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OSCORE Profile of the Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments Framework
draft-ietf-ace-oscore-profile-17

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9203.
Authors Francesca Palombini , Ludwig Seitz , Göran Selander , Martin Gunnarsson
Last updated 2021-04-08 (Latest revision 2021-03-08)
Replaces draft-seitz-ace-oscoap-profile
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Feb 2021
Submission to the IESG of "OSCORE Profile of the Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments Framework"
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Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2020-01-01
IESG IESG state Became RFC 9203 (Proposed Standard)
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draft-ietf-ace-oscore-profile-17
ACE Working Group                                           F. Palombini
Internet-Draft                                               Ericsson AB
Intended status: Standards Track                                L. Seitz
Expires: September 9, 2021                                     Combitech
                                                             G. Selander
                                                             Ericsson AB
                                                           M. Gunnarsson
                                                                    RISE
                                                           March 8, 2021

 OSCORE Profile of the Authentication and Authorization for Constrained
                         Environments Framework
                    draft-ietf-ace-oscore-profile-17

Abstract

   This memo specifies a profile for the Authentication and
   Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE) framework.  It
   utilizes Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments
   (OSCORE) to provide communication security and proof-of-possession
   for a key owned by the client and bound to an OAuth 2.0 access token.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 9, 2021.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of

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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Client-AS Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  C-to-AS: POST to token endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.2.  AS-to-C: Access Token . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.2.1.  The OSCORE_Input_Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   4.  Client-RS Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     4.1.  C-to-RS: POST to authz-info endpoint  . . . . . . . . . .  16
       4.1.1.  The Nonce 1 Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.1.2.  The ace_client_recipientid Parameter  . . . . . . . .  18
     4.2.  RS-to-C: 2.01 (Created) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       4.2.1.  The Nonce 2 Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       4.2.2.  The ace_server_recipientid Parameter  . . . . . . . .  20
     4.3.  OSCORE Setup  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     4.4.  Access rights verification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   5.  Secure Communication with AS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   6.  Discarding the Security Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   8.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     9.1.  ACE Profile Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     9.2.  OAuth Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     9.3.  OAuth Parameters CBOR Mappings Registry . . . . . . . . .  27
     9.4.  OSCORE Security Context Parameters Registry . . . . . . .  27
     9.5.  CWT Confirmation Methods Registry . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     9.6.  JWT Confirmation Methods Registry . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     9.7.  Expert Review Instructions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   Appendix A.  Profile Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32

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1.  Introduction

   This memo specifies a profile of the ACE framework
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].  In this profile, a client and a resource
   server use the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [RFC7252] to
   communicate.  The client uses an access token, bound to a symmetric
   key (the proof-of-possession key) to authorize its access to the
   resource server.  Note that this profile uses a symmetric-crypto-
   based scheme, where the symmetric secret is used as input material
   for keying material derivation.  In order to provide communication
   security and proof of possession, the client and resource server use
   Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments (OSCORE)
   [RFC8613].  Note that the proof of possession is not achieved through
   a dedicated protocol element, but rather occurs after the first
   message exchange using OSCORE.

   OSCORE specifies how to use CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)
   [RFC8152] to secure CoAP messages.  Note that OSCORE can be used to
   secure CoAP messages, as well as HTTP and combinations of HTTP and
   CoAP; a profile of ACE similar to the one described in this document,
   with the difference of using HTTP instead of CoAP as communication
   protocol, could be specified analogously to this one.

1.1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   Certain security-related terms such as "authentication",
   "authorization", "confidentiality", "(data) integrity", "message
   authentication code", and "verify" are taken from [RFC4949].

   RESTful terminology follows HTTP [RFC7231].

   Readers are expected to be familiar with the terms and concepts
   defined in OSCORE [RFC8613], such as "Security Context" and
   "Recipient ID".

   Terminology for entities in the architecture is defined in OAuth 2.0
   [RFC6749], such as client (C), resource server (RS), and
   authorization server (AS).  It is assumed in this document that a
   given resource on a specific RS is associated to a unique AS.

   Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) [RFC8949] and Concise
   Data Definition Language (CDDL) [RFC8610] are used in this

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   specification.  CDDL predefined type names, especially bstr for CBOR
   byte strings and tstr for CBOR text strings, are used extensively in
   the document.

   Note that the term "endpoint" is used here, as in
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz], following its OAuth definition, which is
   to denote resources such as token and introspect at the AS and authz-
   info at the RS.  The CoAP [RFC7252] definition, which is "An entity
   participating in the CoAP protocol" is not used in this memo.

2.  Protocol Overview

   This section gives an overview of how to use the ACE Framework
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] to secure the communication between a
   client and a resource server using OSCORE [RFC8613].  The parameters
   needed by the client to negotiate the use of this profile with the
   authorization server, as well as the OSCORE setup process, are
   described in detail in the following sections.

   The RS maintains a collection of OSCORE Security Contexts with
   associated authorization information for all the clients that it is
   communicating with.  The authorization information is maintained as
   policy that is used as input to processing requests from those
   clients.

   This profile requires a client to retrieve an access token from the
   AS for the resource it wants to access on an RS, by sending an access
   token request to the token endpoint, as specified in section 5.8 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].  The access token request and response
   MUST be confidentiality-protected and ensure authenticity.  This
   profile RECOMMENDS the use of OSCORE between client and AS, to reduce
   the number of libraries the client has to support, but other
   protocols fulfilling the security requirements defined in section 5
   of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] (such as TLS or DTLS) MAY be used as
   well.

   Once the client has retrieved the access token, it generates a nonce
   N1, defined in this specification (see Section 4.1.1).  The client
   also generates its own OSCORE Recipient ID ID1 (see Section 3.1 of
   [RFC8613]), for use with the keying material associated to the RS.
   The client posts the token, N1 and its Recipient ID to the RS using
   the authz-info endpoint and mechanisms specified in section 5.8 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] and Content-Format = application/ace+cbor.
   When using this profile, the communication with the authz-info
   endpoint is not protected, except for update of access rights.

   If the access token is valid, the RS replies to this request with a
   2.01 (Created) response with Content-Format = application/ace+cbor,

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   which contains a nonce N2 and its newly generated OSCORE Recipient
   ID, ID2, for use with the keying material associated to the client.
   Moreover, the server concatenates the input salt received in the
   token, N1, and N2 to obtain the Master Salt of the OSCORE Security
   Context (see section 3 of [RFC8613]).  The RS then derives the
   complete Security Context associated with the received token from the
   Master Salt, the OSCORE Recipient ID generated by the client (set as
   its OSCORE Sender ID), its own OSCORE Recipient ID, plus the
   parameters received in the access token from the AS, following
   section 3.2 of [RFC8613].

   In a similar way, after receiving the nonce N2, the client
   concatenates the input salt, N1 and N2 to obtain the Master Salt of
   the OSCORE Security Context.  The client then derives the complete
   Security Context from the Master Salt, the OSCORE Recipient ID
   generated by the RS (set as its OSCORE Sender ID), its own OSCORE
   Recipient ID, plus the parameters received from the AS.

   Finally, the client starts the communication with the RS by sending a
   request protected with OSCORE to the RS.  If the request is
   successfully verified, the server stores the complete Security
   Context state that is ready for use in protecting messages, and uses
   it in the response, and in further communications with the client,
   until token deletion, due to e.g. expiration.  This Security Context
   is discarded when a token (whether the same or a different one) is
   used to successfully derive a new Security Context for that client.

   The use of nonces N1 and N2 during the exchange prevents the reuse of
   an Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) nonce/key
   pair for two different messages.  Reuse might otherwise occur when
   client and RS derive a new Security Context from an existing (non-
   expired) access token, as might occur when either party has just
   rebooted, and might lead to loss of both confidentiality and
   integrity.  Instead, by using the exchanged nonces N1 and N2 as part
   of the Master Salt, the request to the authz-info endpoint posting
   the same token results in a different Security Context, by OSCORE
   construction, since even though the Master Secret, Sender ID and
   Recipient ID are the same, the Master Salt is different (see
   Section 3.2.1 of [RFC8613]).  If the exchanged nonces were reused, a
   node reusing a non-expired old token would be susceptible to on-path
   attackers provoking the creation of an OSCORE message using an old
   AEAD key and nonce.

   After the whole message exchange has taken place, the client can
   contact the AS to request an update of its access rights, sending a
   similar request to the token endpoint that also includes an
   identifier so that the AS can find the correct OSCORE security input
   material it has previously shared with the client.  This specific

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   identifier, encoded as a byte string, is assigned by the AS to be
   unique in the sets of its OSCORE security input materials, and is not
   used as input material to derive the full OSCORE Security Context.

   An overview of the profile flow for the OSCORE profile is given in
   Figure 1.  The names of messages coincide with those of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] when applicable.

      C                            RS                   AS
      |                            |                     |
      | ----- POST /token  ----------------------------> |
      |                            |                     |
      | <---------------------------- Access Token ----- |
      |                           + Access Information   |
      | ---- POST /authz-info ---> |                     |
      |   (access_token, N1, ID1)  |                     |
      |                            |                     |
      | <- 2.01 Created (N2, ID2)- |                     |
      |                            |                     |
    /Sec Context             /Sec Context                |
      derivation/              derivation/               |
      |                            |                     |
      | ---- OSCORE Request -----> |                     |
      |                            |                     |
      |                    /proof-of-possession          |
      |                    Sec Context storage/          |
      |                            |                     |
      | <--- OSCORE Response ----- |                     |
      |                            |                     |
   /proof-of-possession            |                     |
   Sec Context storage/            |                     |
      |                            |                     |
      | ---- OSCORE Request -----> |                     |
      |                            |                     |
      | <--- OSCORE Response ----- |                     |
      |                            |                     |
      |           ...              |                     |

                        Figure 1: Protocol Overview

3.  Client-AS Communication

   The following subsections describe the details of the POST request
   and response to the token endpoint between client and AS.
   Section 3.2 of [RFC8613] defines how to derive a Security Context
   based on a shared master secret and a set of other parameters,
   established between client and server, which the client receives from

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   the AS in this exchange.  The proof-of-possession key (pop-key)
   included in the response from the AS MUST be used as master secret in
   OSCORE.

3.1.  C-to-AS: POST to token endpoint

   The client-to-AS request is specified in Section 5.8.1 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].

   The client must send this POST request to the token endpoint over a
   secure channel that guarantees authentication, message integrity and
   confidentiality (see Section 5).

   An example of such a request, with payload in CBOR diagnostic
   notation without the tag and value abbreviations is reported in
   Figure 2

       Header: POST (Code=0.02)
       Uri-Host: "as.example.com"
       Uri-Path: "token"
       Content-Format: "application/ace+cbor"
       Payload:
       {
         "req_aud" : "tempSensor4711",
         "scope" : "read"
        }

     Figure 2: Example C-to-AS POST /token request for an access token
                         bound to a symmetric key.

   If the client wants to update its access rights without changing an
   existing OSCORE Security Context, it MUST include in its POST request
   to the token endpoint a req_cnf object, with the kid field carrying a
   CBOR byte string containing the OSCORE Input Material Identifier
   (assigned as discussed in Section 3.2).  This identifier, together
   with other information such as audience (see Section 5.8.1 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]), can be used by the AS to determine the
   shared secret bound to the proof-of-possession token and therefore
   MUST identify a symmetric key that was previously generated by the AS
   as a shared secret for the communication between the client and the
   RS.  The AS MUST verify that the received value identifies a proof-
   of-possession key that has previously been issued to the requesting
   client.  If that is not the case, the Client-to-AS request MUST be
   declined with the error code 'invalid_request' as defined in
   Section 5.8.3 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].

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   An example of such a request, with payload in CBOR diagnostic
   notation without the tag and value abbreviations is reported in
   Figure 3

       Header: POST (Code=0.02)
       Uri-Host: "as.example.com"
       Uri-Path: "token"
       Content-Format: "application/ace+cbor"
       Payload:
       {
         "req_aud" : "tempSensor4711",
         "scope" : "write",
         "req_cnf" : {
           "kid" : h'01'
        }

   Figure 3: Example C-to-AS POST /token request for updating rights to
                 an access token bound to a symmetric key.

3.2.  AS-to-C: Access Token

   After verifying the POST request to the token endpoint and that the
   client is authorized to obtain an access token corresponding to its
   access token request, the AS responds as defined in section 5.8.2 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].  If the client request was invalid, or
   not authorized, the AS returns an error response as described in
   section 5.8.3 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].

   The AS can signal that the use of OSCORE is REQUIRED for a specific
   access token by including the "profile" parameter with the value
   "coap_oscore" in the access token response.  This means that the
   client MUST use OSCORE towards all resource servers for which this
   access token is valid, and follow Section 4.3 to derive the security
   context to run OSCORE.  Usually it is assumed that constrained
   devices will be pre-configured with the necessary profile, so that
   this kind of profile signaling can be omitted.

   Moreover, the AS MUST send the following data:

   o  a master secret

   o  an identifier of the OSCORE Input Material

   Additionally, the AS MAY send the following data, in the same
   response.

   o  a context identifier

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   o  an AEAD algorithm

   o  an HMAC-based key derivation function (HKDF) algorithm

   o  a salt

   o  the OSCORE version number

   This data is transported in the OSCORE_Input_Material.  The
   OSCORE_Input_Material is a CBOR map object, defined in Section 3.2.1.
   This object is transported in the 'cnf' parameter of the access token
   response as defined in Section 3.2 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-params], as
   the value of a field named 'osc', registered in Section 9.5 and
   Section 9.6.

   The AS MAY assign an identifier to the context (context identifier).
   This identifier is used as ID Context in the OSCORE context as
   described in section 3.1 of [RFC8613].  If assigned, this parameters
   MUST be communicated as the 'contextId' field in the
   OSCORE_Input_Material.  The applications needs to consider that this
   identifier is sent in the clear and may reveal information about the
   endpoints, as mentioned in section 12.8 of [RFC8613].

   The master secret and the identifier of the OSCORE_Input_Material
   MUST be communicated as the 'ms' and 'id' field in the 'osc' field in
   the 'cnf' parameeter of the access token response.  If included, the
   AEAD algorithm is sent in the 'alg' parameter in the
   OSCORE_Input_Material; the HKDF algorithm in the 'hkdf' parameter of
   the OSCORE_Input_Material; a salt in the 'salt' parameter of the
   OSCORE_Input_Material; and the OSCORE version in the 'version'
   parameter of the OSCORE_Input_Material.

   The same parameters MUST be included in the claims associated with
   the access token.  This profile RECOMMENDS the use of CBOR web token
   (CWT) as specified in [RFC8392].  If the token is a CWT, the same
   OSCORE_Input_Material structure defined above MUST be placed in the
   'osc' field of the 'cnf' claim of this token.

   The AS MUST send different OSCORE_Input_Material (and therefore
   different access tokens) to different authorized clients, in order
   for the RS to differentiate between clients.

   Figure 4 shows an example of an AS response, with payload in CBOR
   diagnostic notation without the tag and value abbreviations.  The
   access token has been truncated for readability.

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       Header: Created (Code=2.01)
       Content-Type: "application/ace+cbor"
       Payload:
       {
         "access_token" : h'8343a1010aa2044c53 ...
          (remainder of access token (CWT) omitted for brevity)',
         "profile" : "coap_oscore",
         "expires_in" : "3600",
         "cnf" : {
           "osc" : {
             "id" : h'01',
             "ms" : h'f9af838368e353e78888e1426bd94e6f'
           }
         }
       }

   Figure 4: Example AS-to-C Access Token response with OSCORE profile.

   Figure 5 shows an example CWT Claims Set, including the relevant
   OSCORE parameters in the 'cnf' claim, in CBOR diagnostic notation
   without tag and value abbreviations.

   {
     "aud" : "tempSensorInLivingRoom",
     "iat" : "1360189224",
     "exp" : "1360289224",
     "scope" :  "temperature_g firmware_p",
     "cnf" : {
       "osc" : {
         "ms" : h'f9af838368e353e78888e1426bd94e6f',
         "id" : h'01'
       }
     }
   }

         Figure 5: Example CWT Claims Set with OSCORE parameters.

   The same CWT Claims Set as in Figure 5, using the value abbreviations
   defined in [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] and [RFC8747] and encoded in
   CBOR is shown in Figure 6.  The bytes in hexadecimal are reported in
   the first column, while their corresponding CBOR meaning is reported
   after the '#' sign on the second column, for easiness of readability.

   NOTE TO THE RFC EDITOR: before publishing, it should be checked (and
   in case fixed) that the values used below (which are not yet
   registered) are the final values registered in IANA.

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   A5                                      # map(5)
      63                                   # text(3)
         617564                            # "aud"
      76                                   # text(22)
         74656D7053656E736F72496E4C6976696E67526F6F6D
                                           # "tempSensorInLivingRoom"
      63                                   # text(3)
         696174                            # "iat"
      6A                                   # text(10)
         31333630313839323234              # "1360189224"
      63                                   # text(3)
         657870                            # "exp"
      6A                                   # text(10)
         31333630323839323234              # "1360289224"
      65                                   # text(5)
         73636F7065                        # "scope"
      78 18                                # text(24)
         74656D70657261747572655F67206669726D776172655F70
                                           # "temperature_g firmware_p"
      63                                   # text(3)
         636E66                            # "cnf"
      A1                                   # map(1)
         63                                # text(3)
            6F7363                         # "osc"
         A2                                # map(2)
            62                             # text(2)
               6D73                        # "ms"
            50                             # bytes(16)
               F9AF838368E353E78888E1426BD94E6F
                                           # "\xF9\xAF\x83\x83h\xE3S\xE7
                                           \x88\x88\xE1Bk\xD9No"
            62                             # text(2)
               6964                        # "id"
            41                             # bytes(1)
               01                          # "\x01"

       Figure 6: Example CWT Claims Set with OSCORE parameters, CBOR
                                 encoded.

   If the client has requested an update to its access rights using the
   same OSCORE Security Context, which is valid and authorized, the AS
   MUST omit the 'cnf' parameter in the response, and MUST carry the
   OSCORE Input Material identifier in the 'kid' field in the 'cnf'
   claim of the token.  This identifier needs to be included in the
   token in order for the RS to identify the correct OSCORE Input
   Material.

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   Figure 7 shows an example of such an AS response, with payload in
   CBOR diagnostic notation without the tag and value abbreviations.
   The access token has been truncated for readability.

       Header: Created (Code=2.01)
       Content-Type: "application/ace+cbor"
       Payload:
       {
         "access_token" : h'8343a1010aa2044c53 ...
          (remainder of access token (CWT) omitted for brevity)',
         "profile" : "coap_oscore",
         "expires_in" : "3600"
       }

   Figure 7: Example AS-to-C Access Token response with OSCORE profile,
                       for update of access rights.

   Figure 8 shows an example CWT Claims Set, containing the necessary
   OSCORE parameters in the 'cnf' claim for update of access rights, in
   CBOR diagnostic notation without tag and value abbreviations.

     {
       "aud" : "tempSensorInLivingRoom",
       "iat" : "1360189224",
       "exp" : "1360289224",
       "scope" :  "temperature_h",
       "cnf" : {
         "kid" : h'01'
       }
     }

   Figure 8: Example CWT Claims Set with OSCORE parameters for update of
                              access rights.

3.2.1.  The OSCORE_Input_Material

   An OSCORE_Input_Material is an object that represents the input
   material to derive an OSCORE Security Context, i.e., the local set of
   information elements necessary to carry out the cryptographic
   operations in OSCORE (Section 3.1 of [RFC8613]).  In particular, the
   OSCORE_Input_Material is defined to be serialized and transported
   between nodes, as specified by this document, but can also be used by
   other specifications if needed.  The OSCORE_Input_Material can either
   be encoded as a JSON object or as a CBOR map.  The set of common
   parameters that can appear in an OSCORE_Input_Material can be found
   in the IANA "OSCORE Security Context Parameters" registry

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   (Section 9.4), defined for extensibility, and is specified below.
   All parameters are optional.  Table 1 provides a summary of the
   OSCORE_Input_Material parameters defined in this section.

   +-----------+-------+-------------+-------------------+-------------+
   | name      | CBOR  | CBOR type   | registry          | description |
   |           | label |             |                   |             |
   +-----------+-------+-------------+-------------------+-------------+
   | id        | 0     | byte string |                   | OSCORE      |
   |           |       |             |                   | Input       |
   |           |       |             |                   | Material    |
   |           |       |             |                   | Identifier  |
   |           |       |             |                   |             |
   | version   | 1     | unsigned    |                   | OSCORE      |
   |           |       | integer     |                   | Version     |
   |           |       |             |                   |             |
   | ms        | 2     | byte string |                   | OSCORE      |
   |           |       |             |                   | Master      |
   |           |       |             |                   | Secret      |
   |           |       |             |                   | value       |
   |           |       |             |                   |             |
   | hkdf      | 3     | text string | [COSE.Algorithms] | OSCORE HKDF |
   |           |       | / integer   | Values (HMAC-     | value       |
   |           |       |             | based)            |             |
   |           |       |             |                   |             |
   | alg       | 4     | text string | [COSE.Algorithms] | OSCORE AEAD |
   |           |       | / integer   | Values (AEAD)     | Algorithm   |
   |           |       |             |                   | value       |
   |           |       |             |                   |             |
   | salt      | 5     | byte string |                   | an input to |
   |           |       |             |                   | OSCORE      |
   |           |       |             |                   | Master Salt |
   |           |       |             |                   | value       |
   |           |       |             |                   |             |
   | contextId | 6     | byte string |                   | OSCORE ID   |
   |           |       |             |                   | Context     |
   |           |       |             |                   | value       |
   +-----------+-------+-------------+-------------------+-------------+

                 Table 1: OSCORE_Input_Material Parameters

   id:  This parameter identifies the OSCORE_Input_Material and is
      encoded as a byte string.  In JSON, the "id" value is a Base64
      encoded byte string.  In CBOR, the "id" type is byte string, and
      has label 0.

   version:  This parameter identifies the OSCORE Version number, which
      is an unsigned integer.  For more information about this field,

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      see section 5.4 of [RFC8613].  In JSON, the "version" value is an
      integer.  In CBOR, the "version" type is integer, and has label 1.

   ms:  This parameter identifies the OSCORE Master Secret value, which
      is a byte string.  For more information about this field, see
      section 3.1 of [RFC8613].  In JSON, the "ms" value is a Base64
      encoded byte string.  In CBOR, the "ms" type is byte string, and
      has label 2.

   hkdf:  This parameter identifies the OSCORE HKDF Algorithm.  For more
      information about this field, see section 3.1 of [RFC8613].  The
      values used MUST be registered in the IANA "COSE Algorithms"
      registry (see [COSE.Algorithms]) and MUST be HMAC-based HKDF
      algorithms.  The value can either be the integer or the text
      string value of the HMAC-based HKDF algorithm in the "COSE
      Algorithms" registry.  In JSON, the "hkdf" value is a case-
      sensitive ASCII string or an integer.  In CBOR, the "hkdf" type is
      text string or integer, and has label 3.

   alg:  This parameter identifies the OSCORE AEAD Algorithm.  For more
      information about this field, see section 3.1 of [RFC8613] The
      values used MUST be registered in the IANA "COSE Algorithms"
      registry (see [COSE.Algorithms]) and MUST be AEAD algorithms.  The
      value can either be the integer or the text string value of the
      HMAC-based HKDF algorithm in the "COSE Algorithms" registry.  In
      JSON, the "alg" value is a case-sensitive ASCII string or an
      integer.  In CBOR, the "alg" type is text string or integer, and
      has label 4.

   salt:  This parameter identifies an input to the OSCORE Master Salt
      value, which is a byte string.  For more information about this
      field, see section 3.1 of [RFC8613].  In JSON, the "salt" value is
      a Base64 encoded byte string.  In CBOR, the "salt" type is byte
      string, and has label 5.

   contextId:  This parameter identifies the security context as a byte
      string.  This identifier is used as OSCORE ID Context.  For more
      information about this field, see section 3.1 of [RFC8613].  In
      JSON, the "contextID" value is a Base64 encoded byte string.  In
      CBOR, the "contextID" type is byte string, and has label 6.

   An example of JSON OSCORE_Input_Material is given in Figure 9.

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           "osc" : {
             "alg" : "AES-CCM-16-64-128",
             "id" : b64'AQ=='
             "ms" : b64'+a+Dg2jjU+eIiOFCa9lObw'
           }

               Figure 9: Example JSON OSCORE_Input_Material

   The CDDL grammar describing the CBOR OSCORE_Input_Material is:

   OSCORE_Input_Material = {
       ? 0 => bstr,              ; id
       ? 1 => int,               ; version
       ? 2 => bstr,              ; ms
       ? 3 => tstr / int,        ; hkdf
       ? 4 => tstr / int,        ; alg
       ? 5 => bstr,              ; salt
       ? 6 => bstr,              ; contextId
       * int / tstr => any
   }

4.  Client-RS Communication

   The following subsections describe the details of the POST request
   and response to the authz-info endpoint between client and RS.  The
   client generates a nonce N1 and an identifier ID1 unique in the sets
   of its own Recipient IDs, and posts them together with the token that
   includes the materials (e.g., OSCORE parameters) received from the AS
   to the RS.  The RS then generates a nonce N2 and an identifier ID2
   unique in the sets of its own Recipient IDs, and uses Section 3.2 of
   [RFC8613] to derive a security context based on a shared master
   secret, the two exchanged nonces and the two identifiers, established
   between client and server.  The exchanged nonces and identifiers are
   encoded as CBOR byte string if CBOR is used, and as Base64 string if
   JSON is used.  This security context is used to protect all future
   communication between client and RS using OSCORE, as long as the
   access token is valid.

   Note that the RS and client authenticates each other by generating
   the shared OSCORE Security Context using the pop-key as master
   secret.  An attacker posting a valid token to the RS will not be able
   to generate a valid OSCORE Security Context and thus not be able to
   prove possession of the pop-key.  Additionally, the mutual
   authentication is only achieved after the client has successfully
   verified a response from the RS protected with the generated OSCORE
   Security Context.

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4.1.  C-to-RS: POST to authz-info endpoint

   The client MUST generate a nonce value N1 very unlikely to have been
   previously used with the same input keying material.  This profile
   RECOMMENDS to use a 64-bit long random number as nonce's value.  The
   client MUST store the nonce N1 as long as the response from the RS is
   not received and the access token related to it is still valid (to
   the best of the client's knowledge).

   The client generates its own Recipient ID, ID1, for the OSCORE
   Security Context that it is establishing with the RS.  By generating
   its own Recipient ID, the client makes sure that it does not collide
   with any of its Recipient IDs, nor with any other identifier ID1 if
   the client is executing this exchange with a different RS at the same
   time.

   The client MUST use CoAP and the Authorization Information resource
   as described in section 5.8.1 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] to
   transport the token, N1 and ID1 to the RS.

   Note that the use of the payload and the Content-Format is different
   from what is described in section 5.8.1 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz], which only transports the token without
   any CBOR wrapping.  In this profile, the client MUST wrap the token,
   N1 and ID1 in a CBOR map.  The client MUST use the Content-Format
   "application/ace+cbor" defined in section 8.14 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].  The client MUST include the access token
   using the 'access_token' parameter, N1 using the 'nonce1' parameter
   defined in Section 4.1.1, and ID1 using the 'ace_client_recipientid'
   parameter defined in Section 4.1.2.

   The communication with the authz-info endpoint does not have to be
   protected, except for the update of access rights case described
   below.

   Note that a client may be required to re-POST the access token in
   order to complete a request, since an RS may delete a stored access
   token (and associated Security Context) at any time, for example due
   to all storage space being consumed.  This situation is detected by
   the client when it receives an AS Request Creation Hints response.
   Reposting the same access token will result in deriving a new OSCORE
   Security Context to be used with the RS, as different exchanged
   nonces will be used.

   The client may also chose to re-POST the access token in order to
   renew its OSCORE Security Context.  In that case, the client and the
   RS will exchange newly generated nonces, re-negotiate identifiers,

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   and derive new keying material.  The client and RS might decide to
   keep the same identifiers or renew them during the re-negotiation.

   Figure 10 shows an example of the request sent from the client to the
   RS, with payload in CBOR diagnostic notation without the tag and
   value abbreviations.  The access token has been truncated for
   readability.

         Header: POST (Code=0.02)
         Uri-Host: "rs.example.com"
         Uri-Path: "authz-info"
         Content-Format: "application/ace+cbor"
         Payload:
           {
             "access_token": h'8343a1010aa2044c53 ...
          (remainder of access token (CWT) omitted for brevity)',
             "nonce1": h'018a278f7faab55a',
             "ace_client_recipientid" : h'1645'
           }

       Figure 10: Example C-to-RS POST /authz-info request using CWT

   If the client has already posted a valid token, has already
   established a security association with the RS, and wants to update
   its access rights, the client can do so by posting the new token
   (retrieved from the AS and containing the update of access rights) to
   the /authz-info endpoint.  The client MUST protect the request using
   the OSCORE Security Context established during the first token
   exchange.  The client MUST only send the 'access_token' field in the
   CBOR map in the payload, no nonce or identifier are sent.  After
   proper verification (see Section 4.2), the RS will replace the old
   token with the new one, maintaining the same Security Context.

4.1.1.  The Nonce 1 Parameter

   This parameter MUST be sent from the client to the RS, together with
   the access token, if the ace profile used is coap_oscore, and the
   message is not an update of access rights, protected with an existing
   OSCORE Security Context.  The parameter is encoded as a byte string
   for CBOR-based interactions, and as a string (Base64 encoded binary)
   for JSON-based interactions.  This parameter is registered in
   Section 9.2.

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4.1.2.  The ace_client_recipientid Parameter

   This parameter MUST be sent from the client to the RS, together with
   the access token, if the ace profile used is coap_oscore, and the
   message is not an update of access rights, protected with an existing
   OSCORE Security Context.  The parameter is encoded as a byte string
   for CBOR-based interactions, and as a string (Base64 encoded binary)
   for JSON-based interactions.  This parameter is registered in
   Section 9.2.

4.2.  RS-to-C: 2.01 (Created)

   The RS MUST follow the procedures defined in section 5.8.1 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]: the RS must verify the validity of the
   token.  If the token is valid, the RS must respond to the POST
   request with 2.01 (Created).  If the token is valid but is associated
   to claims that the RS cannot process (e.g., an unknown scope), or if
   any of the expected parameters is missing (e.g., any of the mandatory
   parameters from the AS or the identifier 'id1'), or if any parameters
   received in the 'osc' field is unrecognized, the RS must respond with
   an error response code equivalent to the CoAP code 4.00 (Bad
   Request).  In the latter two cases, the RS may provide additional
   information in the error response, in order to clarify what went
   wrong.  The RS may make an introspection request (see Section 5.9.1
   of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]) to validate the token before
   responding to the POST request to the authz-info endpoint.

   Additionally, the RS MUST generate a nonce N2 very unlikely to have
   been previously used with the same input keying material, and its own
   Recipient ID, ID2.  The RS makes sure that ID2 does not collide with
   any of its Recipient IDs.  The RS MUST ensure that ID2 is different
   from the value received in the ace_client_recipientid parameter.  The
   RS sends N2 and ID2 within the 2.01 (Created) response.  The payload
   of the 2.01 (Created) response MUST be a CBOR map containing the
   'nonce2' parameter defined in Section 4.2.1, set to N2, and the
   'ace_server_recipientid' parameter defined in Section 4.2.2, set to
   ID2.  This profile RECOMMENDS to use a 64-bit long random number as
   nonce's value.  The RS MUST use the Content-Format "application/
   ace+cbor" defined in section 8.14 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].

   Figure 11 shows an example of the response sent from the RS to the
   client, with payload in CBOR diagnostic notation without the tag and
   value abbreviations.

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         Header: Created (Code=2.01)
         Content-Format: "application/ace+cbor"
         Payload:
           {
             "nonce2": h'25a8991cd700ac01',
             "ace_server_recipientid" : h'0000'
           }

            Figure 11: Example RS-to-C 2.01 (Created) response

   As specified in section 5.8.3 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz], the RS
   must notify the client with an error response with code 4.01
   (Unauthorized) for any long running request before terminating the
   session, when the access token expires.

   If the RS receives the token in a OSCORE protected message, it means
   that the client is requesting an update of access rights.  The RS
   MUST ignore any nonce and identifiers in the request, if any was
   sent.  The RS MUST check that the "kid" of the 'cnf' claim of the new
   access token matches the identifier of the OSCORE Input Material of
   the context used to protect the message.  If that is the case, the RS
   MUST overwrite the old token and associate the new token to the
   Security Context identified by the "kid" value in the 'cnf' claim.
   The RS MUST respond with a 2.01 (Created) response protected with the
   same Security Context, with no payload.  If any verification fails,
   the RS MUST respond with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error response.

   As specified in section 5.8.1 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz], when
   receiving an updated access token with updated authorization
   information from the client (see Section 3.1), it is recommended that
   the RS overwrites the previous token, that is only the latest
   authorization information in the token received by the RS is valid.
   This simplifies the process needed by the RS to keep track of
   authorization information for a given client.

4.2.1.  The Nonce 2 Parameter

   This parameter MUST be sent from the RS to the client if the ace
   profile used is coap_oscore, and the message is not a response to an
   update of access rights, protected with an existing OSCORE Security
   Context.  The parameter is encoded as a byte string for CBOR-based
   interactions, and as a string (Base64 encoded binary) for JSON-based
   interactions.  This parameter is registered in Section 9.2

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4.2.2.  The ace_server_recipientid Parameter

   This parameter MUST be sent from the RS to the client if the ace
   profile used is coap_oscore, and the message is not a response to an
   update of access rights, protected with an existing OSCORE Security
   Context.  The parameter is encoded as a byte string for CBOR-based
   interactions, and as a string (Base64 encoded binary) for JSON-based
   interactions.  This parameter is registered in Section 9.2

4.3.  OSCORE Setup

   Once receiving the 2.01 (Created) response from the RS, following the
   POST request to authz-info endpoint, the client MUST extract the bstr
   nonce N2 from the 'nonce2' parameter in the CBOR map in the payload
   of the response.  Then, the client MUST set the Master Salt of the
   Security Context created to communicate with the RS to the
   concatenation of salt, N1, and N2, in this order: Master Salt =
   salt | N1 | N2, where | denotes byte string concatenation, where salt
   is the CBOR byte string received from the AS in Section 3.2, and
   where N1 and N2 are the two nonces encoded as CBOR byte strings.  An
   example of Master Salt construction using CBOR encoding is given in
   Figure 12.

   N1, N2 and input salt expressed in CBOR diagnostic notation:
         nonce1 = h'018a278f7faab55a'
         nonce2 = h'25a8991cd700ac01'
         input salt = h'f9af838368e353e78888e1426bd94e6f'

   N1, N2 and input salt as CBOR encoded byte strings:
         nonce1 = 0x48018a278f7faab55a
         nonce2 = 0x4825a8991cd700ac01
         input salt = 0x50f9af838368e353e78888e1426bd94e6f

   Master Salt = 0x50 f9af838368e353e78888e1426bd94e6f
                   48 018a278f7faab55a 48 25a8991cd700ac01

    Figure 12: Example of Master Salt construction using CBOR encoding

   If JSON is used instead of CBOR, the Master Salt of the Security
   Context is the Base64 encoding of the concatenation of the same
   parameters, each of them prefixed by their size, encoded in 1 byte.
   When using JSON, the nonces and input salt have a maximum size of 255
   bytes.  An example of Master Salt construction using Base64 encoding
   is given in Figure 13.

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   N1, N2 and input salt values:
         nonce1 = 0x018a278f7faab55a (8 bytes)
         nonce2 = 0x25a8991cd700ac01 (8 bytes)
         input salt = 0xf9af838368e353e78888e1426bd94e6f (16 bytes)

   Input to Base64 encoding: 0x10 f9af838368e353e78888e1426bd94e6f
                               08 018a278f7faab55a 08 25a8991cd700ac01

   Master Salt = b64'EPmvg4No41PniIjhQmvZTm8IAYonj3+qtVoIJaiZHNcArAE='

   Figure 13: Example of Master Salt construction using Base64 encoding

   The client MUST set the Sender ID to the ace_server_recipientid
   received in Section 4.2, and the Recipient ID to the
   ace_client_recipientid sent in Section 4.1.  The client MUST set the
   Master Secret from the parameter received from the AS in Section 3.2.
   The client MUST set the AEAD Algorithm, ID Context, HKDF, and OSCORE
   Version from the parameters received from the AS in Section 3.2, if
   present.  In case an optional parameter is omitted, the default value
   SHALL be used as described in sections 3.2 and 5.4 of [RFC8613].
   After that, the client MUST derive the complete Security Context
   following section 3.2.1 of [RFC8613].  From this point on, the client
   MUST use this Security Context to communicate with the RS when
   accessing the resources as specified by the authorization
   information.

   If any of the expected parameters is missing (e.g., any of the
   mandatory parameters from the AS or the RS), or if
   ace_client_recipientid equals ace_server_recipientid (and as a
   consequence the Sender and Recipient Keys derived would be equal, see
   section 3.3 of [RFC8613]), then the client MUST stop the exchange,
   and MUST NOT derive the Security Context.  The client MAY restart the
   exchange, to get the correct security material.

   The client then uses this Security Context to send requests to the RS
   using OSCORE.

   After sending the 2.01 (Created) response, the RS MUST set the Master
   Salt of the Security Context created to communicate with the client
   to the concatenation of salt, N1, and N2, in the same way described
   above.  An example of Master Salt construction using CBOR encoding is
   given in Figure 12 and using Base64 encoding is given in Figure 13.
   The RS MUST set the Sender ID from the ace_client_recipientid
   received in Section 4.1, and the Recipient ID from the
   ace_server_recipientid sent in Section 4.2.  The RS MUST set the
   Master Secret from the parameter received from the AS and forwarded
   by the client in the access token in Section 4.1 after validation of

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   the token as specified in Section 4.2.  The RS MUST set the AEAD
   Algorithm, ID Context, HKDF, and OSCORE Version from the parameters
   received from the AS and forwarded by the client in the access token
   in Section 4.1 after validation of the token as specified in
   Section 4.2, if present.  In case an optional parameter is omitted,
   the default value SHALL be used as described in sections 3.2 and 5.4
   of [RFC8613].  After that, the RS MUST derive the complete Security
   Context following section 3.2.1 of [RFC8613], and MUST associate this
   Security Context with the authorization information from the access
   token.

   The RS then uses this Security Context to verify requests and send
   responses to the client using OSCORE.  If OSCORE verification fails,
   error responses are used, as specified in section 8 of [RFC8613].
   Additionally, if OSCORE verification succeeds, the verification of
   access rights is performed as described in section Section 4.4.  The
   RS MUST NOT use the Security Context after the related token has
   expired, and MUST respond with a unprotected 4.01 (Unauthorized)
   error message to requests received that correspond to a Security
   Context with an expired token.

   Note that the ID Context can be assigned by the AS, communicated and
   set in both the RS and client after the exchange specified in this
   profile is executed.  Subsequently, client and RS can update their ID
   Context by running a mechanism such as the one defined in
   Appendix B.2 of [RFC8613] if they both support it and are configured
   to do so.  In that case, the ID Context in the OSCORE Security
   Context will not match the "contextId" parameter of the corresponding
   OSCORE_Input_Material.  Running Appendix B.2 results in the keying
   material in the Security Contexts of client and RS being updated;
   this same result can also be achieved by the client reposting the
   access token to the unprotected /authz-info endpoint at the RS, as
   described in Section 4.1, but without updating the ID Context.

4.4.  Access rights verification

   The RS MUST follow the procedures defined in section 5.8.2 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]: if an RS receives an OSCORE-protected
   request from a client, then the RS processes it according to
   [RFC8613].  If OSCORE verification succeeds, and the target resource
   requires authorization, the RS retrieves the authorization
   information using the access token associated to the Security
   Context.  The RS then must verify that the authorization information
   covers the resource and the action requested.

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5.  Secure Communication with AS

   As specified in the ACE framework (section 5.9 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]), the requesting entity (RS and/or client)
   and the AS communicates via the introspection or token endpoint.  The
   use of CoAP and OSCORE ([RFC8613]) for this communication is
   RECOMMENDED in this profile; other protocols fulfilling the security
   requirements defined in section 5 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] (such
   as HTTP and DTLS or TLS) MAY be used instead.

   If OSCORE is used, the requesting entity and the AS are expected to
   have pre-established security contexts in place.  How these security
   contexts are established is out of scope for this profile.
   Furthermore the requesting entity and the AS communicate through the
   introspection endpoint as specified in section 5.9 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] and through the token endpoint as
   specified in section 5.8 of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].

6.  Discarding the Security Context

   There are a number of scenarios where a client or RS needs to discard
   the OSCORE security context, and acquire a new one.

   The client MUST discard the current Security Context associated with
   an RS when:

   o  the Sequence Number space ends.

   o  the access token associated with the context becomes invalid, due
      to e.g. expiration.

   o  the client receives a number of 4.01 Unauthorized responses to
      OSCORE requests using the same Security Context.  The exact number
      needs to be specified by the application.

   o  the client receives a new nonce in the 2.01 (Created) response
      (see Section 4.2) to a POST request to the authz-info endpoint,
      when re-posting a (non-expired) token associated to the existing
      context.

   The RS MUST discard the current Security Context associated with a
   client when:

   o  the Sequence Number space ends.

   o  the access token associated with the context expires.

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   o  the client has successfully replaced the current security context
      with a newer one by posting an access token to the unprotected
      /authz-info endpoint at the RS, e.g., by re-posting the same
      token, as specified in Section 4.1.

   Whenever one more access token is successfully posted to the RS, and
   a new Security Context is derived between the client and RS, messages
   in transit that were protected with the previous Security Context
   might not pass verification, as the old context is discarded.  That
   means that messages sent shortly before the client posts one more
   access token to the RS might not successfully reach the destination.
   Analogously, implementations may want to cancel CoAP observations at
   the RS registered before the Security Context is replaced, or
   conversely they will need to implement a mechanism to ensure that
   those observation are to be protected with the newly derived Security
   Context.

7.  Security Considerations

   This document specifies a profile for the Authentication and
   Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE) framework
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].  Thus the general security considerations
   from the framework also apply to this profile.

   Furthermore the general security considerations of OSCORE [RFC8613]
   also apply to this specific use of the OSCORE protocol.

   As previously stated, the proof-of-possession in this profile is
   performed by both parties verifying that they have established the
   same Security Context, as specified in Section 4.3, which means that
   both the OSCORE request and OSCORE response pass verification.  RS
   authentication requires both that the client trusts the AS and that
   the OSCORE response from the RS pass verification.

   OSCORE is designed to secure point-to-point communication, providing
   a secure binding between the request and the response(s).  Thus the
   basic OSCORE protocol is not intended for use in point-to-multipoint
   communication (e.g., multicast, publish-subscribe).  Implementers of
   this profile should make sure that their use case corresponds to the
   expected use of OSCORE, to prevent weakening the security assurances
   provided by OSCORE.

   Since the use of nonces N1 and N2 during the exchange guarantees
   uniqueness of AEAD keys and nonces, it is REQUIRED that the exchanged
   nonces are not reused with the same input keying material even in
   case of re-boots.  This document RECOMMENDS the exchange of 64 bit
   random nonces.  Considering the birthday paradox, the average
   collision for each nonce will happen after 2^32 messages, which is

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   considerably more token provisionings than expected for intended
   applications.  If applications use something else, such as a counter,
   they need to guarantee that reboot and loss of state on either node
   does not provoke reuse.  If that is not guaranteed, nodes are
   susceptible to reuse of AEAD (nonce, key) pairs, especially since an
   on-path attacker can cause the use of a previously exchanged client
   nonce N1 for Security Context establishment by replaying the
   corresponding client-to-server message.

   This profile recommends that the RS maintains a single access token
   for each client.  The use of multiple access tokens for a single
   client increases the strain on the resource server as it must
   consider every access token and calculate the actual permissions of
   the client.  Also, tokens indicating different or disjoint
   permissions from each other may lead the server to enforce wrong
   permissions.  If one of the access tokens expires earlier than
   others, the resulting permissions may offer insufficient protection.
   Developers should avoid using multiple access tokens for a same
   client.

   If a single OSCORE Input Material is used with multiple RSs, the RSs
   can impersonate the client to one of the other RS, and impersonate
   another RS to the client.  If a master secret is used with several
   clients, the clients can impersonate RS to one of the other clients.
   Similarly if symmetric keys are used to integrity protect the token
   between AS and RS and the token can be used with multiple RSs, the
   RSs can impersonate AS to one of the other RS.  If the token key is
   used for any other communication between the RSs and AS, the RSs can
   impersonate each other to the AS.

8.  Privacy Considerations

   This document specifies a profile for the Authentication and
   Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE) framework
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].  Thus the general privacy considerations
   from the framework also apply to this profile.

   As this document uses OSCORE, thus the privacy considerations from
   [RFC8613] apply here as well.

   An unprotected response to an unauthorized request may disclose
   information about the resource server and/or its existing
   relationship with the client.  It is advisable to include as little
   information as possible in an unencrypted response.  When an OSCORE
   Security Context already exists between the client and the resource
   server, more detailed information may be included.

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   The token is sent in the clear to the authz-info endpoint, so if a
   client uses the same single token from multiple locations with
   multiple Resource Servers, it can risk being tracked by the token's
   value even when the access token is encrypted.

   The nonces exchanged in the request and response to the authz-info
   endpoint are also sent in the clear, so using random nonces is best
   for privacy (as opposed to, e.g., a counter, that might leak some
   information about the client).

   The identifiers used in OSCORE, negotiated between client and RS are
   privacy sensitive (see Section 12.8 of [RFC8613]), and could reveal
   information about the client, or may be used for correlating requests
   from one client.

   Note that some information might still leak after OSCORE is
   established, due to observable message sizes, the source, and the
   destination addresses.

9.  IANA Considerations

   Note to RFC Editor: Please replace all occurrences of "[[this
   specification]]" with the RFC number of this specification and delete
   this paragraph.

9.1.  ACE Profile Registry

   The following registration is done for the ACE Profile Registry
   following the procedure specified in section 8.8 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]:

   o  Name: coap_oscore
   o  Description: Profile for using OSCORE to secure communication
      between constrained nodes using the Authentication and
      Authorization for Constrained Environments framework.
   o  CBOR Value: TBD (value between 1 and 255)
   o  Reference: [[this specification]]

9.2.  OAuth Parameters Registry

   The following registrations are done for the OAuth Parameters
   Registry following the procedure specified in section 11.2 of
   [RFC6749]:

   o  Parameter name: nonce1
   o  Parameter usage location: client-rs request
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): [[this specification]]

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   o  Parameter name: nonce2
   o  Parameter usage location: rs-client response
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): [[this specification]]

   o  Parameter name: ace_client_recipientid
   o  Parameter usage location: client-rs request
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): [[this specification]]

   o  Parameter name: ace_server_recipientid
   o  Parameter usage location: rs-client response
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): [[this specification]]

9.3.  OAuth Parameters CBOR Mappings Registry

   The following registrations are done for the OAuth Parameters CBOR
   Mappings Registry following the procedure specified in section 8.10
   of [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]:

   o  Name: nonce1
   o  CBOR Key: TBD1
   o  Value Type: bstr
   o  Reference: [[this specification]]

   o  Name: nonce2
   o  CBOR Key: TBD2
   o  Value Type: bstr
   o  Reference: [[this specification]]

   o  Name: ace_client_recipientid
   o  CBOR Key: TBD3
   o  Value Type: bstr
   o  Reference: [[this specification]]

   o  Name: ace_server_recipientid
   o  CBOR Key: TBD4
   o  Value Type: bstr
   o  Reference: [[this specification]]

9.4.  OSCORE Security Context Parameters Registry

   It is requested that IANA create a new registry entitled "OSCORE
   Security Context Parameters" registry.  The registry is to be created
   as Expert Review Required.  Guidelines for the experts is provided
   Section 9.7.  It should be noted that in addition to the expert

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   review, some portions of the registry require a specification,
   potentially on standards track, be supplied as well.

   The columns of the registry are:

   name  The JSON name requested (e.g., "ms").  Because a core goal of
      this specification is for the resulting representations to be
      compact, it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short.  This name is
      case sensitive.  Names may not match other registered names in a
      case-insensitive manner unless the Designated Experts determine
      that there is a compelling reason to allow an exception.  The name
      is not used in the CBOR encoding.
   CBOR label  The value to be used to identify this algorithm.  Map key
      labels MUST be unique.  The label can be a positive integer, a
      negative integer or a string.  Integer values between -256 and 255
      and strings of length 1 are designated as Standards Track Document
      required.  Integer values from -65536 to -257 and from 256 to
      65535 and strings of length 2 are designated as Specification
      Required.  Integer values greater than 65535 and strings of length
      greater than 2 are designated as expert review.  Integer values
      less than -65536 are marked as private use.
   CBOR Type  This field contains the CBOR type for the field.
   registry  This field denotes the registry that values may come from,
      if one exists.
   description  This field contains a brief description for the field.
   specification  This contains a pointer to the public specification
      for the field if one exists

   This registry will be initially populated by the values in Table 1.
   The specification column for all of these entries will be this
   document and [RFC8613].

9.5.  CWT Confirmation Methods Registry

   The following registration is done for the CWT Confirmation Methods
   Registry following the procedure specified in section 7.2.1 of
   [RFC8747]:

   o  Confirmation Method Name: "osc"
   o  Confirmation Method Description: OSCORE_Input_Material carrying
      the parameters for using OSCORE per-message security with implicit
      key confirmation
   o  Confirmation Key: TBD (value between 4 and 255)
   o  Confirmation Value Type(s): map
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.2.1 of [[this specification]]

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9.6.  JWT Confirmation Methods Registry

   The following registration is done for the JWT Confirmation Methods
   Registry following the procedure specified in section 6.2.1 of
   [RFC7800]:

   o  Confirmation Method Value: "osc"
   o  Confirmation Method Description: OSCORE_Input_Material carrying
      the parameters for using OSCORE per-message security with implicit
      key confirmation
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 3.2.1 of [[this specification]]

9.7.  Expert Review Instructions

   The IANA registry established in this document is defined to use the
   Expert Review registration policy.  This section gives some general
   guidelines for what the experts should be looking for, but they are
   being designated as experts for a reason so they should be given
   substantial latitude.

   Expert reviewers should take into consideration the following points:

   o  Point squatting should be discouraged.  Reviewers are encouraged
      to get sufficient information for registration requests to ensure
      that the usage is not going to duplicate one that is already
      registered and that the point is likely to be used in deployments.
      The zones tagged as private use are intended for testing purposes
      and closed environments.  Code points in other ranges should not
      be assigned for testing.
   o  Specifications are required for the standards track range of point
      assignment.  Specifications should exist for specification
      required ranges, but early assignment before a specification is
      available is considered to be permissible.  Specifications are
      needed for the first-come, first-serve range if they are expected
      to be used outside of closed environments in an interoperable way.
      When specifications are not provided, the description provided
      needs to have sufficient information to identify what the point is
      being used for.
   o  Experts should take into account the expected usage of fields when
      approving point assignment.  The fact that there is a range for
      standards track documents does not mean that a standards track
      document cannot have points assigned outside of that range.  The
      length of the encoded value should be weighed against how many
      code points of that length are left, the size of device it will be
      used on, and the number of code points left that encode to that
      size.

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10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [COSE.Algorithms]
              IANA, "COSE Algorithms",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/cose/
              cose.xhtml#algorithms>.

   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]
              Seitz, L., Selander, G., Wahlstroem, E., Erdtman, S., and
              H. Tschofenig, "Authentication and Authorization for
              Constrained Environments (ACE) using the OAuth 2.0
              Framework (ACE-OAuth)", draft-ietf-ace-oauth-authz-36
              (work in progress), November 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-params]
              Seitz, L., "Additional OAuth Parameters for Authorization
              in Constrained Environments (ACE)", draft-ietf-ace-oauth-
              params-13 (work in progress), April 2020.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [RFC8152]  Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)",
              RFC 8152, DOI 10.17487/RFC8152, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8152>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8392]  Jones, M., Wahlstroem, E., Erdtman, S., and H. Tschofenig,
              "CBOR Web Token (CWT)", RFC 8392, DOI 10.17487/RFC8392,
              May 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8392>.

   [RFC8610]  Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data
              Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to
              Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and
              JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,
              June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.

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   [RFC8613]  Selander, G., Mattsson, J., Palombini, F., and L. Seitz,
              "Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments
              (OSCORE)", RFC 8613, DOI 10.17487/RFC8613, July 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8613>.

   [RFC8949]  Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
              Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [RFC4949]  Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
              FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.

   [RFC6749]  Hardt, D., Ed., "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework",
              RFC 6749, DOI 10.17487/RFC6749, October 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6749>.

   [RFC7231]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7231>.

   [RFC7800]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and H. Tschofenig, "Proof-of-
              Possession Key Semantics for JSON Web Tokens (JWTs)",
              RFC 7800, DOI 10.17487/RFC7800, April 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7800>.

   [RFC8747]  Jones, M., Seitz, L., Selander, G., Erdtman, S., and H.
              Tschofenig, "Proof-of-Possession Key Semantics for CBOR
              Web Tokens (CWTs)", RFC 8747, DOI 10.17487/RFC8747, March
              2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8747>.

Appendix A.  Profile Requirements

   This section lists the specifications on this profile based on the
   requirements on the framework, as requested in Appendix C of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].

   o  Optionally define new methods for the client to discover the
      necessary permissions and AS for accessing a resource, different
      from the one proposed in: Not specified
   o  Optionally specify new grant types: Not specified
   o  Optionally define the use of client certificates as client
      credential type: Not specified

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   o  Specify the communication protocol the client and RS the must use:
      CoAP
   o  Specify the security protocol the client and RS must use to
      protect their communication: OSCORE
   o  Specify how the client and the RS mutually authenticate:
      Implicitly by possession of a common OSCORE security context.
      Note that the mutual authentication is not completed before the
      client has verified an OSCORE response using this security
      context.
   o  Specify the proof-of-possession protocol(s) and how to select one,
      if several are available.  Also specify which key types (e.g.,
      symmetric/asymmetric) are supported by a specific proof-of-
      possession protocol: OSCORE algorithms; pre-established symmetric
      keys
   o  Specify a unique ace_profile identifier: coap_oscore
   o  If introspection is supported: Specify the communication and
      security protocol for introspection: HTTP/CoAP (+ TLS/DTLS/OSCORE)
   o  Specify the communication and security protocol for interactions
      between client and AS: HTTP/CoAP (+ TLS/DTLS/OSCORE)
   o  Specify how/if the authz-info endpoint is protected, including how
      error responses are protected: Not protected.
   o  Optionally define other methods of token transport than the authz-
      info endpoint: Not defined

Acknowledgments

   The authors wish to thank Jim Schaad and Marco Tiloca for the input
   on this memo.  Special thanks to the responsible area director
   Benjamin Kaduk for his extensive review and contributed text.  Ludwig
   Seitz worked on this document as part of the CelticNext projects
   CyberWI, and CRITISEC with funding from Vinnova.  The work on this
   document has been partly supported also by the H2020 project SIFIS-
   Home (Grant agreement 952652).

Authors' Addresses

   Francesca Palombini
   Ericsson AB

   Email: francesca.palombini@ericsson.com

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   Ludwig Seitz
   Combitech
   Djaeknegatan 31
   Malmoe  211 35
   Sweden

   Email: ludwig.seitz@combitech.se

   Goeran Selander
   Ericsson AB

   Email: goran.selander@ericsson.com

   Martin Gunnarsson
   RISE
   Scheelevagen 17
   Lund  22370
   Sweden

   Email: martin.gunnarsson@ri.se

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