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BIER Prefix Redistribute
draft-ietf-bier-prefix-redistribute-07

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (bier WG)
Authors Zheng Zhang , Bo Wu , Zhaohui (Jeffrey) Zhang , IJsbrand Wijnands , Yisong Liu , Hooman Bidgoli
Last updated 2024-08-28
Replaces draft-zwzw-bier-prefix-redistribute
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draft-ietf-bier-prefix-redistribute-07
BIER                                                            Z. Zhang
Internet-Draft                                           ZTE Corporation
Intended status: Standards Track                                   B. Wu
Expires: 1 March 2025                                         Individual
                                                           Z. Zhang, Ed.
                                                        Juniper Networks
                                                            IJ. Wijnands
                                                              Individual
                                                                  Y. Liu
                                                            China Mobile
                                                              H. Bidgoli
                                                                   Nokia
                                                          28 August 2024

                        BIER Prefix Redistribute
                 draft-ietf-bier-prefix-redistribute-07

Abstract

   This document defines a BIER proxy function to support one single
   BIER sub-domain over multiple underlay routing protocol regions
   (Autonomous Systems or IGP areas).  A new BIER proxy range sub-TLV is
   defined to redistribute BIER BFR-id information across the routing
   regions.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 1 March 2025.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Multipe IGP domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.2.  Seamless MPLS Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Proposed Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  Specifications  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     5.1.  Redistribution of BIER Information  . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     5.2.  BIER proxy range sub-TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.3.  BIRT/BIFT Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   8.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Appendix A.  Proxy range sub-TLV usage  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14

1.  Introduction

   [RFC8279] introduces a novel multicast architecture.  It does not
   require a signaling protocol to explicitly build multicast
   distribution trees, nor does it require intermediate nodes to
   maintain any per-flow state.

   OSPF/ISIS/BGP signaling for BIER [RFC8401], [RFC8444],
   [I-D.ietf-bier-idr-extensions], [I-D.ietf-bier-ospfv3-extensions],
   [I-D.ietf-bier-lsr-non-mpls-extensions] define the extensions to
   support BIER information distribution in BIER domains.

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   This document defines a BIER proxy function to support one single
   BIER sub-domain over multiple underlay routing protocol regions
   (Autonomous Systems or IGP areas).

2.  Terminology

   The terminologies are the same with the definition in BIER
   architecture [RFC8279], OSPF/ISIS/BGP signaling for BIER [RFC8401],
   [RFC8444], [I-D.ietf-bier-idr-extensions],
   [I-D.ietf-bier-ospfv3-extensions].

3.  Problem statement

   BIER [RFC8279] is a new multicast architecture that does not need
   per-tree state inside a network for multicast forwarding.  BIER
   forwarding state (which is not per-tree) is built according to a
   routing underlay, which is defaulted to an IGP domain though not
   limited to that.  In this routing underlay, BIER information like
   BIER-prefix, BFR-id, subdomain-id, and encapsulation is propagated
   using IGP or BGP as specified in documents such as [RFC8401],
   [RFC8444], [I-D.ietf-bier-idr-extensions],
   [I-D.ietf-bier-ospfv3-extensions],
   [I-D.ietf-bier-lsr-non-mpls-extensions].

   In some deployment situations, different routing protocols may be
   used in differet parts of a network yet there are just small number
   of BFERs in each protocol domain, so one single BIER sub-domain is
   desired.  This requires BIER information redistribution among
   different regions or protocols, as described in the following two
   sections.

3.1.  Multipe IGP domains

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                        +----+             +----+
                   +----+ R1 +-------------+ R2 +-----+
                   |    +----+             +----+     |
                   |          OSPF / ISIS             |
                   |           domain 1               |
                   |                                  |
                   |     +----+            +----+     |
                   +-----+    +------------+    +-----+
            +------------+ R3 +---+    +---+ R4 +------------+
            |            +----+   |    |   +----+            |
            |        OSPF         |    |        OSPF         |
            |                     |    |                     |
            |     domain 2        |    |       domain 3      |
            |  +----+     +----+  |    |   +----+    +----+  |
            +--+ Rm +-----+ Rn +--+    +---+ Rx +----+ Ry +--+
               +----+     +----+           +----+    +----+
                                 Figure 1

   While one could treat each IGP domain in the above network as one
   separate BIER sub-domain, the border routers R3/R4 would need
   decapsulate incoming BIER header in one BIER sub-domain, forward
   based on flow overlay per-tree state, and re-ecapsulate with a BIER
   header for forwarding in one next BIER sub-domain.  This not only is
   inefficient in forwarding, but also require per-tree state on the
   border routers, which is undesired.

   A better solution is to treat the entire network of multiple IGP
   domains as one single BIER sub-domain with one single routing
   underlay.

3.2.  Seamless MPLS Network

   Figure 1 could also depict a Seamless MPLS
   [I-D.ietf-mpls-seamless-mpls] network, where BGP-LU [RFC8277] is used
   to distribute routes for edge routers (e.g.  R1/R2/Rm/Rn/Rx/Ry) among
   the edge routers and border routers (e.g.  R3/R4), but those routes
   are not redistributed into other IGP areas/domains.  With that,
   internal routers in an area/domain will only have routes to local
   nodes, yet they still need to build BIER forwarding state for BFERs
   in other areas/domains.

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4.  Proposed Solution

   For the multiple IGP domains scenario in Section 3.1, BIER
   information from one domain needs to be redistributed into another
   domain, like that BIER information is redistributed from one IGP area
   to another as specified in [RFC8401], [RFC8444], and
   [I-D.ietf-bier-ospfv3-extensions].

   Specifically, when an ASBR redistributes BIER prefixes for BFERs from
   one protocol domain to another, BIER information is also
   redistributed except the encapsulation information (because BFRs in
   one domain will not directly send BIER packets to BFRs in the other
   domain so only the BFR-IDs of the BFERs matters).  When BIER prefixes
   for non-BFIR/BFER (i.e. whose BFR-ID is 0) are redistributed, BIER
   information is not redistributed.

   If route summarization is used, because a summarized prefix may cover
   many BFERs, the BFR-IDs of those covered BFERs needs to be explicitly
   listed in proxy range sub-TLV (see Section 5.2).  In case of Seamless
   MPLS (Section 3.2), when a border router advertises BIER information
   for itself in one area/domain, it also explicitly lists the BFIRs/
   BFERs in other areas/domains that are reachable via itself in the
   proxy range sub-TLV.

   In figure 1, R3/R4 connects two routing domains.  After R3 receives
   BIER information for Rm/Rn from domain 2 and redistribute to domain
   1, BFRs in domain 1 can build BIER forwarding state for BFERs in
   domain 2 through R3.  Similarly, R3 receives BIER information for R1/
   R2 from domain 1 and redistribute into domain 2.  BFRs in domain 2
   can build BIER forwarding state for BFERs in domain 1 through R3.

   For example, in this network, suppose that Rm and Rn have the prefix
   of 203.0.113.1/32, 203.0.113.2/32.  In order to build one BIER sub-
   domain which includes these three IGP domains, R3 advertises the BFR-
   ids of Rm/Rn with associated prefixes (203.0.113.1/32,
   203.0.113.2/32) into the upper domain.  Similarly, R4 advertises the
   BFR-ids of Rx/Ry with associated prefixes (198.51.100.1/32,
   198.51.100.2/32) into the upper domain too.

   And R3/R4 advertises the prefixes of R1 and R2 (suppose that the
   prefixes are 192.0.2.1/32 and 192.0.2.2/32) with associated BFR-ids
   into IGP domain 1 and domain 2.  Also, R3 advertises the prefixes
   learned from R4 (198.51.100.1/32, 198.51.100.2/32) with associated
   BFR-ids into IGP domain 1.  R4 also advertises the prefixes
   (203.0.113.1/32, 203.0.113.2/32) with associated BFR-ids into IGP
   domain 2.

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   Obviously, in order to build one large BIER sub-domain, the BFR-id of
   edge router in each IGP domain MUST NOT overlap.

5.  Specifications

5.1.  Redistribution of BIER Information

   Consider one BIER sub-domain that spans multiple routing domains.
   The procedures in this section apply if a border router, which is
   also a BFR, redistribute routing information from one routing domain
   into another.

   If a redistributed route is for a host route for a BFIR/BFER (i.e.
   the BFR-ID is not zero) in one same sub-domain, BIER information for
   the BFIR/BFERs MUST be advertised in the target routing domain as
   following:

   *  If the target routing domain is OSPFv2, a BIER Sub-TLV [RFC8444]
      is attached to the OSPFv2 Extended Prefix TLV in the OSPFv2
      Extended Prefix Opaque LSA [RFC7684] corresponding to the
      redistributed host route.

   *  If the target routing domain is OSPFv3, a BIER Sub-TLV
      [I-D.ietf-bier-ospfv3-extensions] is attached to the OSPFv3
      Extended LSA TLVs in the Intra-Area-Prefix TLV [RFC8362].
      corresponding to the redistributed host route.

   *  If the target routing domain is ISIS, a BIER Info Sub-TLV
      [RFC8401] is attached to the TLVs of 235, 237, [RFC5120], 135
      [RFC5305], or 236 [RFC5308].

   *  If the target routing domain is BGP, a BIER TLV
      [I-D.ietf-bier-idr-extensions] is attached to BGP Path Attribute.

   The BIER Sub-TLV (in case of OSPF2 and OSPFv3), BIER Info Sub-TLV (in
   case of IS-IS) and BIER TLV (in case of BGP) are encoded as specified
   in [RFC8444], [I-D.ietf-bier-ospfv3-extensions], and [RFC8401], and
   [I-D.ietf-bier-idr-extensions].  The encapsulation sub-TLV SHOULD NOT
   be included because it would not be used.

   If a redistributed route is for a host route for a transit BFR (i.e.
   the BFR-ID is zero), BIER information for the BFR SHOULD NOT be
   redistributed, because it would not be used.

   If the redistributed route is a summary or default route that covers
   some BFIR/BFERs, a BIER Sub-TLV (for OSPFv2 and OSPFv3), or a BIER
   Info Sub-TLV (in case of IS-IS), or a BIER TLV (in case of BGP) MUST
   be used to advertise the covered BFIRs/BFERs via the BIER proxy range

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   sub-TLV as specified in the following section.  The proxy range sub-
   TLV MAY also be used when the BIER prefix is for a border router via
   which multiple BFERs can be reached.

5.2.  BIER proxy range sub-TLV

   The BIER Sub-TLV can include a proxy range sub-TLV, which lists
   BFIRs/BFERs covered by a prefix or a summary/default route or
   reachable via a BFR.

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |    Type       |   Length      |              resv             |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |           BFR-id              |          BFR-id range         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            ...                                |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |           BFR-id              |          BFR-id range         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                              figure 2

   *  Type: 8-bit unsigned integer.  TBD to indicate the BIER proxy
      range sub-TLV.

   *  Length: 8-bit unsigned integer.  Length of the BIER proxy range
      sub-TLV in 4-octet units, not including the first 4 octets.

   *  resv: 16-bit unsigned integer.  The reserved field.

   *  BFR-id: 16-bit unsigned integer.  The first BFR-id from original
      advertisement.

   *  BFR-id range: 16-bit unsigned integer.  The range of BFR-ids with
      one subdomain-id.

   The BIER proxy range sub-TLV is included in the BIER Sub-TLV for an
   aggregated/summary route prefix or default route prefix, or in the
   BIER Sub-TLV for a BIER prefix (i.e., a border router in a Seamless
   MPLS network).  Multiple BIER proxy range sub-TLVs MAY be included in
   the BIER Sub-TLV.

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   The range in the BIER proxy range sub-TLV can be as granular as to
   advertise individual BFR-ids.  Though a larger range can increase
   advertisement efficiency, that requires careful planning for BFR-id
   assignment.

   When the proxy range sub-TLV is used, the mapping between a BIER
   prefix and its BFR-id is no longer conveyed in the routing underlay.
   As a result, the mapping must be provided by other means, e.g. in the
   multicast overlay.

   There may be multiple border routers connecting two regions and the
   same BFR-ID may be advertised in Proxy Range sub-TLVs from multiple
   border routers.  This is fine because the border routers are just
   advertising that the BFER represented by the BFR-ID can be reached
   through them.

5.3.  BIRT/BIFT Calculation

   If a BFR receives a BIER prefix whose BIER Sub-TLV includes a proxy
   range sub-TLV (i.e., the Seamless MPLS scenario), it treats as if
   that the originator advertised a default route with the proxy range
   sub-TLV.  Note that this imaginary default route is only for the
   purpose of building BIRT/BIFT entries and not used for unicast
   forwarding.

   With the BIER prefixes originated in the local routing area/domain,
   the BIER prefixes and summary/default routes redistributed into the
   local routing area/domain, and the imaginary default route mentioned
   above, a BFR builds BIRTs as specified in [RFC8279] with entries
   including host/summary/default prefixes.

   BIFT entries are then derived from a corresponding BIRT.  For a BFER
   covered by the proxy range sub-TLVs associated with the summary/
   default prefixes (whether or not the deafult prefix is the imaginary
   one as mentioned above), its BIFT entry is derived from the summary/
   default prefix entry in the BIRT.  It is possible that a BFR-ID for a
   BFER is listed in the proxy range sub-TLV of multiple prefixes. if
   one prefix is less specific than another, it is not considered for
   the BFER.  Of all the remaining prefixes whose proxy range sub-TLV
   covers a BFR-ID, the one with the preferred cost/metric MUST be used
   to derive the BIFT entry for the BFER.  When there is a tie, ECMP or
   tie-breaker MAY be used.

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   With this scheme, even though the BIER prefixes are not advertised
   into the IGP for an area/domain in a Seamless MPLS network and
   unicast traffic for those BIER prefixes are tunneled through,
   corresponding BIFT entries are maintained inside the area/domain for
   the purpose of efficient BIER forwarding.  Otherwise, BIER forwarding
   through the area/domain would be tunneled just like unicast case.

6.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is requested to set up new types of sub-TLV (TLV) registry value
   for BIER proxy range advertisement in OSPF, ISIS, BGP, etc.

7.  Security Considerations

   Implementations must assure that malformed TLV and Sub-TLV
   permutations do not result in errors which cause hard protocol
   failures.

8.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Stig Venaas for his valuable comments
   and suggestions.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-bier-idr-extensions]
              Xu, X., Chen, M., Patel, K., Wijnands, I., Przygienda, T.,
              and Z. J. Zhang, "BGP Extensions for BIER", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-bier-idr-extensions-
              11, 3 June 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-ietf-bier-idr-extensions-11>.

   [I-D.ietf-bier-lsr-non-mpls-extensions]
              Dhanaraj, S., Yan, G., Wijnands, I., Psenak, P., Zhang, Z.
              J., and J. Xie, "LSR Extensions for BIER non-MPLS
              Encapsulation", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              ietf-bier-lsr-non-mpls-extensions-03, 7 February 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-bier-
              lsr-non-mpls-extensions-03>.

   [I-D.ietf-bier-ospfv3-extensions]
              Psenak, P., Nainar, N. K., and I. Wijnands, "OSPFv3
              Extensions for BIER", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-ietf-bier-ospfv3-extensions-07, 1 December 2022,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-bier-
              ospfv3-extensions-07>.

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   [RFC5120]  Przygienda, T., Shen, N., and N. Sheth, "M-ISIS: Multi
              Topology (MT) Routing in Intermediate System to
              Intermediate Systems (IS-ISs)", RFC 5120,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5120, February 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5120>.

   [RFC5305]  Li, T. and H. Smit, "IS-IS Extensions for Traffic
              Engineering", RFC 5305, DOI 10.17487/RFC5305, October
              2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5305>.

   [RFC5308]  Hopps, C., "Routing IPv6 with IS-IS", RFC 5308,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5308, October 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5308>.

   [RFC7684]  Psenak, P., Gredler, H., Shakir, R., Henderickx, W.,
              Tantsura, J., and A. Lindem, "OSPFv2 Prefix/Link Attribute
              Advertisement", RFC 7684, DOI 10.17487/RFC7684, November
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7684>.

   [RFC8279]  Wijnands, IJ., Ed., Rosen, E., Ed., Dolganow, A.,
              Przygienda, T., and S. Aldrin, "Multicast Using Bit Index
              Explicit Replication (BIER)", RFC 8279,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8279, November 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8279>.

   [RFC8362]  Lindem, A., Roy, A., Goethals, D., Reddy Vallem, V., and
              F. Baker, "OSPFv3 Link State Advertisement (LSA)
              Extensibility", RFC 8362, DOI 10.17487/RFC8362, April
              2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8362>.

   [RFC8401]  Ginsberg, L., Ed., Przygienda, T., Aldrin, S., and Z.
              Zhang, "Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) Support via
              IS-IS", RFC 8401, DOI 10.17487/RFC8401, June 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8401>.

   [RFC8444]  Psenak, P., Ed., Kumar, N., Wijnands, IJ., Dolganow, A.,
              Przygienda, T., Zhang, J., and S. Aldrin, "OSPFv2
              Extensions for Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER)",
              RFC 8444, DOI 10.17487/RFC8444, November 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8444>.

9.2.  Informative References

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   [I-D.ietf-mpls-seamless-mpls]
              Leymann, N., Decraene, B., Filsfils, C., Konstantynowicz,
              M., and D. Steinberg, "Seamless MPLS Architecture", Work
              in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-mpls-seamless-
              mpls-07, 28 June 2014,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-mpls-
              seamless-mpls-07>.

   [RFC8277]  Rosen, E., "Using BGP to Bind MPLS Labels to Address
              Prefixes", RFC 8277, DOI 10.17487/RFC8277, October 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8277>.

Appendix A.  Proxy range sub-TLV usage

   This appendix is to make the function understood more easily.  Except
   for inter-area case, the function is also suitable for inter-as case.
   In the same example of figure 1, in case there are 40 edge routers in
   domain 1, the BFR-ids of domain 1 start from 51 to 90, and the
   prefixes of these routers start from 203.0.113.1/32 to
   203.0.113.40/32.  These assigned BFR-IDs are not overlapped with the
   BFR-IDs in any other domain.

   In order to build one BIER sub-domain across these areas, the two
   advertisement methods defined in Section 5.2 can be used:

   *  As a transit node, R3 advertises the BIER sub-TLV with BFR-ID set
      to 0.  When R3 is not allowed to advertise the summary or specific
      prefixes into the upper domain, R3 can advertise the proxy range
      sub-TLV with the host prefix directly.  So there are two sub-TLVs
      advertisement associated with the host prefix of R3.

   *  As a transit node, R3 advertises the BIER sub-TLV with BFR-ID set
      to 0.  When R3 is allowed to advertise the summary prefix into the
      upper domain, R3 can advertise the proxy range sub-TLV with the
      summarized prefix, 203.0.113.0/24, with the BFR-id set to 51, the
      BFR-id range set to 40, into the upper domain.  In this case,
      there are two prefixes advertised by R3.  But the summary prefix
      can not be used to encapsulate BIER packet directly in case of
      tunneling case.  The summary prefix is only used to generate the
      BIFT.

   Then the router in the uppler domain can build the BIER forwarding
   table, the nexthops of BFR-IDs in the proxy range sub-TLV are set to
   R3.

   The same function is also applied to R4 when it advertises the BFR-
   IDs to the upper domain.  This method is also applied to R3/R4 when
   it advertises the BFR-IDs to the lower domain.  When R3 advertises

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   the prefixes from the upper domain and domain 2 into domain 1, except
   the host prefix of R3 with BFR-ID set to 0, R3 may advertise only the
   default route into domain 1 if one or more continuous BFR-id range
   can be attached.  Suppose that the BFR-id in the upper domain starts
   from 1001 to 1050, the BFR-id in domain 2 starts from 201 to 250, and
   these ranges are not overlapped with the ranges in any other domain.
   Suppose that the sub-domain ID is 1, the BIER proxy range sub-TLV may
   be advertised like this:

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |     TBD       |       2        |       1      |       0       |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |           1001                 |              50              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |           201                  |              50              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                            figure 3

   Then the BIER overlay is built among R1, R2, Rm, Rn, Rx and Ry.  R3
   and R4 need not maintain the multicast overlay states.  The optimized
   summary/ aggregated or default prefix can be generated by the
   operation policy which is configured by the network administrator.

   If two or more ABRs in one domain are used to reistribute the prefix,
   for example in figure 4 below:

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         +-------------------------------------------------------+
         |              +----+             +----+         BIER   |
         |  +-----------+ R1 +-------------+ R2 +-----+ domain 1 |
         |  |           +----+             +----+     |          |
         |  |                   OSPF/ISIS             |          |
         |  |                                         |          |
         |  |  +----+    +----+            +----+     |          |
         |  +--+    +----+    +------------+    +-----+          |
         |  +--+ R5 +----+ R3 +---+    +---+ R4 +------------+   |
         |  |  +----+    +----+   |    |   +----+            |   |
         |  |                     |    |                     |   |
         |  |    OSPF domain 1    |    |    OSPF domain 2    |   |
         |  |                     |    |                     |   |
         |  |  +----+     +----+  |    |   +----+    +----+  |   |
         |  +--+ Rm +-----+ Rn +--+    +---+ Rx +----+ Ry +--+   |
         |     +----+     +----+           +----+    +----+      |
         +-------------------------------------------------------+
                                Figure 4

   As the ABRs, except the host prefixes of R3 and R5 advertisement, R3
   and R5 can both advertise the proxy range sub-TLV with their host
   prefix, the routers can select one of them as the nexthop, or select
   both of them for ECMP.

   If R3 and R5 are allowed to advertise the summary prefix received
   from the upper domain.  They can advertise the same summary prefixes
   or the different prefixes according to the operation policy.  When
   they advertise the same summary prefixes, the R3 and R5 can also be
   used for ECMP.  When they advertise the different summary prefixes,
   the more specific prefixes are used to generate the BIER forwarding
   table.  Whatever the same or different prefixes are advertised, the
   nexthop is set to R3/R5.

   In case the range of BFR-ids in one domain is overlapped with the
   BFR-ids in any other domain, the proxy range sub-TLV may not be used.
   In the same example above, if the BFR-ids in domain 1 are 21, 31, 41,
   etc., the BFR-ids in domain 2 are 22, 32, 42, etc., even if the
   summarized prefixes are not overlapped with the prefixes in any other
   domain, when R3 advertises the summarized prefixes in domain 1 into
   the upper domain, the proxy range sub-TLV may not optimize the
   advertisement.

   After the forwarding plane is built, the nexthop of the range BFR-IDs
   is set to the ABR router.  For example, when R1 receives multicast
   packet, and the receivers of this flow are connected by Rm and Rx, R1
   encapsulates BIER header in front of the flow packet with BFR-ids set
   to Rm and Rx.  The routers in the upper domain forward the packet to

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   the ABR routers: R3, R4 and R5.  When R3/R4/R5 receives the packet,
   R3/R4/R5 needs not decapsulate and re-encapsulate the packet.  R3/R4/
   R5 just forwards the packet according to the BIER forwarding table.
   Similar with the upper domain, the routers in lower domain forward
   the packet to the edge routers: Rm and Rx.  When the packet reaches
   Rm and Rx, Rm and Rx remove the BIER header and forward it to
   receivers.

Authors' Addresses

   Zheng(Sandy) Zhang
   ZTE Corporation
   Email: zhang.zheng@zte.com.cn

   Bo Wu
   Individual
   Email: w1973941761@163.com

   Zhaohui Zhang (editor)
   Juniper Networks
   Email: zzhang@juniper.net

   IJsbrand Wijnands
   Individual
   Email: ice@braindump.be

   Yisong Liu
   China Mobile
   Email: liuyisong.ietf@gmail.com

   Hooman Bidgoli
   Nokia
   Email: hooman.bidgoli@nokia.com

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