requires the Client to send its own public key
   to the KDC when joining the group, the CBOR map MUST include the
   parameter 'kdcchallenge' defined in Section Section 3.3.3, specifying
   a dedicated challenge N_S generated by the KDC.  The Client uses this
   challenge to prove possession of its own private key (see the
   'client_cred_verify' parameter in Section 4).  Note that the payload
   format of the response deviates from the default as defined in the
   ACE framework (see Section 5.8.1 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]).

   The KDC MUST store the 'kdcchallenge' value associated to the Client
   at least until it receives a join request from it (see Section 4.2),
   to be able to verify the proof of possession.  The same challenge MAY
   be reused several times by the Client, to generate new proof of
   possessions, e.g. in case of update of the public key, or to join a
   different group with a different key, so it is RECOMMENDED that the
   KDC keeps storing the 'kdcchallenge' after the first join is
   processed as well.  If the KDC has already discarded the
   'kdcchallenge', that will trigger an error response with a newly
   generated 'kdcchallenge' that the client can use to restart the join
   process, as specified in Section 4.2.

   If either of 'sign_info' or 'pub_key_enc' were included in the
   request, the KDC MAY include the 'sign_info' parameter defined in
   Section 3.3.1, optionally including the 'pub_key_enc' parameter
   Section 3.3.2.

   The 'sign_info' parameter MUST be present if the POST request
   included the 'sign_info' parameter and/or the pub_key_enc with value
   Null.  The encoding of the 'sign_info' parameter in the response is
   defined in Section 3.3.2.  Note that the field 'id' takes the value
   of the group identifier for which the 'sign_info' applies to, in this
   specification.

   Note that the CBOR map specified as payload of the 2.01 (Created)
   response may include further parameters, e.g. according to the
   signalled transport profile of ACE.

   Applications of this specification MAY define alternative specific
   negotiations of parameter values for signature algorithm and
   signature keys, if 'sign_info' and 'pub_key_enc' are not used (OPT2).

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3.3.1.  'sign_info' Parameter

   The 'sign_info' parameter is an OPTIONAL parameter of the Token Post
   response message defined in Section 5.1.2. of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].  This parameter contains information and
   parameters about the signature algorithm and the public keys to be
   used between the Client and the RS.  Its exact content is application
   specific.

   In this specification and in application profiles building on it,
   this parameter is used to ask and retrieve from the KDC information
   about the signature algorithm and related parameters used in the
   group.

   When used in the request, the 'sign_info' encodes the CBOR simple
   value Null, to require information and parameters on the signature
   algorithm and on the public keys used.

   The CDDL notation [RFC8610] of the 'sign_info' parameter formatted as
   in the request is given below.

      sign_info_req = nil

   The 'sign_info' parameter of the 2.01 (Created) response is a CBOR
   array of one ore more elements.  The number of elements is lower or
   at most equal to the number of groups the client has been authorized
   to join.  Each element contains information about signing parameters
   and keys for one or more group or topic and is formatted as follows.

   o  The first element 'id' is an identifier of the group or an array
      of identifiers for the groups for which this information applies.

   o  The second element 'sign_alg' is an integer or a text string if
      the POST request included the 'sign_info' parameter with value
      Null, and indicates the signature algorithm used in the group
      identified by 'gid'.  It is REQUIRED of the application profiles
      to define specific values that this parameter can take (REQ3),
      selected from the set of signing algorithms of the COSE Algorithms
      registry [COSE.Algorithms].  If the POST request did not include
      the 'sing_info' parameter, this element is encoded as the CBOR
      simple value Null.

   o  The third element 'sign_parameters' is a CBOR array indicating the
      parameters of the signature algorithm.  Its content depends on the
      value of 'sign_alg'.  It is REQUIRED of the application profiles
      to define the possible values and structure for the elements of
      this parameter (REQ4).  If the POST request did not include the

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      'sign_info' parameter, this element is encoded as the CBOR simple
      value Null.

   o  The fourth element 'sign_key_parameters' is a CBOR array
      indicating the parameters of the key used with the signature
      algorithm.  Its content depends on the value of 'sign_alg'.  It is
      REQUIRED of the application profiles to define the possible values
      and structure for the elements of this parameter (REQ5).  If the
      POST request did not include the 'sing_info' parameter, this
      element is encoded as the CBOR simple value Null.

   o  The fifth element 'pub_key_enc' parameter is optional and MUST
      only be present if the POST request included the 'pub_key_enc'
      parameter with value Null.  If present, it is either a CBOR
      integer indicating the encoding of public keys used in the group
      identified by 'gid', or has value Null indicating that the KDC
      does not act as repository of public keys for group members.  Its
      acceptable values are taken from the "CWT Confirmation Method"
      Registry defined in [RFC8747].  It is REQUIRED of the application
      profiles to define specific values to use for this parameter
      (REQ6).

   The CDDL notation [RFC8610] of the 'sign_info' parameter formatted as
   in the response is given below, with gid formatted as a bstr (note
   that gid can be encoded differently, see REQ1).

      sign_info_res = [ + sign_info_entry ]

      sign_info_entry =
      [
        id : gid / [ + gid ],
        sign_alg : int / tstr / nil,
        sign_parameters : [ any ] / nil,
        sign_key_parameters : [ any ] / nil,
        ? pub_key_enc_res = int / nil
      ]

      gid = bstr

3.3.2.  'pub_key_enc' Parameter

   The 'pub_key_enc' parameter is an OPTIONAL parameter of the Token
   Post response message defined in Section 5.1.2. of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].  This parameter contains information
   about the exact encoding of public keys to be used between the Client
   and the RS.  Its exact content is application specific.

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   In this specification and in application profiles building on it,
   this parameter is used to ask the KDC information about the encoding
   of public keys used in the group.

   The CDDL notation [RFC8610] of the 'pub_key_enc' parameter formatted
   as in the request is given below.

      pub_key_enc_req = nil

3.3.3.  'kdcchallenge' Parameter

   The 'kdcchallenge' parameter is an OPTIONAL parameter of the Token
   Post response message defined in Section 5.1.2. of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].  This parameter contains a challenge
   generated by the KDC and provided to the Client.  The Client may use
   this challenge to prove possession of its own private key in the
   Joining Request ((see the 'client_cred_verify' parameter in
   Section 4).

4.  Keying Material Provisioning and Group Membership Management

   This section defines the interface available at the KDC.  Moreover,
   this section specifies how the clients can use this interface to join
   a group, leave a group, retrieve new keying material or policies.

   During the first exchange with the KDC ("Joining"), the Client sends
   a request to the KDC, specifying the group it wishes to join (see
   Section 4.2).  Then, the KDC verifies the access token and that the
   Client is authorized to join that group.  If so, it provides the
   Client with the keying material to securely communicate with the
   other members of the group.  Whenever used, the Content-Format in
   messages containing a payload is set to application/ace-
   groupcomm+cbor, as defined in Section 8.2.

   When the Client is already a group member, the Client can use the
   interface at the KDC to perform the following actions:

   o  The Client can (re-)get the current keying material, for cases
      such as expiration, loss or suspected mismatch, due to e.g. reboot
      or missed group rekeying.  This is described in Section 4.3.

   o  The Client can retrieve a new individual key, or new input
      material to derive it.  This is described in Section 4.4.

   o  The Client can (re-)get the public keys of other group members,
      e.g. if it is aware of new nodes joining the group after itself.
      This is described in Section 4.5.

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   o  The Client can (re-)get the policies currently enforced in the
      group.  This is described in Section 4.7.

   o  The Client can (re-)get the version number of the keying material
      currently used in the group.  This is described in Section 4.8.

   o  The Client can request to leave the group.  This is further
      discussed in Section 4.9.

   Upon receiving a request from a Client, the KDC MUST check that it is
   storing a valid access token from that Client for the group
   identifier associated to the endpoint.  If that is not the case, i.e.
   the KDC does not store a valid access token or this is not valid for
   that Client for the group identifier at hand, the KDC MUST respond to
   the Client with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error message.

4.1.  Interface at the KDC

   The KDC is configured with the following resources.  Note that the
   root url-path "ace-group" given here are default names:
   implementations are not required to use these names, and can define
   their own instead.  The Interface Description (if=) Link Target
   Attribute value ace-group is registered (Section 8.10) and can be
   used to describe this interface.

   o  /ace-group : this resource is fixed and indicates that this
      specification is used.  If other applications run on a KDC
      implementing this specification and use this same resource, these
      applications will collide, and a mechanism will be needed to
      differentiate the endpoints.

   o  /ace-group/GROUPNAME : one sub-resource to /ace-group is
      implemented for each group the KDC manages.  These resources are
      identified by the group identifiers of the groups the KDC manages
      (in this example, the group identifier has value "GROUPNAME").
      These resources support GET and POST method.

   o  /ace-group/GROUPNAME/pub-key : this sub-resource is fixed and
      supports GET and FETCH methods.

   o  /ace-group/GROUPNAME/policies: this sub-resource is fixed and
      supports the GET method.

   o  /ace-group/GROUPNAME/ctx-num: this sub-resource is fixed and
      supports the GET method.

   o  /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME: one sub-resource to /ace-
      group/GROUPNAME is implemented for each node in the group the KDC

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      manages.  These resources are identified by the node name (in this
      example, the node name has value "NODENAME").  These resources
      support GET, PUT and DELETE methods.

   o  /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME/pub-key: one sub-resource to
      /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME is implemented for each node
      in the group the KDC manages.  These resources are identified by
      the node name (in this example, the node name has value
      "NODENAME").  These resources support the POST method.

   The details for the handlers of each resource are given in the
   following sections.  These endpoints are used to perform the
   operations introduced in Section 4.

4.1.1.  ace-group

   No handlers are implemented for this resource.

4.1.2.  ace-group/GROUPNAME

   This resource implements GET and POST handlers.

4.1.2.1.  POST Handler

   The POST handler adds the public key of the client to the list of the
   group members' public keys and returns the symmetric group keying
   material for the group identified by "GROUPNAME".

   The handler expects a request with payload formatted as a CBOR map
   which MAY contain the following fields, which, if included, MUST have
   the corresponding values:

   o  'scope', with value the specific resource at the KDC that the
      Client is authorized to access, i.e. group or topic identifier,
      and role(s).  This value is a CBOR byte string encoding one scope
      entry, as defined in Section 3.1.

   o  'get_pub_keys', if the Client wishes to receive the public keys of
      the other nodes in the group from the KDC.  The value is an empty
      CBOR array.  This parameter may be present if the KDC stores the
      public keys of the nodes in the group and distributes them to the
      Client; it is useless to have here if the set of public keys of
      the members of the group is known in another way, e.g. it was
      provided by the AS.

   o  'client_cred', with value the public key or certificate of the
      Client, encoded as a CBOR byte string.  This field contains the
      public key of the Client.  This field is used if the KDC is

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      managing (collecting from/distributing to the Client) the public
      keys of the group members, and if the Client's role in the group
      will require for it to send messages to the group.  The default
      encoding for public keys is COSE Keys.  Alternative specific
      encodings of this parameter MAY be defined in applications of this
      specification (OPT1 in Appendix A).

   o  'cnonce', with the same encoding as defined for the "cnonce"
      parameter of Ace, in Section 5.1.2 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz],
      and including a dedicated nonce N_C generated by the Client.  This
      parameter MUST be present if the 'client_cred' parameter is
      present.

   o  'client_cred_verify', encoded as a CBOR byte string.  This
      parameter MUST be present if the 'client_cred' parameter is
      present and no public key associated to the client's token can be
      retrieved for that group.  This parameter contains a signature
      computed by the Client over the scope concatenated with N_S
      concatenated with N_C, where:

      *  scope is the byte string specified in the 'scope parameter
         above'.

      *  N_S is the challenge received from the KDC in the
         'kdcchallenge' parameter of the 2.01 (Created) response to the
         token POST request (see Section 3.3).

      *  N_C is the nonce generated by the Client and specified in the
         'cnonce' parameter above.

   If the token is not being posted (e.g. if it is used directly to
   validate TLS instead), it is REQUIRED of the specific profile to
   define how the challenge N_S is generated (REQ17).  The Client
   computes the signature by using its own private key, whose
   corresponding public key is either directly specified in the
   'client_cred' parameter or included in the certificate specified in
   the 'client_cred' parameter.

   o  'pub_keys_repos', can be present if a certificate is present in
      the 'client_cred' field, with value the URI of the certificate of
      the Client.  This parameter is encoded as a CBOR text string.
      Alternative specific encodings of this parameter MAY be defined in
      applications of this specification (OPT3).

   o  'control_path', with value a full URI, encoded as a CBOR text
      string.  If 'control_path' is supported by the Client, the Client
      acts as a CoAP server and hosts a resource at this specific URI.
      The KDC MAY use this URI to send CoAP requests to the Client

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      (acting as CoAP server in this exchange), for example for
      individual provisioning of new keying material when performing a
      group rekeying (see Section 4.3), or to inform the Client of its
      removal from the group Section 5.  If the KDC does not implement
      mechanisms using this resource, it can just ignore this parameter.
      Other additional functionalities of this resource MAY be defined
      in application profiles of this specifications (OPT9).  In
      particular, this resource is intended for communications
      concerning exclusively the group or topic specified in the 'scope'
      parameter.

   The handler verifies that the group identifier of the /ace-group/
   GROUPNAME path is a subset of the 'scope' stored in the access token
   associated to this client.  If verification fails, the KDC MUST
   respond with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error message.  The KDC MAY set
   the payload with the 'sign_info' and 'pub_key_enc' parameter,
   formatted as 'sign_info_res' and 'pub_key_enc_res' in the payload of
   the 2.01 (Created) response to the Token Post as defined in
   Section 3.3.  Note that in this case, the content format MUST be set
   to application/ace+cbor.

   If the request is not formatted correctly (e.g. unknown, not-expected
   fields present, or expected fields with incorrect format), the
   handler MUST respond with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error message.  The
   response MAY contain a CBOR map in the payload with ace+cbor format,
   e.g. it could send back "pub_key_enc" set to Null if the Client sent
   its own public key and the KDC is not set to store public keys of the
   group members.  Application profiles MAY define optional or mandatory
   payload formats for specific error cases (OPT6).

   If the KDC stores the group members' public keys, the handler checks
   if one public key is already associated to the access token received
   (see Section 4.2 for an example) and to the group identified by
   "GROUPNAME".  If that is not the case, it retrieves it from the
   'client_cred' field and associates it to the access token received,
   after verifications succed.  In particular, the KDC verifies:

   o  that such public key has an acceptable format for the group
      identified by "GROUPNAME", i.e. it is encoded as expected and is
      compatible with the signature algorithm and possible associated
      parameters.  If that cannot be verified, it is RECOMMENDED that
      the handler stops the process and responds with a 4.00 (Bad
      Request) error message.  Applications profiles MAY define
      alternatives (OPT5).

   o  that the signature contained in "client_cred_verify" passes
      verification.  If that cannot be verified, the handler MUST
      respond with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error message, and if the token

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      was posted (see REQ17) including the 'kdcchallenge' associated to
      this Client (see Section 3.3) if it can be retrieved, or otherwise
      newly generated, in a CBOR map in the payload.  This error
      response MUST also have Content-Format "application/ace+cbor".

   If one public key is already associated to the access token and to
   that group, but the 'client_cred' is populated with a different
   public key, the handler MUST delete the previous one and replace it
   with this one, after verifying the points above.

   If the token was posted but the KDC cannot retrieve the
   'kdcchallenge' associated to this Client (see Section 3.3), the KDC
   MUST respond with a 4.00 Bad Request error response, including a
   newly generated 'kdcchallenge' in a CBOR map in the payload.  This
   error response MUST also have Content-Format "application/ace+cbor".

   If all verifications succeed, the handler:

   o  Adds the node to the list of current members of the group.

   o  Assigns a name NODENAME to the node, and creates a sub-resource to
      /ace-group/GROUPNAME/ at the KDC (e.g. "/ace-
      group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME").

   o  Associates the identifier "NODENAME" with the access token and the
      secure session for that node.

   o  If the KDC manages public keys for group members:

      *  Adds the retrieved public key of the node to the list of public
         keys stored for the group identified by "GROUPNAME"

      *  Associates the node's public key with its access token and the
         group identified by "GROUPNAME", if such association did not
         already exist.

   o  Returns a 2.01 (Created) message containing the symmetric group
      keying material, the group policies and all the public keys of the
      current members of the group, if the KDC manages those and the
      Client requested them.

   The response message also contains the URI path to the sub-resource
   created for that node in a Location-Path CoAP option.  The payload of
   the response is formatted as a CBOR map which MUST contain the
   following fields and values:

   o  'gkty', identifying the key type of the 'key' parameter.  The set
      of values can be found in the "Key Type" column of the "ACE

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      Groupcomm Key" Registry.  Implementations MUST verify that the key
      type matches the application profile being used, if present, as
      registered in the "ACE Groupcomm Key" registry.

   o  'key', containing the keying material for the group communication,
      or information required to derive it.

   o  'num', containing the version number of the keying material for
      the group communication, formatted as an integer.  The initial
      version MUST be set to 0 at the KDC.  This is a strictly monotonic
      increasing field.

   The exact format of the 'key' value MUST be defined in applications
   of this specification (REQ7), as well as accepted values of 'gkty' by
   the application (REQ8).  Additionally, documents specifying the key
   format MUST register it in the "ACE Groupcomm Key" registry defined
   in Section 8.6, including its name, type and application profile to
   be used with.

     +----------+----------------+---------+-------------------------+
     | Name     | Key Type Value | Profile | Description             |
     +----------+----------------+---------+-------------------------+
     | Reserved | 0              |         | This value is reserved  |
     +----------+----------------+---------+-------------------------+

                         Figure 5: Key Type Values

   Optionally, the response MAY contain the following parameters, which,
   if included, MUST have the corresponding values:

   o  'ace-groupcomm-profile', with value a CBOR integer that MUST be
      used to uniquely identify the application profile for group
      communication.  Applications of this specification MUST register
      an application profile identifier and the related value for this
      parameter in the "ACE Groupcomm Profile" Registry (REQ12).

   o  'exp', with value the expiration time of the keying material for
      the group communication, encoded as a CBOR unsigned integer.  This
      field contains a numeric value representing the number of seconds
      from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z UTC until the specified UTC date/time,
      ignoring leap seconds, analogous to what specified for NumericDate
      in Section 2 of [RFC7519].  Group members MUST stop using the
      keying material to protect outgoing messages and retrieve new
      keying material at the time indicated in this field.

   o  'exp_delta', with value the time interval (starting at 'exp')
      during which the keying material for the group communication can
      still be used for verifying incoming messages, encoded as a CBOR

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      unsigned integer.  This field contains a numeric value
      representing the number of seconds from 'exp' until the specified
      UTC date/time after which group members MUST stop using the keying
      material to verify incoming messages.

   o  'pub_keys', may only be present if 'get_pub_keys' was present in
      the request.  This parameter is a CBOR byte string, which encodes
      the public keys of all the group members paired with the
      respective member identifiers.  The default encoding for public
      keys is COSE Keys, so the default encoding for 'pub_keys' is a
      CBOR byte string wrapping a COSE_KeySet (see
      [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-struct]), which contains the public keys
      of all the members of the group.  In particular, each COSE Key in
      the COSE_KeySet includes the identifier of the corresponding group
      member as value of its 'kid' key parameter.  Alternative specific
      encodings of this parameter MAY be defined in applications of this
      specification (OPT1).  The specific format of the identifiers of
      group members MUST be specified in the application profile (REQ9).

   o  'peer_roles', MUST be present if 'pub_keys' is present.  This
      parameter is a CBOR array of n elements, with n the number of
      members in the group (and number of public keys included in the
      'pub_keys' parameter).  The i-th element of the array specifies
      the role (or CBOR array of roles) that the group member associated
      to the i-th public key in 'pub_keys' has in the group.  In
      particular, each array element is encoded as the role element of a
      scope entry, as defined in Section 3.1.

   o  'group_policies', with value a CBOR map, whose entries specify how
      the group handles specific management aspects.  These include, for
      instance, approaches to achieve synchronization of sequence
      numbers among group members.  The elements of this field are
      registered in the "ACE Groupcomm Policy" Registry.  This
      specification defines the two elements "Sequence Number
      Synchronization Method" and "Key Update Check Interval", which are
      summarized in Figure 6.  Application profiles that build on this
      document MUST specify the exact content format of included map
      entries (REQ14).

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   +--------------+-------+----------|--------------------|------------+
   |      Name    | CBOR  |   CBOR   |    Description     | Reference  |
   |              | label |   type   |                    |            |
   |--------------+-------+----------|--------------------|------------|
   | Sequence     | TBD1  | tstr/int | Method for a re-   | [[this     |
   | Number       |       |          | cipient node to    | document]] |
   | Synchroniza- |       |          | synchronize with   |            |
   | tion Method  |       |          | sequence numbers   |            |
   |              |       |          | of a sender node.  |            |
   |              |       |          | Its value is taken |            |
   |              |       |          | from the 'Value'   |            |
   |              |       |          | column of the      |            |
   |              |       |          | Sequence Number    |            |
   |              |       |          | Synchronization    |            |
   |              |       |          | Method registry    |            |
   |              |       |          |                    |            |
   | Key Update   | TBD2  |   int    | Polling interval   | [[this     |
   | Check        |       |          | in seconds, to     | document]] |
   | Interval     |       |          | check for new      |            |
   |              |       |          | keying material at |            |
   |              |       |          | the KDC            |            |
   +--------------+-------+----------|--------------------|------------+

                     Figure 6: ACE Groupcomm Policies

   o  'mgt_key_material', encoded as a CBOR byte string and containing
      the administrative keying material to participate in the group
      rekeying performed by the KDC.  The application profile MUST
      define if this field is used, and if used then MUST specify the
      exact format and content which depend on the specific rekeying
      scheme used in the group.  If the usage of 'mgt_key_material' is
      indicated and its format defined for a specific key management
      scheme, that format must explicitly indicate the key management
      scheme itself.  If a new rekeying scheme is defined to be used for
      an existing 'mgt_key_material' in an existing profile, then that
      profile will have to be updated accordingly, especially with
      respect to the usage of 'mgt_key_material' related format and
      content (REQ18).

   Specific application profiles that build on this document MUST
   specify the communication protocol that members of the group use to
   communicate with each other (REQ10) and how exactly the keying
   material is used to protect the group communication (REQ11).

   CBOR labels for these fields are defined in Section 6.

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4.1.2.2.  GET Handler

   The GET handler returns the symmetric group keying material for the
   group identified by "GROUPNAME".

   The handler expects a GET request.

   The handler verifies that the group identifier of the /ace-group/
   GROUPNAME path is a subset of the 'scope' stored in the access token
   associated to this client.  If verification fails, the KDC MUST
   respond with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error message.  The KDC MAY set
   the payload with the 'sign_info' and 'pub_key_enc' parameter,
   formatted as 'sign_info_res' and 'pub_key_enc_res' in the payload of
   the 2.01 (Created) response to the Token Post as defined in
   Section 3.3.  Note that in this case, the content format MUST be set
   to application/ace+cbor.

   Additionally, the handler verifies that the node is a current member
   of the group.  If verification fails, the KDC MUST respond with a
   4.00 (Bad Request) error message.

   If verification succeeds, the handler returns a 2.05 (Content)
   message containing the symmetric group keying material.  The payload
   of the response is formatted as a CBOR map which MUST contain the
   parameters 'gkty','key' and 'num' specified in Section 4.1.2.1.

   The payload MAY also include the parameters 'ace-groupcomm-profile',
   'exp', 'exp_delta' and 'mgt_key_material' parameters specified in
   Section 4.1.2.1.

4.1.3.  ace-group/GROUPNAME/pub-key

   This resource implements GET and FETCH handlers.

4.1.3.1.  FETCH Handler

   The FETCH handler receives identifiers of group members for the group
   identified by "GROUPNAME" and returns the public keys of such group
   members.

   The handler expects a request with payload formatted as a CBOR map.
   The payload of this request is a CBOR Map that MUST contain the
   following fields:

   o  'get_pub_keys', whose value is a non-empty CBOR array containing
      two CBOR arrays:

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      *  The first array contains zero or more roles (or combination of
         roles) of group members for the group identified by
         "GROUPNAME".

      *  The second array contains zero or more identifiers of group
         members for the group identified by "GROUPNAME".

   The CDDL definition [RFC8610] of 'get_pub_keys' is given in Figure 7
   using as example encoding: node identifier encoded as byte string,
   role identifier as text string, and combination of roles encoded as a
   CBOR array of roles.  Note that the empty array is not valid for this
   handler, but is valid for the value of "get_pub_keys" received by the
   handler of POST to ace-group/GROUPNAME (see Section 4.1.2.1).

         id = bstr

         role = tstr

         comb_role = [ 2*role ]

         get_pub_keys = [ [ *(role / comb_role) ], [ *id ] ] / [ ]

     Figure 7: CDLL definition of get_pub_keys, using as example node
                identifier encoded as bstr and role as tstr

   The specific format of public keys as well as identifiers, roles and
   combination of roles of group members MUST be specified by the
   application profile (OPT1, REQ2, REQ9).

   The handler verifies that the group identifier of the /ace-group/
   GROUPNAME path is a subset of the 'scope' stored in the access token
   associated to this client.  If verification fails, the KDC MUST
   respond with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error message.

   If verification succeeds, the handler identifies the public keys of
   the current group members for which either: - the role identifier
   matches with one of those indicated in the request (including the
   exact combination of roles requested), or - the identifier matches
   with one of those indicated in the request.

   Then, the handler returns a 2.05 (Content) message response with
   payload formatted as a CBOR map, containing only the 'pub_keys' and
   'peer_roles' parameters from Section 4.1.2.1.  In particular,
   'pub_keys' encodes the list of public keys of those group members
   including the respective member identifiers, while 'peer_roles'
   encodes their respective role (or CBOR array of roles) in the group.

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   If the KDC does not store any public key associated with the
   specified member identifiers, the handler returns a response with
   payload formatted as a CBOR byte string of zero length.  The specific
   format of public keys as well as of identifiers of group members is
   specified by the application profile (OPT1, REQ9).

   The handler MAY enforce one of the following policies, in order to
   handle possible identifiers that are included in the 'get_pub_keys'
   parameter of the request but are not associated to any current group
   member.  Such a policy MUST be specified by the application profile
   (REQ13)

   o  The KDC silently ignores those identifiers.

   o  The KDC retains public keys of group members for a given amount of
      time after their leaving, before discarding them.  As long as such
      public keys are retained, the KDC provides them to a requesting
      Client.

   Note that this resource handlers only verify that the node is
   authorized by the AS to access this resource.  Nodes that are not
   members of the group but are authorized to do signature verifications
   on the group messages may be allowed to access this resource, if the
   application needs it.

4.1.3.2.  GET Handler

   The handler expects a GET request.

   The handler verifies that the group identifier of the /ace-group/
   GROUPNAME path is a subset of the 'scope' stored in the access token
   associated to this client.  If verification fails, the KDC MUST
   respond with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error message.

   If verification succeeds, the handler returns a 2.05 (Content)
   message containing the public keys of all the current group members,
   for the group identified by "GROUPNAME".  The payload of the response
   is formatted as a CBOR map, containing only the 'pub_keys' and
   'peer_roles' parameters from Section 4.1.2.1.  In particular,
   'pub_keys' encodes the list of public keys of those group members
   including the respective member identifiers, while 'peer_roles'
   encodes their respective role (or CBOR array of roles) in the group.

   If the KDC does not store any public key for the group, the handler
   returns a response with payload formatted as a CBOR byte string of
   zero length.  The specific format of public keys as well as of
   identifiers of group members is specified by the application profile
   (OPT1, REQ9).

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   Note that this resource handlers only verify that the node is
   authorized by the AS to access this resource.  Nodes that are not
   members of the group but are authorized to do signature verifications
   on the group messages may be allowed to access this resource, if the
   application needs it.

4.1.4.  ace-group/GROUPNAME/policies

   This resource implements a GET handler.

4.1.4.1.  GET Handler

   The handler expects a GET request.

   The handler verifies that the group identifier of the /ace-group/
   GROUPNAME path is a subset of the 'scope' stored in the access token
   associated to this client.  If verification fails, the KDC MUST
   respond with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error message.

   Additionally, the handler verifies that the node is a current member
   of the group.  If verification fails, the KDC MUST respond with a
   4.00 (Bad Request) error message.

   If verification succeeds, the handler returns a 2.05 (Content)
   message containing the list of policies for the group identified by
   "GROUPNAME".  The payload of the response is formatted as a CBOR map
   including only the parameter 'group_policies' defined in
   Section 4.1.2.1 and specifying the current policies in the group.  If
   the KDC does not store any policy, the payload is formatted as a
   zero-length CBOR byte string.

   The specific format and meaning of group policies MUST be specified
   in the application profile (REQ14).

4.1.5.  ace-group/GROUPNAME/ctx-num

   This resource implements a GET handler.

4.1.5.1.  GET Handler

   The handler expects a GET request.

   The handler verifies that the group identifier of the /ace-group/
   GROUPNAME path is a subset of the 'scope' stored in the access token
   associated to this client.  If verification fails, the KDC MUST
   respond with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error message.

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   Additionally, the handler verifies that the node is a current member
   of the group.  If verification fails, the KDC MUST respond with a
   4.00 (Bad Request) error message.

   If verification succeeds, the handler returns a 2.05 (Content)
   message containing an integer that represents the version number of
   the symmetric group keying material.  This number is incremented on
   the KDC every time the KDC updates the symmetric group keying
   material.  The payload of the response is formatted as a CBOR
   integer.

4.1.6.  ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME

   This resource implements GET, PUT and DELETE handlers.

4.1.6.1.  PUT Handler

   The PUT handler is used to get the KDC to produce and return
   individual keying material to protect outgoing messages for the node
   (identified by "NODENAME") for the group identified by "GROUPNAME".

   The handler expects a request with empty payload.

   The handler verifies that the group identifier of the /ace-group/
   GROUPNAME path is a subset of the 'scope' stored in the access token
   associated to this client, identified by "NODENAME".  If verification
   fails, the KDC MUST respond with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error message.

   Additionally, the handler verifies that the node is a current member
   of the group.  If verification fails, the KDC MUST respond with a
   4.00 (Bad Request) error message.

   If verification succeeds, the handler returns a 2.05 (Content)
   message containing newly-generated individual keying material for the
   Client, or information enabling the Client to derive it.  The payload
   of the response is formatted as a CBOR map.  The specific format of
   newly-generated individual keying material for group members, or of
   the information to derive it, and corresponding CBOR label, MUST be
   specified in the application profile (REQ15) and registered in
   Section 8.5.

4.1.6.2.  GET Handler

   The handler expects a GET request.

   The handler verifies that the group identifier of the /ace-group/
   GROUPNAME path is a subset of the 'scope' stored in the access token

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   associated to this client, identified by "NODENAME".  If verification
   fails, the KDC MUST respond with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error message.

   The handler also verifies that the node sending the request and the
   node name used in the Uri-Path match.  If that is not the case, the
   handler responds with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error response.

   Additionally, the handler verifies that the node is a current member
   of the group.  If verification fails, the KDC MUST respond with a
   4.00 (Bad Request) error message.

   If verification succeeds, the handler returns a 2.05 (Content)
   message containing both the group keying material and the individual
   keying material for the Client, or information enabling the Client to
   derive it.  The payload of the response is formatted as a CBOR map.
   The format for the group keying material is the same as defined in
   the response of Section 4.1.2.2.  The specific format of individual
   keying material for group members, or of the information to derive
   it, and corresponding CBOR label, MUST be specified in the
   application profile (REQ15) and registered in Section 8.5.

4.1.6.3.  DELETE Handler

   The DELETE handler removes the node identified by "NODENAME" from the
   group identified by "GROUPNAME".

   The handler expects a request with method DELETE (and empty payload).

   The handler only accept a request from the node that matches the
   "NODENAME" used in Uri-Path, and that is part of the "GROUPNAME"
   group: the handler verifies that the group identifier "GROUPNAME" is
   a subset of the 'scope' stored in the access token associated to this
   client, and that this client is identified by "NODENAME".  If
   verification fails, the KDC MUST respond with a 4.01 (Unauthorized)
   error message.

   The handler also verifies that the node sending the request and the
   node name used in the Uri-Path match.  If that is not the case, the
   handler responds with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error response.

   Additionally, the handler verifies that the node is a current member
   of the group.  If verification fails, the KDC MUST respond with a
   4.00 (Bad Request) error message.

   If verification succeeds, the handler removes the client from the
   group identified by "GROUPNAME", for specific roles if roles were
   specified in the 'scope' field, or for all roles.  That includes
   removing the public key of the client if the KDC keep tracks of that.

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   Then, the handler delete the sub-resource nodes/NODENAME and returns
   a 2.02 (Deleted) message with empty payload.

4.1.7.  ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME/pub-key

   This resource implements a POST handler, if the KDC stores the public
   key of group members.  If the KDC does not store the public keys of
   group members, the handler does not implement any method, and every
   request returns a 4.05 Method Not Allowed error.

4.1.7.1.  POST Handler

   The POST handler is used to replace the stored public key of this
   client (identified by "NODENAME") with the one specified in the
   request at the KDC, for the group identified by "GROUPNAME".

   The handler expects a POST request with payload as specified in
   Section 4.1.2.1, with the difference that it includes only the
   parameters 'client_cred', 'cnonce' and 'client_cred_verify'.  In
   particular, the signature included in 'client_cred_verify' is
   expected to be computed as defined in Section 4.1.2.1, with a newly
   generated N_C nonce and the previously received N_S.  The specific
   format of public keys is specified by the application profile (OPT1).

   The handler verifies that the group identifier GROUPNAME is a subset
   of the 'scope' stored in the access token associated to this client.
   If verification fails, the KDC MUST respond with a 4.01
   (Unauthorized) error message.

   If the request is not formatted correctly (e.g. unknown, not-expected
   fields present, or expected fields with incorrect format), the
   handler MUST respond with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error message.
   Application profiles MAY define optional or mandatory payload formats
   for specific error cases (OPT6).

   Otherwise, the handler checks that the public key specified in the
   'client_cred' field has a valid format for the group identified by
   "GROUPNAME", i.e. it is encoded as expected and is compatible with
   the signature algorithm and possible associated parameters.  If that
   cannot be verified, the handler MUST respond with a 4.00 (Bad
   Request) error message.  Applications profiles MAY define
   alternatives (OPT5).

   Otherwise, the handler verifies the signature contained in the
   'client_cred_verify' field of the request, using the public key
   specified in the 'client_cred' field.  If the signature does not pass
   verification, the handler MUST respond with a 4.00 (Bad Request)
   error message.  If the KDC cannot retrieve the 'kdcchallenge'

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   associated to this Client (see Section 3.3), the KDC MUST respond
   with a 4.00 Bad Request error respons, including a newly generated
   'kdcchallenge' in a CBOR map in the payload the payload.  This error
   response MUST also have Content-Format "application/ace+cbor".

   If verification succeeds, the handler replaces the old public key of
   the node NODENAME with the one specified in the 'client_cred' field
   of the request, and stores it as the new current public key of the
   node NODENAME, in the list of group members' public keys for the
   group identified by GROUPNAME.  Then, the handler replies with a 2.04
   (Changed) response, which does not include a payload.

4.2.  Joining Exchange

   Figure 8 gives an overview of the Joining exchange between Client and
   KDC, when the Client first joins a group.

      Client                                                     KDC
         |                                                        |
         |----- Joining Request: POST /ace-group/GROUPNAME ------>|
         |                                                        |
         |<--------- Joining Response: 2.01 (Created) ----------- |
         | Location-Path = "/ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME"  |

        Figure 8: Message Flow of First Exchange for Group Joining

   If not previously established, the Client and the KDC MUST first
   establish a pairwise secure communication channel (REQ16).  This can
   be achieved, for instance, by using a transport profile of ACE.  The
   Joining exchange MUST occur over that secure channel.  The Client and
   the KDC MAY use that same secure channel to protect further pairwise
   communications that must be secured.

   The secure communication protocol is REQUIRED to establish the secure
   channel between Client and KDC by using the proof-of-possession key
   bound to the access token.  As a result, the proof-of-possession to
   bind the access token to the Client is performed by using the proof-
   of-possession key bound to the access token for establishing secure
   communication between the Client and the KDC.

   To join the group, the Client sends a CoAP POST request to the /ace-
   group/GROUPNAME endpoint at the KDC, where GROUPNAME is the group
   identifier of the group to join, formatted as specified in
   Section 4.1.2.1.  This group identifier is the same as in the scope
   entry corresponding to that group, specified in the 'scope' parameter
   of the Authorization Request/Response, or it can be retrieved from
   it.  Note that, in case of successful joining, the Client will

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   receive the URI to retrieve individual or group keying material and
   to leave the group in the Location-Path option of the response.

   If the node is joining a group for the first time, and the KDC
   maintains the public keys of the group members, the Client is
   REQUIRED to send its own public key and proof of possession
   ("client_cred" and "client_cred_verify" in Section 4.1.2.1).  The
   request is only accepted if both public key and proof of possession
   are provided.  If a node re-joins a group with the same access token
   and the same public key, it can omit to send the public key and the
   proof of possession, or just omit the proof of possession, and the
   KDC will be able to retrieve its public key associated to its token
   for that group (if the key has been discarded, the KDC will reply
   with 4.00 Bad Request, as specified in Section 4.1.2.1).  If a node
   re-joins a group but wants to update its own public key, it needs to
   send both public key and proof of possession.

   If the application requires backward security, the KDC MUST generate
   new group keying material and securely distribute it to all the
   current group members, upon a new node's joining the group.  To this
   end, the KDC uses the message format of the response defined in
   Section 4.1.2.2.  Application profiles may define alternative ways of
   retrieving the keying material, such as sending separate requests to
   different resources at the KDC (Section 4.1.2.2, Section 4.1.3.2,
   Section 4.1.4.1).  After distributing the new group keying material,
   the KDC MUST increment the version number of the keying material.

4.3.  Retrieval of Updated Keying Material

   When any of the following happens, a node MUST stop using the owned
   group keying material to protect outgoing messages, and SHOULD stop
   using it to decrypt and verify incoming messages.

   o  Upon expiration of the keying material, according to what
      indicated by the KDC with the 'exp' (and possibly the 'exp_delta')
      parameter in a Joining Response, or to a pre-configured value.

   o  Upon receiving a notification of revoked/renewed keying material
      from the KDC, possibly as part of an update of the keying material
      (rekeying) triggered by the KDC.

   o  Upon receiving messages from other group members without being
      able to retrieve the keying material to correctly decrypt them.
      This may be due to rekeying messages previously sent by the KDC,
      that the Client was not able to receive or decrypt.

   In either case, if it wants to continue participating in the group
   communication, the node has to request the latest keying material

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   from the KDC.  To this end, the Client sends a CoAP GET request to
   the /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME endpoint at the KDC,
   formatted as specified in Section 4.1.6.2.

   Note that policies can be set up, so that the Client sends a Key Re-
   Distribution request to the KDC only after a given number of received
   messages could not be decrypted (because of failed decryption
   processing or inability to retrieve the necessary keying material).

   It is application dependent and pertaining to the particular message
   exchange (e.g.  [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm]) to set up these
   policies, to instruct clients to retain incoming messages and for how
   long (OPT4).  This allows clients to possibly decrypt such messages
   after getting updated keying material, rather than just consider them
   non valid messages to discard right away.

   The same Key Distribution Request could also be sent by the Client
   without being triggered by a failed decryption of a message, if the
   Client wants to be sure that it has the latest group keying material.
   If that is the case, the Client will receive from the KDC the same
   group keying material it already has in memory.

   Figure 9 gives an overview of the exchange described above.

    Client                                                          KDC
       |                                                             |
       |------------------ Key Distribution Request: --------------->|
       |           GET ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME            |
       |                                                             |
       |<-------- Key Distribution Response: 2.05 (Content) ---------|
       |                                                             |

        Figure 9: Message Flow of Key Distribution Request-Response

   Alternatively, the re-distribution of keying material can be
   initiated by the KDC, which e.g.:

   o  Can make the ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME resource
      Observable [RFC7641], and send notifications to Clients when the
      keying material is updated.

   o  Can send the payload of the Key Distribution Response in one or
      multiple multicast POST requests to the members of the group,
      using secure rekeying schemes such as [RFC2093][RFC2094][RFC2627].

   o  Can send unicast POST requests to each Client over a secure
      channel, with the same payload as the Key Distribution Response.
      When sending such requests, the KDC can target the URI path

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      possibly provided by the intended recipient upon joining the
      group, as specified in the 'control_path' parameter of the Joining
      Request (see Section 4.1.2.1).

   o  Can act as a publisher in a pub-sub scenario, and update the
      keying material by publishing on a specific topic on a broker,
      which all the members of the group are subscribed to.

   Note that these methods of KDC-initiated key distribution have
   different security properties and require different security
   associations.  Moreover, congestion control mechanism need to be
   implemented where Observe is used, see Section 4.5.1 of [RFC7641].

4.4.  Retrieval of New Keying Material

   Beside possible expiration and depending on what part of the keying
   material is no longer eligible to be used, the client may need to
   communicate to the KDC its need for that part to be renewed.  For
   example, if the Client uses an individual key to protect outgoing
   traffic and has to renew it, the node may request a new one, or new
   input material to derive it, without renewing the whole group keying
   material.

   To this end, the client performs a Key Renewal Request/Response
   exchange with the KDC, i.e. it sends a CoAP PUT request to the /ace-
   group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME endpoint at the KDC, where GROUPNAME
   is the group identifier and NODENAME is the node's name, and
   formatted as defined in Section 4.1.6.2.

   Figure 10 gives an overview of the exchange described above.

       Client                                                    KDC
          |                                                       |
          |------------------ Key Renewal Request: -------------->|
          |           PUT ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME      |
          |                                                       |
          |<-------- Key Renewal Response: 2.05 (Content) --------|
          |                                                       |

          Figure 10: Message Flow of Key Renewal Request-Response

   Note the difference between the Key Distribution Request and the Key
   Renewal Request: while the first one only triggers distribution (the
   renewal might have happened independently, e.g. because of
   expiration), the second one triggers the KDC to produce new
   individual keying material for the requesting node.

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   Furthermore, policies can be set up so that, upon receiving a Key
   Renewal Request, the KDC replies to the client with an error
   response, and then performs a complete group rekeying (OPT8).

4.5.  Retrieval of Public Keys and Roles for Group Members

   In case the KDC maintains the public keys of group members, a node in
   the group can contact the KDC to request public keys and roles of
   either all group members or a specified subset, by sending a CoAP GET
   or FETCH request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME/pub-key endpoint at the
   KDC, where GROUPNAME is the group identifier, and formatted as
   defined in Section 4.1.3.2 and Section 4.1.3.1.

   When receiving a Public Key Response, the requesting group member
   stores (or updates) the public keys (in the 'pub_keys' parameter) and
   roles (in the 'peer_roles' parameter) of the group members.

   Figure 11 and Figure 12 give an overview of the exchanges described
   above.

      Client                                                     KDC
         |                                                        |
         |--Public Key Request: GET /ace-group/GROUPNAME/pub-key->|
         |                                                        |
         |<--------- Public Key Response: 2.05 (Content) ---------|
         |                                                        |

   Figure 11: Message Flow of Public Key Exchange to Request All Members
                                Public Keys

      Client                                                      KDC
         |                                                         |
         |-Public Key Request: FETCH /ace-group/GROUPNAME/pub-key->|
         |                                                         |
         |<--------- Public Key Response: 2.05 (Created) ----------|
         |                                                         |

    Figure 12: Message Flow of Public Key Exchange to Request Specific
                            Members Public Keys

4.6.  Update of Public Key

   In case the KDC maintains the public keys of group members, a node in
   the group can contact the KDC to upload a new public key to use in
   the group, and replace the currently stored one.

   To this end, the Client performs a Public Key Update Request/Response
   exchange with the KDC, i.e. it sends a CoAP POST request to the /ace-

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   group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME/pub-key endpoint at the KDC, where
   GROUPNAME is the group identifier and NODENAME is the node's name.

   The request is formatted as specified in Section 4.1.7.1.

   Figure Figure 13 gives an overview of the exchange described above.

   Client                                                           KDC
   |                                                                 |
   |-------------- Public Key Update Request: ---------------------->|
   |      POST ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME/pub-key            |
   |                                                                 |
   |<------- Public Key Update Response: 2.04 (Changed) -------------|
   |                                                                 |

       Figure 13: Message Flow of Public Key Update Request-Response

   If the application requires backward security, the KDC MUST generate
   new group keying material and securely distribute it to all the
   current group members, upon a group member updating its own public
   key.  To this end, the KDC uses the message format of the response
   defined in Section 4.1.2.2.  Application profiles may define
   alternative ways of retrieving the keying material, such as sending
   separate requests to different resources at the KDC (Section 4.1.2.2,
   Section 4.1.3.2, Section 4.1.4.1).  After distributing the new group
   keying material, the KDC MUST increment the version number of the
   keying material.

   Additionally, after updating its own public key, a group member MAY
   send a number of the later requests including an identifier of the
   updated public key, to signal nodes that they need to retrieve it.
   How that is done depends on the group communication protocol used,
   and therefore is application profile specific (OPT10).

4.7.  Retrieval of Group Policies

   A node in the group can contact the KDC to retrieve the current group
   policies, by sending a CoAP GET request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME/
   policies endpoint at the KDC, where GROUPNAME is the group
   identifier, and formatted as defined in Section 4.1.4.1

   Figure 14 gives an overview of the exchange described above.

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       Client                                                   KDC
          |                                                      |
          |-Policies Request: GET ace-group/GROUPNAME/policies ->|
          |                                                      |
          |<--------- Policies Response: 2.05 (Content) ---------|
          |                                                      |

           Figure 14: Message Flow of Policies Request-Response

4.8.  Retrieval of Keying Material Version

   A node in the group can contact the KDC to request information about
   the version number of the symmetric group keying material, by sending
   a CoAP GET request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME/ctx-num endpoint at
   the KDC, where GROUPNAME is the group identifier, formatted as
   defined in Section 4.1.5.1.  In particular, the version is
   incremented by the KDC every time the group keying material is
   renewed.

   Figure 15 gives an overview of the exchange described above.

       Client                                                    KDC
          |                                                       |
          |-- Version Request: GET ace-group/GROUPNAME/ctx-num -->|
          |                                                       |
          |<--------- Version Response: 2.05 (Content) -----------|
          |                                                       |

            Figure 15: Message Flow of Version Request-Response

4.9.  Group Leaving Request

   A node can actively request to leave the group.  In this case, the
   Client sends a CoAP DELETE request to the endpoint /ace-
   group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME at the KDC, where GROUPNAME is the
   group identifier and NODENAME is the node's name, formatted as
   defined in Section 4.1.6.3

   Alternatively, a node may be removed by the KDC, without having
   explicitly asked for it.  This is further discussed in Section 5.

5.  Removal of a Node from the Group

   This section describes the different scenarios according to which a
   node ends up being removed from the group.

   If the application requires forward security, the KDC MUST generate
   new group keying material and securely distribute it to all the

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   current group members but the leaving node, using the message format
   of the Key Distribution Response (see Section 4.3).  Application
   profiles may define alternative message formats.  Once distributed
   the new group keying material, the KDC MUST increment the version
   number of the keying material.

   Note that, after having left the group, a node may wish to join it
   again.  Then, as long as the node is still authorized to join the
   group, i.e. it still has a valid access token, it can re-request to
   join the group directly to the KDC without needing to retrieve a new
   access token from the AS.  This means that the KDC might decide to
   keep track of nodes with valid access tokens, before deleting all
   information about the leaving node.

   A node may be evicted from the group in the following cases.

   1.  The node explicitly asks to leave the group, as defined in
       Section 4.9.

   2.  The node has been found compromised or is suspected so.

   3.  The node's authorization to be a group member is not valid
       anymore, either because the access token has expired, or it has
       been revoked.  If the AS provides Token introspection (see
       Section 5.7 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]), the KDC can
       optionally use it and check whether the node is still authorized
       for that group in that role.

   In either case, once aware that a node is not authorized anymore, the
   KDC has to remove the unauthorized node from the list of group
   members, if the KDC keeps track of that.

   In case of forced eviction, the KDC MAY explicitly inform the leaving
   node, if the Client implements the 'control_path' resource specified
   in Section 4.1.2.1.  To this end, the KDC MAY send a DEL request,
   targeting the URI specified in the 'control_path' parameter of the
   Joining Request.

6.  ACE Groupcomm Parameters

   This specification defines a number of fields used during the second
   part of the message exchange, after the ACE Token POST exchange.  The
   table below summarizes them, and specifies the CBOR key to use
   instead of the full descriptive name.  Note that the media type ace-
   groupcomm+cbor MUST be used when these fields are transported.

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   +-----------------------+------+-----------------+------------------+
   | Name                  | CBOR | CBOR Type       | Reference        |
   |                       | Key  |                 |                  |
   +-----------------------+------+-----------------+------------------+
   | scope                 | TBD  | byte string     | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | get_pub_keys          | TBD  | array           | Section 4.1.2.1, |
   |                       |      |                 | Section 4.1.3.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | client_cred           | TBD  | byte string     | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | cnonce                | TBD  | byte string     | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | client_cred_verify    | TBD  | byte string     | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | pub_keys_repos        | TBD  | text string     | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | control_path          | TBD  | text string     | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | gkty                  | TBD  | int / text      | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      | string          |                  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | key                   | TBD  | see "ACE        | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      | Groupcomm Key"  |                  |
   |                       |      | Registry        |                  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | num                   | TBD  | int             | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | ace-groupcomm-profile | TBD  | int             | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | exp                   | TBD  | int             | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | exp_delta             | TBD  | int             | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | pub_keys              | TBD  | byte string     | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | peer_roles            | TBD  | array           | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | group_policies        | TBD  | map             | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   |                       |      |                 |                  |
   | mgt_key_material      | TBD  | byte string     | Section 4.1.2.1  |
   +-----------------------+------+-----------------+------------------+

7.  Security Considerations

   When a Client receives a message from a sender for the first time, it
   needs to have a mechanism in place to avoid replay, e.g.
   Appendix B.2 of [RFC8613].  In case the Client rebooted and lost the

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   security state used to protect previous communication with that
   sender, such a mechanism is useful for the recipient to be on the
   safe side.  If the group has renewed its group keying material, the
   time window between the end of the rekeying process and the next loss
   of security state is safe for recipients, as replayed older messages
   protected with previous keying material will not be accepted.

   The KDC must renew the group keying material upon its expiration.

   The KDC should renew the keying material upon group membership
   change, and should provide it to the current group members through
   the rekeying scheme used in the group.

   The KDC should renew the group keying material after rebooting, even
   in the case where all keying material is stored in persistent
   storage.  However, if the KDC relies on Observe responses to notify
   the group of renewed keying material, after rebooting the KDC will
   have lost all the Observations up to that point, and the previous
   keying material will be used to protect messages in the group anyway.
   The KDC will rely on each node requesting updates of the group keying
   material to establish the new keying material in the nodes, or, if
   implemented, it can push the update to the nodes in the group using
   the 'control_path' resource.

   The KDC may enforce a rekeying policy that takes into account the
   overall time required to rekey the group, as well as the expected
   rate of changes in the group membership.

   That is, the KDC may not rekey the group at every membership change,
   for instance if members' joining and leaving occur frequently and
   performing a group rekeying takes too long.  Instead, the KDC may
   rekey the group after a minimum number of group members have joined
   or left within a given time interval, or during predictable network
   inactivity periods.

   However, this would result in the KDC not constantly preserving
   backward and forward security.  In fact, newly joining group members
   could be able to access the keying material used before their
   joining, and thus could access past group communications.  Also,
   until the KDC performs a group rekeying, the newly leaving nodes
   would still be able to access upcoming group communications that are
   protected with the keying material that has not yet been updated.

   The KDC needs to have a mechanism in place to detect DoS attacks from
   nodes constantly initiating rekeys (for example by updating their
   public key), such as removing these nodes from the group.

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   The KDC also needs to have a congestion control mechanism in place to
   avoid network congestion when the KDC renews the group keying
   material; CoAP and Observe give guidancee on such mechanisms, see
   Section 4.7 of [RFC7252] and Section 4.5.1 of [RFC7641].

7.1.  Update of Keying Material

   A group member can receive a message shortly after the group has been
   rekeyed, and new keying material has been distributed by the KDC.  In
   the following two cases, this may result in misaligned keying
   material between the group members.

   In the first case, the sender protects a message using the old keying
   material.  However, the recipient receives the message after having
   received the new keying material, hence not being able to correctly
   process it.  A possible way to ameliorate this issue is to preserve
   the old, recent, keying material for a maximum amount of time defined
   by the application.  By doing so, the recipient can still try to
   process the received message using the old retained keying material
   as second attempt.  Note that a former (compromised) group member can
   take advantage of this by sending messages protected with the old
   retained keying material.  Therefore, a conservative application
   policy should not admit the storage of old keying material.

   In the second case, the sender protects a message using the new
   keying material, but the recipient receives that request before
   having received the new keying material.  Therefore, the recipient
   would not be able to correctly process the request and hence discards
   it.  If the recipient receives the new keying material shortly after
   that and the application at the sender endpoint performs
   retransmissions, the former will still be able to receive and
   correctly process the message.  In any case, the recipient should
   actively ask the KDC for an updated keying material according to an
   application-defined policy, for instance after a given number of
   unsuccessfully decrypted incoming messages.

   A node that has left the group should not expect any of its outgoing
   messages to be successfully processed, if received after its leaving,
   due to a possible group rekeying occurred before the message
   reception.

7.2.  Block-Wise Considerations

   If the block-wise options [RFC7959] are used, and the keying material
   is updated in the middle of a block-wise transfer, the sender of the
   blocks just changes the keying material to the updated one and
   continues the transfer.  As long as both sides get the new keying
   material, updating the keying material in the middle of a transfer

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   will not cause any issue.  Otherwise, the sender will have to
   transmit the message again, when receiving an error message from the
   recipient.

   Compared to a scenario where the transfer does not use block-wise,
   depending on how fast the keying material is changed, the nodes might
   consume a larger amount of the network bandwidth resending the blocks
   again and again, which might be problematic.

8.  IANA Considerations

   This document has the following actions for IANA.

8.1.  Media Type Registrations

   This specification registers the 'application/ace-groupcomm+cbor'
   media type for messages of the protocols defined in this document
   following the ACE exchange and carrying parameters encoded in CBOR.
   This registration follows the procedures specified in [RFC6838].

   Type name: application

   Subtype name: ace-groupcomm+cbor

   Required parameters: none

   Optional parameters: none

   Encoding considerations: Must be encoded as CBOR map containing the
   protocol parameters defined in [this document].

   Security considerations: See Section 7 of this document.

   Interoperability considerations: n/a

   Published specification: [this document]

   Applications that use this media type: The type is used by
   authorization servers, clients and resource servers that support the
   ACE groupcomm framework as specified in [this document].

   Additional information:

   Magic number(s): n/a

   File extension(s): .ace-groupcomm

   Macintosh file type code(s): n/a

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   Person & email address to contact for further information:
   iesg@ietf.org [1]

   Intended usage: COMMON

   Restrictions on usage: None

   Author: Francesca Palombini francesca.palombini@ericsson.com [2]

   Change controller: IESG

8.2.  CoAP Content-Formats Registry

   This specification registers the following entry to the "CoAP
   Content-Formats" registry, within the "CoRE Parameters" registry:

   Media Type: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor

   Encoding: -

   ID: TBD

   Reference: [this document]

8.3.  OAuth Parameters Registry

   The following registrations are done for the OAuth ParametersRegistry
   following the procedure specified in section 11.2 of [RFC6749]:

   o Parameter name: sign_info o Parameter usage location: token
   request, token response o Change Controller: IESG o Specification
   Document(s): [[This specification]]

   o Parameter name: pub_key_enc o Parameter usage location: token
   request, token response o Change Controller: IESG o Specification
   Document(s): [[This specification]]

   o Parameter name: kdcchallenge o Parameter usage location: token
   response o Change Controller: IESG o Specification Document(s):
   [[This specification]]

8.4.  OAuth Parameters CBOR Mappings Registry

   The following registrations are done for the OAuth Parameters CBOR
   Mappings Registry following the procedure specified in section 8.9 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]:

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   * Name: sign_info
   * CBOR Key: TBD (range -256 to 255)
   * Value Type: any
   * Reference: \[\[This specification\]\]

   * Name: pub_key_enc
   * CBOR Key: TBD (range -256 to 255)
   * Value Type: integer
   * Reference: \[\[This specification\]\]

   * Name: kdcchallenge
   * CBOR Key: TBD (range -256 to 255)
   * Value Type: byte string
   * Reference: \[\[This specification\]\]

8.5.  ACE Groupcomm Parameters Registry

   This specification establishes the "ACE Groupcomm Parameters" IANA
   Registry.  The Registry has been created to use the "Expert Review
   Required" registration procedure [RFC8126].  Expert review guidelines
   are provided in Section 8.11.

   The columns of this Registry are:

   o  Name: This is a descriptive name that enables easier reference to
      the item.  The name MUST be unique.  It is not used in the
      encoding.

   o  CBOR Key: This is the value used as CBOR key of the item.  These
      values MUST be unique.  The value can be a positive integer, a
      negative integer, or a string.

   o  CBOR Type: This contains the CBOR type of the item, or a pointer
      to the registry that defines its type, when that depends on
      another item.

   o  Reference: This contains a pointer to the public specification for
      the item.

   This Registry has been initially populated by the values in
   Section 6.  The Reference column for all of these entries refers to
   sections of this document.

8.6.  ACE Groupcomm Key Registry

   This specification establishes the "ACE Groupcomm Key" IANA Registry.
   The Registry has been created to use the "Expert Review Required"

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   registration procedure [RFC8126].  Expert review guidelines are
   provided in Section 8.11.

   The columns of this Registry are:

   o  Name: This is a descriptive name that enables easier reference to
      the item.  The name MUST be unique.  It is not used in the
      encoding.

   o  Key Type Value: This is the value used to identify the keying
      material.  These values MUST be unique.  The value can be a
      positive integer, a negative integer, or a text string.

   o  Profile: This field may contain one or more descriptive strings of
      application profiles to be used with this item.  The values should
      be taken from the Name column of the "ACE Groupcomm Profile"
      Registry.

   o  Description: This field contains a brief description of the keying
      material.

   o  References: This contains a pointer to the public specification
      for the format of the keying material, if one exists.

   This Registry has been initially populated by the values in Figure 5.
   The specification column for all of these entries will be this
   document.

8.7.  ACE Groupcomm Profile Registry

   This specification establishes the "ACE Groupcomm Profile" IANA
   Registry.  The Registry has been created to use the "Expert Review
   Required" registration procedure [RFC8126].  Expert review guidelines
   are provided in Section 8.11.  It should be noted that, in addition
   to the expert review, some portions of the Registry require a
   specification, potentially a Standards Track RFC, be supplied as
   well.

   The columns of this Registry are:

   o  Name: The name of the application profile, to be used as value of
      the profile attribute.

   o  Description: Text giving an overview of the application profile
      and the context it is developed for.

   o  CBOR Value: CBOR abbreviation for the name of this application
      profile.  Different ranges of values use different registration

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      policies [RFC8126].  Integer values from -256 to 255 are
      designated as Standards Action.  Integer values from -65536 to
      -257 and from 256 to 65535 are designated as Specification
      Required.  Integer values greater than 65535 are designated as
      Expert Review.  Integer values less than -65536 are marked as
      Private Use.

   o  Reference: This contains a pointer to the public specification of
      the abbreviation for this application profile, if one exists.

8.8.  ACE Groupcomm Policy Registry

   This specification establishes the "ACE Groupcomm Policy" IANA
   Registry.  The Registry has been created to use the "Expert Review
   Required" registration procedure [RFC8126].  Expert review guidelines
   are provided in Section 8.11.  It should be noted that, in addition
   to the expert review, some portions of the Registry require a
   specification, potentially a Standards Track RFC, be supplied as
   well.

   The columns of this Registry are:

   o  Name: The name of the group communication policy.

   o  CBOR label: The value to be used to identify this group
      communication policy.  Key map labels MUST be unique.  The label
      can be a positive integer, a negative integer or a string.
      Integer values between 0 and 255 and strings of length 1 are
      designated as Standards Track Document required.  Integer values
      from 256 to 65535 and strings of length 2 are designated as
      Specification Required.  Integer values of greater than 65535 and
      strings of length greater than 2 are designated as expert review.
      Integer values less than -65536 are marked as private use.

   o  CBOR type: the CBOR type used to encode the value of this group
      communication policy.

   o  Description: This field contains a brief description for this
      group communication policy.

   o  Reference: This field contains a pointer to the public
      specification providing the format of the group communication
      policy, if one exists.

   This registry will be initially populated by the values in Figure 6.

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8.9.  Sequence Number Synchronization Method Registry

   This specification establishes the "Sequence Number Synchronization
   Method" IANA Registry.  The Registry has been created to use the
   "Expert Review Required" registration procedure [RFC8126].  Expert
   review guidelines are provided in Section 8.11.  It should be noted
   that, in addition to the expert review, some portions of the Registry
   require a specification, potentially a Standards Track RFC, be
   supplied as well.

   The columns of this Registry are:

   o  Name: The name of the sequence number synchronization method.

   o  Value: The value to be used to identify this sequence number
      synchronization method.

   o  Description: This field contains a brief description for this
      sequence number synchronization method.

   o  Reference: This field contains a pointer to the public
      specification describing the sequence number synchronization
      method.

8.10.  Interface Description (if=) Link Target Attribute Values Registry

   This specification registers the following entry to the "Interface
   Description (if=) Link Target Attribute Values Registry" registry,
   within the "CoRE Parameters" registry:

   o  Attribute Value: ace-group

   o  Description: The 'ace group' interface is used to provision keying
      material and related informations and policies to members of a
      group using the Ace framework.

   o  Reference: [This Document]

8.11.  Expert Review Instructions

   The IANA Registries established in this document are defined as
   expert review.  This section gives some general guidelines for what
   the experts should be looking for, but they are being designated as
   experts for a reason so they should be given substantial latitude.

   Expert reviewers should take into consideration the following points:

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   o  Point squatting should be discouraged.  Reviewers are encouraged
      to get sufficient information for registration requests to ensure
      that the usage is not going to duplicate one that is already
      registered and that the point is likely to be used in deployments.
      The zones tagged as private use are intended for testing purposes
      and closed environments, code points in other ranges should not be
      assigned for testing.

   o  Specifications are required for the standards track range of point
      assignment.  Specifications should exist for specification
      required ranges, but early assignment before a specification is
      available is considered to be permissible.  Specifications are
      needed for the first-come, first-serve range if they are expected
      to be used outside of closed environments in an interoperable way.
      When specifications are not provided, the description provided
      needs to have sufficient information to identify what the point is
      being used for.

   o  Experts should take into account the expected usage of fields when
      approving point assignment.  The fact that there is a range for
      standards track documents does not mean that a standards track
      document cannot have points assigned outside of that range.  The
      length of the encoded value should be weighed against how many
      code points of that length are left, the size of device it will be
      used on, and the number of code points left that encode to that
      size.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [COSE.Algorithms]
              IANA, "COSE Algorithms",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/cose/
              cose.xhtml#algorithms>.

   [COSE.Key.Types]
              IANA, "COSE Key Types",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/cose/
              cose.xhtml#key-type>.

   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]
              Seitz, L., Selander, G., Wahlstroem, E., Erdtman, S., and
              H. Tschofenig, "Authentication and Authorization for
              Constrained Environments (ACE) using the OAuth 2.0
              Framework (ACE-OAuth)", draft-ietf-ace-oauth-authz-33
              (work in progress), February 2020.

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   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-params]
              Seitz, L., "Additional OAuth Parameters for Authorization
              in Constrained Environments (ACE)", draft-ietf-ace-oauth-
              params-13 (work in progress), April 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm]
              Tiloca, M., Selander, G., Palombini, F., and J. Park,
              "Group OSCORE - Secure Group Communication for CoAP",
              draft-ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm-08 (work in progress),
              April 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs]
              Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE):
              Initial Algorithms", draft-ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs-09
              (work in progress), June 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-struct]
              Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE):
              Structures and Process", draft-ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-
              struct-10 (work in progress), June 2020.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC6749]  Hardt, D., Ed., "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework",
              RFC 6749, DOI 10.17487/RFC6749, October 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6749>.

   [RFC6838]  Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
              Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13,
              RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838>.

   [RFC7049]  Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
              Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049,
              October 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7049>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

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   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8747]  Jones, M., Seitz, L., Selander, G., Erdtman, S., and H.
              Tschofenig, "Proof-of-Possession Key Semantics for CBOR
              Web Tokens (CWTs)", RFC 8747, DOI 10.17487/RFC8747, March
              2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8747>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.bormann-core-ace-aif]
              Bormann, C., "An Authorization Information Format (AIF)
              for ACE", draft-bormann-core-ace-aif-07 (work in
              progress), February 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-ace-dtls-authorize]
              Gerdes, S., Bergmann, O., Bormann, C., Selander, G., and
              L. Seitz, "Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)
              Profile for Authentication and Authorization for
              Constrained Environments (ACE)", draft-ietf-ace-dtls-
              authorize-10 (work in progress), May 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-ace-mqtt-tls-profile]
              Sengul, C., Kirby, A., and P. Fremantle, "MQTT-TLS profile
              of ACE", draft-ietf-ace-mqtt-tls-profile-05 (work in
              progress), May 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-ace-oscore-profile]
              Palombini, F., Seitz, L., Selander, G., and M. Gunnarsson,
              "OSCORE profile of the Authentication and Authorization
              for Constrained Environments Framework", draft-ietf-ace-
              oscore-profile-10 (work in progress), March 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-core-coap-pubsub]
              Koster, M., Keranen, A., and J. Jimenez, "Publish-
              Subscribe Broker for the Constrained Application Protocol
              (CoAP)", draft-ietf-core-coap-pubsub-09 (work in
              progress), September 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm-bis]
              Dijk, E., Wang, C., and M. Tiloca, "Group Communication
              for the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", draft-
              ietf-core-groupcomm-bis-00 (work in progress), March 2020.

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   [RFC2093]  Harney, H. and C. Muckenhirn, "Group Key Management
              Protocol (GKMP) Specification", RFC 2093,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2093, July 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2093>.

   [RFC2094]  Harney, H. and C. Muckenhirn, "Group Key Management
              Protocol (GKMP) Architecture", RFC 2094,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2094, July 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2094>.

   [RFC2627]  Wallner, D., Harder, E., and R. Agee, "Key Management for
              Multicast: Issues and Architectures", RFC 2627,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2627, June 1999,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2627>.

   [RFC6347]  Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
              January 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.

   [RFC7519]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token
              (JWT)", RFC 7519, DOI 10.17487/RFC7519, May 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519>.

   [RFC7641]  Hartke, K., "Observing Resources in the Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7641,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7641, September 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7641>.

   [RFC7959]  Bormann, C. and Z. Shelby, Ed., "Block-Wise Transfers in
              the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7959,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7959, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7959>.

   [RFC8259]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.

   [RFC8392]  Jones, M., Wahlstroem, E., Erdtman, S., and H. Tschofenig,
              "CBOR Web Token (CWT)", RFC 8392, DOI 10.17487/RFC8392,
              May 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8392>.

   [RFC8610]  Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data
              Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to
              Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and
              JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,
              June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.

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   [RFC8613]  Selander, G., Mattsson, J., Palombini, F., and L. Seitz,
              "Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments
              (OSCORE)", RFC 8613, DOI 10.17487/RFC8613, July 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8613>.

9.3.  URIs

   [1] mailto:iesg@ietf.org

   [2] mailto:francesca.palombini@ericsson.com

Appendix A.  Requirements on Application Profiles

   This section lists the requirements on application profiles of this
   specification,for the convenience of application profile designers.

   o  REQ1: Specify the encoding and value of the identifier of group or
      topic, for scope entries of 'scope' (see Section 3.1).

   o  REQ2: Specify the encoding and value of roles, for scope entries
      of 'scope' (see Section 3.1).

   o  REQ3: If used, specify the acceptable values for 'sign_alg' (see
      Section 3.3).

   o  REQ4: If used, specify the acceptable values for 'sign_parameters'
      (see Section 3.3).

   o  REQ5: If used, specify the acceptable values for
      'sign_key_parameters' (see Section 3.3).

   o  REQ6: If used, specify the acceptable values for 'pub_key_enc'
      (see Section 3.3).

   o  REQ7: Specify the exact format of the 'key' value (see
      Section 4.1.2.1).

   o  REQ8: Specify the acceptable values of 'gkty' (see
      Section 4.1.2.1).

   o  REQ9: Specify the format of the identifiers of group members (see
      Section 4.1.2.1).

   o  REQ10: Specify the communication protocol the members of the group
      must use (e.g., multicast CoAP).

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   o  REQ11: Specify the security protocol the group members must use to
      protect their communication (e.g., group OSCORE).  This must
      provide encryption, integrity and replay protection.

   o  REQ12: Specify and register the application profile identifier
      (see Section 4.1.2.1).

   o  REQ13: Specify policies at the KDC to handle ids that are not
      included in get_pub_keys (see Section 4.1.3.1).

   o  REQ14: If used, specify the format and content of 'group_policies'
      and its entries (see Section 4.1.2.1).

   o  REQ15: Specify the format of newly-generated individual keying
      material for group members, or of the information to derive it,
      and corresponding CBOR label (see Section 4.1.6.2).

   o  REQ16: Specify how the communication is secured between Client and
      KDC.  Optionally, specify tranport profile of ACE
      [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] to use between Client and KDC (see
      Section 4.2.

   o  REQ17: Specify how the nonce N_S is generated, if the token is not
      being posted (e.g. if it is used directly to validate TLS
      instead).

   o  REQ18: Specify if 'mgt_key_material' used, and if yes specify its
      format and content (see Section 4.1.2.1).  If the usage of
      'mgt_key_material' is indicated and its format defined for a
      specific key management scheme, that format must explicitly
      indicate the key management scheme itself.  If a new rekeying
      scheme is defined to be used for an existing 'mgt_key_material' in
      an existing profile, then that profile will have to be updated
      accordingly, especially with respect to the usage of
      'mgt_key_material' related format and content.

   o  OPT1: Optionally, specify the encoding of public keys, of
      'client_cred', and of 'pub_keys' if COSE_Keys are not used (see
      Section 4.1.2.1).

   o  OPT2: Optionally, specify the negotiation of parameter values for
      signature algorithm and signature keys, if 'sign_info' and
      'pub_key_enc' are not used (see Section 3.3).

   o  OPT3: Optionally, specify the encoding of 'pub_keys_repos' if the
      default is not used (see Section 4.1.2.1).

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   o  OPT4: Optionally, specify policies that instruct clients to retain
      messages and for how long, if they are unsuccessfully decrypted
      (see Section 4.3).  This makes it possible to decrypt such
      messages after getting updated keying material.

   o  OPT5: Optionally, specify the behavior of the handler in case of
      failure to retrieve a public key for the specific node (see
      Section 4.1.2.1).

   o  OPT6: Optionally, specify possible or required payload formats for
      specific error cases.

   o  OPT7: Optionally, specify CBOR values to use for abbreviating
      identifiers of roles in the group or topic (see Section 3.1).

   o  OPT8: Optionally, specify policies for the KDC to perform group
      rekeying after receiving a Key Renewal Request (see Section 4.4).

   o  OPT9: Optionally, specify the functionalities implemented at the
      'control_path' resource hosted at the Client, including message
      exchange encoding and other details (see Section 4.1.2.1).

   o  OPT10: Optionally, specify how the identifier of the sender's
      public key is included in the group request (see Section 4.6).

Appendix B.  Document Updates

   RFC EDITOR: PLEASE REMOVE THIS SECTION.

B.1.  Version -04 to -05

   o  Updated uppercase/lowercase URI segments for KDC resources.

   o  Supporting single Access Token for multiple groups/topics.

   o  Added 'control_path' parameter in the Joining Request.

   o  Added 'peer_roles' parameter to support legal requesters/
      responders.

   o  Clarification on stopping using owned keying material.

   o  Clarification on different reasons for processing failures,
      related policies, and requirement OPT4.

   o  Added a KDC sub-resource for group members to upload a new public
      key.

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   o  Possible group rekeying following an individual Key Renewal
      Request.

   o  Clarified meaning of requirement REQ3; added requirement OPT8.

   o  Editorial improvements.

B.2.  Version -03 to -04

   o  Revised RESTful interface, as to methods and parameters.

   o  Extended processing of joining request, as to check/retrieval of
      public keys.

   o  Revised and extended profile requirements.

   o  Clarified specific usage of parameters related to signature
      algorithms/keys.

   o  Included general content previously in draft-ietf-ace-key-
      groupcomm-oscore

   o  Registration of media type and content format application/ace-
      group+cbor

   o  Editorial improvements.

B.3.  Version -02 to -03

   o  Exchange of information on the countersignature algorithm and
      related parameters, during the Token POST (Section 3.3).

   o  Restructured KDC interface, with new possible operations
      (Section 4).

   o  Client PoP signature for the Joining Request upon joining
      (Section 4.1.2.1).

   o  Revised text on group member removal (Section 5).

   o  Added more profile requirements (Appendix A).

B.4.  Version -01 to -02

   o  Editorial fixes.

   o  Distinction between transport profile and application profile
      (Section 1.1).

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   o  New parameters 'sign_info' and 'pub_key_enc' to negotiate
      parameter values for signature algorithm and signature keys
      (Section 3.3).

   o  New parameter 'type' to distinguish different Key Distribution
      Request messages (Section 4.1).

   o  New parameter 'client_cred_verify' in the Key Distribution Request
      to convey a Client signature (Section 4.1).

   o  Encoding of 'pub_keys_repos' (Section 4.1).

   o  Encoding of 'mgt_key_material' (Section 4.1).

   o  Improved description on retrieval of new or updated keying
      material (Section 6).

   o  Encoding of 'get_pub_keys' in Public Key Request (Section 7.1).

   o  Extended security considerations (Sections 10.1 and 10.2).

   o  New "ACE Public Key Encoding" IANA Registry (Section 11.2).

   o  New "ACE Groupcomm Parameters" IANA Registry (Section 11.3),
      populated with the entries in Section 8.

   o  New "Ace Groupcomm Request Type" IANA Registry (Section 11.4),
      populated with the values in Section 9.

   o  New "ACE Groupcomm Policy" IANA Registry (Section 11.7) populated
      with two entries "Sequence Number Synchronization Method" and "Key
      Update Check Interval" (Section 4.2).

   o  Improved list of requirements for application profiles
      (Appendix A).

B.5.  Version -00 to -01

   o  Changed name of 'req_aud' to 'audience' in the Authorization
      Request (Section 3.1).

   o  Defined error handling on the KDC (Sections 4.2 and 6.2).

   o  Updated format of the Key Distribution Response as a whole
      (Section 4.2).

   o  Generalized format of 'pub_keys' in the Key Distribution Response
      (Section 4.2).

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   o  Defined format for the message to request leaving the group
      (Section 5.2).

   o  Renewal of individual keying material and methods for group
      rekeying initiated by the KDC (Section 6).

   o  CBOR type for node identifiers in 'get_pub_keys' (Section 7.1).

   o  Added section on parameter identifiers and their CBOR keys
      (Section 8).

   o  Added request types for requests to a Join Response (Section 9).

   o  Extended security considerations (Section 10).

   o  New IANA registries "ACE Groupcomm Key Registry", "ACE Groupcomm
      Profile Registry", "ACE Groupcomm Policy Registry" and "Sequence
      Number Synchronization Method Registry" (Section 11).

   o  Added appendix about requirements for application profiles of ACE
      on group communication (Appendix A).

Acknowledgments

   The following individuals were helpful in shaping this document:
   Carsten Bormann, Rikard Hoeglund, Ben Kaduk, John Mattsson, Daniel
   Migault, Jim Schaad, Ludwig Seitz, Goeran Selander and Peter van der
   Stok.

   The work on this document has been partly supported by VINNOVA and
   the Celtic-Next project CRITISEC; and by the EIT-Digital High Impact
   Initiative ACTIVE.

Authors' Addresses

   Francesca Palombini
   Ericsson AB
   Torshamnsgatan 23
   Kista  SE-16440 Stockholm
   Sweden

   Email: francesca.palombini@ericsson.com

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   Marco Tiloca
   RISE AB
   Isafjordsgatan 22
   Kista  SE-16440 Stockholm
   Sweden

   Email: marco.tiloca@ri.se

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