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Automated Certificate Management Environment (ACME) Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) Node ID Validation Extension
draft-ietf-acme-dtnnodeid-09

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Active".
Author Brian Sipos
Last updated 2022-03-20 (Latest revision 2022-03-02)
Replaces draft-sipos-acme-dtnnodeid
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Apr 2024
Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) extensions submitted to IESG
Document shepherd Yoav Nir
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2021-05-29
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Send notices to ynir.ietf@gmail.com
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draft-ietf-acme-dtnnodeid-09
Automated Certificate Management Environment                    B. Sipos
Internet-Draft                                           RKF Engineering
Intended status: Experimental                               2 March 2022
Expires: 3 September 2022

   Automated Certificate Management Environment (ACME) Delay-Tolerant
             Networking (DTN) Node ID Validation Extension
                      draft-ietf-acme-dtnnodeid-09

Abstract

   This document specifies an extension to the Automated Certificate
   Management Environment (ACME) protocol which allows an ACME server to
   validate the Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) Node ID for an ACME
   client.  The DTN Node ID is encoded as a certificate Subject
   Alternative Name (SAN) of type otherName with a name form of
   BundleEID and as an ACME Identifier type "bundleEID".

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 3 September 2022.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Authorization Strategy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.3.  Use of CDDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.4.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   2.  Bundle Endpoint ID ACME Identifier  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.1.  Subsets of Endpoint ID  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   3.  DTN Node ID Validation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.1.  DTN Node ID Challenge Request Object  . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.2.  DTN Node ID Challenge Response Object . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.3.  ACME Node ID Validation Challenge Bundles . . . . . . . .  14
       3.3.1.  Challenge Bundle Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     3.4.  ACME Node ID Validation Response Bundles  . . . . . . . .  16
       3.4.1.  Response Bundle Checks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     3.5.  Multi-Perspective Validation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   4.  Bundle Integrity Gateway  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   5.  Certificate Request Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     5.1.  Multiple Identity Claims  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     5.2.  Generating Encryption-only or Signing-only Bundle Security
           Certificates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   6.  Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     7.1.  Threat: Passive Leak of Validation Data . . . . . . . . .  21
     7.2.  Threat: BP Node Impersonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     7.3.  Threat: Bundle Replay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     7.4.  Threat: Denial of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     7.5.  Inherited Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     7.6.  Out-of-Scope BP Agent Communication . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     8.1.  ACME Identifier Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     8.2.  ACME Validation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     8.3.  Bundle Administrative Record Types  . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   Appendix A.  Administrative Record Types CDDL . . . . . . . . . .  28
   Appendix B.  Example Authorization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29

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     B.1.  Challenge Bundle  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     B.2.  Response Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31

1.  Introduction

   Although the original purpose of the Automatic Certificate Management
   Environment (ACME) [RFC8555] was to allow Public Key Infrastructure
   Using X.509 (PKIX) certificate authorities to validate network domain
   names of clients, the same mechanism can be used to validate any of
   the subject claims supported by the PKIX profile [RFC5280].

   In the case of this specification, the claim being validated is a
   Subject Alternative Name (SAN) of type otherName with a name form of
   BundleEID, which used to represent an Endpoint ID (EID) for a Delay-
   Tolerant Networking (DTN) bundle.  Currently the URI schemes "dtn"
   and "ipn" as defined in [RFC9171] are valid for an Endpoint ID.  A
   DTN Node ID is an Endpoint ID with scheme-specific restrictions to
   identify it as such; currently the "dtn" scheme uses an empty demux
   part and the "ipn" scheme uses service number zero.

   Because the BundleEID claim is new to ACME, a new ACME Identifier
   type "bundleEID" is needed to manage this claim within ACME
   messaging.  A "bundleEID" claim can be part of a pre-authorization or
   as one of the authorizations of an order containing any number of
   claims.

   Once an ACME server validates a Node ID, either as a pre-
   authorization of the "bundleEID" or as one of the authorizations of
   an order containing a "bundleEID", the client can finalize the order
   using an associated certificate signing request (CSR).  Because a
   single order can contain multiple identifiers of multiple types,
   there can be operational issues for a client attempting to, and
   possibly failing to, validate those multiple identifiers as described
   in Section 5.1.  Once a certificate is issued for a Node ID, how the
   ACME client configures the Bundle Protocol (BP) agent with the new
   certificate is an implementation matter.

   The scope and behavior of this validation mechanism is similar to
   that of secured email validation of [RFC8823].

1.1.  Scope

   This document describes the ACME messages, BPv7 payloads, and BPSec
   requirements needed to validate Node ID ownership.  This document
   does not address:

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   *  Mechanisms for communication between ACME client or ACME server
      and their associated BP agent(s).  This document only describes
      exchanges between ACME client--server pairs and between their BP
      agents.

   *  Specific BP extension blocks or BPSec security contexts necessary
      to fulfill the security requirements of this protocol.  The exact
      security context needed, and their parameters, are network-
      specific.

   *  Policies or mechanisms for defining or configuring bundle
      integrity gateways, or trusting integrity gateways on an
      individual entity or across a network.

   *  Mechanisms for locating or identifying other bundle entities
      (peers) within a network or across an internet.  The mapping of
      Node ID to potential convergence layer (CL) protocol and network
      address is left to implementation and configuration of the BP
      Agent and its various potential routing strategies.

   *  Logic for routing bundles along a path toward a bundle's endpoint.
      This protocol is involved only in creating bundles at a source and
      handling them at a destination.

   *  Logic for performing rate control and congestion control of bundle
      transfers.  The ACME server is responsible for rate control of
      validation requests.

   *  Policies or mechanisms for an ACME server to choose a prioritized
      list of acceptable hash algorithms, or for an ACME client to
      choose a set of acceptable hash algorithms.

   *  Policies or mechanisms for provisioning, deploying, or accessing
      certificates and private keys; deploying or accessing certificate
      revocation lists (CRLs); or configuring security parameters on an
      individual entity or across a network.

   *  Policies or mechanisms for an ACME server to handle mixed-use
      certificate requests.  This specification is focused only on
      single-use DTN-specific PKIX profiles.

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1.2.  Authorization Strategy

   The basic unit of data exchange in a DTN is a Bundle [RFC9171], which
   consists of a data payload with accompanying metadata.  An Endpoint
   ID is used as the destination of a Bundle and can indicate both a
   unicast or a multicast destination.  A Node ID is used to identify
   the source of a Bundle and is used for routing through intermediate
   nodes, including the final node(s) used to deliver a Bundle to its
   destination endpoint.  A Node ID can also be used as an endpoint for
   administrative bundles.  More detailed descriptions of the rationale
   and capabilities of these networks can be found in "Delay-Tolerant
   Network Architecture" [RFC4838].

   When an ACME client requests a pre-authorization or an order with a
   "bundleEID" identifier type having a value consistent with a Node ID
   (see Section 4.2.5 of [RFC9171]), the ACME server offers a "dtn-
   nodeid-01" challenge type to validate that Node ID.  If the ACME
   client attempts the authorization challenge to validate a Node ID,
   the ACME server sends an ACME Node ID Validation Challenge Bundle
   with a destination of the Node ID being validated.  The BP agent on
   that node receives the Challenge Bundle, generates an ACME key
   authorization digest, and sends an ACME Node ID Validation Response
   Bundle in reply.  An Integrity Gateway on the client side of the DTN
   can be used to attest to the source of the Response Bundle.  Finally,
   the ACME server receives the Response Bundle and checks that the
   digest was generated for the associated ACME challenge and from the
   client account key associated with the original request.  This
   workflow is shown in the diagram of Figure 1 and defined in
   Section 3.

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        +------------+                             +------------+
        |    ACME    |<===== HTTPS exchanges =====>|    ACME    |
        |   Client   |                             |   Server   |
        +------------+                             +------------+
              |                                       |   ^
   (1) Enable or (6) disable                 (2) Send |   |
     validation from server                 Challenge |   |(5) Indicate
              |                  Non-DTN              |   |   Response
   ~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~|~~~~~~~~~~~~
              V                    DTN                V   |
       ++------------++                           ++------------++
       || Admin Elem.||                           || Admin Elem.||-+
       |+------------+|           (3) Challenge   |+------------+| |
       |   Client's   |<------------- Bundle -----|   Server's   | |
       |   BP Agent   |                           |   BP Agent   | |
       +--------------+                           +--------------+ |
              |                                     +----^---------+
              |     +-------------+                      |
              |     |  Integrity  |   (4) Response       |
              +---->|   Gateway   |------ Bundle --------+
                    +-------------+

      Figure 1: The relationships and flows between Node ID Validation
                                  entities

   Because the DTN Node ID is used both for routing bundles between BP
   agents and for multiplexing administrative services within a BP
   agent, there is no possibility to separate the ACME validation of a
   Node ID from normal bundle handling for that same Node ID.  This
   leaves administrative record types as a way to leave the Node ID
   unchanged while disambiguating from other service data bundles.

   There is nothing in this protocol which requires network-topological
   co-location of either the ACME client or ACME server with their
   associated BP agent.  While ACME requires a low-enough latency
   network to perform HTTPS exchanges between ACME client and server,
   the client's BP agent (the one being validated) could be on the far
   side of a long-delay or multi-hop DTN network.  The means by which
   the ACME client or server communicates with its associated BP agent
   is an implementation matter.

1.3.  Use of CDDL

   This document defines CBOR structure using the Concise Data
   Definition Language (CDDL) of [RFC8610].  The entire CDDL structure
   can be extracted from the XML version of this document using the
   XPath expression:

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   '//sourcecode[@type="cddl"]'

   The following initial fragment defines the top-level symbols of this
   document's CDDL, which includes the example CBOR content.

   start = acme-record / bundle / tstr

1.4.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   Because this document combines two otherwise unrelated contexts, ACME
   and DTN, when a protocol term applies to one of those areas and is
   used in the other its name is prefixed with either "ACME" or "DTN"
   respectively.  Thus within the ACME context the term is "DTN Node ID"
   while in the DTN context the name is just "Node ID".

   In this document, several terms are shortened for the sake of
   terseness.  These terms are:

   Challenge Request:  This is a shortened form of the full "DTN Node ID
      Challenge Request Object".  It is a JSON object created by the
      ACME server for challenge type "dtn-nodeid-01".

   Challenge Response:  This is a shortened form of the full "DTN Node
      ID Challenge Response Object".  It is a JSON object created by the
      ACME client to authorize a challenge type "dtn-nodeid-01".

   Challenge Bundle:  This is a shortened form of the full "ACME Node ID
      Validation Challenge Bundle".  It is a Bundle created by the BP
      agent managed by the ACME server to challenge a Node ID claim.

   Response Bundle:  This is a shortened form of the full "ACME Node ID
      Validation Response Bundle".  It is a Bundle created by the BP
      agent managed by the ACME client to validate a Node ID claim.

   Because this is an ACME document, the following DTN Bundle Protocol
   terms are defined here to clarify how they are used by this ACME
   identifier type and validation mechanism.

   Endpoint ID:  An Endpoint ID is an identifier for the ultimate

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      destination of a bundle, independent of any intermediate
      forwarding needed to reach that destination.  An endpoint can be a
      singleton (unicast) or not (anycast or multicast) so an Endpoint
      ID can also represent a single entity or a set of entities.  This
      is formally defined in Section 4.2.5.1 of [RFC9171].

   Node ID:  A Node ID is a (not guaranteed unique) identifier for a
      specific node in a network in the form of a singleton Endpoint ID.
      A single node can have any number of Node IDs but a typical (and
      expected) form of Node ID is the Administrative Endpoint ID
      (described below).  This is formally defined in Section 4.2.5.2 of
      [RFC9171].

   Administrative Endpoint ID:  An Administrative Endpoint ID is unique
      for a node within a specific URI scheme.  Although any Node ID can
      be a valid bundle Source and Destination, the Administrative
      Endpoint ID is a minimum required Node ID for any node operating
      in a particular URI scheme.  For the "dtn" scheme this is the
      empty demux part and for the "ipn" scheme this is the service
      number zero.  These is formally defined under Section 4.2.5.1 of
      [RFC9171].

2.  Bundle Endpoint ID ACME Identifier

   This specification is the first to make use of an Bundle Endpoint ID
   to identify a claim for a certificate request in ACME.  In this
   document, the only purpose for which an Bundle Endpoint ID ACME
   identifier is validated is as a DTN Node ID (see Section 3), but
   other specifications can define challenge types for other Endpoint ID
   uses.

   Identifiers of type "bundleEID" in certificate requests SHALL appear
   in an extensionRequest attribute [RFC2985] containing a
   subjectAltName extension of type otherName with a name form of
   BundleEID, identified by id-on-bundleEID of [IANA-SMI], consistent
   with the requirements of Section 4.4.2.1 of [RFC9174].  Because the
   BundleEID is encoded as an IA5String it SHALL be treated as being in
   the percent-encoded form of Section 2.1 of [RFC3986].  Any
   "bundleEID" identifier which fails to properly percent-decode SHALL
   be rejected with an ACME error type of "malformed".

   The ACME server SHALL decode and normalize (based on scheme-specific
   syntax) all received identifiers of type "bundleEID".  Any
   "bundleEID" identifier request which uses a scheme not handled by the
   ACME server or for which the EID does not match the scheme-specific
   syntax SHALL be rejected with an ACME error type of
   "rejectedIdentifier".

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   When an ACME server needs to request proof that a client controls a
   BundleEID, it SHALL create an authorization with the identifier type
   "bundleEID".  The ACME server SHALL NOT attempt to dereference the
   EID value on its own.  It is the responsibility of a validation
   method to ensure the EID ownership via scheme-specific means
   authorized by the ACME client.

   An identifier for the Node ID of "dtn://example/" would be formatted
   as:

   {
     "type": "bundleEID",
     "value": "dtn://example/"
   }

2.1.  Subsets of Endpoint ID

   While the PKIX other name form of BundleEID can hold any Endpoint ID
   value, the certificate profile used by [RFC9174] and supported by
   this ACME validation method in Section 3 requires that the value hold
   a Node ID.

   In addition to the narrowing of that certificate profile, this
   validation method requires that the client's BP agent responds to
   administrative records sent to the Node ID being validated.  This
   typically is limited to an Administrative Endpoint ID, but there is
   no prohibition on the administrative element of a BP node from
   receiving administrative records for, and sending records from, other
   Node IDs in order to support this validation method.

   Neither that certificate profile nor this validation method support
   operating on non-singleton Endpoint IDs, but other validation methods
   could be defined to do so in order to support other certificate
   profiles.

3.  DTN Node ID Validation

   The DTN Node ID validation method proves control over a Node ID by
   requiring the ACME client to configure a BP agent to respond to
   specific Challenge Bundles sent from the ACME server.  The ACME
   server validates control of the Node ID by verifying that received
   Response Bundles correspond with the BP Node and client account key
   being validated.

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   Similar to the ACME use case for validating email address ownership
   [RFC8823], this challenge splits the token into several parts, each
   being transported by a different channel, and the Key Authorization
   result requires combining all parts of the token.  A separate
   challenge identifier is used as a filter by BP agents similarly to
   the challenge "from" email address of [RFC8823].

   The token parts are:

   token-chal:  This token is unique to each ACME authorization.  It is
      contained in the Challenge Object of Section 3.1.  Each
      authorization can consist of multiple Challenge Bundles (e.g.
      taking different routes), but they all share the same token-chal
      value.  This ensures that the Key Authorization is bound to the
      specific ACME challenge (and parent ACME authorization).  This
      token does not appear on the BP channel so that any eavesdropper
      knowing the client's account key thumbprint (e.g. from some other
      validation method) is not able to impersonate the client.

   token-bundle:  This token is unique to each Challenge Bundle sent by
      the ACME server.  It is contained in the Challenge Bundle of
      Section 3.3 and Response Bundle of Section 3.4.  This ensures that
      the Key Authorization is bound to the ability to receive the
      Challenge Bundle and not just have access to the ACME Challenge
      Object.  This token is also accessible to DTN on-path
      eavesdroppers.

   Because multiple Challenge Bundles can be sent to validate the same
   Node ID, the token-bundle in the response is needed to correlate with
   the expected Key Authorization digest.

   The DTN Node ID Challenge SHALL only be allowed for an EID usable as
   a DTN Node ID, which is defined per-scheme in Section 4.2.5.1 of
   [RFC9171].  When an ACME server supports Node ID validation, the ACME
   server SHALL define a challenge object in accordance with
   Section 3.1.  Once this challenge object is defined, the ACME client
   may begin the validation.

   To initiate a Node ID validation, the ACME client performs the
   following steps:

   1.  The ACME client POSTs a newOrder or newAuthz request including
       the identifier of type "bundleEID" for the desired Node ID.  From
       either of these entry points an authorization for the "bundleEID"
       type is indicated by the ACME server.  See Section 7.4 of
       [RFC8555] for more details.

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   2.  The ACME client obtains the id-chal and token-chal from the
       challenge object in accordance with Section 3.1.

   3.  The ACME client indicates to the administrative element of its BP
       agent the id-chal which is authorized for use along with the
       associated token-chal and client account key thumbprint.  The
       ACME client SHALL wait, if necessary, until the agent is
       configured before proceeding to the next step.

   4.  The ACME client POSTs a challenge response to the challenge URL
       on the ACME server accordance with Section 7.5.1 of [RFC8555].
       The payload object is constructed in accordance with Section 3.2.

   5.  The administrative element waits for a Challenge Bundle to be
       received with the authorized ACME parameters, including its id-
       chal payload, in accordance with Section 3.3.

   6.  The administrative element concatenates token-bundle with token-
       chal (each as base64url-encoded text strings) and computes the
       Key Authorization in accordance with Section 8.1 of [RFC8555]
       using the full token and client account key thumbprint.

   7.  The administrative element chooses the highest-priority hash
       algorithm supported by both the client and server, uses that
       algorithm to compute the digest of the Key Authorization result,
       and generates a Response Bundle to send back to the ACME server
       in accordance with Section 3.4.

   8.  The ACME client waits for the authorization to be finalized on
       the ACME server in accordance with Section 7.5.1 of [RFC8555].

   9.  Once the challenge is completed (successfully or not), the ACME
       client indicates to the BP agent that the id-chal is no longer
       usable.  If the authorization fails, the ACME client MAY retry
       the challenge from Step 3.

   The ACME server verifies the client's control over a Node ID by
   performing the following steps:

   1.  The ACME server receives a newOrder or newAuthz request including
       the identifier of type "bundleEID", where the URI value is a Node
       ID.

   2.  The ACME server generates an authorization for the Node ID with
       challenge type "dtn-nodeid-01" in accordance with Section 3.1.

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   3.  The ACME server receives a POST to the challenge URL indicated
       from the authorization object.  The payload is handled in
       accordance with Section 3.2.

   4.  The ACME server sends, via the administrative element of its BP
       agent, one or more Challenge Bundles in accordance with
       Section 3.3.  Each challenge bundle SHALL contain a distinct
       token-bundle to be able to correlate with a response bundle.
       Computing an expected Key Authorization digest is not necessary
       until a response is received with a chosen hash algorithm.

   5.  The ACME server waits for Response Bundle(s) for a limited
       interval of time (based on the challenge response object of
       Section 3.2).  Responses are encoded in accordance with
       Section 3.4.

   6.  Once received and decoded, the ACME server checks the contents of
       each Response Bundle in accordance with Section 3.4.1.  After all
       Challenge Bundles have either been responded to or timed-out, the
       ACME server policy (see Section 3.5) determines whether the
       validation is successful.  If validation is not successful, a
       client may retry the challenge which starts in Step 3.

   When responding to a Challenge Bundle, a BP agent SHALL send a single
   Response Bundle in accordance with Section 3.4.  A BP agent SHALL
   respond to ACME challenges only within the interval of time and only
   for the id-chal indicated by the ACME client.  A BP agent SHALL
   respond to multiple Challenge Bundles with the same ACME parameters
   but different bundle identities (source Node ID and timestamp); these
   correspond with the ACME server validating via multiple routing
   paths.

3.1.  DTN Node ID Challenge Request Object

   The DTN Node ID Challenge request object is defined by the ACME
   server when it supports validating Node IDs.

   The DTN Node ID Challenge request object has the following content:

   type (required, string):  The string "dtn-nodeid-01".

   id-chal (required, string):  This is a random value associated with a
      challenge which allows a client to filter valid Challenge Bundles.
      The same value is used for all Challenge Bundles associated with
      an ACME challenge, including multi-perspective validation using
      multiple sources as described in Section 3.5.  This value SHALL
      have at least 128 bits of entropy.  It SHALL NOT contain any
      characters outside the base64url alphabet as described in

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      Section 5 of [RFC4648].  Trailing '=' padding characters SHALL be
      stripped.  See [RFC4086] for additional information on randomness
      requirements.

   token-chal (required, string):  This is a random value, used as part
      of the Key Authorization algorithm, which is communicated to the
      ACME client only over the ACME channel.  This value SHALL have at
      least 128 bits of entropy.  It SHALL NOT contain any characters
      outside the base64url alphabet as described in Section 5 of
      [RFC4648].  Trailing '=' padding characters SHALL be stripped.
      See [RFC4086] for additional information on randomness
      requirements.

   {
     "type": "dtn-nodeid-01",
     "url": "https://example.com/acme/chall/prV_B7yEyA4",
     "id-chal": "dDtaviYTPUWFS3NK37YWfQ",
     "token-chal": "tPUZNY4ONIk6LxErRFEjVw"
   }

   The token-chal value included in this object applies to the entire
   challenge, and may correspond with multiple separate token-bundle
   values when multiple Challenge Bundles are sent for a single
   validation.

3.2.  DTN Node ID Challenge Response Object

   The DTN Node ID Challenge response object is defined by the ACME
   client when it authorizes validation of a Node ID.  Because a DTN has
   the potential for significantly longer delays than a non-DTN network,
   the ACME client is able to inform the ACME server if a particular
   validation round-trip is expected to take longer than normal network
   delays (on the order of seconds).

   The DTN Node ID Challenge response object has the following content:

   rtt (optional, number):  An expected round-trip time (RTT), in
      seconds, between sending a Challenge Bundle and receiving a
      Response Bundle.  This value is a hint to the ACME server for how
      long to wait for responses but is not authoritative.  The minimum
      RTT value SHALL be zero.  There is no special significance to
      zero-value RTT, it simply indicates the response is expected in
      less than the least significant unit used by the ACME client.

   {
     "rtt": 300.0
   }

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   A challenge response is not sent until the BP agent has been
   configured to properly respond to the challenge, so the RTT value is
   meant to indicate any node-specific path delays expected to
   encountered from the ACME server.  Because there is no requirement on
   the path (or paths) which bundles may traverse between the ACME
   server and the BP agent, and the ACME server can attempt some path
   diversity, the RTT value SHOULD be pessimistic.

   A default bundle response interval, used when the object does not
   contain an RTT, SHOULD be a configurable parameter of the ACME
   server.  If the ACME client indicated an RTT value in the object, the
   response interval SHOULD be twice the RTT (with limiting logic
   applied as described below).  The lower limit on response interval is
   network-specific, but SHOULD NOT be shorter than one second.  The
   upper limit on response interval is network-specific, but SHOULD NOT
   be longer than one minute (60 seconds) for a terrestrial-only DTN.

3.3.  ACME Node ID Validation Challenge Bundles

   Each ACME Node ID Validation Challenge Bundle SHALL be structured and
   encoded in accordance with [RFC9171].

   Each Challenge Bundle has parameters as listed here:

   Bundle Processing Control Flags:  The primary block flags SHALL
      indicate that the payload is an administrative record.  The
      primary block flags SHALL indicate that user application
      acknowledgement is requested; this flag distinguishes the
      Challenge Bundle from the Response Bundle.

   Destination EID:  The Destination EID SHALL be the ACME-server-
      normalized Node ID being validated.

   Source Node ID:  The Source Node ID SHALL indicate the Node ID of a
      BP agent of the ACME server performing the challenge.

   Creation Timestamp and Lifetime:  The Creation Timestamp SHALL be set
      to the time at which the challenge was generated.  The Lifetime
      SHALL indicate the response interval (of Section 3.2) for which
      ACME server will accept responses to this challenge.

   Administrative Record Type Code:  Set to the ACME Node ID Validation
      type code defined in Section 8.3.

   Administrative Record Content:  The Challenge Bundle administrative
      record content SHALL consist of a CBOR map containing two pairs:

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      *  One pair SHALL consist of key 1 with value of ACME challenge
         id-chal, copied from the challenge object, represented as a
         CBOR byte string.

      *  One pair SHALL consist of key 2 with value of ACME challenge
         token-bundle, represented as a CBOR byte string.  The token-
         bundle is a random value that uniquely identifies the challenge
         bundle.  This value SHALL have at least 128 bits of entropy.
         See [RFC4086] for additional information on randomness
         requirements.

      *  One pair SHALL consist of key 4 with value of an array
         containing acceptable hash algorithm identifiers.  The array
         SHALL be ordered in descending preference, with the first item
         being the most preferred.  The array SHALL contain at least one
         item.  Each algorithim identifier SHALL correspond to the Value
         column (integer or text string) of the algorithm registered in
         the "COSE Algorithms" registry of [IANA-COSE].

   This structure is part of the extension CDDL in Appendix A.  An
   example full Challenge Bundle is included in Appendix B.1

   For interoperability, entities which use this validation method SHALL
   support the hash algorithm "SHA-256" of [I-D.ietf-cose-hash-algs],
   but can use other hash algorithms.  This requirement allows for
   different implementations to be configured to use an interoperable
   algorithm, but does not preclude the use of other algorithms.

   If the BP agent generating a Challenge Bundle does not have a well-
   synchronized clock or the agent responding to the challenge is
   expected to not have a well-synchronized clock, the bundle SHALL
   include a Bundle Age extension block.

   Challenge Bundles SHALL include a Block Integrity Block (BIB) in
   accordance with Section 4 or with a Security Source identical to the
   bundle Source Node.  Challenge Bundles SHALL NOT be directly
   encrypted by Block Confidentiality Block (BCB) or any other method
   (see Section 7.1).

3.3.1.  Challenge Bundle Checks

   A proper Challenge Bundle meets all of the following criteria:

   *  The Challenge Bundle was received within the time interval allowed
      for the challenge.  The allowed interval starts at the Creation
      Timestamp and extends for the Lifetime of the Challenge Bundle.

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   *  The Challenge Bundle contains a BIB which covers at least the
      primary block and payload.  That BIB has a security source which
      is trusted and passes security-context-specific validation (i.e.
      MAC or signature verification).

   *  The challenge payload contains the id-chal as indicated in the
      ACME challenge object.  The challenge payload contains a token-
      bundle meeting the definition in Section 3.3.  The challenge
      payload contains at least one hash algorithm identifier acceptable
      to the client.

   Any of the failures above SHALL cause the challenge bundle to be
   deleted and otherwise ignored by the BP agent.

3.4.  ACME Node ID Validation Response Bundles

   Each ACME Node ID Validation Response Bundle SHALL be structured and
   encoded in accordance with [RFC9171].

   Each Response Bundle has parameters as listed here:

   Bundle Processing Control Flags:  The primary block flags SHALL
      indicate that the payload is an administrative record.  The
      primary block flags SHALL NOT indicate that user application
      acknowledgement is requested; this flag distinguishes the Response
      Bundle from the Challenge Bundle.

   Destination EID:  The Destination EID SHALL be identical to the
      Source Node ID of the Challenge Bundle to which this response
      corresponds.

   Source Node ID:  The Source Node ID SHALL be identical to the
      Destination EID of the Challenge Bundle to which this response
      corresponds.

   Creation Timestamp and Lifetime:  The Creation Timestamp SHALL be set
      to the time at which the response was generated.  The response
      Lifetime SHALL indicate the response interval remaining if the
      Challenge Bundle indicated a limited Lifetime.

   Administrative Record Type Code:  Set to the ACME Node ID Validation
      type code defined in Section 8.3.

   Administrative Record Content:  The Response Bundle administrative
      record content SHALL consist of a CBOR map containing three pairs:

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      *  One pair SHALL consist of key 1 with value of ACME challenge
         id-chal, copied from the Request Bundle, represented as a CBOR
         byte string.

      *  One pair SHALL consist of key 2 with value of ACME challenge
         token-bundle, copied from the Request Bundle, represented as a
         CBOR byte string.

      *  One pair SHALL consist of key 3 with value of a two-element
         array containing the pair of a hash algorithm identifier and
         the hash byte string.  The algorithim identifier SHALL
         correspond to the Value column (integer or text string) of the
         algorithm registered in the "COSE Algorithms" registry of
         [IANA-COSE].

   This structure is part of the extension CDDL in Appendix A.  An
   example full Response Bundle is included in Appendix B.2

   If the BP agent responding to a Challenge Bundle does not have a
   well-synchronized clock, it SHALL use any information about last-hop
   delays and (if present) Bundle Age extension data to infer the age of
   the Challenge Bundle and lifetime of the Response Bundle.

   Response Bundles SHALL include a BIB in accordance with Section 4.
   Response Bundles SHALL NOT be directly encrypted by BCB or any other
   method (see Section 7.1 for explanation).

3.4.1.  Response Bundle Checks

   A proper Response Bundle meets all of the following criteria:

   *  The Response Bundle was received within the time interval allowed
      for the challenge.  The allowed interval starts at the Creation
      Timestamp and extends for the Lifetime of the associated Challenge
      Bundle.  The interval of the Challenge Bundle is used here because
      the interval of the Response Bundle could be made to disagree with
      the Challenge Bundle.

   *  The Response Bundle Source Node ID is identical to the Node ID
      being validated.  The comparison of Node IDs SHALL use the
      comparison logic of the NODE-ID from Section 4.4.1 of [RFC9174].

   *  The Response Bundle contains a BIB which covers at least the
      primary block and payload.  That BIB has a security source which
      is trusted and passes security-context-specific validation.

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   *  The response payload contains the same id-chal and token-bundle as
      sent in the Challenge Bundle (this is also how the two bundles are
      correlated).  The response payload contains a hash algorithm
      identifier acceptable to the server (as indicated in the challenge
      bundle).  The response payload contains the expected Key
      Authorization digest computed by the ACME server.

   Any of the failures above SHALL cause that single-perspective
   validation to fail.  Any of the failures above SHOULD be
   distinguished as subproblems to the ACME client.  The lack of a
   response within the expected response interval, as defined in
   Section 3.2, SHALL also be treated as a validation failure.

3.5.  Multi-Perspective Validation

   To avoid possible on-path attacks in certain networks, an ACME server
   can perform a single validation using multiple challenge bundle
   sources or via multiple routing paths.  This technique is called
   multi-perspective validation as recommended in Section 10.2 of
   [RFC8555] and an implementation used by Let's Encrypt is described in
   [LE-multi-perspective].

   When required by policy, an ACME server SHALL send multiple challenge
   bundles from different sources in the DTN network.  When multiple
   Challenge Bundles are sent for a single validation, it is a matter of
   ACME server policy to determine whether or not the validation as a
   whole is successful.  The result of each single-source validation is
   defined as success or failure in Section 3.4.1.

   A RECOMMENDED validation policy is to succeed if the challenge from a
   primary bundle source is successful and if there are no more than one
   failure from a secondary source.  The determination of which
   perspectives are considered primary or secondary is an implementation
   matter.

   Regardless of whether a validation is single- or multi-perspective, a
   validation failure SHALL be indicated by an ACME error type of
   "incorrectResponse".  Each specific perspective failure SHOULD be
   indicated to the ACME client as a validation subproblem.

4.  Bundle Integrity Gateway

   This section defines a BIB use which closely resembles the function
   of DKIM email signing [RFC6376].  In this mechanism a routing node in
   a DTN sub-network attests to the origination of a bundle by adding a
   BIB before forwarding it.  The bundle receiver then need not trust
   the source of the bundle, but only trust this security source node.
   The receiver needs policy configuration to know which security

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   sources are permitted to attest for which bundle sources.

   An integrity gateway SHALL validate the Source Node ID of a bundle,
   using local-network-specific means, before adding a BIB to the
   bundle.  The exact means by which an integrity gateway validates a
   bundle's source is network-specific, but could use physical-layer,
   network-layer or BP-convergence-layer authentication.  The bundle
   source could also add its own BIB with a local-network-specific
   security context or local-network-specific key material (i.e. a group
   key shared within the local network).

   When an integrity gateway adds a BIB it SHALL be in accordance with
   [RFC9172].  The BIB targets SHALL cover both the payload block and
   the primary block (either directly as a target or as additional
   authenticated data for the payload block MAC/signature).  The
   Security Source of this BIB SHALL be either the bundle source Node ID
   itself or a routing node trusted by the destination node (see
   Section 7.2).

5.  Certificate Request Profile

   The ultimate purpose of this ACME validation is to allow a CA to
   issue certificates following the profiles of Section 4.4.2 of
   [RFC9174], [I-D.sipos-dtn-udpcl], and [I-D.bsipos-dtn-bpsec-cose].
   These purposes are referred to here as bundle security certificates.

   One defining aspect of bundle security certificates is the Extended
   Key Usage key purpose id-kp-bundleSecurity of [IANA-SMI].  When
   requesting a certificate which includes a Node ID SAN, the CSR SHOULD
   include an Extended Key Usage of id-kp-bundleSecurity.  When a bundle
   security certificate is issued based on a validated Node ID SAN, the
   certificate SHALL include an Extended Key Usage of id-kp-
   bundleSecurity.

5.1.  Multiple Identity Claims

   A single bundle security CSR MAY contain a mixed set of SAN claims,
   including combinations of "ip", "dns", and "bundleEID" claims.  There
   is no restriction on how a certificate combines these claims, but
   each claim SHALL be validated by an ACME server to issue such a
   certificate as part of an associated ACME order.  This is no
   different than the existing behavior of [RFC8555] but is mentioned
   here to make sure that CA policy handles such situations; especially
   related to validation failure of an identifier in the presence of
   multiple identifiers.  The initial "ip" validations are defined in
   [RFC8738] and initial "dns" validations are defined in [RFC8555] and
   [RFC8737].  The specific use case of [RFC9174] allows, and for some
   network policies requires, that a certificate authenticate both the

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   DNS name of an entity as well as the Node ID of the entity.

5.2.  Generating Encryption-only or Signing-only Bundle Security
      Certificates

   ACME extensions specified in this document can be used to request
   encryption-only or signing-only bundle security certificates.

   In order to request signing only bundle security certificate, the CSR
   SHALL include the key usage extension with digitalSignature and/or
   nonRepudiation bits set and no other bits set.

   In order to request encryption only bundle security certificate, the
   CSR SHALL include the key usage extension with keyEncipherment or
   keyAgreement bits set and no other bits set.

   Presence of both of the above sets of key usage bits in the CSR, as
   well as absence of key usage extension in the CSR, signals to ACME
   server to issue a bundle security certificate suitable for both
   signing and encryption.

6.  Implementation Status

   This section is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

   [NOTE to the RFC Editor: please remove this section before
   publication, as well as the reference to [RFC7942] and
   [github-dtn-demo-agent] and [github-dtn-wireshark].]

   This section records the status of known implementations of the
   protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this
   Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in [RFC7942].
   The description of implementations in this section is intended to
   assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to
   RFCs.  Please note that the listing of any individual implementation
   here does not imply endorsement by the IETF.  Furthermore, no effort
   has been spent to verify the information presented here that was
   supplied by IETF contributors.  This is not intended as, and must not
   be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their
   features.  Readers are advised to note that other implementations can
   exist.

   An example implementation of the this draft of ACME Node ID
   Validation has been created as a GitHub project
   [github-dtn-demo-agent] and is intended to use as a proof-of-concept
   and as a possible source of interoperability testing.

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   A Wireshark dissector for of the this draft of ACME Node ID
   Validation has been created as a GitHub project
   [github-dtn-wireshark] and is intended to be used to inspect and
   troubleshoot implementations.

7.  Security Considerations

   This section separates security considerations into threat categories
   based on guidance of BCP 72 [RFC3552].

7.1.  Threat: Passive Leak of Validation Data

   Because this challenge mechanism is used to bootstrap security
   between DTN Nodes, the challenge and its response are likely to be
   transferred in plaintext.  The only ACME data present on-the-wire is
   a random token and a cryptographic digest, so there is no sensitive
   data to be leaked within the Node ID Validation bundle exchange.
   Because each challenge uses a separate token pair, there is no value
   in an on-path attacker seeing the tokens from past challenges and/or
   responses.

   It is possible for intermediate BP nodes to encapsulate-and-encrypt
   Challenge and/or Response Bundles while they traverse untrusted
   networks, but that is a DTN configuration matter outside of the scope
   of this document.

7.2.  Threat: BP Node Impersonation

   As described in Section 8.1 of [RFC8555], it is possible for an
   active attacker to alter data on both ACME client channel and the DTN
   validation channel.

   The primary mitigation is to delegate bundle integrity sourcing to a
   trusted routing node near, in the sense of bundle routing topology,
   to the bundle source node as defined in Section 4.  This is
   functionally similar to DKIM signing of [RFC6376] and provides some
   level of bundle origination.

   Another way to mitigate single-path on-path attacks is to attempt
   validation of the same Node ID from multiple sources or via multiple
   bundle routing paths, as defined in Section 3.5.  It is not a trivial
   task to guarantee bundle routing though, so more advanced techniques
   such as onion routing (using bundle-in-bundle encapsulation
   [I-D.ietf-dtn-bibect]) could be employed.

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7.3.  Threat: Bundle Replay

   It is possible for an on-path attacker to replay both Challenge
   Bundles or Response Bundles.  Even in a properly-configured DTN it is
   possible that intermediate bundle routers to use multicast forwarding
   of a unicast-destination bundle.

   Ultimately, the point of the ACME bundle exchange is to derive a Key
   Authorization and its cryptographic digest and communicate it back to
   the ACME server for validation, so the uniqueness of the Key
   Authorization directly determines the scope of replay validity.  The
   uniqueness of each token-bundle to each challenge bundle ensures that
   the Key Authorization is unique to the challenge bundle.  The
   uniqueness of each token-chal to the ACME challenge ensures that the
   Key Authorization is unique to that ACME challenge and not based
   solely on values visible to on-path eavesdroppers.

   Having each bundle's primary block and payload block covered by a BIB
   from a trusted security source (see Section 4) ensures that a
   replayed bundle cannot be altered in the blocks used by ACME.  All
   together, these properties mean that there is no degraded security
   caused by replay of either a Challenge Bundle or a Response Bundle
   even in the case where the primary or payload block is not covered by
   a BIB.  The worst that can come of bundle replay is the waste of
   network resources as described in Section 7.4.

7.4.  Threat: Denial of Service

   The behaviors described in this section all amount to a potential
   denial-of-service to a BP agent.

   A malicious entity can continually send Challenge Bundles to a BP
   agent.  The victim BP agent can ignore Challenge Bundles which do not
   conform to the specific time interval and challenge token for which
   the ACME client has informed the BP agent that challenges are
   expected.  The victim BP agent can require all Challenge Bundles to
   be BIB-signed to ensure authenticity of the challenge.

   A malicious entity can continually send Response Bundles to a BP
   agent.  The victim BP agent can ignore Response Bundles which do not
   conform to the specific time interval or Source Node ID or challenge
   token for an active Node ID validation.

   Similar to other validation methods, an ACME server validating a DTN
   Node ID could be used as a denial of service amplifier.  For this
   reason any ACME server can rate-limit validation activities for
   individual clients and individual certificate requests.

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7.5.  Inherited Security Considerations

   Because this protocol relies on ACME for part of its operation, the
   security considerations of [RFC8555] apply to all ACME client--server
   exchanges during Node ID validation.

   Because this protocol relies on BPv7 for part of its operation, the
   security considerations of [RFC9171] and [RFC9172] apply to all BP
   messaging during Node ID validation.

7.6.  Out-of-Scope BP Agent Communication

   Although messaging between an ACME client or ACME server an its
   associated BP agent are out-of-scope for this document, both of those
   channels are critical to Node ID validation security.  Either channel
   can potentially leak data or provide attack vectors if not properly
   secured.  These channels need to protect against spoofing of
   messaging in both directions to avoid interruption of normal
   validation sequencing and to prevent false validations from
   succeeding.

   The ACME server and its BP agent exchange the outgoing id-chal,
   token-bundle, and Key Authorization digest but these values do not
   need to be confidential (they are also in plaintext over the BP
   channel).

   Depending on implementation details, the ACME client might transmit
   the client account key thumbprint to its BP agent to allow computing
   the Key Authorization digest on the BP agent.  If an ACME client does
   transmit its client account key thumbprint to a BP agent, it is
   important that this data is kept confidential because it provides the
   binding of the client account key to the Node ID validation (as well
   as for all other types of ACME validation).  Avoiding this
   transmission would require a full round-trip between BP agent and
   ACME client, which can be undesirable if the two are separated by a
   long-delay network.

8.  IANA Considerations

   This specification adds to the ACME registry and BP registry for this
   behavior.

8.1.  ACME Identifier Types

   Within the "Automated Certificate Management Environment (ACME)
   Protocol" registry [IANA-ACME], the following entry has been added to
   the "ACME Identifier Types" sub-registry.

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             +===========+==================================+
             | Label     | Reference                        |
             +===========+==================================+
             | bundleEID | This specification and [RFC3986] |
             +-----------+----------------------------------+

                                 Table 1

8.2.  ACME Validation Methods

   Within the "Automated Certificate Management Environment (ACME)
   Protocol" registry [IANA-ACME], the following entry has been added to
   the "ACME Validation Methods" sub-registry.

      +===============+=================+======+====================+
      | Label         | Identifier Type | ACME | Reference          |
      +===============+=================+======+====================+
      | dtn-nodeid-01 | bundleEID       | Y    | This specification |
      +---------------+-----------------+------+--------------------+

                                  Table 2

8.3.  Bundle Administrative Record Types

   Within the "Bundle Protocol" registry [IANA-BP], the following
   entries have been added to the "Bundle Administrative Record Types"
   sub-registry.

   [NOTE to the RFC Editor: For [RFC5050] compatibility the AR-TBD value
   needs to be no larger than 15, but such compatibility is not needed.
   For BPbis the AR-TBD value needs to be no larger than 65535 as
   defined by [I-D.sipos-dtn-bpv7-admin-iana].]

    +=========================+========+==============+===============+
    | Bundle Protocol Version | Value  | Description  | Reference     |
    +=========================+========+==============+===============+
    | 7                       | AR-TBD | ACME Node ID | This          |
    |                         |        | Validation   | specification |
    +-------------------------+--------+--------------+---------------+

                                  Table 3

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

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   [IANA-ACME]
              IANA, "Automated Certificate Management Environment (ACME)
              Protocol", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/acme/>.

   [IANA-BP]  IANA, "Bundle Protocol",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/bundle/>.

   [IANA-COSE]
              IANA, "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/cose/>.

   [IANA-SMI] IANA, "Structure of Management Information (SMI) Numbers",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/smi-numbers/>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2985]  Nystrom, M. and B. Kaliski, "PKCS #9: Selected Object
              Classes and Attribute Types Version 2.0", RFC 2985,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2985, November 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2985>.

   [RFC3552]  Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
              Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3552, July 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3552>.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
              "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4086>.

   [RFC4648]  Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
              Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.

   [RFC4838]  Cerf, V., Burleigh, S., Hooke, A., Torgerson, L., Durst,
              R., Scott, K., Fall, K., and H. Weiss, "Delay-Tolerant
              Networking Architecture", RFC 4838, DOI 10.17487/RFC4838,
              April 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4838>.

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   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

   [RFC7942]  Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running
              Code: The Implementation Status Section", BCP 205,
              RFC 7942, DOI 10.17487/RFC7942, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7942>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8555]  Barnes, R., Hoffman-Andrews, J., McCarney, D., and J.
              Kasten, "Automatic Certificate Management Environment
              (ACME)", RFC 8555, DOI 10.17487/RFC8555, March 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8555>.

   [RFC8610]  Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data
              Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to
              Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and
              JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,
              June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.

   [RFC9171]  Burleigh, S., Fall, K., Birrane, E., and , "Bundle
              Protocol Version 7", RFC 9171, DOI 10.17487/RFC9171,
              January 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9171>.

   [RFC9172]  Birrane, E., and K. McKeever, "Bundle Protocol Security
              (BPSec)", RFC 9172, DOI 10.17487/RFC9172, January 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9172>.

   [I-D.ietf-cose-hash-algs]
              Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE):
              Hash Algorithms", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              ietf-cose-hash-algs-09, 14 September 2020,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-cose-
              hash-algs-09>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [RFC5050]  Scott, K. and S. Burleigh, "Bundle Protocol
              Specification", RFC 5050, DOI 10.17487/RFC5050, November
              2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5050>.

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   [RFC6376]  Crocker, D., Ed., Hansen, T., Ed., and M. Kucherawy, Ed.,
              "DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures", STD 76,
              RFC 6376, DOI 10.17487/RFC6376, September 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6376>.

   [RFC8737]  Shoemaker, R.B., "Automated Certificate Management
              Environment (ACME) TLS Application-Layer Protocol
              Negotiation (ALPN) Challenge Extension", RFC 8737,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8737, February 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8737>.

   [RFC8738]  Shoemaker, R.B., "Automated Certificate Management
              Environment (ACME) IP Identifier Validation Extension",
              RFC 8738, DOI 10.17487/RFC8738, February 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8738>.

   [RFC8823]  Melnikov, A., "Extensions to Automatic Certificate
              Management Environment for End-User S/MIME Certificates",
              RFC 8823, DOI 10.17487/RFC8823, April 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8823>.

   [RFC9174]  Sipos, B., Demmer, M., Ott, J., and S. Perreault, "Delay-
              Tolerant Networking TCP Convergence-Layer Protocol Version
              4", RFC 9174, DOI 10.17487/RFC9174, January 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9174>.

   [I-D.ietf-dtn-bibect]
              Burleigh, S., "Bundle-in-Bundle Encapsulation", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-dtn-bibect-03, 18
              February 2020, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-ietf-dtn-bibect-03>.

   [I-D.sipos-dtn-udpcl]
              Sipos, B., "Delay-Tolerant Networking UDP Convergence
              Layer Protocol", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              sipos-dtn-udpcl-01, 26 March 2021,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-sipos-dtn-
              udpcl-01>.

   [I-D.sipos-dtn-bpv7-admin-iana]
              Sipos, B., "Bundle Protocol Version 7 Administrative
              Record Types Registry", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-sipos-dtn-bpv7-admin-iana-01, 2 March 2022,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-sipos-dtn-
              bpv7-admin-iana-01>.

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   [I-D.bsipos-dtn-bpsec-cose]
              Sipos, B., "DTN Bundle Protocol Security COSE Security
              Context", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-bsipos-
              dtn-bpsec-cose-06, 3 June 2021,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-bsipos-dtn-
              bpsec-cose-06>.

   [github-dtn-demo-agent]
              Sipos, B., "Python implementation of basic BPv7-related
              protocols",
              <https://github.com/BrianSipos/dtn-demo-agent/>.

   [github-dtn-wireshark]
              Sipos, B., "Wireshark Dissectors for BPv7-related
              Protocols",
              <https://github.com/BrianSipos/dtn-wireshark/>.

   [LE-multi-perspective]
              Aas, J., McCarney, D., and R. Shoemaker, "Multi-
              Perspective Validation Improves Domain Validation
              Security", 19 February 2020,
              <https://letsencrypt.org/2020/02/19/multi-perspective-
              validation.html>.

Appendix A.  Administrative Record Types CDDL

   [NOTE to the RFC Editor: The "0xFFFF" in this CDDL is replaced by the
   "ACME Node ID Validation" administrative record type code.]

   The CDDL extension of BP [RFC9171] for the ACME bundles is:

   ; All ACME records have the same structure
   $admin-record /= [0xFFFF, acme-record]
   acme-record = {
     id-chal,
     token-bundle,
     ? key-auth-digest ; present in Response Bundles
     ? alg-list ; present in Challenge Bundles
   }
   id-chal = (1 => bstr)
   token-bundle = (2 => bstr)
   key-auth-digest = (3 => [
       alg: alg-id,
       value: bstr
   ])
   alg-list = (4 => [+ alg-id])
   # From the IANA registry, only hash algorithms allowed
   alg-id: tstr / int

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Appendix B.  Example Authorization

   [NOTE to the RFC Editor: The "0xFFFF" in these examples are replaced
   by the "ACME Node ID Validation" administrative record type code.]

   This example is a bundle exchange for the ACME server with Node ID
   "dtn://acme-server/" performing a verification for ACME client Node
   ID "dtn://acme-client/".  The example bundles use no block CRC or
   BPSec integrity, which is for simplicity and is not recommended for
   normal use.  The provided figures are extended diagnostic notation
   [RFC8610].

   For this example the ACME client key thumbprint has the base64url
   encoded value of:

   "LPJNul-wow4m6DsqxbninhsWHlwfp0JecwQzYpOLmCQ"

   And the ACME-server generated token-chal has the base64url-encoded
   value of:

   "tPUZNY4ONIk6LxErRFEjVw"

B.1.  Challenge Bundle

   For the single challenge bundle in this example, the token-bundle
   (transported as byte string via BP) has the base64url-encoded value
   of:

   "p3yRYFU4KxwQaHQjJ2RdiQ"

   The minimal-but-valid Challenge Bundle is shown in Figure 2.  This
   challenge requires that the ACME client respond within a 60 second
   time window.

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   [_
     [
       7, / BP version /
       0x22, / flags: user-app-ack, payload-is-an-admin-record /
       0, / CRC type: none /
       [1, "//acme-client/"], / destination /
       [1, "//acme-server/"], / source /
       [1, 0], / report-to: none /
       [1000000, 0], / timestamp: 2000-01-01T00:16:40+00:00 /
       60000 / lifetime: 60s /
     ],
     [
       1, / block type code /
       1, / block number /
       0, / flags /
       0, / CRC type: none /
       <<[ / type-specific data /
         0xFFFF, / record-type-code /
         { / record-content /
           1: b64'dDtaviYTPUWFS3NK37YWfQ', / id-chal /
           2: b64'p3yRYFU4KxwQaHQjJ2RdiQ' / token-bundle /
         }
       ]>>
     ]
   ]

                     Figure 2: Example Challenge Bundle

B.2.  Response Bundle

   When the tokens are combined with the key thumbprint, the full Key
   Authorization value (a single string split across lines for
   readability) is:

   "p3yRYFU4KxwQaHQjJ2RdiQtPUZNY4ONIk6LxErRFEjVw."
   "LPJNul-wow4m6DsqxbninhsWHlwfp0JecwQzYpOLmCQ"

   The minimal-but-valid Response Bundle is shown in Figure 3.  This
   response indicates that there is 30 seconds remaining in the response
   time window.

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   [_
     [
       7, / BP version /
       0x02, / flags: payload-is-an-admin-record /
       0, / CRC type: none /
       [1, "//acme-server/"], / destination /
       [1, "//acme-client/"], / source /
       [1, 0], / report-to: none /
       [1030000, 0], / timestamp: 2000-01-01T00:17:10+00:00 /
       30000 / lifetime: 30s /
     ],
     [
       1, / block type code /
       1, / block number /
       0, / flags /
       0, / CRC type: none /
       <<[ / block-type-specific data /
         0xFFFF, / record-type-code /
         { / record-content /
           1: b64'dDtaviYTPUWFS3NK37YWfQ', / id-chal /
           2: b64'p3yRYFU4KxwQaHQjJ2RdiQ', / token-bundle /
           3: b64'mVIOJEQZie8XpYM6MMVSQUiNPH64URnhM9niJ5XHrew'
           / key auth. digest /
         }
       ]>>
     ]
   ]

                     Figure 3: Example Response Bundle

Acknowledgments

   This specification is based on DTN use cases related to PKIX
   certificate issuance.

   The workflow and terminology of this validation method was originally
   copied from the work of Alexey Melnikov in [RFC8823].

Author's Address

   Brian Sipos
   RKF Engineering Solutions, LLC
   7500 Old Georgetown Road
   Suite 1275
   Bethesda, MD 20814-6198
   United States of America
   Email: brian.sipos+ietf@gmail.com

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