JWS signed Voucher Artifacts for Bootstrapping Protocols
draft-ietf-anima-jws-voucher-14

anima Working Group                                            T. Werner
Internet-Draft                                                Siemens AG
Intended status: Standards Track                           M. Richardson
Expires: 2 June 2025                            Sandelman Software Works
                                                        29 November 2024

        JWS signed Voucher Artifacts for Bootstrapping Protocols
                    draft-ietf-anima-jws-voucher-14

Abstract

   I-D.ietf-anima-rfc8366bis defines a digital artifact (known as a
   voucher) as a YANG-defined JSON document that is signed using a
   Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) structure.  This document
   introduces a variant of the voucher artifact in which CMS is replaced
   by the JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) mechanism described
   in RFC7515 to support deployments in which JOSE is preferred over
   CMS.  In addition to specifying the format, the "application/voucher-
   jws+json" media type is registered and examples are provided.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 2 June 2025.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components

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   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Voucher Artifact with JSON Web Signature  . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  JSON Voucher Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.2.  JWS Protected Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.3.  JWS Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     6.1.  Media-Type Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       6.1.1.  application/voucher-jws+json  . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   7.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   8.  Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     8.1.  Example Pledge-Voucher-Request (PVR)  . . . . . . . . . .   8
     8.2.  Example Parboiled Registrar-Voucher-Request (RVR) . . . .   9
     8.3.  Example Voucher Response  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17

1.  Introduction

   "A Voucher Artifact for Bootstrapping Protocols"
   [I-D.ietf-anima-rfc8366bis] defines a YANG data model used in
   "Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure" (BRSKI) [RFC8995]
   and "Secure Zero Touch Provisioning" (SZTP) [RFC8572] to transfer
   ownership of a device from a manufacturer to a new owner (customer or
   operational domain).  That document provides a serialization of the
   voucher data to JSON [RFC8259] with cryptographic signing according
   to the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) [RFC5652].  That resulting
   voucher artifact has the media type application/voucher-cms+json.

   This document provides cryptographic signing of voucher data in form
   of JSON Web Signature (JWS) [RFC7515] and the media type application/
   voucher-jws+json to identify the voucher format.  The encoding
   specified in this document is used by [I-D.ietf-anima-brski-prm] and
   may be more handy for use cases already using Javascript Object
   Signing and Encryption (JOSE).

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   This document should be considered as enhancement of
   [I-D.ietf-anima-rfc8366bis], as it provides a new voucher format.  It
   is similar to [I-D.ietf-anima-constrained-voucher], which provides
   cryptographic signing according COSE [RFC8812] and the media type
   application/voucher-cose+cbor.  These documents do not change nor
   extend the YANG definitions of [I-D.ietf-anima-rfc8366bis].

   With the availability of different voucher formats, it is up to an
   industry-specific application statement to decide which format is to
   be used.  The associated media types are used to distinguish
   different voucher formats.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   This document uses the following terms:

   JSON Voucher Data:  An unsigned JSON representation of the voucher
      data.

   JWS Voucher:  A JWS structure signing the JSON Voucher Data.

   Voucher:  A short form for voucher artifact and refers to the signed
      statement from Manufacturer Authorized Signing Authority (MASA)
      service that indicates to a Pledge the cryptographic identity of
      the domain it should trust, per [I-D.ietf-anima-rfc8366bis].

   Voucher Data:  The raw (serialized) representation of the ietf-
      voucher YANG module without any enclosing signature, per
      [I-D.ietf-anima-rfc8366bis].

   MASA (Manufacturer Authorized Signing Authority):  The entity that,
      for the purpose of this document, issues and signs the vouchers
      for manufacturer's pledges.  In some onboarding protocols, the
      MASA may have an Internet presence and be integral to the
      onboarding process, whereas in other protocols the MASA may be an
      offline service that has no active role in the onboarding process,
      per [I-D.ietf-anima-rfc8366bis].

   Pledge:  The prospective component attempting to find and securely
      join a domain.  When shipped or in factory reset mode, it only
      trusts authorized representatives of the manufacturer, per
      [I-D.ietf-anima-rfc8366bis].

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   Registrar:  A representative of the domain that is configured,
      perhaps autonomically, to decide whether a new device is allowed
      to join the domain, per [I-D.ietf-anima-rfc8366bis].

   This document uses the following encoding notations:

   BASE64URL(OCTETS):  Denotes the base64url encoding of OCTETS, per
      Section 2 of [RFC7515].

   UTF8(STRING):  Denotes the octets of the UTF-8 [RFC3629]
      representation of STRING, per Section 1 of [RFC7515].

3.  Voucher Artifact with JSON Web Signature

   JWS voucher artifacts MUST use the "General JWS JSON Serialization
   Syntax" defined in Section 7.2.1 of [RFC7515].  This syntax supports
   multiple signatures as already supported by [RFC8366] for CMS-signed
   vouchers.  The following figure summarizes the serialization of JWS
   voucher artifacts:

       {
         "payload": BASE64URL(UTF8(JSON Voucher Data)),
         "signatures": [
           {
             "protected": BASE64URL(UTF8(JWS Protected Header)),
             "signature": BASE64URL(JWS Signature)
           }
         ]
       }

            Figure 1: Voucher Representation in General JWS JSON
                     Serialization Syntax (JWS Voucher)

   The JSON Voucher Data MUST be UTF-8 encoded to become the octet-based
   JWS Payload defined in [RFC7515].  The JWS Payload is further
   base64url-encoded to become the string value of the payload member as
   described in Section 3.2 of [RFC7515].  The octets of the UTF-8
   representation of the JWS Protected Header are base64url-encoded to
   become the string value of the protected member.  The generated JWS
   Signature is base64url-encoded to become the string value of the
   signature member.

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3.1.  JSON Voucher Data

   The JSON Voucher Data is an unsigned JSON document [RFC8259] that
   conforms with the data model described by the ietf-voucher YANG
   module [RFC7950] defined in Section 7.3 of
   [I-D.ietf-anima-rfc8366bis] and is encoded using the rules defined in
   [RFC7951].  The following figure provides an example of JSON Voucher
   Data:

       {
         "ietf-voucher:voucher": {
           "assertion": "logged",
           "serial-number": "0123456789",
           "nonce": "5742698422680472",
           "created-on": "2022-07-08T03:01:24.618Z",
           "pinned-domain-cert": "base64encodedvalue=="
         }
       }

                    Figure 2: JSON Voucher Data Example

3.2.  JWS Protected Header

   The JWS Protected Header defined in [RFC7515] uses the standard
   header parameters alg, typ, and x5c:

   *  The alg parameter MUST contain the algorithm type (e.g., ES256)
      used to create the signature as defined in Section 4.1.1 of
      [RFC7515].

   *  The typ parameter is optional and used when more than one kind of
      object could be present in an application data structure as
      described in Section 4.1.9 of [RFC7515].  If present, the typ
      parameter MUST contain the value voucher-jws+json.

   *  If X.509 (PKIX) certificates [RFC5280] are used, the x5c parameter
      MUST contain the base64-encoded (not base64url-encoded) X.509 v3
      (DER) certificate as defined in Section 4.1.6 of [RFC7515] and
      SHOULD also contain the certificate chain.

   Implementation Note:  base64-encoded values, in contrast to
      base64url-encoded values, may contain slashes (/).  JSON [RFC8259]
      optionally allows escaping these with backslashes (\\).  Hence,
      depending on the JSON parser/serializer implementation used, they
      may or may not be included.  JWS Voucher parsers MUST be prepared
      accordingly to extract certificates correctly.

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   To validate voucher signatures, all certificates of the certificate
   chain are required up to the trust anchor.  Note, to establish trust
   the trust anchor SHOULD be provided out-of-band up front.

   The following figure gives an example of a JWS Protected Header:

       {
         "alg": "ES256",
         "typ": "voucher-jws+json",
         "x5c": [
           "base64encodedvalue1==",
           "base64encodedvalue2=="
         ]
       }

                   Figure 3: JWS Protected Header Example

3.3.  JWS Signature

   The JWS Signature is generated over the JWS Protected Header and the
   JWS Payload (= UTF-8 encoded JSON Voucher Data) as described in
   Section 5.1 of [RFC7515].

4.  Privacy Considerations

   The Pledge-Voucher-Request (PVR) reveals the IDevID of the component
   (Pledge) that is in the process of bootstrapping.

   A PVR is transported via HTTP-over-TLS.  However, for the Pledge-to-
   Registrar TLS connection a Pledge provisionally accepts the Registrar
   server certificate during the TLS server authentication.  Hence, it
   is subject to disclosure by a Dolev-Yao attacker (a "malicious
   messenger") [ON-PATH], as explained in Section 10.2 of [RFC8995].

   The use of a JWS header brings no new privacy considerations.

5.  Security Considerations

   The issues of how [I-D.ietf-anima-rfc8366bis] vouchers are used in a
   BRSKI system is addressed in Section 11 of [RFC8995].  This document
   does not change any of those issues, it just changes the signature
   technology used for voucher request and response artifacts.

   Section 9 of [RFC8572] deals with voucher use in Secure Zero Touch
   Provisioning (SZTP), for which this document also makes no changes to
   security.

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6.  IANA Considerations

6.1.  Media-Type Registry

   This section registers application/voucher-jws+json in the "Media
   Types" registry.

6.1.1.  application/voucher-jws+json

   Type name:  application
   Subtype name:  voucher-jws+json
   Required parameters:  none
   Optional parameters:  none
   Encoding considerations:  JWS+JSON vouchers are JOSE objects
                             signed with one or multiple signers.
   Security considerations:  See section [Security Considerations]
   Interoperability considerations:  The format is designed to be
     broadly interoperable.
   Published specification:  THIS RFC
   Applications that use this media type:  ANIMA, 6tisch, and other
     zero-touch bootstrapping/provisioning solutions
   Additional information:
     Magic number(s):  None
     File extension(s):  .vjj
     Macintosh file type code(s):  none
   Person & email address to contact for further information:  IETF
     ANIMA WG
   Intended usage:  LIMITED
   Restrictions on usage:  NONE
   Author:  ANIMA WG
   Change controller:  IETF
   Provisional registration? (standards tree only):  NO

7.  Acknowledgments

   We would like to thank the various reviewers for their input, in
   particular Steffen Fries, Ingo Wenda, Esko Dijk and Toerless Eckert.
   Thanks for the supporting PoC implementations to Hong Rui Li and He
   Peng Jia.

8.  Examples

   These examples are folded according to the [RFC8792] Single Backslash
   rule.

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8.1.  Example Pledge-Voucher-Request (PVR)

   The following is an example of a Pledge-Voucher-Request (PVR) as JWS
   Voucher artifact, which would be sent from a Pledge to the Registrar:

   {
     "payload": "eyJpZXRmLXZvdWNoZXItcmVxdWVzdDp2b3VjaGVyIjp7InNlcmlhbC\
   1udW1iZXIiOiJraXQtOTg3NjU0MzIxIiwibm9uY2UiOiJUYXV2SytZL2NjMlJmSUZ2cF\
   p6ZktRPT0iLCJjcmVhdGVkLW9uIjoiMjAyNC0xMS0yOVQwOTozNDoxNi40MjZaIiwicH\
   JveGltaXR5LXJlZ2lzdHJhci1jZXJ0IjoiTUlJQ0RUQ0NBYk9nQXdJQkFnSUdBWk4zTk\
   RtUE1Bb0dDQ3FHU000OUJBTUNNRnd4Q3pBSkJnTlZCQVlUQWtGUk1SSXdFQVlEVlFRS0\
   RBbE5lVU52YlhCaGJua3hGVEFUQmdOVkJBc01ERTE1VTNWaWMybGthV0Z5ZVRFUE1BME\
   dBMVVFQnd3R1RYbFRhWFJsTVJFd0R3WURWUVFEREFoTmVWTnBkR1ZEUVRBZUZ3MHlORE\
   V4TWprd09URTFNekZhRncwek5ERXhNamt3T1RFMU16RmFNR0l4Q3pBSkJnTlZCQVlUQW\
   tGUk1SSXdFQVlEVlFRS0RBbE5lVU52YlhCaGJua3hGREFTQmdOVkJBc01DMDE1VTNWaW\
   MybGtZWEo1TVE4d0RRWURWUVFIREFaTmVWTnBkR1V4R0RBV0JnTlZCQU1NRDAxNVUybD\
   BaVkpsWjJsemRISmhjakJaTUJNR0J5cUdTTTQ5QWdFR0NDcUdTTTQ5QXdFSEEwSUFCQU\
   grTFptbnRncGgralUvc2NUQnhkVHpzd2xmUTZ1Sy9BOWFJYkpaS2U0UGl0VnhraE5HWW\
   d0Nm9wMytDaVFLTHdaOWdEMHFXMjIxQUxZNSs3bVFKNnlqV3pCWk1CMEdBMVVkSlFRV0\
   1CUUdDQ3NHQVFVRkJ3TUJCZ2dyQmdFRkJRY0RIREFPQmdOVkhROEJBZjhFQkFNQ0I0QX\
   dLQVlEVlIwUkJDRXdINElkYlhsemFYUmxjbVZuYVhOMGNtRnlMbTE1WTI5dGNHRnVlUz\
   VqYjIwd0NnWUlLb1pJemowRUF3SURTQUF3UlFJZ0Q3a0J4MU82TzJGVFBPUlgwNDdTcF\
   N2cGF6dC8rR3YyOXM4N3lyTXU2UE1DSVFEeU90cGJ2bEwvd1c4Zy9ESUx2T0RZZ01PT1\
   VrVDE1ZHZZTUVOR1QyQ3V5Zz09In19",
     "signatures": [
       {
         "protected": "eyJ4NWMiOlsiTUlJQ056Q0NBZDJnQXdJQkFnSUdBWk4zTkRt\
   S01Bb0dDQ3FHU000OUJBTUNNRmd4Q3pBSkJnTlZCQVlUQWtGUk1Sc3dHUVlEVlFRS0RC\
   Sk5ZVzUxWm1GamRIVnlaWEl3TURFZ1FVY3hFekFSQmdOVkJBc01Dazl5WjFnZ1ZXNXBk\
   RUV4RnpBVkJnTlZCQU1NRGsxaGJuVm1ZV04wZFhKbGNrTkJNQ0FYRFRJME1URXlPVEE1\
   TVRVek1Wb1lEems1T1RreE1qTXhNak0xT1RVNVdqQnZNUXN3Q1FZRFZRUUdFd0pCVVRF\
   Yk1Ca0dBMVVFQ2d3U1RXRnVkV1poWTNSMWNtVnlNREF4SUVGSE1STXdFUVlEVlFRTERB\
   cFBjbWRZSUZWdWFYUkJNUll3RkFZRFZRUUZFdzFyYVhRdE9UZzNOalUwTXpJeE1SWXdG\
   QVlEVlFRRERBMUJRa016TGtVM05TMHhNREJCTUZrd0V3WUhLb1pJemowQ0FRWUlLb1pJ\
   emowREFRY0RRZ0FFZ05rMXc2ZlBFRFlyekRJam5ybUV4RjU0WGsrK1psZjJITTRrQ29P\
   bkt2VHJPMFY4YUJoMW11enlRVlUwano2VTd6OTFBSjlvNlNSQmxibTJmQlRPYTZONk1I\
   Z3dNQVlJS3dZQkJRVUhBU0FFSkJZaWJXRnpZUzEwWlhOMExuaDVlbTFoYm5WbVlXTjBk\
   WEpsY2k1amIyMDZPVFEwTXpBZkJnTlZIU01FR0RBV2dCU1ZUdFYrM1FxK2lrdlBLTVpv\
   MEhaOXhESUg5VEFUQmdOVkhTVUVEREFLQmdnckJnRUZCUWNEQWpBT0JnTlZIUThCQWY4\
   RUJBTUNCNEF3Q2dZSUtvWkl6ajBFQXdJRFNBQXdSUUlnVTJUNkpTOHVqUTAzK1QvdDE2\
   dVNoZ2lsOE0vbWFHVnhuSzRxek9OUFVKRUNJUURHTVRxcmkyVzBMSUltajZCS1d0QU95\
   WDJmRWdvaFI4RFVyTDNCMjFvRGlnPT0iXSwidHlwIjoidm91Y2hlci1qd3MranNvbiIs\
   ImFsZyI6IkVTMjU2In0",
         "signature": "ehYSVTUFgJ890sF5F8ky5nfOXsG9JMfBVBv9POlwHVZGQnFQ\
   hP3F0BQj6bj4mGICcfk5FGPD8rJKs7txuBfKgA"
       }
     ]
   }

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               Figure 4: Example Pledge-Voucher-Request (PVR)

   The following private key (of the IDevID) is used to sign a Pledge-
   Voucher-Request (PVR) by Pledge:

   -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
   MEECAQAwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcEJzAlAgEBBCA4b574lJvkZZt+ij+D
   ughPm8xFg95HMW3BHKCbQEaxUw==
   -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIICNzCCAd2gAwIBAgIGAZN3NDmKMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCMFgxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkFR
   MRswGQYDVQQKDBJNYW51ZmFjdHVyZXIwMDEgQUcxEzARBgNVBAsMCk9yZ1ggVW5p
   dEExFzAVBgNVBAMMDk1hbnVmYWN0dXJlckNBMCAXDTI0MTEyOTA5MTUzMVoYDzk5
   OTkxMjMxMjM1OTU5WjBvMQswCQYDVQQGEwJBUTEbMBkGA1UECgwSTWFudWZhY3R1
   cmVyMDAxIEFHMRMwEQYDVQQLDApPcmdYIFVuaXRBMRYwFAYDVQQFEw1raXQtOTg3
   NjU0MzIxMRYwFAYDVQQDDA1BQkMzLkU3NS0xMDBBMFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZI
   zj0DAQcDQgAEgNk1w6fPEDYrzDIjnrmExF54Xk++Zlf2HM4kCoOnKvTrO0V8aBh1
   muzyQVU0jz6U7z91AJ9o6SRBlbm2fBTOa6N6MHgwMAYIKwYBBQUHASAEJBYibWFz
   YS10ZXN0Lnh5em1hbnVmYWN0dXJlci5jb206OTQ0MzAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBSVTtV+
   3Qq+ikvPKMZo0HZ9xDIH9TATBgNVHSUEDDAKBggrBgEFBQcDAjAOBgNVHQ8BAf8E
   BAMCB4AwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIDSAAwRQIgU2T6JS8ujQ03+T/t16uShgil8M/maGVx
   nK4qzONPUJECIQDGMTqri2W0LIImj6BKWtAOyX2fEgohR8DUrL3B21oDig==
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----
   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIB6DCCAY+gAwIBAgIGAZN3NDl2MAoGCCqGSM49BAMCMFgxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkFR
   MRswGQYDVQQKDBJNYW51ZmFjdHVyZXIwMDEgQUcxEzARBgNVBAsMCk9yZ1ggVW5p
   dEExFzAVBgNVBAMMDk1hbnVmYWN0dXJlckNBMB4XDTI0MTEyOTA5MTUzMVoXDTM5
   MTEyOTA5MTUzMVowWDELMAkGA1UEBhMCQVExGzAZBgNVBAoMEk1hbnVmYWN0dXJl
   cjAwMSBBRzETMBEGA1UECwwKT3JnWCBVbml0QTEXMBUGA1UEAwwOTWFudWZhY3R1
   cmVyQ0EwWTATBgcqhkjOPQIBBggqhkjOPQMBBwNCAATfl/ScKL8rB6DPTjOX4ug/
   mCmtrry59h0q4J0r/yEMmGGzKhNSskJ54u22q2kdGcMpAISH59a0SZ6mip60FzLz
   o0UwQzASBgNVHRMBAf8ECDAGAQH/AgEBMA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwICBDAdBgNVHQ4E
   FgQUlU7Vft0KvopLzyjGaNB2fcQyB/UwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIDRwAwRAIgN0nzFkSM
   iSMygrUBhPARioFiAb+zVPc7sdSy/o3nfSYCIBxGrzP3BssOJTjniu8loqHXyf9m
   JKYL4lAyT0nAC0jc
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

8.2.  Example Parboiled Registrar-Voucher-Request (RVR)

   The term parboiled refers to food which is partially cooked.  In
   BRSKI [RFC8995], the term refers to a Pledge-Voucher-Request (PVR)
   that was received by the Registrar, then has been processed by the
   Registrar ("cooked"), and is now being forwarded to the MASA.

   The following is an example Registrar-Voucher-Request (RVR) as JWS
   Voucher artifact, which would be sent from the Registrar to the MASA.
   Note, the previous PVR can be seen in the payload in the field prior-
   signed-voucher-request.

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   {
     "payload": "eyJpZXRmLXZvdWNoZXItcmVxdWVzdDp2b3VjaGVyIjp7InNlcmlhbC\
   1udW1iZXIiOiJraXQtOTg3NjU0MzIxIiwiaWRldmlkLWlzc3VlciI6IkJCZ3dGb0FVbF\
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   VsaHNVRlpGUlRGVVZsSldaV3N4VjJJeGJFVmxiWE14VkRGU2NtVkZNWEZVV0doT1lXc3\
   dlRlF4VWxaT1ZtUnhVVzVhVGxWWVRqTlJNVVphVWtaYVVsVlZaRVprTUhCRFZsWlNSbG\
   xyTVVOaE1HUkNUVlpXUmxFeVpETlZNVkpZVW01V2ExWXhjRzlYVkU1VFRWZE9kRlp1Yk\
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   ZWcFhaRmRHV1ZWclNrNVZiR3d6VW10R1dsSkdXbEpWVlZwR1pIcEdlVmxXYUZKa1JUbF\

Werner & Richardson        Expires 2 June 2025                 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft                 JWS-voucher                 November 2024

   ZXbnBPVDJGc1ZYZFVXSEJLWlVVeFUxZFlaRWRSVm14RlZteEdVbEpGVWtKTlZVcFNZVE\
   F4TmxSSGRGWk5NRFZVVFVob1RsSkZTa05VVlZweVpEQldNMWRWYUV4aU1YQktaVzF2ZD\
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   QwMUZlSFZoUkZac1lsUkdiMWx0TlZkaVZteFlWR3BDYTFkRmNITlpNbXN4WVcxSmVVMU\
   VXbEJXUmtWM1ZGaHdRbHByU201VWJGcEpWVEF4UmxJd1VrSldNbVJEVlRGYVZXUkdXWE\
   pOTVVaNFN6SnNjbVJzUWt4VVZuQjJUVVZvWVU5WWFFVlRWV2MxVmtWR1ZWRnRaRTlXYT\
   JoVVZsVldSVkpGUmt4UmJXUnVZMnRLYmxKVldrTlZWMDVGVVZkd1FsUXdTbTVVYkZwSl\
   ZWUm9RMUZYV1RSU1ZVcENWRlZPUTA1RlJqTlJNbVJhVTFWMGRsZHJiRFpoYWtKR1VWaG\
   tTbEpHVGtKUldHUlRWVlZzYmxaVVNsVk9hM0JVVDBoV2NWVlVRWHBMTVZGMlpFUkZNbV\
   JXVG05YU1teHpUMFV3ZG1KWFJraFdibWgxVTNwU2VHVnJPVTlWUmxaTFVsVk9TbFZWVW\
   toVVZsSjRZMjFyZVZaNlFrMVRWV3gwWVdwYVExTXhaREJSVlRrMVYwUktiVkpYWkhaaF\
   JrazBVa1pXZVZSRVRrTk5ha1oyVWtkc2JsQlVNR2xZVTNkcFpFaHNkMGxxYjJsa2JUa3\
   hXVEpvYkdOcE1YRmtNMDF5WVc1T2RtSnBTWE5KYlVaeldubEpOa2xyVmxSTmFsVXlTVz\
   R3SWl3aWMybG5ibUYwZFhKbElqb2laV2haVTFaVVZVWm5Tamc1TUhOR05VWTRhM2sxYm\
   1aUFdITkhPVXBOWmtKV1FuWTVVRTlzZDBoV1drZFJia1pSYUZBelJqQkNVV28yWW1vMG\
   JVZEpRMk5tYXpWR1IxQkVPSEpLUzNNM2RIaDFRbVpMWjBFaWZWMTkiLCJjcmVhdGVkLW\
   9uIjoiMjAyNC0xMS0yOVQwOTozNDoxNi41ODBaIn19",
     "signatures": [
       {
         "protected": "eyJ4NWMiOlsiTUlJQjhEQ0NBWmFnQXdJQkFnSUdBWk4zTkRt\
   Uk1Bb0dDQ3FHU000OUJBTUNNRnd4Q3pBSkJnTlZCQVlUQWtGUk1SSXdFQVlEVlFRS0RB\
   bE5lVU52YlhCaGJua3hGVEFUQmdOVkJBc01ERTE1VTNWaWMybGthV0Z5ZVRFUE1BMEdB\
   MVVFQnd3R1RYbFRhWFJsTVJFd0R3WURWUVFEREFoTmVWTnBkR1ZEUVRBZUZ3MHlOREV4\
   TWprd09URTFNekZhRncwek5ERXhNamt3T1RFMU16RmFNSGt4Q3pBSkJnTlZCQVlUQWtG\
   Uk1SSXdFQVlEVlFRS0RBbE5lVU52YlhCaGJua3hGVEFUQmdOVkJBc01ERTE1VTNWaWMy\
   bGthV0Z5ZVRFUE1BMEdBMVVFQnd3R1RYbFRhWFJsTVM0d0xBWURWUVFERENWU1pXZHBj\
   M1J5WVhJZ1ZtOTFZMmhsY2lCU1pYRjFaWE4wSUZOcFoyNXBibWNnUzJWNU1Ga3dFd1lI\
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   SitIdzl2ZHRFb1Y4b2lwQWlPazJtclpWK2dGZVBNNmdadWczby84ak9VZ0NGeGRxb0l2\
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   anNvbiIsImFsZyI6IkVTMjU2In0",
         "signature": "4K-jQbrBtzj_YE9zgJoMZYC1QPgEEU3gTKiaLh5TdO5dcgB1\
   z_zguJPSvR_QdpIbZmjkEyIyL9GJDZ2jACLKVg"
       }
     ]
   }

        Figure 5: Example Parboiled Registrar-Voucher-Request (RVR)

   The following private key is used to sign a Registrar-Voucher-Request
   (RVR) by Registrar:

Werner & Richardson        Expires 2 June 2025                 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft                 JWS-voucher                 November 2024

   -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
   MEECAQAwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcEJzAlAgEBBCDU/WkJnGR67oUgP8L1
   bmvYpUPt4i6Rc/OUSg0C8SiWdg==
   -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIB8DCCAZagAwIBAgIGAZN3NDmRMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCMFwxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkFR
   MRIwEAYDVQQKDAlNeUNvbXBhbnkxFTATBgNVBAsMDE15U3Vic2lkaWFyeTEPMA0G
   A1UEBwwGTXlTaXRlMREwDwYDVQQDDAhNeVNpdGVDQTAeFw0yNDExMjkwOTE1MzFa
   Fw0zNDExMjkwOTE1MzFaMHkxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkFRMRIwEAYDVQQKDAlNeUNvbXBh
   bnkxFTATBgNVBAsMDE15U3Vic2lkaWFyeTEPMA0GA1UEBwwGTXlTaXRlMS4wLAYD
   VQQDDCVSZWdpc3RyYXIgVm91Y2hlciBSZXF1ZXN0IFNpZ25pbmcgS2V5MFkwEwYH
   KoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAExwz2IC7MimzThiKXns33NHSJ+Hw9vdtEoV8o
   ipAiOk2mrZV+gFePM6gZug3o/8jOUgCFxdqoIvSV7vLDSibsiqMnMCUwEwYDVR0l
   BAwwCgYIKwYBBQUHAxwwDgYDVR0PAQH/BAQDAgeAMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCA0gAMEUC
   IQD48Jx8vNRpTOKDKcZkcGLSoezDAnNKgt3dSnC4QdLjAQIgfaqbAoDKSfzVq/is
   /BsgniJpCeTqMEMEtIB08blD09k=
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----
   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIB8TCCAZegAwIBAgIGAZN3NDmNMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCMFwxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkFR
   MRIwEAYDVQQKDAlNeUNvbXBhbnkxFTATBgNVBAsMDE15U3Vic2lkaWFyeTEPMA0G
   A1UEBwwGTXlTaXRlMREwDwYDVQQDDAhNeVNpdGVDQTAeFw0yNDExMjkwOTE1MzFa
   Fw0zNDExMjkwOTE1MzFaMFwxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkFRMRIwEAYDVQQKDAlNeUNvbXBh
   bnkxFTATBgNVBAsMDE15U3Vic2lkaWFyeTEPMA0GA1UEBwwGTXlTaXRlMREwDwYD
   VQQDDAhNeVNpdGVDQTBZMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHA0IABH8hjPIRu6cq
   PCZbwd8ACcrHVP0v4Z/DR3lmzHJiYmkpf3+rIeKkOFnFHD7Kywp31QQNz5y8S7QM
   4+mprsZMfIKjRTBDMBIGA1UdEwEB/wQIMAYBAf8CAQEwDgYDVR0PAQH/BAQDAgIE
   MB0GA1UdDgQWBBRqyc1RS4d6zEgDmlDZNYo4hEsLVzAKBggqhkjOPQQDAgNIADBF
   AiEAgIe1EsssVJwFrfzD1Wm+aB7kkOr1lde9M7F0zu3F6+kCICatHWEpji/0Vdc/
   lDY0RNsylZpJBL3zW+ikOCvvaJEu
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

8.3.  Example Voucher Response

   The following is an example voucher response as JWS Voucher artifact,
   which would be sent from the MASA to the Pledge via Registrar.

Werner & Richardson        Expires 2 June 2025                 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft                 JWS-voucher                 November 2024

   {
     "payload": "eyJpZXRmLXZvdWNoZXI6dm91Y2hlciI6eyJhc3NlcnRpb24iOiJsb2\
   dnZWQiLCJzZXJpYWwtbnVtYmVyIjoia2l0LTk4NzY1NDMyMSIsIm5vbmNlIjoiVGF1dk\
   srWS9jYzJSZklGdnBaemZLUT09IiwiY3JlYXRlZC1vbiI6IjIwMjQtMTEtMjlUMDk6Mz\
   Q6MTcuMDI5WiIsInBpbm5lZC1kb21haW4tY2VydCI6Ik1JSUI4VENDQVplZ0F3SUJBZ0\
   lHQVpOM05EbU5NQW9HQ0NxR1NNNDlCQU1DTUZ3eEN6QUpCZ05WQkFZVEFrRlJNUkl3RU\
   FZRFZRUUtEQWxOZVVOdmJYQmhibmt4RlRBVEJnTlZCQXNNREUxNVUzVmljMmxrYVdGeW\
   VURVBNQTBHQTFVRUJ3d0dUWGxUYVhSbE1SRXdEd1lEVlFRRERBaE5lVk5wZEdWRFFUQW\
   VGdzB5TkRFeE1qa3dPVEUxTXpGYUZ3MHpOREV4TWprd09URTFNekZhTUZ3eEN6QUpCZ0\
   5WQkFZVEFrRlJNUkl3RUFZRFZRUUtEQWxOZVVOdmJYQmhibmt4RlRBVEJnTlZCQXNNRE\
   UxNVUzVmljMmxrYVdGeWVURVBNQTBHQTFVRUJ3d0dUWGxUYVhSbE1SRXdEd1lEVlFRRE\
   RBaE5lVk5wZEdWRFFUQlpNQk1HQnlxR1NNNDlBZ0VHQ0NxR1NNNDlBd0VIQTBJQUJIOG\
   hqUElSdTZjcVBDWmJ3ZDhBQ2NySFZQMHY0Wi9EUjNsbXpISmlZbWtwZjMrckllS2tPRm\
   5GSEQ3S3l3cDMxUVFOejV5OFM3UU00K21wcnNaTWZJS2pSVEJETUJJR0ExVWRFd0VCL3\
   dRSU1BWUJBZjhDQVFFd0RnWURWUjBQQVFIL0JBUURBZ0lFTUIwR0ExVWREZ1FXQkJScX\
   ljMVJTNGQ2ekVnRG1sRFpOWW80aEVzTFZ6QUtCZ2dxaGtqT1BRUURBZ05JQURCRkFpRU\
   FnSWUxRXNzc1ZKd0ZyZnpEMVdtK2FCN2trT3IxbGRlOU03RjB6dTNGNitrQ0lDYXRIV0\
   VwamkvMFZkYy9sRFkwUk5zeWxacEpCTDN6Vytpa09DdnZhSkV1In19",
     "signatures": [
       {
         "protected": "eyJ4NWMiOlsiTUlJQnh6Q0NBVzZnQXdJQkFnSUdBWk4zTkRs\
   L01Bb0dDQ3FHU000OUJBTUNNRmd4Q3pBSkJnTlZCQVlUQWtGUk1Sc3dHUVlEVlFRS0RC\
   Sk5ZVzUxWm1GamRIVnlaWEl3TURFZ1FVY3hFekFSQmdOVkJBc01Dazl5WjFnZ1ZXNXBk\
   RUV4RnpBVkJnTlZCQU1NRGsxaGJuVm1ZV04wZFhKbGNrTkJNQjRYRFRJME1URXlPVEE1\
   TVRVek1Wb1hEVE0wTVRFeU9UQTVNVFV6TVZvd2FqRUxNQWtHQTFVRUJoTUNRVkV4R3pB\
   WkJnTlZCQW9NRWsxaGJuVm1ZV04wZFhKbGNqQXdNU0JCUnpFVE1CRUdBMVVFQ3d3S1Qz\
   Sm5XQ0JWYm1sMFFURXBNQ2NHQTFVRUF3d2dUV0Z1ZFdaaFkzUjFjbVZ5SUZadmRXTm9a\
   WElnVTJsbmJtbHVaeUJMWlhrd1dUQVRCZ2NxaGtqT1BRSUJCZ2dxaGtqT1BRTUJCd05D\
   QUFSR0NJM0gwL0xrWnNZNDV1OEZTZ1RLNlpLMUk3d2s1eWZEWk12elo2L3Y5NGJoNFB0\
   UG9SU3cwSjBvemhiL2hrRkVGeE5mbkt6WUtvT3dDdU9nUENNUm94SXdFREFPQmdOVkhR\
   OEJBZjhFQkFNQ0I0QXdDZ1lJS29aSXpqMEVBd0lEUndBd1JBSWdCcUF3WkYxRm9kRFBB\
   Nzhjcnp2bWJqSHBMUlRUM0hGcWI5UHRXTzhwTjYwQ0lBV1l6aUpUQk9xNXcxNXl2Q05V\
   S1pYSEVGMSt2TkUxcjMyTnpVWTBQSEY1Il0sInR5cCI6InZvdWNoZXItandzK2pzb24i\
   LCJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9",
         "signature": "TYwc3Nzi4l5A_326zr0IFvpqfzt7v7SqidFK_Go4wNFVCnXa\
   t5GngoTboMGXOMelfbx0LqxStz5Tq-5nFSvD2w"
       }
     ]
   }

                     Figure 6: Example Voucher Response

   The following private key is used to sign a Voucher by MASA:

Werner & Richardson        Expires 2 June 2025                 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft                 JWS-voucher                 November 2024

   -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
   MEECAQAwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcEJzAlAgEBBCAergZDU0lUzsqylxKs
   I0KZZsqgcx+LKJglpD0agoiaWQ==
   -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIBxzCCAW6gAwIBAgIGAZN3NDl/MAoGCCqGSM49BAMCMFgxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkFR
   MRswGQYDVQQKDBJNYW51ZmFjdHVyZXIwMDEgQUcxEzARBgNVBAsMCk9yZ1ggVW5p
   dEExFzAVBgNVBAMMDk1hbnVmYWN0dXJlckNBMB4XDTI0MTEyOTA5MTUzMVoXDTM0
   MTEyOTA5MTUzMVowajELMAkGA1UEBhMCQVExGzAZBgNVBAoMEk1hbnVmYWN0dXJl
   cjAwMSBBRzETMBEGA1UECwwKT3JnWCBVbml0QTEpMCcGA1UEAwwgTWFudWZhY3R1
   cmVyIFZvdWNoZXIgU2lnbmluZyBLZXkwWTATBgcqhkjOPQIBBggqhkjOPQMBBwNC
   AARGCI3H0/LkZsY45u8FSgTK6ZK1I7wk5yfDZMvzZ6/v94bh4PtPoRSw0J0ozhb/
   hkFEFxNfnKzYKoOwCuOgPCMRoxIwEDAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCB4AwCgYIKoZIzj0E
   AwIDRwAwRAIgBqAwZF1FodDPA78crzvmbjHpLRTT3HFqb9PtWO8pN60CIAWYziJT
   BOq5w15yvCNUKZXHEF1+vNE1r32NzUY0PHF5
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----
   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIB6DCCAY+gAwIBAgIGAZN3NDl2MAoGCCqGSM49BAMCMFgxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkFR
   MRswGQYDVQQKDBJNYW51ZmFjdHVyZXIwMDEgQUcxEzARBgNVBAsMCk9yZ1ggVW5p
   dEExFzAVBgNVBAMMDk1hbnVmYWN0dXJlckNBMB4XDTI0MTEyOTA5MTUzMVoXDTM5
   MTEyOTA5MTUzMVowWDELMAkGA1UEBhMCQVExGzAZBgNVBAoMEk1hbnVmYWN0dXJl
   cjAwMSBBRzETMBEGA1UECwwKT3JnWCBVbml0QTEXMBUGA1UEAwwOTWFudWZhY3R1
   cmVyQ0EwWTATBgcqhkjOPQIBBggqhkjOPQMBBwNCAATfl/ScKL8rB6DPTjOX4ug/
   mCmtrry59h0q4J0r/yEMmGGzKhNSskJ54u22q2kdGcMpAISH59a0SZ6mip60FzLz
   o0UwQzASBgNVHRMBAf8ECDAGAQH/AgEBMA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwICBDAdBgNVHQ4E
   FgQUlU7Vft0KvopLzyjGaNB2fcQyB/UwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIDRwAwRAIgN0nzFkSM
   iSMygrUBhPARioFiAb+zVPc7sdSy/o3nfSYCIBxGrzP3BssOJTjniu8loqHXyf9m
   JKYL4lAyT0nAC0jc
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-anima-rfc8366bis]
              Watsen, K., Richardson, M., Pritikin, M., Eckert, T. T.,
              and Q. Ma, "A Voucher Artifact for Bootstrapping
              Protocols", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              anima-rfc8366bis-12, 8 July 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-anima-
              rfc8366bis-12>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.

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   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5280>.

   [RFC7515]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web
              Signature (JWS)", RFC 7515, DOI 10.17487/RFC7515, May
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7515>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8259]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8259>.

   [RFC8995]  Pritikin, M., Richardson, M., Eckert, T., Behringer, M.,
              and K. Watsen, "Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key
              Infrastructure (BRSKI)", RFC 8995, DOI 10.17487/RFC8995,
              May 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8995>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-anima-brski-prm]
              Fries, S., Werner, T., Lear, E., and M. Richardson, "BRSKI
              with Pledge in Responder Mode (BRSKI-PRM)", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-anima-brski-prm-15,
              26 August 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-ietf-anima-brski-prm-15>.

   [I-D.ietf-anima-constrained-voucher]
              Richardson, M., Van der Stok, P., Kampanakis, P., and E.
              Dijk, "Constrained Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key
              Infrastructure (cBRSKI)", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-ietf-anima-constrained-voucher-25, 8 July
              2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
              anima-constrained-voucher-25>.

   [ON-PATH]  "can an on-path attacker drop traffic?", n.d.,
              <https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/saag/
              m1r9uo4xYznOcf85Eyk0Rhut598/>.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
              2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3629>.

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   [RFC5652]  Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70,
              RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5652>.

   [RFC7950]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
              RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7950>.

   [RFC7951]  Lhotka, L., "JSON Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG",
              RFC 7951, DOI 10.17487/RFC7951, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7951>.

   [RFC8366]  Watsen, K., Richardson, M., Pritikin, M., and T. Eckert,
              "A Voucher Artifact for Bootstrapping Protocols",
              RFC 8366, DOI 10.17487/RFC8366, May 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8366>.

   [RFC8572]  Watsen, K., Farrer, I., and M. Abrahamsson, "Secure Zero
              Touch Provisioning (SZTP)", RFC 8572,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8572, April 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8572>.

   [RFC8792]  Watsen, K., Auerswald, E., Farrel, A., and Q. Wu,
              "Handling Long Lines in Content of Internet-Drafts and
              RFCs", RFC 8792, DOI 10.17487/RFC8792, June 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8792>.

   [RFC8812]  Jones, M., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) and
              JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) Registrations
              for Web Authentication (WebAuthn) Algorithms", RFC 8812,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8812, August 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8812>.

Contributors

   Toerless Eckert
   Futurewei Technologies Inc.
   Email: tte+ietf@cs.fau.de

   Esko Dijk
   Email: esko.dijk@iotconsultancy.nl

   Steffen Fries
   Siemens AG
   Email: steffen.fries@siemens.com

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Authors' Addresses

   Thomas Werner
   Siemens AG
   Email: thomas-werner@siemens.com

   Michael Richardson
   Sandelman Software Works
   Email: mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca

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