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Content Delivery Network Interconnection (CDNI) Control Interface / Triggers 2nd Edition
draft-ietf-cdni-ci-triggers-rfc8007bis-01

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Active".
Authors Ori Finkelman , Sanjay Mishra , Nir Baruch Sopher
Last updated 2022-03-02
Replaces draft-ietf-cdni-triggers-extensions, draft-sopher-cdni-ci-triggers-rfc8007bis
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Submit specification of CDNI Control Triggers Interface Extensions to IESG as Proposed Standard
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draft-ietf-cdni-ci-triggers-rfc8007bis-01
Network Working Group                                       O. Finkelman
Internet-Draft                                                     Qwilt
Obsoletes: 8007 (if approved)                                  S. Mishra
Intended status: Standards Track                                 Verizon
Expires: 3 September 2022                                    N.B. Sopher
                                                                   Qwilt
                                                            2 March 2022

  Content Delivery Network Interconnection (CDNI) Control Interface /
                          Triggers 2nd Edition
               draft-ietf-cdni-ci-triggers-rfc8007bis-01

Abstract

   This document obsoletes RFC8007.  This document describes the part of
   the Content Delivery Network Interconnection (CDNI) Control interface
   that allows a CDN to trigger activity in an interconnected CDN that
   is configured to deliver content on its behalf.  The upstream CDN can
   use this mechanism to request that the downstream CDN pre-position
   metadata or content or to request that it invalidate or purge
   metadata or content.  The upstream CDN can monitor the status of
   activity that it has triggered in the downstream CDN.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 3 September 2022.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   2.  Model for CDNI Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  Timing of Triggered Activity  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.2.  Scope of Triggered Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       2.2.1.  Multiple Interconnected CDNs  . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.3.  Trigger Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   3.  Trigger Spec  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.1.  Content URLs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   4.  Trigger Extensibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.  Collections of Trigger Status Resources . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   6.  CDNI Trigger Interface  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     6.1.  Creating Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     6.2.  Checking Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       6.2.1.  Polling Trigger Status Resource Collections . . . . .  15
       6.2.2.  Polling Trigger Status Resources  . . . . . . . . . .  16
     6.3.  Canceling Triggers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     6.4.  Deleting Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     6.5.  Expiry of Trigger Status Resources  . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     6.6.  Loop Detection and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     6.7.  Error Handling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       6.7.1.  Error propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   7.  CI/T Object Properties and Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     7.1.  CI/T Objects  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       7.1.1.  CI/T Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       7.1.2.  Trigger Status Resources  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       7.1.3.  Trigger Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     7.2.  Properties of CI/T Objects  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
       7.2.1.  Trigger Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
       7.2.2.  Trigger Action Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       7.2.3.  CI/T Trigger Specs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       7.2.4.  CI/T Trigger Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       7.2.5.  Absolute Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
       7.2.6.  Error Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
       7.2.7.  Trigger Status  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
   8.  Trigger Spec Objects  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     8.1.  URLs Spec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40

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     8.2.  CCIDs Spec  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     8.3.  URI Patterns Spec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
       8.3.1.  UriPatternMatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     8.4.  URI Regexes Spec  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
       8.4.1.  RegexMatch  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     8.5.  Content Playlists Spec  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
       8.5.1.  Playlist  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
       8.5.2.  MediaProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
   9.  Trigger Extension Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     9.1.  LocationPolicy extension  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     9.2.  TimePolicy Extension  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
       9.2.1.  UTCWindow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
       9.2.2.  LocalTimeWindow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
       9.2.3.  DateLocalTime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
   10. Footprint and Capabilities  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
     10.1.  CI/T Versions Capability Object  . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
       10.1.1.  CI/T Versions Capability Object Serialization  . . .  53
     10.2.  CI/T Trigger Scope Capability Object . . . . . . . . . .  54
       10.2.1.  CI/T Trigger Scope Capability Object
               Serialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
     10.3.  CI/T Playlist Protocol Capability Object . . . . . . . .  56
       10.3.1.  CI/T Playlist Protocol Capability Object
               Serialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
   11. Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
     11.1.  Creating Triggers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
       11.1.1.  Preposition  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
       11.1.2.  Invalidate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
       11.1.3.  Invalidation with Regex  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
       11.1.4.  Preposition with Playlists . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     11.2.  Examining Trigger Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
       11.2.1.  Collection of All Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
       11.2.2.  Filtered Collections of Trigger Status Resources . .  66
       11.2.3.  Individual Trigger Status Resources  . . . . . . . .  68
       11.2.4.  Polling for Changes in Status  . . . . . . . . . . .  70
       11.2.5.  Deleting Trigger Status Resources  . . . . . . . . .  73
       11.2.6.  Extensions with Error Propagation  . . . . . . . . .  74
   12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     12.1.  CDNI Payload Type Parameter Registrations  . . . . . . .  76
       12.1.1.  CDNI ci-trigger-command.v2 Payload Type  . . . . . .  78
       12.1.2.  CDNI ci-trigger-status.v2 Payload Type . . . . . . .  78
       12.1.3.  CDNI ci-trigger-collection.v2 Payload Type . . . . .  78
       12.1.4.  CDNI CI/T Trigger Action Payload Types . . . . . . .  78
       12.1.5.  CDNI CI/T Trigger Spec Payload Types . . . . . . . .  79
       12.1.6.  CDNI CI/T Trigger Subject types  . . . . . . . . . .  80
       12.1.7.  CDNI CI/T Trigger Extension Payload Types  . . . . .  80
       12.1.8.  CDNI FCI CI/T Payload Types  . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
     12.2.  "CDNI CI/T Trigger Types" Registry . . . . . . . . . . .  81
     12.3.  "CDNI CI/T Error Codes" Registry . . . . . . . . . . . .  81

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     12.4.  CDNI Media protocol types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
   13. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83
     13.1.  Authentication, Authorization, Confidentiality, Integrity
            Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83
     13.2.  Denial of Service  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  84
     13.3.  Privacy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85
   14. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85
     14.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85
     14.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
   Appendix A.  Formalization of the JSON Data . . . . . . . . . . .  88
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90

1.  Introduction

   [RFC6707] introduces the problem scope for Content Delivery Network
   Interconnection (CDNI) and lists the four categories of interfaces
   that may be used to compose a CDNI solution (Control, Metadata,
   Request Routing, and Logging).

   [RFC7336] expands on the information provided in [RFC6707] and
   describes each of the interfaces and the relationships between them
   in more detail.

   This document describes the "CI/T" interface -- "CDNI Control
   interface / Triggers".  It does not consider those parts of the
   Control interface that relate to configuration, bootstrapping, or
   authentication of CDN Interconnect interfaces.  Section 4 of
   [RFC7337] identifies the requirements specific to the CI/T interface;
   requirements applicable to the CI/T interface are CI-1 to CI-6.

   *  Section 2 outlines the model for the CI/T interface at a high
      level.

   *  Section 5 describes collections of Trigger Status Resources.

   *  Section 6 defines the web service provided by the downstream CDN.

   *  Section 7 lists properties of CI/T Commands and Status Resources.

   *  Section 8 describes the Trigger's Spec object.

   *  Section 9 describes the Trigger's Extensions object.

   *  Section 10 describes the FCI capabilities objects used to inform
      on the supported CI/T capabilities.

   *  Section 11 contains example messages.

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1.1.  Terminology

   This document reuses the terminology defined in [RFC6707] and uses
   "uCDN" and "dCDN" as shorthand for "upstream CDN" and "downstream
   CDN", respectively.

   Additionally, the following terms are used throughout this document
   and are defined as follows:

   *  HLS - HTTP Live Streaming

   *  DASH - Dynamic Adaptive Streaming Over HTTP

   *  MSS - Microsoft Smooth Streaming

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

2.  Model for CDNI Triggers

   A CI/T Command, sent from the uCDN to the dCDN, is a request for the
   dCDN to do some work relating to data associated with content
   requests originating from the uCDN.

   There are two types of CI/T Commands: CI/T Trigger Commands and CI/T
   Cancel Commands.  The CI/T Cancel Command can be used to request
   cancellation of an earlier CI/T Trigger Command.  A CI/T Trigger
   Action is of one of the following types:

   *  preposition - used to instruct the dCDN to fetch metadata from the
      uCDN, or content from any origin including the uCDN.

   *  invalidate - used to instruct the dCDN to revalidate specific
      metadata or content before reusing it.

   *  purge - used to instruct the dCDN to delete specific metadata or
      content.

   Note that additional CI/T Trigger Action Types may be defined and
   registered in the future.

   The CI/T interface is a web service offered by the dCDN.  It allows
   CI/T Commands to be issued and allows triggered activity to be
   tracked.  The CI/T interface builds on top of HTTP/1.1 [RFC7230].
   References to URL in this document relate to HTTP/HTTPS URIs, as
   defined in Section 2.7 of [RFC7230].

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   When the dCDN accepts a CI/T Command, it creates a resource
   describing the status of the triggered activity -- a Trigger Status
   Resource.  The uCDN can poll Trigger Status Resources to monitor
   progress.

   The dCDN maintains at least one collection of Trigger Status
   Resources for each uCDN.  Each uCDN only has access to its own
   collections, the locations of which are shared when CDNI is
   established.

   To trigger activity in the dCDN, the uCDN POSTs a CI/T Command to the
   collection of Trigger Status Resources.  If the dCDN accepts the CI/T
   Command, it creates a new Trigger Status Resource and returns its
   location to the uCDN.  To monitor progress, the uCDN can GET the
   Trigger Status Resource.  To request cancellation of a CI/T Trigger
   Command, the uCDN can POST to the collection of Trigger Status
   Resources or simply delete the Trigger Status Resource.

   In addition to the collection of all Trigger Status Resources for the
   uCDN, the dCDN can maintain filtered views of that collection.  These
   filtered views are defined in Section 5 and include collections of
   Trigger Status Resources corresponding to active and completed CI/T
   Trigger Commands.  These collections provide a mechanism for polling
   the status of multiple jobs.

   Figure 1 is an example showing the basic message flow used by the
   uCDN to trigger activity in the dCDN and for the uCDN to discover the
   status of that activity.  Only successful triggering is shown.
   Examples of the messages are given in Section 11.

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      uCDN                                                   dCDN
       |    (1) POST https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/uCDN    |
      [ ] --------------------------------------------------> [ ]--+
       |                                                      [ ]  | (2)
       |    (3) HTTP 201 Response                             [ ]<-+
      [ ] <-------------------------------------------------- [ ]
       |     Loc: https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/uCDN/123   |
       |                                                       |
       .                           .                           .
       .                           .                           .
       .                           .                           .
       |                                                       |
       |   (4) GET https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/uCDN/123  |
      [ ] --------------------------------------------------> [ ]
       |                                                      [ ]
       |   (5) HTTP 200 Trigger Status Resource               [ ]
      [ ] <-------------------------------------------------- [ ]
       |                                                       |
       |                                                       |

               Figure 1: Basic CDNI Message Flow for Triggers

   The steps in Figure 1 are as follows:

   1.  The uCDN triggers action in the dCDN by POSTing a CI/T Command to
       a collection of Trigger Status Resources --
       "https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/uCDN".  This URL was given to
       the uCDN when the CI/T interface was established.

   2.  The dCDN authenticates the request, validates the CI/T Command,
       and, if it accepts the request, creates a new Trigger Status
       Resource.

   3.  The dCDN responds to the uCDN with an HTTP 201 response status
       and the location of the Trigger Status Resource.

   4.  The uCDN can poll, possibly repeatedly, the Trigger Status
       Resource in the dCDN.

   5.  The dCDN responds with the Trigger Status Resource, describing
       the progress or results of the CI/T Trigger Command.

   The remainder of this document describes the messages, Trigger Status
   Resources, and collections of Trigger Status Resources in more
   detail.

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2.1.  Timing of Triggered Activity

   Timing of the execution of CI/T Commands is under the dCDN's control,
   including its start time and pacing of the activity in the network.
   Instructions regarding this timing may be included in the trigger
   using one of the Trigger Extension Objects defined in Section 9

   CI/T "invalidate" and "purge" commands MUST be applied to all data
   acquired before the command was accepted by the dCDN.  The dCDN
   SHOULD NOT apply CI/T "invalidate" and "purge" commands to data
   acquired after the CI/T Command was accepted, but this may not always
   be achievable, so the uCDN cannot count on that.

   If the uCDN wishes to invalidate or purge content and then
   immediately pre-position replacement content at the same URLs, it
   SHOULD ensure that the dCDN has completed the invalidate/purge before
   initiating the pre-positioning.  Otherwise, there is a risk that the
   dCDN pre-positions the new content, then immediately invalidates or
   purges it (as a result of the two uCDN requests running in parallel).

   Because the CI/T Command timing is under the dCDN's control, the dCDN
   implementation can choose whether to apply CI/T "invalidate" and
   "purge" commands to content acquisition that has already started when
   the command is received.

2.2.  Scope of Triggered Activity

   Each CI/T Command can operate on multiple metadata and content
   elements, usually refered by their URLs.  These elements are targeted
   by specifying both their subject (i.e. "metadata" or "content") as
   well as specification method (e.g.  URL Regexes)

   Multiple representations of an HTTP resource may share the same URL.
   CI/T Trigger Commands that invalidate or purge metadata or content
   apply to all resource representations with matching URLs.

2.2.1.  Multiple Interconnected CDNs

   In a network of interconnected CDNs, a single uCDN will originate a
   given item of metadata and associated content.  It may distribute
   that metadata and content to more than one dCDN, which may in turn
   distribute that metadata and content to CDNs located further
   downstream.

   An intermediate CDN is a dCDN that passes on CDNI Metadata and
   content to dCDNs located further downstream.

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   A "diamond" configuration is one where a dCDN can acquire metadata
   and content originated in one uCDN from that uCDN itself and an
   intermediate CDN, or via more than one intermediate CDN.

   CI/T Commands originating in the single source uCDN affect metadata
   and content in all dCDNs; however, in a diamond configuration, it may
   not be possible for the dCDN to determine which uCDN it acquired
   content from.  In this case, a dCDN MUST allow each uCDN from which
   it may have acquired the content to act upon that content using CI/T
   Commands.

   In all other cases, a dCDN MUST reject CI/T Commands from a uCDN that
   attempts to act on another uCDN's content by using, for example, HTTP
   403 ("Forbidden").

   Security considerations are discussed further in Section 13.

   The diamond configuration may lead to inefficient interactions, but
   the interactions are otherwise harmless.  For example:

   *  When the uCDN issues an "invalidate" CI/T Command, a dCDN will
      receive that command from multiple directly connected uCDNs.  The
      dCDN may schedule multiple such commands separately, and the last
      scheduled command may affect content already revalidated following
      execution of the "invalidate" command that was scheduled first.

   *  If one of a dCDN's directly connected uCDNs loses its rights to
      distribute content, it may issue a CI/T "purge" command.  That
      purge may affect content the dCDN could retain because it's
      distributed by another directly connected uCDN.  But, that content
      can be reacquired by the dCDN from the remaining uCDN.

   *  When the uCDN originating an item of content issues a CI/T purge
      followed by a pre-position, two directly connected uCDNs will pass
      those commands to a dCDN.  That dCDN implementation need not merge
      those operations or notice the repetition, in which case the purge
      issued by one uCDN will complete before the other.  The first uCDN
      to finish its purge may then forward the "preposition" trigger,
      and content pre-positioned as a result might be affected by the
      still-running purge issued by the other uCDN.  However, the dCDN
      will reacquire that content as needed, or when it's asked to pre-
      position the content by the second uCDN.  A dCDN implementation
      could avoid this interaction by knowing which uCDN it acquired the
      content from, or it could minimize the consequences by recording
      the time at which the "invalidate"/"purge" command was received
      and not applying it to content acquired after that time.

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2.3.  Trigger Results

   Possible states for a Trigger Status Resource are defined in
   Section 7.2.7.

   The CI/T Trigger Command MUST NOT be reported as "complete" until all
   actions have been completed successfully.  The reasons for failure,
   and URLs or patterns affected, SHOULD be enumerated in the Trigger
   Status Resource.  For more details, see Section 6.7.

   If a dCDN is also acting as a uCDN in a cascade, it MUST forward CI/T
   Commands to any dCDNs that may be affected.  The CI/T Trigger Command
   MUST NOT be reported as "complete" in a CDN until it is "complete" in
   all of its dCDNs.  If a CI/T Trigger Command is reported as
   "processed" in any dCDN, intermediate CDNs MUST NOT report
   "complete"; instead, they MUST also report "processed".  A CI/T
   Command MAY be reported as "failed" as soon as it fails in a CDN or
   in any of its dCDNs.  A canceled CI/T Trigger Command MUST be
   reported as "cancelling" until it has been reported as "cancelled",
   "complete", or "failed" by all dCDNs in a cascade.

3.  Trigger Spec

   The CDNI Control Interface / Triggers [RFC8007] defines a set of
   properties and objects used by the trigger commands in order to
   specify the targets the trigger is applied on.  In this document we
   introduce additional flexibility to the trigger interface, allowing
   the specification of the trigger's targets via a list of "trigger
   specs" objects.  Furthermore, the document defines a generic trigger
   spec object that act as a wrapper for managing individual CDNI
   trigger spec in an opaque manner, allowing future extension of the
   interface.

   This document also defines an initial set of trigger spec objects,
   and registers the defined trigger specs' types as CDNI Payload Types
   [RFC7736] under the namespace CIT:

   *  CIT.UrlsSpec (for TODO)

   *  CIT.CcidsSpec (for TODO)

   *  CIT.UriPatternsSpec (for TODO)

   *  CIT.UrlRegexesSpec (for TODO)

   *  CIT.ContentPlaylistsSpec (for TODO)

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   Furthermore, as the scope of the trigger may relate to either uCDN
   metadata as well as uCDN content, the "trigger spec object" also
   specify the trigger's target subject (i.e. metadata or content) to be
   matched with.  The document registers additional as CDNI Payload
   Types [RFC7736] under the namespace CIT, the initial set of available
   trigger subjects:

   *  CIT.MetadataSubject (for TODO)

   *  CIT.ContentSubject (for TODO)

3.1.  Content URLs

   TBD only content? what about metadata?

   Each CI/T Command usually refers the target content by the content
   URLs (e.g. using a CIT.UrlSpec trigger spec object).  If content URLs
   are transformed by an intermediate CDN in a cascade, that
   intermediate CDN MUST similarly transform URLs in CI/T Commands it
   passes to its dCDN.

   When processing Trigger Specifications, CDNs MUST ignore the URL
   scheme (HTTP or HTTPS) in comparing URLs.  For example, for a CI/T
   "invalidate" or "purge" command, content MUST be invalidated or
   purged regardless of the protocol clients used to request it.

4.  Trigger Extensibility

   The CDNI Control Interface / Triggers [RFC8007] defines a set of
   properties and objects used by the trigger commands.  In this
   document we define an extension mechanism to the triggers interface
   that enables the application to add various functions that allow
   finer control over the trigger execution.  This document specifies a
   generic trigger extension object wrapper for managing individual CDNI
   trigger extensions in an opaque manner.

   This document also registers CDNI Payload Types [RFC7736] under the
   namespace CIT for the initial set of trigger extension types:

   *  CIT.LocationPolicy (for controlling the locations in which the
      trigger is executed)

   *  CIT.TimePolicy (for scheduling a trigger to run in a specific time
      window)

   Example use cases

   *  Pre-position with cache location policy

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   *  Purge content with cache location policy

   *  Pre-position at a specific time

   *  Purge by content acquisition time (e.g. purge all content acquired
      in the past X hours)

5.  Collections of Trigger Status Resources

   As described in Section 2, Trigger Status Resources exist in the dCDN
   to report the status of activity triggered by each uCDN.

   A collection of Trigger Status Resources is a resource that contains
   a reference to each Trigger Status Resource in that collection.

   The dCDN MUST make a collection of a uCDN's Trigger Status Resources
   available to that uCDN.  This collection includes all of the Trigger
   Status Resources created for CI/T Commands from the uCDN that have
   been accepted by the dCDN, and have not yet been deleted by the uCDN,
   or expired and removed by the dCDN (as described in Section 6.4).
   Trigger Status Resources belonging to a uCDN MUST NOT be visible to
   any other CDN.  The dCDN could, for example, achieve this by offering
   different collection URLs to each uCDN and by filtering the response
   based on the uCDN with which the HTTP client is associated.

   To trigger activity in a dCDN or to cancel triggered activity, the
   uCDN POSTs a CI/T Command to the dCDN's collection of the uCDN's
   Trigger Status Resources.

   In order to allow the uCDN to check the status of multiple jobs in a
   single request, the dCDN MAY also maintain collections representing
   filtered views of the collection of all Trigger Status Resources.
   These filtered collections are "optional-to-implement", but if they
   are implemented, the dCDN MUST include links to them in the
   collection of all Trigger Status Resources.  The filtered collections
   are:

   *  Pending - Trigger Status Resources for CI/T Trigger Commands that
      have been accepted but not yet acted upon.

   *  Active - Trigger Status Resources for CI/T Trigger Commands that
      are currently being processed in the dCDN.

   *  Complete - Trigger Status Resources representing activity that
      completed successfully, and "processed" CI/T Trigger Commands for
      which no further status updates will be made by the dCDN.

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   *  Failed - Trigger Status Resources representing CI/T Commands that
      failed or were canceled by the uCDN.

6.  CDNI Trigger Interface

   This section describes an interface to enable a uCDN to trigger
   activity in a dCDN.

   The CI/T interface builds on top of HTTP, so dCDNs may make use of
   any HTTP feature when implementing the CI/T interface.  For example,
   a dCDN SHOULD make use of HTTP's caching mechanisms to indicate that
   a requested response/representation has not been modified, reducing
   the uCDN's processing needed to determine whether the status of
   triggered activity has changed.

   All dCDNs implementing CI/T MUST support the HTTP GET, HEAD, POST,
   and DELETE methods as defined in [RFC7231].

   The only representation specified in this document is JSON [RFC8259].
   It MUST be supported by the uCDN and by the dCDN.

   The URL of the dCDN's collection of all Trigger Status Resources
   needs to be either discovered by or configured in the uCDN.  The
   mechanism for discovery of that URL is outside the scope of this
   document.

   CI/T Commands are POSTed to the dCDN's collection of all Trigger
   Status Resources.  If a CI/T Trigger Command is accepted by the dCDN,
   the dCDN creates a new Trigger Status Resource and returns its URI to
   the uCDN in an HTTP 201 response.  The triggered activity can then be
   monitored by the uCDN using that resource and the collections
   described in Section 5.

   The URI of each Trigger Status Resource is returned to the uCDN when
   it is created, and URIs of all Trigger Status Resources are listed in
   the dCDN's collection of all Trigger Status Resources.  This means
   all Trigger Status Resources can be discovered by the uCDN, so dCDNs
   are free to assign whatever structure they desire to the URIs for CI/
   T resources.  Therefore, uCDNs MUST NOT make any assumptions
   regarding the structure of CI/T URIs or the mapping between CI/T
   objects and their associated URIs.  URIs present in the examples in
   this document are purely illustrative and are not intended to impose
   a definitive structure on CI/T interface implementations.

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6.1.  Creating Triggers

   To issue a CI/T Command, the uCDN makes an HTTP POST to the dCDN's
   collection of all of the uCDN's Trigger Status Resources.  The
   request body of that POST is a CI/T Command, as described in
   Section 7.1.1.

   The dCDN validates the CI/T Command.  If the command is malformed or
   the uCDN does not have sufficient access rights, the dCDN MUST either
   respond with an appropriate 4xx HTTP error code and not create a
   Trigger Status Resource or create a "failed" Trigger Status Resource
   containing an appropriate Error Description.

   When a CI/T Trigger Command is accepted, the dCDN MUST create a new
   Trigger Status Resource that will convey a specification of the CI/T
   Command and its current status.  The HTTP response to the uCDN MUST
   have status code 201 and MUST convey the URI of the Trigger Status
   Resource in the Location header field [RFC7231].  The HTTP response
   SHOULD include the content of the newly created Trigger Status
   Resource.  This is particularly important in cases where the CI/T
   Trigger Command has completed immediately.

   Once a Trigger Status Resource has been created, the dCDN MUST NOT
   reuse its URI, even after that Trigger Status Resource has been
   removed.

   The dCDN SHOULD track and report on the progress of CI/T Trigger
   Commands using a Trigger Status Resource (Section 7.1.2).  If the
   dCDN is not able to do that, it MUST indicate that it has accepted
   the request but will not be providing further status updates.  To do
   this, it sets the status of the Trigger Status Resource to
   "processed".  In this case, CI/T processing should continue as for a
   "complete" request, so the Trigger Status Resource MUST be added to
   the dCDN's collection of complete Trigger Status Resources.  The dCDN
   SHOULD also provide an estimated completion time for the request by
   using the "etime" property of the Trigger Status Resource.  This will
   allow the uCDN to schedule pre-positioning after an earlier delete of
   the same URLs is expected to have finished.

   If the dCDN is able to track the execution of CI/T Commands and a CI/
   T Command is queued by the dCDN for later action, the "status"
   property of the Trigger Status Resource MUST be "pending".  Once
   processing has started, the status MUST be "active".  Finally, once
   the CI/T Command is complete, the status MUST be set to "complete" or
   "failed".

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   A CI/T Trigger Command may result in no activity in the dCDN if, for
   example, it is an "invalidate" or "purge" request for data the dCDN
   has not yet acquired, or a "preposition" request for data that it has
   already acquired and that is still valid.  In this case, the status
   of the Trigger Status Resource MUST be "processed" or "complete", and
   the Trigger Status Resource MUST be added to the dCDN's collection of
   complete Trigger Status Resources.

   Once created, Trigger Status Resources can be canceled or deleted by
   the uCDN, but not modified.  The dCDN MUST reject PUT and POST
   requests from the uCDN to Trigger Status Resources by responding with
   an appropriate HTTP status code -- for example, 405 ("Method Not
   Allowed").

6.2.  Checking Status

   The uCDN has two ways to check the progress of CI/T Commands it has
   issued to the dCDN, as described in Sections Section 6.2.1 and
   Section 6.2.2.

   To allow the uCDN to check for changes in the status of a Trigger
   Status Resource or collection of Trigger Status Resources without
   refetching the whole resource or collection, the dCDN SHOULD include
   entity-tags (ETags) for the uCDN to use as cache validators, as
   defined in [RFC7232].

   The dCDN SHOULD use the cache control headers for responses to GETs
   for Trigger Status Resources and Collections to indicate the
   frequency at which it recommends that the uCDN should poll for
   change.

6.2.1.  Polling Trigger Status Resource Collections

   The uCDN can fetch the collection of its Trigger Status Resources or
   filtered views of that collection.

   This makes it possible to poll the status of all CI/T Trigger
   Commands in a single request.  If the dCDN moves a Trigger Status
   Resource from the active to the completed collection, the uCDN can
   fetch the result of that activity.

   When polling in this way, the uCDN SHOULD use HTTP ETags to monitor
   for change, rather than repeatedly fetching the whole collection.  An
   example of this is given in Section 11.2.4.

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6.2.2.  Polling Trigger Status Resources

   The uCDN has a URI provided by the dCDN for each Trigger Status
   Resource it has created.  It may fetch that Trigger Status Resource
   at any time.

   This can be used to retrieve progress information and to fetch the
   result of the CI/T Command.

   When polling in this way, the uCDN SHOULD use HTTP ETags to monitor
   for change, rather than repeatedly fetching the Trigger Status
   Resource.

6.3.  Canceling Triggers

   The uCDN can request cancellation of a CI/T Trigger Command by
   POSTing a CI/T Cancel Command to the collection of all Trigger Status
   Resources.

   The dCDN is required to accept and respond to the CI/T Cancel
   Command, but the actual cancellation of a CI/T Trigger Command is
   optional-to-implement.

   The dCDN MUST respond to the CI/T Cancel Command appropriately -- for
   example, with HTTP status code 200 ("OK") if the cancellation has
   been processed and the CI/T Command is inactive, 202 ("Accepted") if
   the command has been accepted but the CI/T Command remains active, or
   501 ("Not Implemented") if cancellation is not supported by the dCDN.

   If cancellation of a "pending" Trigger Status Resource is accepted by
   the dCDN, the dCDN SHOULD NOT start the processing of that activity.
   Issuing a CI/T Cancel Command for a "pending" Trigger Status Resource
   does not, however, guarantee that the corresponding activity will not
   be started, because the uCDN cannot control the timing of that
   activity.  Processing could, for example, start after the POST is
   sent by the uCDN but before that request is processed by the dCDN.

   If cancellation of an "active" or "processed" Trigger Status Resource
   is accepted by the dCDN, the dCDN SHOULD stop processing the CI/T
   Command.  However, as with cancellation of a "pending" CI/T Command,
   the dCDN does not guarantee this.

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   If the CI/T Command cannot be stopped immediately, the status in the
   corresponding Trigger Status Resource MUST be set to "cancelling",
   and the Trigger Status Resource MUST remain in the collection of
   Trigger Status Resources for active CI/T Commands.  If processing is
   stopped before normal completion, the status value in the Trigger
   Status Resource MUST be set to "cancelled", and the Trigger Status
   Resource MUST be included in the collection of failed CI/T Trigger
   Commands.

   Cancellation of a "complete" or "failed" Trigger Status Resource
   requires no processing in the dCDN.  Its status MUST NOT be changed
   to "cancelled".

6.4.  Deleting Triggers

   The uCDN can delete Trigger Status Resources at any time, using the
   HTTP DELETE method.  The effect is similar to cancellation, but no
   Trigger Status Resource remains afterwards.

   Once deleted, the references to a Trigger Status Resource MUST be
   removed from all Trigger Status Resource collections.  Subsequent
   requests to GET the deleted Trigger Status Resource SHOULD be
   rejected by the dCDN with an HTTP error.

   If a "pending" Trigger Status Resource is deleted, the dCDN SHOULD
   NOT start the processing of that activity.  Deleting a "pending"
   Trigger Status Resource does not, however, guarantee that it has not
   started, because the uCDN cannot control the timing of that activity.
   Processing may, for example, start after the DELETE is sent by the
   uCDN but before that request is processed by the dCDN.

   If an "active" or "processed" Trigger Status Resource is deleted, the
   dCDN SHOULD stop processing the CI/T Command.  However, as with
   deletion of a "pending" Trigger Status Resource, the dCDN does not
   guarantee this.

   Deletion of a "complete" or "failed" Trigger Status Resource requires
   no processing in the dCDN other than deletion of the Trigger Status
   Resource.

6.5.  Expiry of Trigger Status Resources

   The dCDN can choose to automatically delete Trigger Status Resources
   some time after they become "complete", "processed", "failed", or
   "cancelled".  In this case, the dCDN will remove the Trigger Status
   Resource and respond to subsequent requests for it with an HTTP
   error.

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   If the dCDN does remove Trigger Status Resources automatically, it
   MUST report the length of time after which it will do so, using a
   property of the collection of all Trigger Status Resources.  It is

   RECOMMENDED that Trigger Status Resources are not automatically
   deleted by the dCDN for at least 24 hours after they become
   "complete", "processed", "failed", or "cancelled".

   To ensure that it is able to get the status of its Trigger Status
   Resources for completed and failed CI/T Commands, it is RECOMMENDED
   that the uCDN polling interval is less than the time after which
   records for completed activity will be deleted.

6.6.  Loop Detection and Prevention

   Given three CDNs, A, B, and C, if CDNs B and C delegate delivery of
   CDN A's content to each other, CDN A's CI/T Commands could be passed
   between CDNs B and C in a loop.  More complex networks of CDNs could
   contain similar loops involving more hops.

   In order to prevent and detect such CI/T loops, each CDN uses a CDN
   Provider ID (PID) to uniquely identify itself.  In every CI/T Command
   it originates or cascades, each CDN MUST append an array element
   containing its CDN PID to a JSON array under an entry named "cdn-
   path".  When receiving CI/T Commands, a dCDN MUST check the cdn-path
   and reject any CI/T Command that already contains its own CDN PID in
   the cdn-path.  Transit CDNs MUST check the cdn-path and not cascade
   the CI/T Command to dCDNs that are already listed in the cdn-path.

   The CDN PID consists of the two characters "AS" followed by the CDN
   provider's Autonomous System number [RFC1930], then a colon (":") and
   an additional qualifier that is used to guarantee uniqueness in case
   a particular AS has multiple independent CDNs deployed -- for
   example, "AS64496:0".

   If the CDN provider has multiple ASes, the same AS number SHOULD be
   used in all messages from that CDN provider, unless there are
   multiple distinct CDNs.

   If the CDNI Request Routing Redirection interface (RI) described in
   [RFC7975] is implemented by the dCDN, the CI/T interface and the RI
   SHOULD use the same CDN PID.

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6.7.  Error Handling

   A dCDN can signal rejection of a CI/T Command using HTTP status codes
   -- for example, 400 ("Bad Request") if the request is malformed, or
   403 ("Forbidden") or 404 ("Not Found") if the uCDN does not have
   permission to issue CI/T Commands or it is trying to act on another
   CDN's data.

   If any part of the CI/T Trigger Command fails, the trigger SHOULD be
   reported as "failed" once its activity is complete or if no further
   errors will be reported.  The "errors" property in the Trigger Status
   Resource will be used to enumerate which actions failed and the
   reasons for failure, and can be present while the Trigger Status
   Resource is still "pending" or "active", if the CI/T Trigger Command
   is still running for some URLs or patterns in the Trigger
   Specification.

   Once a request has been accepted, processing errors are reported in
   the Trigger Status Resource using a list of Error Descriptions.  Each
   Error Description is used to report errors against one or more of the
   URLs or patterns in the Trigger Specification.

   If a Surrogate affected by a CI/T Trigger Command is offline in the
   dCDN or the dCDN is unable to pass a CI/T Command on to any of its
   cascaded dCDNs:

   *  If the CI/T Command is abandoned by the dCDN, the dCDN SHOULD
      report an error.

   *  A CI/T "invalidate" command may be reported as "complete" when
      Surrogates that may have the data are offline.  In this case,
      Surrogates MUST NOT use the affected data without first
      revalidating it when they are back online.

   *  CI/T "preposition" and "purge" commands can be reported as
      "processed" if affected caches are offline and the activity will
      complete when they return to service.

   *  Otherwise, the dCDN SHOULD keep the Trigger Status Resource in
      state "pending" or "active" until either the CI/T Command is acted
      upon or the uCDN chooses to cancel it.

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6.7.1.  Error propagation

   This subsection explains the mechanism for enabling the uCDN to
   traceback an error to the dCDN in which it occurred.  CDNI triggers
   may be propagated over a chain of downstream CDNs.  For example, an
   upstream CDN A (uCDN-A) that is delegating to a downstream CDN B
   (dCDN-B) and dCDN-B is delegating to a downstream CDN C (dCDN-C).
   Triggers sent from uCDN-A to dCDN-B may be redistributed from dCDN-B
   to dCDN-C and errors can occur anywhere along the path.  Therefore,
   it might be essential for uCDN-A that sets the trigger, to be able to
   trace back an error to the downstream CDN where it occurred.  This
   document adds a mechanism to propagate the CDN Provider ID (PID) of
   the dCDN where the fault occurred, back to the uCDN by adding the PID
   to the error description.  When dCDN-B propagates a trigger to the
   further downstream dCDN-C, it MUST also propagate back the errors
   received in the trigger status resource from dCDN-C by adding them to
   the errors array in its own status resource to be sent back to the
   originating uCDN-A.  While propagating back the errors, and depending
   on the implementation, dCDN-B MAY also specify the dCDN-C PID,
   indicating to which CDN the error relates spefically.  The trigger
   originating upstream CDN will receive an array of errors that
   occurred in all the CDNs along the execution path, where each error
   MAY be carrying its own CDN identifier.

   Figure 2 below is an example showing the message flow used by uCDN-A
   to trigger activity in the dCDN-B, followed by dCDN-C, as well as the
   discovery of the status of that activity, including the Error
   Propagation.

   uCDN-A                         dCDN-B                         dCDN-C
    |                              |                              |
    | (1) POST                     |                              |
    | https://dcdn-b.example.com   |                              |
    | /triggers/uCDN-A             |                              |
   [ ]--------------------------->[ ]--+                          |
    |                             [ ]  | (2)                      |
    |                             [ ]<-+                          |
    | (3) HTTP 201 Response.      [ ]                             |
    |<----------------------------[ ]                             |
    | Loc:                        [ ]                             |
    | https://dcdn-b.example.com  [ ] (4) POST                    |
    | /triggers/uCDN-A/123        [ ] https://dcdn-c.example.com  |
    |                             [ ] /triggers/uCDN-A            | (5)
    |                             [ ]--------------------------->[ ]--+
    |                              |                             [ ]  |
    |                              |                             [ ]<-+
    |                              | (6) HTTP 201 Response.      [ ]
    |                             [ ]<---------------------------[ ]

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    |                              |  Loc:                        |
    |                              |  https://dcdn-c.example.com  |
    |                              |  /triggers/dCDN-B/456        |
    |                              |                              |
    |                             [ ]--+                          |
    |                             [ ]  | (7.1)                    |
    |                             [ ]<-+                         [ ]--+
    |                              |                       (7.2) [ ]  |
    |                              |                             [ ]<-+
    |                              |                              |
    .                              .                              .
    .                              .                              .
    .                              .                              .
    |                              | (8) GET                      |
    |                              | https://dcdn-c.example.com   |
    |                              | /triggers/dCDN-B/456         |
    |                             [ ]--------------------------->[ ]
    |                              |                             [ ]
    |                              | (9) HTTP 200                [ ]
    |                              | Trigger Status Resource     [ ]
    |                             [ ]<---------------------------[ ]
    |                              |                              |
    .                              .                              .
    .                              .                              .
    .                              .                              .
    | (10) GET                     |                              |
    | https://dcdn-b.example.com   |                              |
    | /triggers/uCDN-A/123         |                              |
   [ ]--------------------------->[ ]                             |
    |                             [ ]                             |
    | (11) HTTP 200               [ ]                             |
    | Trigger Status Resource     [ ]                             |
   [ ]<---------------------------[ ]                             |

   Figure 2: CDNI Message Flow for Triggers, Including Error Propagation

   The steps in Figure 2 are as follows:

   1.   The uCDN-A triggers action in the dCDN-B by POSTing a CI/T
        Command to a collection of Trigger Status Resources
        "https://dcdn-b.example.com/triggers/uCDN-A".  This URL was
        given to the uCDN-A when the CI/T interface was established.

   2.   The dCDN-B authenticates the request, validates the CI/T
        Command, and, if it accepts the request, creates a new Trigger
        Status Resource.

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   3.   The dCDN-B responds to the uCDN-A with an HTTP 201 response
        status and the location of the Trigger Status Resource.

   4.   The dCDN-B triggers the action in the dCDN-C by POSTing a CI/T
        Command to a collection of Trigger Status Resources
        "https://dcdn-c.example.com/triggers/dCDN-B".  This URL was
        given to the uCDN-A when the CI/T interface was established.

   5.   The dCDN-C authenticates the request, validates the CI/T
        Command, and, if it accepts the request, creates a new Trigger
        Status Resource.

   6.   The dCDN-C responds to the dCDN-B with an HTTP 201 response
        status and the location of the Trigger Status Resource.

   7.   The dCDN-C acts upon the CI/T Command.  However, the command
        fails at dCDN-C as, for example, the Trigger Specification
        contains a "action type" that is not supported by dCDN-C.

   8.   The dCDN-B can poll, possibly repeatedly, the Trigger Status
        Resource in dCDN-C.

   9.   The dCDN-C responds with the Trigger Status Resource, describing
        the progress or results of the CI/T Trigger Command.  In the
        described flow, the returned Status is "failed", with an Error
        Description Object holding an "eunsupported" Error Code
        reflecting the status response.

   10.  The uCDN-A can poll, possibly repeatedly, the Trigger Status
        Resource in dCDN-B.

   11.  The dCDN-B responds with the Trigger Status Resource, describing
        the progress or results of the CI/T Trigger Command.  In the
        flow described above, the returned Status is "failed", and the
        "eunsupported" error received in the trigger status resource
        from dCDN-C is propagated along with dCDN-C PID by adding it to
        the errors array in dCDN-B's own status resource to be sent back
        to the originating uCDN-A.

7.  CI/T Object Properties and Encoding

   The CI/T Commands, Trigger Status Resources, and Trigger Collections,
   as well as their properties, are encoded using JSON, as defined in
   Sections Section 7.1.1, Section 7.1.2, and Section 7.1.3.  They MUST
   use the MIME media type "application/cdni", with parameter "ptype"
   values as defined below and in Section 12.1.

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   Names in JSON are case sensitive.  The names and literal values
   specified in the present document MUST always use lowercase.

   JSON types, including "object", "array", "number", and "string", are
   defined in [RFC8259].

   Unrecognized name/value pairs in JSON objects SHOULD NOT be treated
   as an error by either the uCDN or dCDN.  They SHOULD be ignored
   during processing and passed on by the dCDN to any further dCDNs in a
   cascade.

7.1.  CI/T Objects

   The top-level objects defined by the CI/T interface are described in
   this section.

   The encoding of values used by these objects is described in
   Section 7.2.

7.1.1.  CI/T Commands

   CI/T Commands MUST use a MIME media type of "application/cdni;
   ptype=ci-trigger-command.v2".

   A CI/T Command is encoded as a JSON object containing the following
   name/value pairs.

      Name: trigger.v2
         Description: A specification of the trigger action type and a
         set of data to act upon.

         Value: A Trigger Specification, as defined in Section 7.2.1.

         Mandatory: No, but exactly one of "trigger" or "cancel" MUST be
         present in a CI/T Command.

      Name: cancel
         Description: The URLs of Trigger Status Resources for CI/T
         Trigger Commands that the uCDN wants to cancel.

         Value: A non-empty JSON array of URLs represented as JSON
         strings.

         Mandatory: No, but exactly one of "trigger" or "cancel" MUST be
         present in a CI/T Command.

      Name: cdn-path

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         Description: The CDN PIDs of CDNs that have already issued the
         CI/T Command to their dCDNs.

         Value: A non-empty JSON array of JSON strings, where each
         string is a CDN PID as defined in Section 6.6.

         Mandatory: Yes.

7.1.2.  Trigger Status Resources

   Trigger Status Resources MUST use a MIME media type of "application/
   cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-status".

   A Trigger Status Resource is encoded as a JSON object containing the
   following name/value pairs.

      Name: trigger.v2
         Description: The Trigger Specification POSTed in the body of
         the CI/T Command.  Note that this need not be a byte-for-byte
         copy.  For example, in the JSON representation the dCDN may re-
         serialize the information differently.

         Value: A Trigger Specification, as defined in Section 7.2.1.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Name: ctime
         Description: Time at which the CI/T Command was received by the
         dCDN.  Time is determined by the dCDN; there is no requirement
         to synchronize clocks between interconnected CDNs.

         Value: Absolute Time, as defined in Section 7.2.5.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Name: mtime
         Description: Time at which the Trigger Status Resource was last
         modified.  Time is determined by the dCDN; there is no
         requirement to synchronize clocks between interconnected CDNs.

         Value: Absolute Time, as defined in Section 7.2.5.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Name: etime

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         Description: Estimate of the time at which the dCDN expects to
         complete the activity.  Time is determined by the dCDN; there
         is no requirement to synchronize clocks between interconnected
         CDNs.

         Value: Absolute Time, as defined in Section 7.2.5.

         Mandatory: No.

      Name: status
         Description: Current status of the triggered activity.

         Value: Trigger Status, as defined in Section 7.2.7.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Name: errors
         Description: Descriptions of errors that have occurred while
         processing a Trigger Command.

         Value: An array of Error Descriptions, as defined in
         Section 7.2.6.  An empty array is allowed and is equivalent to
         omitting "errors" from the object.

         Mandatory: No.

7.1.3.  Trigger Collections

   Trigger Collections MUST use a MIME media type of "application/cdni;
   ptype=ci-trigger-collection".

   A Trigger Collection is encoded as a JSON object containing the
   following name/value pairs.

      Name: triggers
         Description: Links to Trigger Status Resources in the
         collection.

         Value: A JSON array of zero or more URLs, represented as JSON
         strings.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Name: staleresourcetime
         Description: The length of time for which the dCDN guarantees
         to keep a completed Trigger Status Resource.  After this time,
         the dCDN SHOULD delete the Trigger Status Resource and all
         references to it from collections.

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         Value: A JSON number, which must be a positive integer,
         representing time in seconds.

         Mandatory: Yes, in the collection of all Trigger Status
         Resources if the dCDN deletes stale entries.  If the property
         is present in the filtered collections, it MUST have the same
         value as in the collection of all Trigger Status Resources.

      Names: coll-all, coll-pending, coll-active, coll-complete, coll-
      failed

         Description: Link to a Trigger Collection.

         Value: A URL represented as a JSON string.

         Mandatory: Links to all of the filtered collections are
         mandatory in the collection of all Trigger Status Resources, if
         the dCDN implements the filtered collections.  Otherwise,
         optional.

      Name: cdn-id
         Description: The CDN PID of the dCDN.

         Value: A JSON string, the dCDN's CDN PID, as defined in
         Section 6.6.

         Mandatory: Only in the collection of all Trigger Status
         Resources, if the dCDN implements the filtered collections.
         Optional in the filtered collections (the uCDN can always find
         the dCDN's cdn-id in the collection of all Trigger Status
         Resources, but the dCDN can choose to repeat that information
         in its implementation of filtered collections).

7.2.  Properties of CI/T Objects

   This section defines the values that can appear in the top-level
   objects described in Section 7.1, and their encodings.

7.2.1.  Trigger Specification

   A Trigger.v2 Specification is encoded as a JSON object containing the
   following name/value pairs.

   An unrecognized name/value pair in the Trigger Specification object
   contained in a CI/T Command SHOULD be preserved in the Trigger
   Specification of any Trigger Status Resource it creates.

      Name: action

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         Description: Defines the type of the CI/T Trigger Action.

         Value: Trigger Action Type, as defined in Section 7.2.2.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Name: specs
         Description: Array of trigger spec data.

         Value: Array of GenericTriggerSpec objects (see
         Section 7.2.3.1).

         Mandatory: Yes. TBD(nirs): Can the list be empty???

      Name: extensions
         Description: Array of trigger extension data.

         Value:Array of GenericTriggerExtension objects (see
         Section 7.2.4.2).

         Mandatory: No.  The default is no extensions.

7.2.2.  Trigger Action Type

   Trigger Action Type is used in a Trigger Specification to describe
   trigger action.

   All trigger types MUST be registered in the IANA "CDNI CI/T Trigger
   Action Types" registry (see Section 12.2).

   A dCDN receiving a request containing a trigger action type it does
   not recognize or does not support MUST reject the request by creating
   a Trigger Status Resource with a status of "failed" and the "errors"
   array containing an Error Description with error "eunsupported".

   The following trigger types are defined by this document:

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    +=================+===============================================+
    | JSON String     | Description                                   |
    +=================+===============================================+
    | CIT.Preposition | A request for the dCDN to acquire metadata or |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    |                 | content.                                      |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    | CIT.invalidate  | A request for the dCDN to invalidate metadata |
    |                 | or                                            |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    |                 | content.  After servicing this request, the   |
    |                 | dCDN                                          |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    |                 | will not use the specified data without first |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    |                 | revalidating it using, for example, an        |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    |                 | "If-None-Match" HTTP request.  The dCDN need  |
    |                 | not                                           |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    |                 | erase the associated data.                    |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    | CIT.purge       | A request for the dCDN to erase metadata or   |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    |                 | content.  After servicing the request, the    |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    |                 | specified data MUST NOT be held on the dCDN   |
    |                 | (the                                          |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    |                 | dCDN should reacquire the metadata or content |
    |                 | from                                          |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    |                 | the uCDN if it needs it).                     |
    +-----------------+-----------------------------------------------+

                                  Table 1

7.2.3.  CI/T Trigger Specs

   A "trigger.v2" object, as defined in Section 7.2.1 includes an array
   of trigger spec objects.  The trigger spec object contains properties
   that are used as trigger target selection directives for dCDN when
   executing the trigger command -- for example content urls or metadata
   uri patterns.  Each such CDNI Trigger Spec is a specialization of a
   CDNI GenericTriggerSpec object.  The GenericTriggerSpec object
   abstracts the basic information required for trigger distribution
   from the specifics of any given property (i.e., property semantics,
   enforcement options, etc.).  The semantics of the Trigger Specs list

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   is addative, i.e. the trigger applies to any object matching one of
   the listed specs.

7.2.3.1.  Generic Spec Object

   A GenericSpecObject object is a wrapper for managing individual CDNI
   Trigger spec in an opaque manner.

      Property: generic-trigger-spec-type

         Description: Case-insensitive CDNI Trigger spec type.

         Type: String containing the spec type of the object contained
         in the generic-trigger-spec-value property (see table in
         Section 12.1).

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Property: generic-trigger-spec-values

         Description: An array of CDNI Trigger spec object values.

         Type: Format/Type is defined by the value of the generic-
         trigger-spec-type property above.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Property: trigger-subject

         Description: Case-insensitive CDNI Trigger subject.

         Type: String containing the type of the subject matching the
         generic-trigger-spec-value property, such as "content" or
         "metadata" as define in TODO.

         Mandatory: Yes.

   Example of a JSON serialized GenericTriggerExtension object
   containing a specific trigger extension object:

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   {
     "generic-trigger-spec-type":
        <Type of this trigger spec>,
     "generic-trigger-spec-value":
         {
           <properties of this trigger spec object>
         },
      "generic-trigger-spec-subject":
        <Catagory of this trigger spec subject>

   }

7.2.4.  CI/T Trigger Extensions

   A "trigger.v2" object, as defined in Section 7.2.1 includes an
   optional array of trigger extension objects.  A trigger extension
   contain properties that are used as directives for dCDN when
   executing the trigger command -- for example, location policies, time
   policies and so on.  Each such CDNI Trigger extension is a
   specialization of a CDNI GenericTriggerExtension object.  The
   GenericTriggerExtension object abstracts the basic information
   required for trigger distribution from the specifics of any given
   property (i.e., property semantics, enforcement options, etc.).  All
   trigger extensions are optional, and it is thus the responsibility of
   the extension specification to define a consistent default behavior
   for the case the extension is not present.

7.2.4.1.  Enforcement Options

   The trigger enforcement options concept is in accordance with the
   metadata enforcement options as defined in Section 3.2 of [RFC8006].

   The GenericTriggerExtension object defines the properties contained
   within it as well as whether or not the properties are "mandatory-to-
   enforce".  If the dCDN does not understand or support a mandatory-to-
   enforce property, the dCDN MUST NOT execute the trigger command.  If
   the extension is not mandatory-to-enforce, then that
   GenericTriggerExtension object can be safely ignored and the trigger
   command can be processed in accordance with the rest of the CDNI
   Trigger spec.

   Although, a CDN MUST NOT execute a trigger command if a mandatory-to-
   enforce extension cannot be enforced, it could still be safe to
   redistribute that trigger (the "safe-to-redistribute" property) to
   another CDN without modification.  For example, in the cascaded CDN
   case, a transit CDN (tCDN) could convey mandatory-to-enforce trigger
   extension to a dCDN.  For a trigger extension that does not require

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   customization or translation (i.e., trigger extension that is safe-
   to-redistribute), the data representation received off the wire MAY
   be stored and redistributed without being understood or supported by
   the tCDN.  However, for trigger extension that requires translation,
   transparent redistribution of the uCDN trigger values might not be
   appropriate.  Certain triggers extensions can be safely, though
   perhaps not optimally, redistributed unmodified.  For example, pre-
   position command might be executed in suboptimal times for some
   geographies if transparently redistributed, but it might still work.

   Redistribution safety MUST be specified for each
   GenericTriggerExtension property.  If a CDN does not understand or
   support a given GenericTriggerExtension property that is not safe-to-
   redistribute, the CDN MUST set the "incomprehensible" flag to true
   for that GenericTriggerExtension object before redistributing it.
   The "incomprehensible" flag signals to a dCDN that trigger metadata
   was not properly transformed by the tCDN.  A CDN MUST NOT attempt to
   execute a trigger with an extension that has been marked as
   "incomprehensible" by a uCDN.

   tCDNs MUST NOT change the value of mandatory-to-enforce or safe-to-
   redistribute when propagating a trigger to a dCDN.  Although a tCDN
   can set the value of "incomprehensible" to true, a tCDN MUST NOT
   change the value of "incomprehensible" from true to false.

   Table 2 describes the action to be taken by a tCDN for the different
   combinations of mandatory-to-enforce ("MtE") and safe-to-redistribute
   ("StR") properties when the tCDN either does or does not understand
   the trigger extension object in question:

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     +=======+=======+============+=================================+
     | MtE   | StR   | Extension  | Trigger action                  |
     |       |       | object     |                                 |
     |       |       | understood |                                 |
     |       |       | by tCDN    |                                 |
     +=======+=======+============+=================================+
     | False | True  | True       | Can execute and redistribute.   |
     +-------+-------+------------+---------------------------------+
     | False | True  | False      | Can execute and redistribute.   |
     +-------+-------+------------+---------------------------------+
     | False | False | False      | Can execute.  MUST set          |
     |       |       |            | "incomprehensible" to true when |
     |       |       |            | redistributing.                 |
     +-------+-------+------------+---------------------------------+
     | False | False | True       | Can execute.  Can redistribute  |
     |       |       |            | after transforming the trigger  |
     |       |       |            | extension (if the CDN knows how |
     |       |       |            | to do so safely); otherwise,    |
     |       |       |            | MUST set "incomprehensible" to  |
     |       |       |            | true when redistributing.       |
     +-------+-------+------------+---------------------------------+
     | True  | True  | True       | Can execute and redistribute.   |
     +-------+-------+------------+---------------------------------+
     | True  | True  | False      | MUST NOT execute but can        |
     |       |       |            | redistribute.                   |
     +-------+-------+------------+---------------------------------+
     | True  | False | True       | Can execute.  Can redistribute  |
     |       |       |            | after transforming the trigger  |
     |       |       |            | extension (if the CDN knows how |
     |       |       |            | to do so safely); otherwise,    |
     |       |       |            | MUST set "incomprehensible" to  |
     |       |       |            | true when redistributing.       |
     +-------+-------+------------+---------------------------------+
     | True  | False | False      | MUST NOT serve.  MUST set       |
     |       |       |            | "incomprehensible" to true when |
     |       |       |            | redistributing.                 |
     +-------+-------+------------+---------------------------------+

         Table 2: Action to be taken by a tCDN for the different
                  combinations of MtE and StR properties

   Table 3 describes the action to be taken by a dCDN for the different
   combinations of mandatory-to-enforce and "incomprehensible"
   ("Incomp") properties, when the dCDN either does or does not
   understand the trigger extension object in question:

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     +=======+========+==================+==========================+
     | MtE   | Incomp | Extension object | Trigger action           |
     |       |        | understood by    |                          |
     |       |        | dCDN             |                          |
     +=======+========+==================+==========================+
     | False | False  | True             | Can execute.             |
     +-------+--------+------------------+--------------------------+
     | False | True   | True             | Can execute but MUST NOT |
     |       |        |                  | interpret/apply any      |
     |       |        |                  | trigger extension marked |
     |       |        |                  | as "incomprehensible".   |
     +-------+--------+------------------+--------------------------+
     | False | False  | False            | Can execute.             |
     +-------+--------+------------------+--------------------------+
     | False | True   | False            | Can execute but MUST NOT |
     |       |        |                  | interpret/apply any      |
     |       |        |                  | trigger extension marked |
     |       |        |                  | as "incomprehensible".   |
     +-------+--------+------------------+--------------------------+
     | True  | False  | True             | Can execute.             |
     +-------+--------+------------------+--------------------------+
     | True  | True   | True             | MUST NOT execute.        |
     +-------+--------+------------------+--------------------------+
     | True  | False  | False            | MUST NOT execute.        |
     +-------+--------+------------------+--------------------------+
     | True  | True   | False            | MUST NOT execute.        |
     +-------+--------+------------------+--------------------------+

         Table 3: Action to be taken by a dCDN for the different
                combinations of MtE and Incomp properties

7.2.4.2.  GenericExtensionObject

   A GenericTriggerExtension object is a wrapper for managing individual
   CDNI Trigger extensions in an opaque manner.

      Property: generic-trigger-extension-type

         Description: Case-insensitive CDNI Trigger extension object
         type.

         Type: String containing the CDNI Payload Type [RFC7736] of the
         object contained in the generic-trigger-extension-value
         property (see table in Section 12.1).

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Property: generic-trigger-extension-value

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         Description: CDNI Trigger extension object.

         Type: Format/Type is defined by the value of the generic-
         trigger-extension-type property above.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Property: mandatory-to-enforce

         Description: Flag identifying whether or not the enforcement of
         this trigger extension is mandatory.

         Type: Boolean

         Mandatory: No.  Default is to treat the trigger extension as
         mandatory-to-enforce (i.e., a value of True).

      Property: safe-to-redistribute

         Description: Flag identifying whether or not this trigger
         extension can be safely redistributed without modification,
         even if the CDN fails to understand the extension.

         Type: Boolean

         Mandatory: No.  Default is to allow transparent redistribution
         (i.e., a value of True).

      Property: incomprehensible

         Description: Flag identifying whether or not any CDN in the
         chain of delegation has failed to understand and/or failed to
         properly transform this trigger extension object.  Note: This
         flag only applies to trigger extension objects whose safe-to-
         redistribute property has a value of False.

         Type: Boolean

         Mandatory: No.  Default is comprehensible (i.e., a value of
         False).

   Example of a JSON serialized GenericTriggerExtension object
   containing a specific trigger extension object:

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   {
     "generic-trigger-extension-type":
        <Type of this trigger extension object>,
     "generic-trigger-extension-value":
         {
           <properties of this trigger extension object>
         },
     "mandatory-to-enforce": true,
     "safe-to-redistribute": true,
     "incomprehensible": false
   }

7.2.5.  Absolute Time

   A JSON number, seconds since the UNIX epoch (00:00:00 UTC on 1
   January 1970).

7.2.6.  Error Description

   An Error Description is used to report the failure of a CI/T Command
   or failure in the activity it triggered.  It is encoded as a JSON
   object with the following name/value pairs:

      Name: error
         Value: Error Code, as defined in Section 7.2.7.1.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Name: description
         Description: A human-readable description of the error.

         Value: A JSON string, the human-readable description.

         Mandatory: No.

      Name: specs
         Description: Array of trigger spec objects based on from the
         corresponding "specs" array at the Trigger Specification.  Each
         such spec holds in its "generic-trigger-spec-value" array only
         those values to which the error applies.  TBD: Option 1: Specs
         with no failing values MAY(TODO?) be omitted.  Option 2: Note
         that the order of the specs should be as listed in the Trigger
         Specification.  Specs with no failing values MUST not be
         omitted but MAY(TODO?) be replaced with an empty object for
         simplicity.

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         Value: Array of GenericTriggerSpec objects, where each spec
         object is based on the "specs" array values in the Trigger
         Specification.  TBD: or an empty object ('{}') as a place
         holder.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Name: extensions
         Description: Array of trigger extension objects copied from the
         corresponding "extensions" array from the Trigger
         Specification.  Only those extensions to which the error
         applies are included, but those extensions MUST be exactly as
         they appear in the request.

         Value: Array of GenericTriggerExtension objects, where each
         extension object is copied from the "extensions" array values
         in the Trigger Specification.

         Mandatory: No.  The "extensions" array SHOULD be used only if
         the error relates to extension objects.  Missing property
         should be interpreted as "the error is not related to any
         extension".

      Name: cdn
         Description: The CDN PID of the CDN where the error occurred.
         The "cdn" property is used by the originating uCDN or by
         propagating dCDN in order to distinguish in which CDN the error
         occurred.

         Value: A non-empty JSON string, where the string is a CDN PID
         as defined in Section Section 6.6

         Mandatory: Yes. In the case the dCDN does not like to expose
         this information, it should provide its own CDN PID.

   Example of a JSON serialized Error Description object reporting a
   malformed Playlist:

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   {
      "content.playlists": [
         {
           "playlist": "https://www.example.com/hls/title/index.m3u8",
           "media-protocol": "hls"
         }
       ],
      "description": "Failed to parse HLS playlist",
      "error": "econtent",
      "cdn": "AS64500:0"
   },

   Example of a JSON serialized Error Description object reporting an
   unsupported extension object:

   {
     "errors.v2": [
      {
        "extensions": [
          {
           "generic-trigger-extension-type":
             <Type of this erroneous trigger extension object>,
           "generic-trigger-extension-value":
             {
              <properties of this erroneous trigger extension object>
             },
          }
        ],
        "description": "unrecognized extension <type>",
        "error": "eextension",
        "cdn": "AS64500:0"
      },
     ]
   }

7.2.7.  Trigger Status

   Trigger Status describes the current status of the triggered
   activity.  It MUST be one of the JSON strings in the following table:

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              +=============+==============================+
              | JSON String | Description                  |
              +=============+==============================+
              | pending     | The CI/T Trigger Command has |
              |             | not yet been acted upon.     |
              +-------------+------------------------------+
              | active      | The CI/T Trigger Command is  |
              |             | currently being acted        |
              +-------------+------------------------------+
              |             | upon.                        |
              +-------------+------------------------------+
              | complete    | The CI/T Trigger Command     |
              |             | completed successfully.      |
              +-------------+------------------------------+
              | processed   | The CI/T Trigger Command has |
              |             | been accepted, and no        |
              +-------------+------------------------------+
              |             | further status update will   |
              |             | be made (can be used in      |
              +-------------+------------------------------+
              |             | cases where completion       |
              |             | cannot be confirmed).        |
              +-------------+------------------------------+
              | failed      | The CI/T Trigger Command     |
              |             | could not be completed.      |
              +-------------+------------------------------+
              | cancelling  | Processing of the CI/T       |
              |             | Trigger Command is still in  |
              +-------------+------------------------------+
              |             | progress, but the CI/T       |
              |             | Trigger Command has been     |
              +-------------+------------------------------+
              |             | canceled by the uCDN.        |
              +-------------+------------------------------+
              | cancelled   | The CI/T Trigger Command was |
              |             | canceled by the uCDN.        |
              +-------------+------------------------------+

                                 Table 4

7.2.7.1.  Error Code

   This type is used by the dCDN to report failures in trigger
   processing.  All Error Codes MUST be registered in the IANA "CDNI CI/
   T Error Codes" registry (see Section 12.3).  Unknown Error Codes MUST
   be treated as fatal errors, and the request MUST NOT be automatically
   retried without modification.

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   The following Error Codes are defined by this document and MUST be
   supported by an implementation of the CI/T interface.

   +==============+====================================================+
   | Error Code   | Description                                        |
   +==============+====================================================+
   | emeta        | The dCDN was unable to acquire metadata required   |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   |              | to fulfill the request.                            |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | econtent     | The dCDN was unable to acquire content (CI/T       |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   |              | "preposition" commands only).                      |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | eperm        | The uCDN does not have permission to issue the     |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   |              | CI/T Command (for example, the data is owned by    |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   |              | another CDN).                                      |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | ereject      | The dCDN is not willing to fulfill the CI/T        |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   |              | Command (for example, a "preposition" request for  |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   |              | content at a time when the dCDN would not accept   |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   |              | Request Routing requests from the uCDN).           |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | ecdn         | An internal error in the dCDN or one of its        |
   |              | dCDNs.                                             |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | ecancelled   | The uCDN canceled the request.                     |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | eunsupported | The Trigger Specification contained an "action     |
   |              | type" that                                         |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   |              | is not supported by the dCDN.  No action was       |
   |              | taken                                              |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   |              | by the dCDN other than to create a Trigger Status  |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   |              | Resource in state "failed".                        |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | eextension   | An error occurred while parsing a generic trigger  |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   |              | extension, or that the specific extension is not   |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   |              | supported by the CDN.                              |

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   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+

                                  Table 5

8.  Trigger Spec Objects

   The objects defined below are intended to be used in the
   GenericTriggerSpec object's generic-trigger-spec-value field as
   defined in Section Section 7.2.3.1, and their generic-trigger-spec-
   type property MUST be set to the appropriate CDNI Payload Type as
   defined in Section 12.1 .

8.1.  URLs Spec

   The urls spec type allows the uCDN to manage uCDN content or metadata
   objects held by the dCDN based on the objects' URLs.

   Spec object specification

      Property: urls

         Description: An array of URLs to on which the trigger MUST be
         executed.

         Value: A JSON array of URLs represented as JSON strings.

         Mandatory: Yes.

   Below is an example of a JSON serialized generic trigger spec object,
   matching the metadata at metadata.example.com/a/b/c.

   {
      "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UrlsSpec",
      "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
         "urls": [
            "https://metadata.example.com/a/b/c"
         ]
      },
      "trigger-subject": "CIT.Metadata"
   }

8.2.  CCIDs Spec

   The content-ccids spec type allows to specify the Content Collection
   IDentifier of content the trigger applies to.  The "ccid" is a
   grouping of content, as defined by [RFC8006].  The ccid spec type is
   valid only for CIT.Content spec subject.

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   Spec object specification

      Property: ccids

         Description: An array of Content Collection IDentifier to on
         which the trigger MUST be executed.

         Value: A JSON array of strings, where each string is a Content
         Collection IDentifier.

         Mandatory: Yes.

8.3.  URI Patterns Spec

   The uri-patterns spec type allows the uCDN to manage uCDN content or
   metadata objects held by the dCDN based on the objects' URI patterns.

   Spec object specification

      Property: patterns

         Description: The objects' URI patterns the trigger applies to.

         Value: A JSON array of UriPatternMatch objects, as defined in
         Section 8.3.1.

         Mandatory: Yes.

8.3.1.  UriPatternMatch

   A UriPatternMatch consists of a string pattern to match against a
   URI, and flags describing the type of match.

   It is encoded as a JSON object with the following name/value
   pairs:
      Name: pattern

      Description: A pattern for URI matching.

      Value: A JSON string representing the pattern.  The pattern can
      contain the wildcards * and ?, where * matches any sequence of
      [RFC3986] pchar or "/" characters (including the empty string) and
      ? matches exactly one [RFC3986] pchar character.  The three
      literals $, * and ? MUST be escaped as $$, $* and $? (where $ is
      the designated escape character).  All other characters are
      treated as literals.

      Mandatory: Yes.

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      Name: case-sensitive
         Description: Flag indicating whether or not case-sensitive
         matching should be used.

         Value: One of the JSON values "true" (the matching is case
         sensitive) or "false" (the matching is case insensitive).

         Mandatory: No; default is case-insensitive match.

      Name: match-query-string
         Description: Flag indicating whether to include the query part
         of the URI when comparing against the pattern.

         Value: One of the JSON values "true" (the full URI, including
         the query part, should be compared against the given pattern)
         or "false" (the query part of the URI should be dropped before
         comparison with the given pattern).

         Mandatory: No; default is "false".  The query part of the URI
         should be dropped before comparison with the given pattern.

   Example of case-sensitive prefix match against
   "https://www.example.com/trailers/":

   {
       "pattern": "https://www.example.com/trailers/*",
       "case-sensitive": true
   }

8.4.  URI Regexes Spec

   The content-uri-regexes spec type allows the uCDN to manage content
   or metadata objects held by the dCDN based on the objects' URI
   regexes.

   Spec object specification

      Property: regexes

         Description: The content URI regexes the trigger applies to.

         Value: A JSON array of RegexMatch objects (see Section 8.4.1).

         Mandatory: Yes.

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8.4.1.  RegexMatch

   A RegexMatch consists of a regular expression string a URI is matched
   against, and flags describing the type of match.  It is encoded as a
   JSON object with following properties:

      Property: regex

         Description: A regular expression for URI matching.

         Type: A regular expression to match against the URI, i.e
         against the path-absolute and the query string parameters
         [RFC3986].  The regular expression string MUST be compatible
         with PCRE [PCRE841].

         Note: Because '\' has a special meaning in JSON [RFC8259] as
         the escape character within JSON strings, the regular
         expression character '\' MUST be escaped as '\\'.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Property: case-sensitive

         Description: Flag indicating whether or not case-sensitive
         matching should be used.

         Type: JSON boolean.  Either "true" (the matching is case
         sensitive) or "false" (the matching is case insensitive).

         Mandatory: No; default is case-insensitive match (i.e., a value
         of "false").

      Property: match-query-string

         Description: Flag indicating whether to include the query part
         of the URI when comparing against the regex.

         Type: JSON boolean.  Either "true" (the full URI, including the
         query part, should be compared against the regex) or "false"
         (the query part of the URI should be dropped before comparison
         with the given regex).

         Mandatory: No; default is "false".  The query part of the URI
         MUST be dropped before comparison with the given regex.  This
         makes the regular expression simpler and safer for cases in
         which the query parameters are not relevant for the match.

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   Example of a case sensitive, no query parameters, regex match
   against:

   "^(https:\/\/video\.example\.com)\/([a-z])\/
    movie1\/([1-7])\/*(index.m3u8|\d{3}.ts)$"

   {
     "regex": "^(https:\\/\\/video\\.example\\.com)\\/([a-z])\\/movie1\
              \/([1-7])\\/*(index.m3u8|\\d{3}.ts)$",
     "case-sensitive": true,
     "match-query-string": false
   }

   This regex matches URLs of domain video.example.com where the path
   structure is /(single lower case letter)/(name-of-title)/(single
   digit between 1 to 7)/(index.m3u8 or a 3 digit number with ts
   extension).  For example:

   https://video.example.com/d/movie1/5/index.m3u8
   or
   https://video.example.com/k/movie1/4/013.ts

8.5.  Content Playlists Spec

   The content-playlists spec type allows the uCDN to manage content
   held by the dCDN based on the content's playlists.  The content-
   playlists spec type is valid only for CIT.Content spec subject.

   Spec object specification

      Property: playlists

         Description: The content playlists the trigger applies to.

         Value: A JSON array of Playlist objects (see Section 8.5.1).

         Mandatory: Yes.

8.5.1.  Playlist

   A Playlist consists of a full URL and a media protocol identifier.
   An implementation that supports a specific playlist media protocol
   MUST be able to parse playlist files of that protocol type and
   extract, possibly recursively, the URLs to all media objects and/or
   sub playlist files, and apply the trigger to each one of them
   separately.

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   Playlist is encoded as a JSON object with following properties:

      Property: playlist

         Description: A URL to the playlist file.

         Type: A URL represented as a JSON string.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Property: media-protocol

         Description: Media protocol to be when parsing and interpreting
         this playlist.

         Type: MediaProtocol (see Section 8.5.2).

         Mandatory: Yes.

   Example of a JSON serialized HLS playlist object:

   {
     "playlist": "https://www.example.com/hls/title/index.m3u8",
     "media-protocol": "hls"
   }

8.5.2.  MediaProtocol

   Media Protocol objects are used to specify registered type of media
   protocol (see Section 12.4) used for protocol related operations like
   pre-position according to playlist.

   Type: JSON string

   Example:

   "dash"

9.  Trigger Extension Objects

   The objects defined below are intended to be used in the
   GenericTriggerExtension object's generic-trigger-extension-value
   field as defined in Section Section 7.2.4.2, and their generic-
   trigger-extension-type property MUST be set to the appropriate CDNI
   Payload Type as defined in Section 12.1 .

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9.1.  LocationPolicy extension

   A content operation may be relevant for a specific geographical
   region, or need to be excluded from a specific region.  In this case,
   the trigger should be applied only to parts of the network that are
   either "included" or "not excluded" by the location policy.  Note
   that the restrictions here are on the cache location rather than the
   client location.

   The LocationPolicy object defines which CDN or cache locations for
   which the trigger command is relevant.

   Example use cases:

   *  Pre-position: Certain contracts allow for pre-positioning or
      availability of contract in all regions except for certain
      excluded regions in the world, including caches.  For example,
      some content cannot ever knowingly touch servers in a specific
      country, including cached content.  Therefore, these regions MUST
      be excluded from a pre-positioning operation.

   *  Purge: In certain cases, content may have been located on servers
      in regions where the content must not reside.  In such cases, a
      purge operation to remove content specifically from that region is
      required.

   Object specification

      Property: locations

         Description: An Access List that allows or denies (blocks) the
         trigger execution per cache location.

         Type: Array of LocationRule objects (see Section 4.2.2.1 of
         [RFC8006])

         Mandatory: Yes.

   If a location policy object is not listed within the trigger command,
   the default behavior is to execute the trigger in all available
   caches and locations of the dCDN.

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   The trigger command is allowed, or denied, for a specific cache
   location according to the action of the first location whose
   footprint matches against that cache's location.  If two or more
   footprints overlap, the first footprint that matches against the
   cache's location determines the action a CDN MUST take.  If the
   "locations" property is an empty list or if none of the listed
   footprints match the location of a specific cache location, then the
   result is equivalent to a "deny" action.

   The following is an example of a JSON serialized generic trigger
   extension object containing a location policy object that allows the
   trigger execution in the US but blocks its execution in Canada:

   {
      "generic-trigger-extension-type": "CIT.LocationPolicy",
      "generic-trigger-extension-value":
       {
          "locations": [
            {
              "action": "allow",
              "footprints": [
                {
                  "footprint-type": "countrycode",
                  "footprint-value": ["us"]
                }
              ]
            },
            {
              "action": "deny",
              "footprints": [
                {
                  "footprint-type": "countrycode",
                  "footprint-value": ["ca"]
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
       },
      "mandatory-to-enforce": true,
      "safe-to-redistribute": true,
      "incomprehensible": false
   }

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9.2.  TimePolicy Extension

   A uCDN may wish to perform content management operations on the dCDN
   in a specific schedule.  The TimePolicy extensions allows the uCDN to
   instruct the dCDN to execute the trigger command in a desired time
   window.  For example, a content provider that wishes to pre-populate
   a new episode at off-peak time so that it would be ready on caches at
   prime time when the episode is released for viewing.  A scheduled
   operation enables the uCDN to direct the dCDN in what time frame to
   execute the trigger.

   A uCDN may wish to to schedule a trigger such that the dCDN will
   execute it in local time, as it is measured in each region.  For
   example, a uCDN may wish the dCDN to pull the content at off-peak
   hours, between 2AM-4AM, however, as a CDN is distributed across
   multiple time zones, the UTC definition of 2AM depends on the actual
   location.

   We define two alternatives for localized scheduling:

   *  Regional schedule: When used in conjunction with the Location
      Policy defined in Section 9.1, the uCDN can trigger separate
      commands for different geographical regions, for each region using
      a different schedule.  This allows the uCDN to control the
      execution time per region.

   *  Local Time schedule: We introduce a "local time" version for
      Internet timestamps that follows the notation for local time as
      defined in Section 4.2.2 of [ISO8601].  When local time is used,
      that dCDN SHOULD execute the triggers at different absolute times,
      according the local time of each execution location.

   Object specification

      Property: unix-time-window

         Description: A UNIX epoch time window in which the trigger
         SHOULD be executed.

         Type: TimeWindow object using UNIX epoch timestamps (see
         Section 4.2.3.2 of [RFC8006])

         Mandatory: No, but exactly one of "unixEpochWindow",
         "utcWindow" or "localTimeWindow" MUST be present.

      Property: utc-window

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         Description: A UTC time window in which the trigger SHOULD be
         executed.

         Type: UTCWindow object as defined in Section 9.2.1.

         Mandatory: No, but exactly one of "unixEpochWindow",
         "utcWindow" or "localTimeWindow" MUST be present.

      Property: local-time-window

         Description: A local time window.  The dCDN SHOULD execute the
         trigger at the defined time frame, interpreted as the the local
         time per location.

         Type: LocalTimeWindow object as defined in Section 9.2.2.

         Mandatory: No, but exactly one of "unixEpochWindow",
         "utcWindow" or "localTimeWindow" MUST be present.

   If a time policy object is not listed within the trigger command, the
   default behavior is to execute the trigger in a time frame most
   suitable to the dCDN taking under consideration other constrains and
   / or obligations.

   Example of a JSON serialized generic trigger extension object
   containing a time policy object that schedules the trigger execution
   to a window between 09:00 01/01/2000 UTC and 17:00 01/01/2000 UTC,
   using the "unix-time-window" property:

   {
      "generic-trigger-extension-type": "CIT.TimePolicy",
      "generic-trigger-extension-value":
       {
         "unix-time-window": {
            "start": 946717200,
            "end": 946746000
         }
       }
      "mandatory-to-enforce": true,
      "safe-to-redistribute": true,
      "incomprehensible": false
   }

9.2.1.  UTCWindow

   A UTCWindow object describes a time range in UTC or UTC and a zone
   offset that can be applied by a TimePolicy.

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      Property: start

         Description: The start time of the window.

         Type: Internet date and time as defined in [RFC3339].

         Mandatory: No, but at least one of "start" or "end" MUST be
         present and non-empty.

      Property: end

         Description: The end time of the window.

         Type: Internet date and time as defined in [RFC3339].

         Mandatory: No, but at least one of "start" or "end" MUST be
         present and non-empty.

   Example JSON serialized UTCWindow object that describes a time window
   from 02:30 01/01/2000 UTC to 04:30 01/01/2000 UTC:

   {
     "start": 2000-01-01T02:30:00.00Z,
     "end": 2000-01-01T04:30:00.00Z,
   }

   Example JSON serialized UTCWindow object that describes a time window
   in New York time zone offset UTC-05:00 from 02:30 01/01/2000 to 04:30
   01/01/2000:

   {
     "start": 2000-01-01T02:30:00.00-05:00,
     "end": 2000-01-01T04:30:00.00-05:00,
   }

9.2.2.  LocalTimeWindow

   A LocalTimeWindow object describes a time range in local time.  The
   reader of this object MUST interpret it as "the local time at the
   location of execution".  For example, if the time window states 2AM
   to 4AM local time then a dCDN that has presence in both London (UTC)
   and New York (UTC-05:00) will execute the trigger at 2AM-4AM UTC in
   London and at 2AM-4AM UTC-05:00 in New York.

      Property: start

         Description: The start time of the window.

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         Type: JSON string formatted as DateLocalTime as defined in
         Section 9.2.3.

         Mandatory: No, but at least one of "start" or "end" MUST be
         present and non-empty.

      Property: end

         Description: The end time of the window.

         Type: JSON string formatted as DateLocalTime as defined in
         Section 9.2.3.

         Mandatory: No, but at least one of "start" or "end" MUST be
         present and non-empty.

   Example JSON serialized LocalTimeWindow object that describes a local
   time window from 02:30 01/01/2000 to 04:30 01/01/2000.

   {
     "start": 2000-01-01T02:30:00.00,
     "end": 2000-01-01T04:30:00.00,
   }

9.2.3.  DateLocalTime

   DateLocalTime is a timestamp that follows the date and local time
   notation in Section 4.3.2 of [ISO8601] as a complete date and time
   extended representation, where the time zone designator is omitted.
   In addition, for simplicity and as exact accuracy is not an objective
   in this case, this specification does not support the decimal
   fractions of seconds, and does not take leap second into
   consideration.

   Type: JSON string using the format "date-local-time" as defined in
   Section 9.2.3.1.

9.2.3.1.  Date and Local Time Format

   The Date and Local Time format is specified here using the syntax
   description notation defined in [ABNF].

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   date-fullyear   = 4DIGIT
   date-month      = 2DIGIT  ; 01-12
   date-mday       = 2DIGIT  ; 01-28, 01-29, 01-30, 01-31 based on
                             ; month/year
   time-hour       = 2DIGIT  ; 00-23
   time-minute     = 2DIGIT  ; 00-59
   time-second     = 2DIGIT  ; 00-59 leap seconds are not supported

   local-time      = time-hour ":" time-minute ":" time-second
   full-date       = date-fullyear "-" date-month "-" date-mday
   date-local-time = full-date "T" local-time

   Example time representing 09:00AM on 01/01/2000 local time:

   2000-01-01T09:00:00.00

      NOTE: Per [ABNF] and [ISO8601], the "T" character in this syntax
      may alternatively be lower case "t".  For simplicity, Applications
      that generate the "date-local-time" format defined here, SHOULD
      only use the upper case letter "T".

9.2.3.2.  Restrictions

   The grammar element date-mday represents the day number within the
   current month.  The maximum value varies based on the month and year
   as follows:

   Month Number  Month/Year           Maximum value of date-mday
   ------------  ----------           --------------------------
   01            January              31
   02            February, normal     28
   02            February, leap year  29
   03            March                31
   04            April                30
   05            May                  31
   06            June                 30
   07            July                 31
   08            August               31
   09            September            30
   10            October              31
   11            November             30
   12            December             31

   See Appendix C of [RFC3339] for a sample C code that determines if a
   year is a leap year.

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   The grammar element time-second may have the values 0-59.  The value
   of 60 that is used in [ISO8601] to represent a leap second MUST NOT
   be used.

   Although [ISO8601] permits the hour to be "24", this profile of
   [ISO8601] only allows values between "00" and "23" for the hour in
   order to reduce confusion.

10.  Footprint and Capabilities

   This section covers the FCI objects required for advertisement of the
   specs, extensions and properties introduced in this document.

10.1.  CI/T Versions Capability Object

   The CI/T versions capability object is used to indicate support for
   one or more CI/T objects versions.  Note that the default version as
   originally defined in [RFC8007] MUST be implicitly supported
   regardless of the versions listed in this capability object.

      Property: versions

         Description: A list of version numbers.

         Type: An array of JSON strings

         Mandatory: No.  The default is version 1.  A missing or an
         empty versions list means that only version 1 of the interface
         and objects is supported.

10.1.1.  CI/T Versions Capability Object Serialization

   The following shows an example of CI/T Versions Capability object
   serialization for a dCDN that supports versions 2 and 2.1 of the CI/T
   interface.

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   {
    "capabilities": [
      {
        "capability-type": "FCI.TriggerVersion",
        "capability-value": {
          "versions": [ "1", "2", "2.1" ]
        },
        "footprints": [
          <Footprint objects>
        ]
      }
    ]
   }

10.2.  CI/T Trigger Scope Capability Object

   The CI/T supports several trigger types for different trigger's
   subjects as defined at Section 7.2.2 and Section 3.  Additional
   types, as well as subjects, may be defined in the future.  The
   Trigger Scope capability object is used to indicate support of a
   Trigger Action Type for a subject.  It further specifies the Trigger
   Generic Spec types that may be used for selecting the targets the
   triggers is applied on, along with the supported Trigger Generic
   Extension types.

      Property: trigger-scope-capabilities

         Description: A list of supported CDNI CI/T Trigger types and
         subjects with the relevant Trigger Generic Spec and Trigger
         Generic Extension objects.

         Type: List trigger-scope-capability objects.

         Mandatory: No.  The default, in case of a missing or an empty
         list, MUST be interpreted as "no GenericSpecObject types are
         supported".  A non-empty list MUST be interpreted as containing
         "the only GenericSpecObject types that are supported".

   The trigger-scope-capability object is defined as follows:

      Property: trigger-action

         Description: The supported CDNI CI/T Trigger Action Type.

         Type: A string corresponding to an entry from the "CDNI Payload
         Types" registry [RFC7736] that is under the CIT namespace, and
         that correspond to CDNI CI/T Trigger Action Type.

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         Mandatory: Yes.

      Property: trigger-subject

         Description: The supported CDNI CI/T Trigger Subject type.

         Type: A string corresponding to an entry from the "CDNI Payload
         Types" registry [RFC7736] that is under the CIT namespace, and
         that correspond to CDNI CI/T Trigger Subject type.

         Mandatory: Yes.

      Property: trigger-specs

         Description: A list of supported CDNI CI/T GenericSpecObject
         types for the Trigger Type and Subject.

         Type: List of strings corresponding to entries from the "CDNI
         Payload Types" registry [RFC7736] that are under the CIT
         namespace, and that correspond to CDNI CI/T GenericSpecObject
         objects.

         Mandatory: No.  The default, in case of a missing or an empty
         list, MUST be interpreted as "no GenericExtensionObject types
         are supported".  A non-empty list MUST be interpreted as
         containing "the only GenericExtensionObject types that are
         supported".

      Property: trigger-extensions

         Description: A list of supported CDNI CI/T
         GenericExtensionObject types for the Trigger Type and Subject.

         Type: List of strings corresponding to entries from the "CDNI
         Payload Types" registry [RFC7736] that are under the CIT
         namespace, and that correspond to CDNI CI/T
         GenericExtensionObject objects.

         Mandatory: No.  The default, in case of a missing or an empty
         list, MUST be interpreted as "no GenericExtensionObject types
         are supported".  A non-empty list MUST be interpreted as
         containing "the only GenericExtensionObject types that are
         supported".

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10.2.1.  CI/T Trigger Scope Capability Object Serialization

   The following shows an example of a JSON serialized CI/T Trigger
   Scope Capability object serialization for a dCDN that supports the
   preposition and invalidation of content, using "CIT.UrlsSpec" and
   "CIT.CcidSpec" Generic Spec types, with "CIT.TimePolicy" but only for
   the preposition.  Note that in this example purge is not supported
   neigher the operations on metadata.

   {
    "capabilities": [
      {
        "capability-type": "FCI.TriggerScope",
        "capability-value": {
          "trigger-scope-capabilities": [
            {
               "trigger-action": "CIT.Preposition",
               "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content",
               "trigger-specs": ["CIT.UrlsSpec", "CIT.CcidSpec"],
               "trigger-extensions": ["CIT.TimePolicy"]
            },
            {
               "trigger-action": "CIT.Invalidate",
               "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content",
               "trigger-specs": ["CIT.UrlsSpec", "CIT.CcidSpec"]
            }
         ]
        },
        "footprints": [
          <Footprint objects>
        ]
      }
    ]
   }

10.3.  CI/T Playlist Protocol Capability Object

   The CI/T Playlist Protocol capability object is used to indicate
   support for one or more MediaProtocol types listed in Section 12.4 by
   the playlists property of the "trigger.v2" object.

      Property: media-protocols

         Description: A list of media protocols.

         Type: A list of MediaProtocol (from the CDNI Triggers media
         protocol types Section 12.4)

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         Mandatory: No.  The default, in case of a missing or an empty
         list, is none supported.

10.3.1.  CI/T Playlist Protocol Capability Object Serialization

   The following shows an example of a JSON serialized CI/T Playlist
   Protocol Capability object serialization for a dCDN that supports
   "hls" and "dash".

   {
    "capabilities": [
      {
        "capability-type": "FCI.TriggerPlaylistProtocol",
        "capability-value": {
          "media-protocols": ["hls", "dash"]
        },
        "footprints": [
          <Footprint objects>
        ]
      }
    ]
   }

11.  Examples

   The following subsections provide examples of different CI/T objects
   encoded as JSON.

   Discovery of the CI/T interface is out of scope for this document.
   In an implementation, all CI/T URLs are under the control of the
   dCDN.  The uCDN MUST NOT attempt to ascribe any meaning to individual
   elements of the path.

   In examples in this section, the URL "https://dcdn.example.com/
   triggers" is used as the location of the collection of all Trigger
   Status Resources, and the CDN PID of the uCDN is "AS64496:1".

11.1.  Creating Triggers

   Examples of the uCDN triggering activity in the dCDN:

11.1.1.  Preposition

   Below is an example of a CI/T "preposition" command -- a POST to the
   collection of all Trigger Status Resources.

   Note that "metadata.patterns" and "content.patterns" are not allowed
   in a pre-position Trigger Specification.

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   REQUEST:

     POST /triggers HTTP/1.1
     User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
     Host: dcdn.example.com
     Accept: */*
     Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-command.v2
     Content-Length: 352

     {
         "trigger.v2": {
            "action": "CIT.Preposition",
            "specs": [
               {
                  "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UrlsSpec",
                  "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                     "urls": [
                        "https://metadata.example.com/a/b/c"
                     ]
                  },
                  "trigger-subject": "CIT.Metadata"
               },
               {
                  "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UrlsSpec",
                  "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                     "urls": [
                        "https://www.example.com/a/b/c/1",
                        "https://www.example.com/a/b/c/2",
                        "https://www.example.com/a/b/c/3",
                        "https://www.example.com/a/b/c/4"
                     ]
                  },
                  "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
               }
            ],
         },
         "cdn-path": [ "AS64496:1" ]
     }

   RESPONSE:

     HTTP/1.1 201 Created
     Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:10 GMT
     Content-Length: 467
     Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-status
     Location: https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/0
     Server: example-server/0.1

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     {
         "ctime": 1462351690,
         "etime": 1462351698,
         "mtime": 1462351690,
         "status": "pending",
         "trigger.v2": {
            "action": "CIT.Preposition"
            "specs": [
               {
                  "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UrlsSpec",
                  "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                     "urls": [
                        "https://metadata.example.com/a/b/c"
                     ]
                  },
                  "trigger-subject": "CIT.Metadata"
               },
               {
                  "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UrlsSpec",
                  "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                     "urls": [
                        "https://www.example.com/a/b/c/1",
                        "https://www.example.com/a/b/c/2",
                        "https://www.example.com/a/b/c/3",
                        "https://www.example.com/a/b/c/4"
                     ]
                  },
                  "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
               }
            ]
         }
     }

11.1.2.  Invalidate

   Below is an example of a CI/T "invalidate" command -- another POST to
   the collection of all Trigger Status Resources.  This instructs the
   dCDN to revalidate the content at "https://www.example.com/a/
   index.html", as well as any metadata and content whose URLs are
   prefixed by "https://metadata.example.com/a/b/" using case-
   insensitive matching, and "https://www.example.com/a/b/" using case-
   sensitive matching, respectively.

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REQUEST:

  POST /triggers HTTP/1.1
  User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
  Host: dcdn.example.com
  Accept: */*
  Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-command.v2
  Content-Length: 387

  {
    "trigger.v2": {
      "action": "CIT.Invalidate",
      "specs": [
         {
            "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UriPatterns",
            "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
               "patterns": [
                  { "pattern": "https://metadata.example.com/a/b/*" }
               ]
            },
            "trigger-subject": "CIT.Metadata"
         },
         {
            "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UrlsSpec",
            "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
               "urls": [
                  "https://www.example.com/a/index.html"
               ]
            },
            "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
         },
         {
            "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UriPatterns",
            "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
               "patterns": [
                  { "pattern": "https://www.example.com/a/b/*",
                     "case-sensitive": true
                  }
               ]
            },
            "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
         }
      ]
    },
    "cdn-path": [ "AS64496:1" ]
  }

RESPONSE:

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  HTTP/1.1 201 Created
  Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:11 GMT
  Content-Length: 545
  Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-status
  Location: https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/1
  Server: example-server/0.1

  {
      "ctime": 1462351691,
      "etime": 1462351699,
      "mtime": 1462351691,
      "status": "pending",
      "trigger.v2": {
         "action": "CIT.Invalidate",
         "specs": [
            {
               "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UriPatterns",
               "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                  "patterns": [
                     { "pattern": "https://metadata.example.com/a/b/*" }
                  ]
               },
               "trigger-subject": "CIT.Metadata"
            },
            {
               "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UrlsSpec",
               "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                  "urls": [
                     "https://www.example.com/a/index.html"
                  ]
               },
               "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
            },
            {
               "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UriPatterns",
               "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                  "patterns": [
                     { "pattern": "https://www.example.com/a/b/*",
                        "case-sensitive": true
                     }
                  ]
               },
               "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
            }
         ]
      }
  }

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11.1.3.  Invalidation with Regex

   In the following example a CI/T "invalidate" command uses the Regex
   property to specify the range of content objects for invalidation,
   the command is rejected by the dCDN due to regex complexity, and an
   appropriate error is reflected in the status response.

   TBD: in case of failure in one object, maybe leave empty places in
   the triggers list for the objects that has not failed>

REQUEST:

  POST /triggers HTTP/1.1
  User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
  Host: triggers.dcdn.example.com
  Accept: */*
  Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-command.v2
  {
    "trigger.v2": {
      "action": "CIT.Invalidate",
      "specs": [
         {
            "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UriRegexes",
            "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
               "regexes": [
                  {
                     "regex": "^(https:\\/\\/video\\.example\\.com)\\/
                     ([a-z])\\/movie1\\/([1-7])\\/*(index.m3u8|\\d{3}.ts)$",
                     "case-sensitive": true,
                     "match-query-string": false
                  },
                  { <RegexMatch #2> },
                  ...
                  { <RegexMatch #N> }
               ]
            },
            "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
         }
      ]
    },
    "cdn-path": [ "AS64496:0" ]
  }

RESPONSE:

  HTTP/1.1 201 Created
  Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:10 GMT
  Content-Length: 467

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  Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-status.v2
  Location: https://triggers.dcdn.example.com/triggers/0
  Server: example-server/0.1

  {
    "errors.v2": [
      {
        "specs": [
            {
               "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UriRegexes",
               "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                  "regexes": [
                     {
                        "regex": "^(https:\\/\\/video\\.example\\.com)\\/
                        ([a-z])\\/movie1\\/([1-7])\\/*(index.m3u8|\\d{3}.ts)$",
                        "case-sensitive": true,
                        "match-query-string": false
                     }
                  ]
               },
               "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
            }
         ],
        "description": "The dCDN rejected a regex due to complexity",
        "error": "ereject",
        "cdn": "AS64500:0"
      },
    ],
    "ctime": 1462351690,
    "etime": 1462351698,
    "mtime": 1462351690,
    "status": "failed",
    "trigger.v2": { <content of trigger object from the command> }
  }

11.1.4.  Preposition with Playlists

   In the following example a CI/T "preposition" command uses the
   Playlist property to specify the full media library of a specific
   content.  The command fails due to playlist parse error and an
   appropriate error is reflected in the status response.

REQUEST:

  POST /triggers HTTP/1.1
  User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
  Host: triggers.dcdn.example.com
  Accept: */*

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  Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-command.v2
  {
    "trigger.v2": {
      "action": "CIT.Preposition",
      "specs": [
         {
            "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.ContentPlaylists",
            "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
               "playlists": [
                  {
                  "playlist": "https://www.example.com/hls/title/index.m3u8",
                  "media-protocol": "hls"
                  },
                  { <Playlist #2> },
                  ...
                  { <Playlist #N> }
               ]
            },
            "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
         }
      ]
    },
    "cdn-path": [ "AS64496:0" ]
  }

RESPONSE:

  HTTP/1.1 201 Created
  Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:10 GMT
  Content-Length: 467
  Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-status.v2
  Location: https://triggers.dcdn.example.com/triggers/0
  Server: example-server/0.1

  {
    "errors.v2": [
      {
        "specs": [
          {
            "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.ContentPlaylists",
            "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
               "playlists": [
                  {
                  "playlist": "https://www.example.com/hls/title/index.m3u8",
                  "media-protocol": "hls"
                  }
               ]
            },

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            "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
         }
       ],
       "description": "The dCDN was not able to parse the playlist",
       "error": "econtent",
       "cdn": "AS64500:0"
      },
    ],
    "ctime": 1462351690,
    "etime": 1462351698,
    "mtime": 1462351690,
    "status": "failed",
    "trigger.v2": { <content of trigger object from the command> }
  }

11.2.  Examining Trigger Status

   Once Trigger Status Resources have been created, the uCDN can check
   their status as shown in the following examples.

11.2.1.  Collection of All Triggers

   The uCDN can fetch the collection of all Trigger Status Resources it
   has created that have not yet been deleted or removed as expired.
   After creation of the "preposition" and "invalidate" triggers shown
   above, this collection might look as follows:

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   REQUEST:

     GET /triggers HTTP/1.1
     User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
     Host: dcdn.example.com
     Accept: */*

   RESPONSE:

     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
     Content-Length: 341
     Expires: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:49:11 GMT
     Server: example-server/0.1
     ETag: "-936094426920308378"
     Cache-Control: max-age=60
     Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:11 GMT
     Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-collection

     {
         "cdn-id": "AS64496:0",
         "coll-active": "/triggers/active",
         "coll-complete": "/triggers/complete",
         "coll-failed": "/triggers/failed",
         "coll-pending": "/triggers/pending",
         "staleresourcetime": 86400,
         "triggers": [
             "https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/0",
             "https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/1"
         ]
     }

11.2.2.  Filtered Collections of Trigger Status Resources

   The filtered collections are also available to the uCDN.  Before the
   dCDN starts processing the two CI/T Trigger Commands shown above,
   both will appear in the collection of pending triggers.  For example:

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   REQUEST:

     GET /triggers/pending HTTP/1.1
     User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
     Host: dcdn.example.com
     Accept: */*

   RESPONSE:

     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
     Content-Length: 152
     Expires: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:49:11 GMT
     Server: example-server/0.1
     ETag: "4331492443626270781"
     Cache-Control: max-age=60
     Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:11 GMT
     Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-collection

     {
         "staleresourcetime": 86400,
         "triggers": [
             "https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/0",
             "https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/1"
         ]
     }

   At this point, if no other Trigger Status Resources had been created,
   the other filtered views would be empty.  For example:

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   REQUEST:

     GET /triggers/complete HTTP/1.1
     User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
     Host: dcdn.example.com
     Accept: */*

   RESPONSE:

     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
     Content-Length: 54
     Expires: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:49:11 GMT
     Server: example-server/0.1
     ETag: "7958041393922269003"
     Cache-Control: max-age=60
     Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:11 GMT
     Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-collection

     {
         "staleresourcetime": 86400,
         "triggers": []
     }

11.2.3.  Individual Trigger Status Resources

   The Trigger Status Resources can also be examined for details about
   individual CI/T Trigger Commands.  For example, for the CI/T
   "preposition" and "invalidate" commands from previous examples:

REQUEST:

  GET /triggers/0 HTTP/1.1
  User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
  Host: dcdn.example.com
  Accept: */*

RESPONSE:

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Content-Length: 467
  Expires: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:49:10 GMT
  Server: example-server/0.1
  ETag: "6990548174277557683"
  Cache-Control: max-age=60
  Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:10 GMT
  Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-status

  {

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      "ctime": 1462351690,
      "etime": 1462351698,
      "mtime": 1462351690,
      "status": "pending",
      "trigger": {
          "action": "CIT.Preposition",
          "specs": [
            {
               "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UrlsSpec",
               "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                  "urls": [
                     "https://metadata.example.com/a/b/c"
                  ]
               },
               "trigger-subject": "CIT.Metadata"
            },
            {
               "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UrlsSpec",
               "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                  "urls": [
                     "https://www.example.com/a/b/c/1",
                     "https://www.example.com/a/b/c/2",
                     "https://www.example.com/a/b/c/3",
                     "https://www.example.com/a/b/c/4"
                  ]
               },
               "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
            }
         ]
      }
  }

REQUEST:

  GET /triggers/1 HTTP/1.1
  User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
  Host: dcdn.example.com
  Accept: */*

RESPONSE:

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Content-Length: 545
  Expires: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:49:11 GMT
  Server: example-server/0.1
  ETag: "-554385204989405469"
  Cache-Control: max-age=60
  Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:11 GMT

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  Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-status
  {
      "ctime": 1462351691,
      "etime": 1462351699,
      "mtime": 1462351691,
      "status": "pending",
      "trigger": {
          "action": "CIT.Invalidate",
          "specs": [
            {
               "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UriPatterns",
               "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                  "patterns": [
                     { "pattern": "https://metadata.example.com/a/b/*" }
                  ]
               },
               "trigger-subject": "CIT.Metadata"
            },
            {
               "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UrlsSpec",
               "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                  "urls": [
                     "https://www.example.com/a/index.html"
                  ]
               },
               "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
            },
            {
               "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.UriPatterns",
               "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
                  "patterns": [
                     { "pattern": "https://www.example.com/a/b/*",
                        "case-sensitive": true
                     }
                  ]
               },
               "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
            }
         ]
      }
  }

11.2.4.  Polling for Changes in Status

   The uCDN SHOULD use the ETags of collections or Trigger Status
   Resources when polling for changes in status, as shown in the
   following examples:

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   REQUEST:

     GET /triggers/pending HTTP/1.1
     User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
     Host: dcdn.example.com
     Accept: */*
     If-None-Match: "4331492443626270781"

   RESPONSE:
      HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified
      Content-Length: 0
      Expires: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:49:11 GMT
      Server: example-server/0.1
      ETag: "4331492443626270781"
      Cache-Control: max-age=60
      Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:11 GMT
      Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-collection

   REQUEST:

     GET /triggers/0 HTTP/1.1
     User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
     Host: dcdn.example.com
     Accept: */*
     If-None-Match: "6990548174277557683"

   RESPONSE:

     HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified
     Content-Length: 0
     Expires: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:49:10 GMT
     Server: example-server/0.1
     ETag: "6990548174277557683"
     Cache-Control: max-age=60
     Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:10 GMT
     Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-status

   When the CI/T Trigger Command is complete, the contents of the
   filtered collections will be updated along with their ETags.  For
   example, when the two example CI/T Trigger Commands are complete, the
   collections of pending and complete Trigger Status Resources might
   look like:

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   REQUEST:

     GET /triggers/pending HTTP/1.1
     User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
     Host: dcdn.example.com
     Accept: */*

   RESPONSE:

     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
     Content-Length: 54
     Expires: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:49:15 GMT
     Server: example-server/0.1
     ETag: "1337503181677633762"
     Cache-Control: max-age=60
     Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:15 GMT
     Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-collection

     {
         "staleresourcetime": 86400,
         "triggers": []
     }

   REQUEST:

     GET /triggers/complete HTTP/1.1
     User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
     Host: dcdn.example.com
     Accept: */*

   RESPONSE:

     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
     Content-Length: 152
     Expires: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:49:22 GMT
     Server: example-server/0.1
     ETag: "4481489539378529796"
     Cache-Control: max-age=60
     Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:22 GMT
     Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-collection

     {
         "staleresourcetime": 86400,
         "triggers": [
             "https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/0",
             "https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/1"
         ]
     }

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11.2.5.  Deleting Trigger Status Resources

   The uCDN can delete completed and failed Trigger Status Resources to
   reduce the size of the collections, as described in Section 6.4.  For
   example, to delete the "preposition" request from earlier examples:

   REQUEST:

     DELETE /triggers/0 HTTP/1.1
     User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
     Host: dcdn.example.com
     Accept: */*

   RESPONSE:

     HTTP/1.1 204 No Content
     Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:22 GMT
     Content-Length: 0
     Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
     Server: example-server/0.1

   This would, for example, cause the collection of completed Trigger
   Status Resources shown in the example above to be updated to:

   REQUEST:

     GET /triggers/complete HTTP/1.1
     User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
     Host: dcdn.example.com
     Accept: */*

   RESPONSE:

     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
     Content-Length: 105
     Expires: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:49:22 GMT
     Server: example-server/0.1
     ETag: "-6938620031669085677"
     Cache-Control: max-age=60
     Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:22 GMT
     Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-collection

     {
         "staleresourcetime": 86400,
         "triggers": [
             "https://dcdn.example.com/triggers/1"
         ]
     }

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11.2.6.  Extensions with Error Propagation

   In the following example a CI/T "preposition" command is using two
   extensions to control the way the trigger is executed.  In this
   example the receiving dCDN identified as "AS64500:0" does not support
   the first extension in the extensions array. dCDN "AS64500:0" further
   distributes this trigger to another downstream CDN that is identified
   as "AS64501:0", which does not support the second extension in the
   extensions array.  The error is propagated from "AS64501:0" to
   "AS64500:0" and the errors.v2 array reflects both errors.

REQUEST:

  POST /triggers HTTP/1.1
  User-Agent: example-user-agent/0.1
  Host: triggers.dcdn.example.com
  Accept: */*
  Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-command.v2
  {
    "trigger.v2": {
     "action": "CIT.Preposition",
     "specs": [
         {
            "generic-trigger-spec-type": "CIT.ContentPlaylists",
            "generic-trigger-spec-value": {
               "playlists": [
                  {
                  "playlist": "https://www.example.com/hls/title/index.m3u8",
                  "media-protocol": "hls"
                  }
               ]
            },
            "trigger-subject": "CIT.Content"
         }
      ],
      "extensions": [
          {
            "generic-trigger-extension-type":
               <Type of trigger extension object #1>,
            "generic-trigger-extension-value":
                {
                  <properties of trigger extension object #1>
                },
            "mandatory-to-enforce": true,
            "safe-to-redistribute": true,
          },
          {
            "generic-trigger-extension-type":

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               <Type of trigger extension object #2>,
            "generic-trigger-extension-value":
                {
                  <properties of trigger extension object #2>
                },
            "mandatory-to-enforce": true,
            "safe-to-redistribute": true,
          },
      ],
    },
    "cdn-path": [ "AS64496:0" ]
  }

RESPONSE:

  HTTP/1.1 201 Created
  Date: Wed, 04 May 2016 08:48:10 GMT
  Content-Length: 467
  Content-Type: application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-status.v2
  Location: https://triggers.dcdn.example.com/triggers/0
  Server: example-server/0.1

  {
     "errors.v2": [
       {
         "extensions": [
            {
              "generic-trigger-extension-type":
                 <Type of trigger extension object #1>,
              "generic-trigger-extension-value":
                  {
                    <properties of trigger extension object #1>
                  },
              "mandatory-to-enforce": true,
              "safe-to-redistribute": true,
            },
          ],
         "description": "unrecognized extension <type>",
         "error": "eextension",
         "cdn": "AS64500:0"
       },
       {
         "extensions": [
            {
              "generic-trigger-extension-type":
                 <Type of trigger extension object #2>,
              "generic-trigger-extension-value":
                  {

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                    <properties of trigger extension object #2>
                  },
              "mandatory-to-enforce": true,
              "safe-to-redistribute": true,
            },
          ],
         "description": "unrecognized extension <type>",
         "error": "eextension",
         "cdn": "AS64501:0"
       },
     ],
     "ctime": 1462351690,
     "etime": 1462351698,
     "mtime": 1462351690,
     "status": "failed",
     "trigger.v2": { <content of trigger object from the command> }
  }

12.  IANA Considerations

12.1.  CDNI Payload Type Parameter Registrations

   The IANA is requested to register the following new Payload Types in
   the "CDNI Payload Types" registry defined by [RFC7736], for use with
   the "application/cdni" MIME media type.

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              +=============================+===============+
              | Payload Type                | Specification |
              +=============================+===============+
              | ci-trigger-collection       | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | ci-trigger-command.v2       | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | ci-trigger-status.v2        | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | CIT.Preposition             | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | CIT.Invalidate              | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | CIT.Purge                   | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | CIT.UrlsSpec                | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | CIT.CcidsSpec               | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | CIT.UriPatternsSpec         | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | CIT.UrisRegexesSpec         | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | CIT.ContentPlaylistsSpec    | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | CIT.MetadataSubject         | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | CIT.ContentSubject          | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | CIT.LocationPolicy          | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | CIT.TimePolicy              | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | FCI.TriggerVersion          | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | FCI.TriggerScope            | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | FCI.TriggerType             | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | FCI.TriggerGenericSpec      | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | FCI.TriggerGenericExtension | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+
              | FCI.TriggerPlaylistProtocol | RFCthis       |
              +-----------------------------+---------------+

                                  Table 6

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   [RFC Editor: Please replace RFCthis with the published RFC number for
   this document.]

12.1.1.  CDNI ci-trigger-command.v2 Payload Type

   Purpose: TODO: The purpose of this payload type is to distinguish
   version 2 of the CI/T command (and any associated capability
   advertisement)

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see Section 7.1.1

12.1.2.  CDNI ci-trigger-status.v2 Payload Type

   Purpose: TODO: The purpose of this payload type is to distinguish
   version 2 of the CI/T status resource response (and any associated
   capability advertisement)

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see Section 7.1.2

12.1.3.  CDNI ci-trigger-collection.v2 Payload Type

   Purpose: TODO (came from 8007)

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see Section 7.1.3

12.1.4.  CDNI CI/T Trigger Action Payload Types

12.1.4.1.  CDNI CI/T Preposition Trigger Action Payload Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this Trigger action type is to distinguish
   Preposition CIT Trigger Types Triggers.

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see Section 7.2.2

12.1.4.2.  CDNI CI/T Invalidate Trigger Action Payload Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this Trigger action type is to distinguish
   Invalidate CIT Trigger Types Triggers.

   Interface: CI/T

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   Encoding: see Section 7.2.2

12.1.4.3.  CDNI CI/T Purge Trigger Action Payload Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this Trigger action type is to distinguish
   Purge CIT Trigger Types Triggers.

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see Section 7.2.2

12.1.5.  CDNI CI/T Trigger Spec Payload Types

12.1.5.1.  CDNI CI/T Urls Trigger Spec Payload Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this Trigger Spec type is to distinguish Urls
   CIT Trigger Spec objects.

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see Section 8.1

12.1.5.2.  CDNI CI/T Ccids Trigger Spec Payload Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this Trigger Spec type is to distinguish
   Ccids CIT Trigger Spec objects.

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see Section 8.2

12.1.5.3.  CDNI CI/T UriPatterns Trigger Spec Payload Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this Trigger Spec type is to distinguish
   UriPatterns CIT Trigger Spec objects.

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see Section 8.3

12.1.5.4.  CDNI CI/T UriRegexes Trigger Spec Payload Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this Trigger Spec type is to distinguish
   UriRegexes CIT Trigger Spec objects.

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see Section 8.4

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12.1.5.5.  CDNI CI/T ContentPlaylists Trigger Spec Payload Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this Trigger Spec type is to distinguish
   ContentPlaylists CIT Trigger Spec objects.

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see Section 8.5

12.1.6.  CDNI CI/T Trigger Subject types

12.1.6.1.  CDNI CI/T Metadata Trigger Subject Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this Trigger Spec subejct type is to
   distinguish Metadata CIT Trigger Spec objects.

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see TODO - string "metatdata" - should we register it????

12.1.6.2.  CDNI CI/T Content Trigger Subject Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this Trigger Spec subejct type is to
   distinguish Content CIT Trigger Spec objects.

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see TODO - string "metatdata" - should we register it????

12.1.7.  CDNI CI/T Trigger Extension Payload Types

12.1.7.1.  CDNI CI/T LocationPolicy Trigger Extension Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this Trigger Extension type is to distinguish
   LocationPolicy CIT Trigger Extension objects.

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see Section 9.1

12.1.7.2.  CDNI CI/T TimePolicy Trigger Extension Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this Trigger Extension type is to distinguish
   TimePolicy CI/T Trigger Extension objects.

   Interface: CI/T

   Encoding: see Section 9.2

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12.1.8.  CDNI FCI CI/T Payload Types

12.1.8.1.  CDNI FCI CI/T Versions Payload Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this payload type is to distinguish FCI
   advertisement objects for CI/T Triggers Versions objects

   Interface: FCI

   Encoding: see Section 10.1.1

12.1.8.2.  CDNI FCI CI/T Trigger Scope Payload Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this payload type is to distinguish FCI
   advertisement objects for CI/T Trigger Scope

   Interface: FCI

   Encoding: see Section 10.2.1

12.1.8.3.  CDNI FCI CI/T Playlist Protocol Payload Type

   Purpose: The purpose of this payload type is to distinguish FCI
   advertisement objects for CI/T Playlist Protocol objects

   Interface: FCI

   Encoding: see Section 10.3.1

12.2.  "CDNI CI/T Trigger Types" Registry

   The IANA is requested to create a new "CDNI CI/T Trigger Types"
   subregistry under the "Content Delivery Network Interconnection
   (CDNI) Parameters" registry.

   Additions to the "CDNI CI/T Trigger Types" registry will be made via
   the RFC Required policy as defined in [RFC8126].

   The initial contents of the "CDNI CI/T Trigger Types" registry
   comprise the names and descriptions listed in Section 5.2.2 of this
   document, with this document acting as the specification.

12.3.  "CDNI CI/T Error Codes" Registry

   The IANA is requested to create a new "CDNI CI/T Error Codes"
   subregistry under the "Content Delivery Network Interconnection
   (CDNI) Parameters" registry.

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   Additions to the "CDNI CI/T Error Codes" registry will be made via
   the Specification Required policy as defined in [RFC8126].  The
   Designated Expert will verify that new Error Code registrations do
   not duplicate existing Error Code definitions (in name or
   functionality), prevent gratuitous additions to the namespace, and
   prevent any additions to the namespace that would impair the
   interoperability of CDNI implementations.

   The initial contents of the "CDNI CI/T Error Codes" registry comprise
   the names and descriptions of the Error Codes listed in Section 5.2.7
   of this document, with this document acting as the specification.

12.4.  CDNI Media protocol types

   The IANA is requested to create a new "CDNI MediaProtocol Types"
   subregistry in the "Content Delivery Networks Interconnection (CDNI)
   Parameters" registry.  The "CDNI MediaProtocol Types" namespace
   defines the valid MediaProtocol object values in
   Section Section 8.5.2, used by the Playlist object.  Additions to the
   MediaProtocol namespace conform to the "Specification Required"
   policy as defined in Section 4.6 of [RFC8126], where the
   specification defines the MediaProtocol Type and the protocol to
   which it is associated.  The designated expert will verify that new
   protocol definitions do not duplicate existing protocol definitions
   and prevent gratuitous additions to the namespace.

   The following table defines the initial MediaProtocol values
   corresponding to the HLS, MSS, and DASH protocols:

   +===============+==================+===============+===============+
   | MediaProtocol | Description      | Specification | Protocol      |
   | Type          |                  |               | Specification |
   +===============+==================+===============+===============+
   | hls           | HTTP Live        | RFCthis       | RFC 8216      |
   |               | Streaming        |               | [RFC8216]     |
   +---------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
   | mss           | Microsoft Smooth | RFCthis       | MSS [MSS]     |
   |               | Streaming        |               |               |
   +---------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
   | dash          | Dynamic Adaptive | RFCthis       | MPEG-DASH     |
   |               | Streaming over   |               | [MPEG-DASH]   |
   |               | HTTP (MPEG-DASH) |               |               |
   +---------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+

                                 Table 7

   [RFC Editor: Please replace RFCthis with the published RFC number for
   this document.]

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13.  Security Considerations

   The CI/T interface provides a mechanism to allow a uCDN to generate
   requests into the dCDN and to inspect its own CI/T requests and their
   current states.  The CI/T interface does not allow access to, or
   modification of, the uCDN or dCDN metadata relating to content
   delivery or to the content itself.  It can only control the presence
   of that metadata in the dCDN, and the processing work and network
   utilization involved in ensuring that presence.

   By examining "preposition" requests to a dCDN, and correctly
   interpreting content and metadata URLs, an attacker could learn the
   uCDN's or content owner's predictions for future content popularity.
   By examining "invalidate" or "purge" requests, an attacker could
   learn about changes in the content owner's catalog.

   By injecting CI/T Commands, an attacker or a misbehaving uCDN would
   generate work in the dCDN and uCDN as they process those requests.
   So would a man-in-the-middle attacker modifying valid CI/T Commands
   generated by the uCDN.  In both cases, that would decrease the dCDN's
   caching efficiency by causing it to unnecessarily acquire or
   reacquire content metadata and/or content.

   A dCDN implementation of CI/T MUST restrict the actions of a uCDN to
   the data corresponding to that uCDN.  Failure to do so would allow
   uCDNs to detrimentally affect each other's efficiency by generating
   unnecessary acquisition or reacquisition load.

   An origin that chooses to delegate its delivery to a CDN is trusting
   that CDN to deliver content on its behalf; the interconnection of
   CDNs is an extension of that trust to dCDNs.  That trust relationship
   is a commercial arrangement, outside the scope of the CDNI protocols.
   So, while a malicious CDN could deliberately generate load on a dCDN
   using the CI/T interface, the protocol does not otherwise attempt to
   address malicious behavior between interconnected CDNs.

13.1.  Authentication, Authorization, Confidentiality, Integrity
       Protection

   A CI/T implementation MUST support Transport Layer Security (TLS)
   transport for HTTP (HTTPS) as per [RFC2818] and [RFC7230].

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   TLS MUST be used by the server side (dCDN) and the client side (uCDN)
   of the CI/T interface, including authentication of the remote end,
   unless alternate methods are used for ensuring the security of the
   information in the CI/T interface requests and responses (such as
   setting up an IPsec tunnel between the two CDNs or using a physically
   secured internal network between two CDNs that are owned by the same
   corporate entity).

   The use of TLS for transport of the CI/T interface allows the dCDN
   and the uCDN to authenticate each other using TLS client
   authentication and TLS server authentication.

   Once the dCDN and the uCDN have mutually authenticated each other,
   TLS allows:

   *  The dCDN and the uCDN to authorize each other (to ensure that they
      are receiving CI/T Commands from, or reporting status to, an
      authorized CDN).

   *  CDNI commands and responses to be transmitted with
      confidentiality.

   *  Protection of the integrity of CDNI commands and responses.

   When TLS is used, the general TLS usage guidance in [RFC7525] MUST be
   followed.

   The mechanisms for access control are dCDN-specific and are not
   standardized as part of this CI/T specification.

   HTTP requests that attempt to access or operate on CI/T data
   belonging to another CDN MUST be rejected using, for example, HTTP
   403 ("Forbidden") or 404 ("Not Found").  This is intended to prevent
   unauthorized users from generating unnecessary load in dCDNs or uCDNs
   due to revalidation, reacquisition, or unnecessary acquisition.

   When deploying a network of interconnected CDNs, the possible
   inefficiencies related to the diamond configuration discussed in
   Section 2.2.1 should be considered.

13.2.  Denial of Service

   This document does not define a specific mechanism to protect against
   Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks on the CI/T interface.  However, CI/T
   endpoints can be protected against DoS attacks through the use of TLS
   transport and/or via mechanisms outside the scope of the CI/T
   interface, such as firewalling or the use of Virtual Private Networks
   (VPNs).

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   Depending on the implementation, triggered activity may consume
   significant processing and bandwidth in the dCDN.  A malicious or
   faulty uCDN could use this to generate unnecessary load in the dCDN.
   The dCDN should consider mechanisms to avoid overload -- for example,
   by rate-limiting acceptance or processing of CI/T Commands, or by
   performing batch processing.

13.3.  Privacy

   The CI/T protocol does not carry any information about individual end
   users of a CDN; there are no privacy concerns for end users.

   The CI/T protocol does carry information that could be considered
   commercially sensitive by CDN operators and content owners.  The use
   of mutually authenticated TLS to establish a secure session for the
   transport of CI/T data, as discussed in Section 13.1, provides
   confidentiality while the CI/T data is in transit and prevents
   parties other than the authorized dCDN from gaining access to that
   data.  The dCDN MUST ensure that it only exposes CI/T data related to
   a uCDN to clients it has authenticated as belonging to that uCDN.

14.  References

14.1.  Normative References

   [ABNF]     Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
              Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.

   [RFC1930]  Hawkinson, J. and T. Bates, "Guidelines for creation,
              selection, and registration of an Autonomous System (AS)",
              BCP 6, RFC 1930, DOI 10.17487/RFC1930, March 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1930>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3339]  Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
              Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339>.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

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   [RFC7230]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
              RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.

   [RFC7231]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7231>.

   [RFC7232]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Conditional Requests", RFC 7232,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7232, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7232>.

   [RFC7525]  Sheffer, Y., Holz, R., and P. Saint-Andre,
              "Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer
              Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
              (DTLS)", BCP 195, RFC 7525, DOI 10.17487/RFC7525, May
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7525>.

   [RFC8006]  Niven-Jenkins, B., Murray, R., Caulfield, M., and K. Ma,
              "Content Delivery Network Interconnection (CDNI)
              Metadata", RFC 8006, DOI 10.17487/RFC8006, December 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8006>.

   [RFC8007]  Murray, R. and B. Niven-Jenkins, "Content Delivery Network
              Interconnection (CDNI) Control Interface / Triggers",
              RFC 8007, DOI 10.17487/RFC8007, December 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8007>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

   [RFC8259]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.

14.2.  Informative References

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   [I-D.greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl]
              Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise data
              definition language (CDDL): a notational convention to
              express CBOR data structures", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl-11, 3 July
              2017, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-greevenbosch-
              appsawg-cbor-cddl-11.txt>.

   [ISO8601]  ISO, "Data elements and interchange formats -- Information
              interchange -- Representation of dates and times",
              ISO 8601:2004, Edition 3, December 2004,
              <https://www.iso.org/standard/40874.html>.

   [MPEG-DASH]
              ISO, "Information technology -- Dynamic adaptive streaming
              over HTTP (DASH) -- Part 1: Media presentation description
              and segment format", ISO/IEC 23009-1:2014, Edition 2, May
              2014, <https://www.iso.org/standard/65274.html>.

   [MSS]      Microsoft, "[MS-SSTR]: Smooth Streaming Protocol",
              Protocol Revision 8.0, September 2017,
              <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff469518.aspx>.

   [PCRE841]  Hazel, P., "Perl Compatible Regular Expressions",
              Version 8.41, 5 July 2017, <http://www.pcre.org/>.

   [RFC2818]  Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2818, May 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2818>.

   [RFC6707]  Niven-Jenkins, B., Le Faucheur, F., and N. Bitar, "Content
              Distribution Network Interconnection (CDNI) Problem
              Statement", RFC 6707, DOI 10.17487/RFC6707, September
              2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6707>.

   [RFC7336]  Peterson, L., Davie, B., and R. van Brandenburg, Ed.,
              "Framework for Content Distribution Network
              Interconnection (CDNI)", RFC 7336, DOI 10.17487/RFC7336,
              August 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7336>.

   [RFC7337]  Leung, K., Ed. and Y. Lee, Ed., "Content Distribution
              Network Interconnection (CDNI) Requirements", RFC 7337,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7337, August 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7337>.

   [RFC7736]  Ma, K., "Content Delivery Network Interconnection (CDNI)
              Media Type Registration", RFC 7736, DOI 10.17487/RFC7736,
              December 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7736>.

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   [RFC7975]  Niven-Jenkins, B., Ed. and R. van Brandenburg, Ed.,
              "Request Routing Redirection Interface for Content
              Delivery Network (CDN) Interconnection", RFC 7975,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7975, October 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7975>.

   [RFC8216]  Pantos, R., Ed. and W. May, "HTTP Live Streaming",
              RFC 8216, DOI 10.17487/RFC8216, August 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8216>.

Appendix A.  Formalization of the JSON Data

   This appendix is non-normative.

   TODO should we remove it or compile a CDDL on our own

   The JSON data described in this document has been formalized using
   the CBOR Data Definition Language (CDDL)
   [I-D.greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl] (where "CBOR" means "Concise
   Binary Object Representation"), as follows:

 CIT-object = CIT-command / Trigger-Status-Resource / Trigger-Collection

 CIT-command ; use media type application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-command
 = {
   ? trigger: Triggerspec
   ? cancel: [* URI]
   cdn-path: [* Cdn-PID]
 }

 Trigger-Status-Resource ; application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-status
 = {
   trigger: Triggerspec
   ctime: Absolute-Time
   mtime: Absolute-Time
   ? etime: Absolute-Time
   status: Trigger-Status
   ? errors: [* Error-Description]
 }

 Trigger-Collection ; application/cdni; ptype=ci-trigger-collection
 = {
   triggers: [* URI]
   ? staleresourcetime: int ; time in seconds
   ? coll-all: URI
   ? coll-pending: URI
   ? coll-active: URI
   ? coll-complete: URI

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   ? coll-failed: URI
   ? cdn-id: Cdn-PID
 }

 Triggerspec = { ; see Section 5.2.1
   type: Trigger-Type
   ? metadata.urls: [* URI]
   ? content.urls: [* URI]
   ? content.ccid: [* Ccid]
   ? metadata.patterns: [* Pattern-Match]
   ? content.patterns: [* Pattern-Match]
 }

 Trigger-Type = "preposition" / "invalidate"
    / "purge" ; see Section 5.2.2

 Trigger-Status = "pending" / "active" / "complete" / "processed"
    / "failed" / "cancelling" / "cancelled" ; see Section 5.2.3

 Pattern-Match = { ; see Section 5.2.4
   pattern: tstr
   ? case-sensitive: bool
   ? match-query-string: bool
 }

 Absolute-Time = number ; seconds since UNIX epoch (Section 5.2.5)

 Error-Description = { ; see Section 5.2.6
   error: Error-Code
   ? metadata.urls: [* URI]
   ? content.urls: [* URI]
   ? metadata.patterns: [* Pattern-Match]
   ? content.patterns: [* Pattern-Match]
   ? description: tstr
 }

 Error-Code = "emeta" / "econtent" / "eperm" / "ereject"
    / "ecdn" / "ecancelled"  ; see Section 5.2.7

 Ccid = tstr ; see RFC 8006

 Cdn-PID = tstr .regexp "AS[0-9]+:[0-9]+"

 URI = tstr

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Acknowledgments

   The authors thank Kevin Ma for his input, and Carsten Bormann for his
   review and formalization of the JSON data.

Authors' Addresses

   Ori Finkelman
   Qwilt
   6, Ha'harash
   Hod HaSharon 4524079
   Israel
   Email: ori.finkelman.ietf@gmail.com

   Sanjay Mishra
   Verizon
   13100 Columbia Pike
   Silver Spring, MD 20904
   United States of America
   Email: sanjay.mishra@verizon.com

   Nir B. Sopher
   Qwilt
   6, Ha'harash
   Hod HaSharon 4524079
   Israel
   Email: nir@apache.org

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