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Group Communication for CoAP
draft-ietf-core-groupcomm-21

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7390.
Authors Akbar Rahman , Esko Dijk
Last updated 2014-08-21 (Latest revision 2014-07-31)
Replaces draft-rahman-core-groupcomm
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Additional resources Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state Submitted to IESG for Publication
Document shepherd Carsten Bormann
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2014-07-21
IESG IESG state Became RFC 7390 (Experimental)
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Needs a YES.
Responsible AD Barry Leiba
Send notices to core-chairs@tools.ietf.org, draft-ietf-core-groupcomm@tools.ietf.org, core@ietf.org
IANA IANA review state IANA OK - Actions Needed
draft-ietf-core-groupcomm-21
CoRE Working Group                                        A. Rahman, Ed.
Internet-Draft                          InterDigital Communications, LLC
Intended status: Informational                              E. Dijk, Ed.
Expires: February 1, 2015                               Philips Research
                                                           July 31, 2014

                      Group Communication for CoAP
                      draft-ietf-core-groupcomm-21

Abstract

   CoAP is a specialized web transfer protocol for constrained devices
   and constrained networks.  It is anticipated that constrained devices
   will often naturally operate in groups (e.g., in a building
   automation scenario all lights in a given room may need to be
   switched on/off as a group).  This document provides guidance for how
   the CoAP protocol should be used in a group communication context.
   An approach for using CoAP on top of IP multicast is detailed.  Also,
   various use cases and corresponding protocol flows are provided to
   illustrate important concepts.  Finally, guidance is provided for
   deployment in various network topologies.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on February 1, 2015.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of

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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Background  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.3.  Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Protocol Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  IP Multicast Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.2.  Group Definition and Naming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.3.  Port and URI Configuration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.4.  RESTful Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.5.  Request and Response Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.6.  Member Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     2.7.  Membership Configuration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       2.7.1.  Background  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       2.7.2.  Membership Configuration RESTful Interface  . . . . .  10
     2.8.  Request Acceptance and Response Suppression Rules . . . .  16
     2.9.  Congestion Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     2.10. Proxy Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     2.11. Exceptions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   3.  Use Cases and Corresponding Protocol Flows  . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.2.  Network Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.3.  Discovery of Resource Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     3.4.  Lighting Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     3.5.  Lighting Control in MLD Enabled Network . . . . . . . . .  29
     3.6.  Commissioning the Network Based On Resource Directory . .  30
   4.  Deployment Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     4.1.  Target Network Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     4.2.  Networks Using the MLD Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     4.3.  Networks Using RPL Multicast Without MLD  . . . . . . . .  32
     4.4.  Networks Using MPL Forwarding Without MLD . . . . . . . .  33
     4.5.  6LoWPAN Specific Guidelines for the 6LBR  . . . . . . . .  34
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     5.1.  Security Configuration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     5.2.  Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     5.3.  Threat Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
       5.3.1.  WiFi Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
       5.3.2.  6LoWPAN Scenario  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
       5.3.3.  Future Evolution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     5.4.  Pervasive Monitoring Considerations . . . . . . . . . . .  36

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   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
     6.1.  New 'core.gp' Resource Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
     6.2.  New 'coap-group+json' Internet Media Type . . . . . . . .  37
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
   Appendix A.  Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) . . . . . . . . .  41
   Appendix B.  Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52

1.  Introduction

1.1.  Background

   Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a Representational State
   Transfer (REST) based web transfer protocol for resource constrained
   devices operating in an IP network [RFC7252].  CoAP has many
   similarities to HTTP [RFC7230] but also has some key differences.
   Constrained devices can be large in numbers, but are often related to
   each other in function or by location.  For example, all the light
   switches in a building may belong to one group and all the
   thermostats may belong to another group.  Groups may be pre-
   configured before deployment or dynamically formed during operation.
   If information needs to be sent to or received from a group of
   devices, group communication mechanisms can improve efficiency and
   latency of communication and reduce bandwidth requirements for a
   given application.  HTTP does not support any equivalent
   functionality to CoAP group communication.

1.2.  Scope

   Group communication involves a one-to-many relationship between CoAP
   endpoints.  Specifically, a single CoAP client can simultaneously get
   (or set) resources from multiple CoAP servers using CoAP over IP
   multicast.  An example would be a CoAP light switch turning on/off
   multiple lights in a room with a single CoAP group communication PUT
   request, and handling the potential multitude of (unicast) responses.

   The normative protocol aspects of sending CoAP requests on top of IP
   multicast, and processing the (unicast IP) responses are given in
   Section 8 of [RFC7252].  The main contribution of this document lies
   in providing additional guidance for key CoAP group communication
   concepts.  Among the topics covered are group definition, group
   RESTful methods, and group request and response processing (see
   Section 2).  Also, proxy operation and minimizing network congestion
   for group communication is discussed (see Section 2).  Finally,

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   specific use cases (see Section 3) and deployment guidelines (see
   Section 4) for group communication are outlined.

   While [RFC7252] supports various modes of DTLS based security for
   CoAP over unicast IP, it does not specify any security modes for CoAP
   over IP multicast.  That is, [RFC7252] assumes that CoAP over IP
   multicast is not encrypted, nor authenticated, nor access controlled.
   This document assumes the same security model (see Section 5.1).
   However, there are several promising security solutions being
   developed that should be considered in the future for protecting CoAP
   group communications (see Section 5.3.3).

1.3.  Conventions and Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   [RFC2119].

   This document assumes readers are familiar with the terms and
   concepts that are used in [RFC7252].  In addition, this document
   defines the following terminology:

   Group Communication
      A source node sends a single application layer (e.g., CoAP)
      message which is delivered to multiple destination nodes, where
      all destinations are identified to belong to a specific group.
      The source node itself may be part of the group.  The underlying
      mechanisms for CoAP group communication are UDP/IP multicast for
      the requests, and unicast UDP/IP for the responses.  The network
      involved may be a constrained network such as a low-power, lossy
      network.

   Reliable Group Communication
      A special case of group communication where for each destination
      node it is guaranteed that the node either 1) eventually receives
      the message sent by the source node, or 2) does not receive the
      message and the source node is notified of the non-reception
      event.

   Multicast
      Sending a message to multiple destination nodes with one network
      invocation.  There are various options to implement multicast
      including layer 2 (Media Access Control) and layer 3 (IP)
      mechanisms.

   IP Multicast

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      A specific multicast approach based on the use of IP multicast
      addresses as defined in "IANA Guidelines for IPv4 Multicast
      Address Assignments" [RFC5771] and "IP Version 6 Addressing
      Architecture" [RFC4291].  A complete IP multicast solution may
      include support for managing group memberships, and IP multicast
      routing/forwarding (see Section 2.1).

   Low power and Lossy Network (LLN)
      A type of constrained IP network where devices are interconnected
      by low-power and lossy links.  The links may be may composed of
      one or more technologies such as IEEE 802.15.4, Bluetooth Low
      Energy (BLE), Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication (DECT),
      and IEEE P1901.2 power-line communication.

2.  Protocol Considerations

2.1.  IP Multicast Background

   IP multicast protocols have been evolving for decades, resulting in
   standards such as Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-
   SM) [RFC4601].  IP multicast is very popular in specific deployments
   such as in enterprise networks (e.g., for video conferencing), smart
   home networks (e.g., Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)) and carrier IPTV
   deployments.  The packet economy and minimal host complexity of IP
   multicast make it attractive for group communication in constrained
   environments.

   To achieve IP multicast beyond link-local scope, an IP multicast
   routing or forwarding protocol needs to be active on IP routers.  An
   example of a routing protocol specifically for LLNs is the IPv6
   Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) (Section 12
   of [RFC6550]) and an example of a forwarding protocol for LLNs is
   Multicast Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (MPL)
   [I-D.ietf-roll-trickle-mcast].  RPL and MPL do not depend on each
   other; each can be used in isolation and both can be used in
   combination in a network.  Finally, PIM-SM [RFC4601] is often used
   for multicast routing in traditional IP networks (i.e., networks that
   are not constrained).

   IP multicast can also be run in a Link-Local (LL) scope.  This means
   that there is no routing involved and an IP multicast message is only
   received over the link on which it was sent.

   For a complete IP multicast solution, in addition to a routing/
   forwarding protocol, a "listener" protocol may be needed for the
   devices to subscribe to groups (see Section 4.2).

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   IP multicast is generally classified as an unreliable service in that
   packets are not guaranteed to be delivered to each and every member
   of the group.  In other words, it cannot be directly used as a basis
   for "reliable group communication" as defined in Section 1.3.
   However, the level of reliability can be increased by employing a
   multicast protocol that performs periodic retransmissions as is done,
   for example, in MPL.

2.2.  Group Definition and Naming

   A CoAP group is defined as a set of CoAP endpoints, where each
   endpoint is configured to receive CoAP group communication requests
   that are sent to the group's associated IP multicast address.  The
   individual response by each endpoint receiver to a CoAP group
   communication request is always sent back as unicast.  An endpoint
   may be a member of multiple groups.  Group membership of an endpoint
   may dynamically change over time.

   All CoAP server nodes SHOULD join the "All CoAP Nodes" multicast
   group [RFC7252], Section 12.8) by default to enable CoAP discovery.
   For IPv4, the address is 224.0.1.187 and for IPv6 a server node joins
   at least both the link-local scoped address FF02::FD and the site-
   local scoped address FF05::FD.  IPv6 addresses of other scopes MAY be
   enabled.

   A CoAP group URI has the scheme 'coap' and includes in the authority
   part either a group IP multicast address, or a hostname (e.g., Group
   Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)) that can be resolved to the group
   IP multicast address.  A group URI also contains an optional CoAP
   port number in the authority part.  Group URIs follow the regular
   CoAP URI syntax [RFC7252].

   Note: A group URI is needed to initiate CoAP group communications.
   For CoAP implementations it is recommended to use the URI composition
   method of Section 6.5 of [RFC7252] in such way that, from a group
   URI, a CoAP group communication request is generated.

   For sending nodes, it is recommended to use the IP multicast address
   literal in a group URI.  However, in case a group hostname is used,
   it can be uniquely mapped to an IP multicast address via DNS
   resolution (if supported).  Some examples of hierarchical group FQDN
   naming (and scoping) for a building control application are shown
   below:

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     URI authority                           Targeted group of nodes
     --------------------------------------- --------------------------
     all.bldg6.example.com                   "all nodes in building 6"
     all.west.bldg6.example.com              "all nodes in west wing,
                                              building 6"
     all.floor1.west.bldg6.example.com       "all nodes in floor 1,
                                              west wing, building 6"
     all.bu036.floor1.west.bldg6.example.com "all nodes in office bu036,
                                              floor1, west wing,
                                              building 6"

   Similarly, if supported, reverse mapping (from IP multicast address
   to Group FQDN) is possible using the reverse DNS resolution technique
   ([RFC1033]).  Reverse mapping is important, for example, in trouble
   shooting to translate IP multicast addresses back to human readable
   hostnames to show in a diagnostics user interface.

2.3.  Port and URI Configuration

   A CoAP server that is a member of a group listens for CoAP messages
   on the group's IP multicast address, usually on the CoAP default UDP
   port, 5683.  If the group uses a specified non-default UDP port, be
   careful to ensure that all group members are configured to use that
   same port.  Therefore different ports for the same IP multicast
   address cannot be used to specify different CoAP groups.

   CoAP group communication will not work if there is diversity in the
   authority port (e.g., different dynamic port addresses across the
   group) or if other parts of the group URI such as the path, or the
   query, differ on different endpoints.  Therefore, some measures must
   be present to ensure uniformity in port number and resource names/
   locations within a group.  All CoAP group communication requests MUST
   be sent using a port number according to one of below options:

   1.  A pre-configured port number.

   2.  If the client is configured to use service discovery including
       port discovery, it uses a port number obtained via a service
       discovery lookup operation for the targeted CoAP group.

   3.  Use the default CoAP UDP port (5683).

   For a CoAP server node that supports resource discovery, the default
   port 5683 MUST be supported (Section 7.1 of [RFC7252]) for the "All
   CoAP Nodes" group.  However the port number is selected, the same
   port MUST be used across all CoAP servers in a group and across all
   CoAP clients performing the group requests.

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   All CoAP group communication requests SHOULD operate on group URI
   paths in one of the following ways:

   1.  Pre-configured group URI paths, if available.  Implementers are
       free to define the paths as they see fit.  However, note that
       ([RFC7320]) prescribes that a specification must not constrain,
       define structure or semantics for any path component.  So for
       this reason, a pre-defined URI path is not specified in this
       document.

   2.  If the client is configured to use default CoRE resource
       discovery, it uses URI paths retrieved from a "/.well-known/core"
       lookup on a group member.  The URI paths the client will use MUST
       be known to be available also in all other endpoints in the
       group.  The URI path configuration mechanism on servers MUST
       ensure that these URIs (identified as being supported by the
       group) are configured on all group endpoints.

   3.  If the client is configured to use another form of service
       discovery, it uses group URI paths from an equivalent service
       discovery lookup which returns the resources supported by all
       group members.

   4.  If the client has received a group URI through a previous RESTful
       interaction with a trusted server it can use this URI in a CoAP
       group communication request.  For example, a commissioning tool
       may instruct a sensor device in this way to which target group
       (group URI) it should report sensor events.

   However the URI path is selected, the same path MUST be used across
   all CoAP servers in a group and all CoAP clients performing the group
   requests.

2.4.  RESTful Methods

   Group communication often uses the idempotent CoAP RESTful methods,
   GET, PUT, and DELETE.  The non-idempotent CoAP method, POST, may only
   be used for group communication if the resource being POSTed to has
   been designed to cope with the unreliable and lossy nature of IP
   multicast.

2.5.  Request and Response Model

   All CoAP requests that are sent via IP multicast MUST be Non-
   confirmable.  The Message ID in an IP multicast CoAP message is used
   for optional message de-duplication as detailed in Section 4.5 of
   [RFC7252].

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   A server MAY send back a unicast response to the CoAP group
   communication request (e.g., response "2.05 Content" to a group GET
   request).  The unicast responses received by the CoAP client may be a
   mixture of success (e.g., 2.05 Content) and failure (e.g., 4.04 Not
   Found) codes depending on the individual server processing results.
   Detailed processing rules for IP multicast request acceptance and
   unicast response suppression are given in Section 2.8.

   A CoAP request sent over IP multicast and any unicast response it
   causes must take into account the congestion control rules defined in
   Section 2.9.

   The CoAP client can distinguish the origin of multiple server
   responses by source IP address of the UDP message containing the CoAP
   response, or any other available unique identifier (e.g., contained
   in the CoAP payload).  In case a CoAP client sent multiple group
   requests, the responses are as usual matched to a request using the
   CoAP Token.

   For multicast CoAP requests there are additional constraints on the
   re-use of Token values, compared to the unicast case.  In the unicast
   case, receiving a response effectively frees up its Token value for
   re-use since no more responses will follow.  However, for multicast
   CoAP the number of responses is not bounded a-priori.  Therefore the
   reception of a response cannot be used as a trigger to "free up" a
   Token value for re-use.  Re-using a Token value too early could lead
   to incorrect response/request matching in the client, which is a
   protocol error.  Therefore the time between re-use of Token values
   used in multicast requests must be greater than:

   NON_LIFETIME + MAX_LATENCY + MAX_SERVER_RESPONSE_DELAY

   where NON_LIFETIME and MAX_LATENCY are defined in Section 4.8 of
   [RFC7252].  MAX_SERVER_RESPONSE_DELAY is defined here as the expected
   maximum response delay over all servers that the client can send a
   multicast request to.  This delay includes the maximum Leisure time
   period as defined in Section 8.2 of [RFC7252].  The CoAP protocol
   does not define a time limit for the server response delay.  Using
   the default CoAP protocol parameters, the Token re-use time must be
   greater than 250 seconds plus MAX_SERVER_RESPONSE_DELAY.  A preferred
   solution to meet this requirement is to generate a new unique Token
   for every multicast request, such that a Token value is never re-
   used.  If a client has to re-use Token values for some reason, and
   also MAX_SERVER_RESPONSE_DELAY is unknown, then using
   MAX_SERVER_RESPONSE_DELAY = 250 seconds is a reasonable guideline.
   The time between Token re-uses is in that case set to a value greater
   than 500 seconds.

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2.6.  Member Discovery

   CoAP Groups, and the membership of these groups, can be discovered
   via the lookup interfaces in the Resource Directory (RD) defined in
   [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory].  This discovery interface is not
   required to invoke CoAP group communications.  However, it is a
   potential complementary interface useful for overall management of
   CoAP groups.  Other methods to discover groups (e.g., proprietary
   management systems) can also be used.  An example of doing some of
   the RD based lookups is given in Section 3.6.

2.7.  Membership Configuration

2.7.1.  Background

   The group membership of a CoAP endpoint may be configured in one of
   the following ways.  First, the group membership may be pre-
   configured before node deployment.  Second, a node may be programmed
   to discover (query) its group membership using a specific service
   discovery means.  Third, it may be configured by another node (e.g.,
   a commissioning device).

   In the first case, the pre-configured group information may be either
   an IP multicast address or a hostname (FQDN) which is resolved later
   (during operation) to an IP multicast address by the endpoint using
   DNS (if supported).

   For the second case, a CoAP endpoint may look up its group membership
   using techniques such as DNS-SD and Resource Directory
   [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory].

   In the third case, typical in scenarios such as building control, a
   dynamic commissioning tool determines to which group a sensor or
   actuator node belongs, and writes this information to the node, which
   can subsequently join the correct IP multicast group on its network
   interface.  The information written may again be an IP multicast
   address or a hostname.

2.7.2.  Membership Configuration RESTful Interface

   To achieve better interoperability between endpoints from different
   manufacturers, an OPTIONAL CoAP membership configuration RESTful
   interface for configuring endpoints with relevant group information
   is described here.  This interface provides a solution for the third
   case mentioned above.  To access this interface a client MUST use
   unicast CoAP methods (GET/PUT/POST/DELETE).  This interface is a
   method of configuring group information in individual endpoints.

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   Also, a form of authorization (making use of DTLS-secured CoAP
   [RFC7252]) MUST be used such that only authorized controllers are
   allowed by an endpoint to configure its group membership.

   It is important to note that other approaches may be used to
   configure CoAP endpoints with relevant group information.  These
   alternative approaches may support a subset or super-set of the
   membership configuration RESTful interface described in this
   document.  For example, a simple interface to just read the endpoint
   group information may be implemented via a classical Management
   Information Base (MIB) approach (e.g., following approach of
   [RFC3433]).

2.7.2.1.  CoAP-Group Resource Type and Media Type

   CoAP endpoints implementing the membership configuration RESTful
   interface MUST support the CoAP group configuration Internet Media
   Type "application/coap-group+json" (Section 6.2).

   A resource offering this representation can be annotated for direct
   discovery [RFC6690] using the resource type (rt) "core.gp" where "gp"
   is shorthand for "group" (Section 6.1).  An authorized client uses
   this media type to query/manage group membership of a CoAP endpoint
   as defined in the following subsections.

   The group configuration resource and its sub-resources have a JSON-
   based content format (as indicated by the "application/coap-
   group+json" media type).  The resource includes zero or more group
   membership JSON objects [RFC7159] in a format as defined in
   Section 2.7.2.4.  A group membership JSON object contains one or more
   key/value pairs as defined below, and represents a single IP
   multicast group membership for the CoAP endpoint.  Each key/value
   pair is encoded as a member of the JSON object, where the key is the
   member name and the value is the member's value.

   Examples of four different group membership objects are:

      { "n": "All-Devices.floor1.west.bldg6.example.com",
        "a": "[ff15::4200:f7fe:ed37:abcd]:4567" }

      { "n": "sensors.floor2.east.bldg6.example.com" }

      { "n": "coap-test",
        "a": "224.0.1.187:56789" }

      { "a": "[ff15::c0a7:15:c00l]" }

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   The OPTIONAL "n" key/value pair stands for "name" and identifies the
   group with a hostname, for example, a FQDN.  The OPTIONAL "a" key/
   value pair specifies the IP multicast address (and optionally the
   port number) of the group.  It contains an IPv4 address (in dotted
   decimal notation) or an IPv6 address.  The following ABNF rule can be
   used for parsing the address, as in the base CoAP protocol [RFC7252],
   and referring to the definitions in Section 3.2.2 of [RFC3986].

      group-address = IPv4address [ ":" port ]
                      / "[" IPv6address "]" [":" port ]

   In any group membership object, if the IP address is known when the
   object is created, it is included in the "a" key/value pair.  If the
   "a" value cannot be provided, the "n" value MUST be included,
   containing a valid hostname with optional port number that can be
   translated to an IP multicast address via DNS.

      group-name = host [ ":" port ]

   If the port number is not provided then it is assumed to be the
   default CoAP port (5683).

   After any change on a Group configuration resource, the endpoint MUST
   effect registration/de-registration from the corresponding IP
   multicast group(s) as soon as possible.

2.7.2.2.  Creating a new multicast group membership (POST)

Method:       POST
URI Template: /{+gp}
Location-URI Template: /{+gp}/{index}
URI Template Variables:
  gp    - Group Configuration Function Set path (mandatory).
  index - Group index. Index MUST be a string of maximum two (2) alphanumeric ASCII
    characters (case insensitive). It MUST be locally unique to the endpoint server.
    It indexes the particular endpoint's list of group memberships.

Example:
  Req: POST /coap-group
       Content-Format: application/coap-group+json
    { "n": "All-Devices.floor1.west.bldg6.example.com",
      "a": "[ff15::4200:f7fe:ed37:abcd]:4567" }
  Res: 2.01 Created
       Location-Path: /coap-group/12

   For the 'gp' variable it is recommended to use the path "coap-group"
   by default.  The "a" key/value pair is always used if it is given.
   The "n" pair is only used when there is no "a" pair.  If only the "n"

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   pair is given, the CoAP endpoint performs DNS resolution to obtain
   the IP multicast address from the hostname in the "n" pair.  If DNS
   resolution is not successful, then the endpoint does not attempt
   joining or listening to any multicast group for this case since the
   IP multicast address is unknown.

   After any change on a Group configuration resource, the endpoint MUST
   effect registration/de-registration from the corresponding IP
   multicast group(s) as soon as possible.  When a POST payload contains
   in "a" an IP multicast address to which the endpoint is already
   subscribed, no change to that subscription is needed.

2.7.2.3.  Deleting a single group membership (DELETE)

  Method:       DELETE
  URI Template: {+location}
  URI Template Variables:
    location - The Location-Path returned by the CoAP server as a result
      of a successful group creation.

  Example:
    Req: DELETE /coap-group/12
    Res: 2.02 Deleted

2.7.2.4.  Reading all group memberships at once (GET)

   A (unicast) GET on the CoAP-group resource returns a JSON object
   containing multiple keys and values.  The keys (member names) are
   group indices and the values (member values) are the corresponding
   group membership objects.  Each group membership object describes one
   IP multicast group membership.  If no group memberships are
   configured then an empty JSON object is returned.

   Method: GET

   URI Template: /{+gp}

   URI Template Variables:

   gp - see Section 2.7.2.2

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   Example:
     Req: GET /coap-group
     Res: 2.05 Content
          Content-Format: application/coap-group+json
       { "8" :{ "a": "[ff15::4200:f7fe:ed37:14ca]" },
         "11":{ "n": "sensors.floor1.west.bldg6.example.com",
                "a": "[ff15::4200:f7fe:ed37:25cb]" },
         "12":{ "n": "All-Devices.floor1.west.bldg6.example.com",
                "a": "[ff15::4200:f7fe:ed37:abcd]:4567" }
       }

   Note: the returned IPv6 address string will represent the same IPv6
   address that was originally submitted in group membership creation,
   though it might be a different string because of different choices in
   IPv6 string representation formatting that may be allowed for the
   same address (see [RFC5952]).

2.7.2.5.  Reading a single group membership (GET)

   Similar to Section 2.7.2.4 but only a single group membership is
   read.  If the requested group index does not exist then a 4.04 Not
   Found response is returned.

   Method: GET

   URI Template 1: {+location}

   URI Template 2: /{+gp}/{index}

   URI Template Variables:

   location - see Section 2.7.2.3

   gp, index - see Section 2.7.2.2

   Example:
     Req: GET /coap-group/12
     Res: 2.05 Content
          Content-Format: application/coap-group+json
       {"n": "All-Devices.floor1.west.bldg6.example.com",
        "a": "[ff15::4200:f7fe:ed37:abcd]:4567"}

2.7.2.6.  Creating/updating all group memberships at once (PUT)

   A (unicast) PUT with a group configuration media type as payload will
   replace all current group memberships in the endpoint with the new
   ones defined in the PUT request.  This operation MUST only be used to
   delete or update group membership objects for which the CoAP client,

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   invoking this operation, is responsible.  The responsibility is based
   on application level knowledge.  For example, a commissioning tool
   will be responsible for any group membership objects that it created.

   Method: PUT

   URI Template: /{+gp}

   URI Template Variables:

   gp - see Section 2.7.2.2

Example: (replacing all existing group memberships with two new group memberships)
  Req: PUT /coap-group
       Content-Format: application/coap-group+json
    { "1":{ "a": "[ff15::4200:f7fe:ed37:1234]" },
      "2":{ "a": "[ff15::4200:f7fe:ed37:5678]" }
    }
  Res: 2.04 Changed

Example: (clearing all group memberships at once)
  Req: PUT /coap-group
       Content-Format: application/coap-group+json
    {}
  Res: 2.04 Changed

   After a successful PUT on the Group configuration resource, the
   endpoint MUST effect registration to any new IP multicast group(s)
   and de-registration from any previous IP multicast group(s), i.e.,
   not any more present in the new memberships, as soon as possible.
   Also it MUST take into account the group indices present in the new
   resource during the generation of any new unique group indices in the
   future.

2.7.2.7.  Updating a single group membership (PUT)

   A (unicast) PUT with a group membership JSON object will replace an
   existing group membership in the endpoint with the new one defined in
   the PUT request.  This can be used to update the group membership.

   Method: PUT

   URI Template 1: {+location}

   URI Template 2: /{+gp}/{index}

   URI Template Variables:

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   location - see Section 2.7.2.3

   gp, index - see Section 2.7.2.2

   Example: (group name and IP multicast port change)
     Req: PUT /coap-group/12
          Content-Format: application/coap-group+json
       {"n": "All-My-Devices.floor1.west.bldg6.example.com",
        "a": "[ff15::4200:f7fe:ed37:abcd]"}
     Res: 2.04 Changed

   After a successful PUT on the Group configuration resource, the
   endpoint MUST effect registration to any new IP multicast group(s)
   and de-registration from any previous IP multicast group(s), i.e.,
   not any more present in the new membership, as soon as possible.

2.8.  Request Acceptance and Response Suppression Rules

   CoAP [RFC7252] and CoRE Link Format [RFC6690] define normative
   behaviors for:

   1.  IP multicast request acceptance - in which cases a CoAP request
       is accepted and executed, and when not.

   2.  IP multicast response suppression - in which cases the CoAP
       response to an already-executed request is returned to the
       requesting endpoint, and when not.

   A CoAP response differs from a CoAP ACK; ACKs are never sent by
   servers in response to an IP multicast CoAP request.  This section
   first summarizes these normative behaviors and then presents
   additional guidelines for response suppression.  Also a number of IP
   multicast example applications are given to illustrate the overall
   approach.

   To apply any rules for request and/or response suppression, a CoAP
   server must be aware that an incoming request arrived via IP
   multicast by making use of APIs such as IPV6_RECVPKTINFO [RFC3542].

   For IP multicast request acceptance, the normative behaviors are:

   o  A server should not accept an IP multicast request that cannot be
      "authenticated" in some way (cryptographically or by some
      multicast boundary limiting the potential sources) [RFC7252].  See
      Section 5.3 for examples of multicast boundary limiting methods.

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   o  A server should not accept an IP multicast discovery request with
      a query string (as defined in CoRE Link Format [RFC6690]) if
      filtering ([RFC6690]) is not supported by the server.

   o  A server should not accept an IP multicast request that acts on a
      specific resource for which IP multicast support is not required.
      (Note that for the resource "/.well-known/core", IP multicast
      support is required if "multicast resource discovery" is supported
      as specified in section 1.2.1 of [RFC6690]).  Implementers are
      advised to disable IP multicast support by default on any other
      resource, until explicitly enabled by an application or by
      configuration.)

   o  Otherwise accept the IP multicast request.

   For IP multicast response suppression, the normative behaviors are:

   o  A server should not respond to an IP multicast discovery request
      if the filter specified by the request's query string does not
      match.

   o  A server may choose not to respond to an IP multicast request, if
      there's nothing useful to respond (e.g., error or empty response).

   o  Otherwise respond to the IP multicast request.

   The above response suppression behaviors are complemented by the
   following guidelines.  CoAP servers should implement configurable
   response suppression, enabling at least the following options per
   resource that supports IP multicast requests:

   o  Suppression of all 2.xx success responses;

   o  Suppression of all 4.xx client errors;

   o  Suppression of all 5.xx server errors;

   o  Suppression of all 2.05 responses with empty payload.

   A number of CoAP group communication example applications are given
   below to illustrate how to make use of response suppression:

   o  CoAP resource discovery: Suppress 2.05 responses with empty
      payload and all 4.xx and 5.xx errors.

   o  Lighting control: Suppress all 2.xx responses after a lighting
      change command.

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   o  Update configuration data in a group of devices using group
      communication PUT: No suppression at all.  The client uses
      collected responses to identify which group members did not
      receive the new configuration; then attempts using CoAP CON
      unicast to update those specific group members.  Note that in this
      case the client implements a "reliable group communication" (as
      defined in Section 1.3) function using additional, non-
      standardized functions above the CoAP layer.

   o  IP multicast firmware update by sending blocks of data: Suppress
      all 2.xx and 5.xx responses.  After having sent all IP multicast
      blocks, the client checks each endpoint by unicast to identify
      which data blocks are still missing in each endpoint.

   o  Conditional reporting for a group (e.g., sensors) based on a group
      URI query: Suppress all 2.05 responses with empty payload (i.e.,
      if a query produces no matching results).

2.9.  Congestion Control

   CoAP group communication requests may result in a multitude of
   responses from different nodes, potentially causing congestion.
   Therefore both the sending of IP multicast requests, and the sending
   of the unicast CoAP responses to these multicast requests should be
   conservatively controlled.

   CoAP [RFC7252] reduces IP multicast-specific congestion risks through
   the following measures:

   o  A server may choose not to respond to an IP multicast request if
      there's nothing useful to respond (e.g., error or empty response).
      See Section 2.8 for more detailed guidelines on response
      suppression.

   o  A server should limit the support for IP multicast requests to
      specific resources where multicast operation is required.

   o  An IP multicast request must be Non-confirmable.

   o  A response to an IP multicast request should be Non-confirmable
      (Section 5.2.3 of [RFC7252]).

   o  A server does not respond immediately to an IP multicast request,
      and should first wait for a time that is randomly picked within a
      predetermined time interval called the Leisure.

   Additional guidelines to reduce congestion risks defined in this
   document are:

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   o  A server in an LLN should only support group communication GET for
      resources that are small.  For example, the payload of the
      response is limited to approximately 5% of the IP Maximum Transmit
      Unit (MTU) size so it fits into a single link-layer frame in case
      6LoWPAN (see Section 4 of [RFC4944]) is used.

   o  A server can minimize the payload length in response to a group
      communication GET on "/.well-known/core" by using hierarchy in
      arranging link descriptions for the response.  An example of this
      is given in Section 5 of [RFC6690].

   o  A server can also minimize the payload length of a response to a
      group communication GET (e.g., on "/.well-known/core") using CoAP
      blockwise transfers [I-D.ietf-core-block], returning only a first
      block of the CoRE Link Format description.  For this reason, a
      CoAP client sending an IP multicast CoAP request to "/.well-known/
      core" should support core-block.

   o  A client should use CoAP group communication with the smallest
      possible IP multicast scope that fulfills the application needs.
      As an example, site-local scope is always preferred over global
      scope IP multicast if this fulfills the application needs.

   More guidelines specific to use of CoAP in 6LoWPAN networks [RFC4919]
   are given in Section 4.5.

2.10.  Proxy Operation

   CoAP [RFC7252] allows a client to request a forward-proxy to process
   its CoAP request.  For this purpose the client either specifies the
   request group URI as a string in the Proxy-URI option, or it
   specifies the Proxy-Scheme option with the group URI constructed from
   the usual Uri-* options.  This approach works well for unicast
   requests.  However, there are certain issues and limitations of
   processing the (unicast) responses to a CoAP group communication
   request made in this manner through a proxy.

   A proxy may buffer all the individual (unicast) responses to a CoAP
   group communication request and then send back only a single
   (aggregated) response to the client.  However there are some issues
   with this aggregation approach:

   o  Aggregation of (unicast) responses to a CoAP group communication
      request in a proxy is difficult.  This is because the proxy does
      not know how many members there are in the group, or how many
      group members will actually respond.  Also the proxy does not know
      how long to wait before deciding to send back the aggregated
      response to the client.

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   o  There is no default format defined in CoAP for aggregation of
      multiple responses into a single response.

   Alternatively, if a proxy follows directly the specification for a
   CoAP Proxy [RFC7252], the proxy would simply forward all the
   individual (unicast) responses to a CoAP group communication request
   to the client (i.e., no aggregation).  There are also issues with
   this approach:

   o  The client may be confused as it may not have known that the
      Proxy-URI contained a group URI target.  That is, the client may
      be expecting only one (unicast) response but instead receives
      multiple (unicast) responses potentially leading to fault
      conditions in the application.

   o  Each individual CoAP response will appear to originate (IP Source
      address) from the CoAP Proxy, and not from the server that
      produced the response.  This makes it impossible for the client to
      identify the server that produced each response.

   Due to above issues, a guideline is defined here that a CoAP Proxy
   SHOULD NOT support processing an IP multicast CoAP request but rather
   return a 501 (Not Implemented) response in such case.  The exception
   case here (i.e., to process it) is allowed if all the following
   conditions are met:

   o  The CoAP Proxy MUST be explicitly configured (whitelist) to allow
      proxied IP multicast requests by specific client(s).

   o  The proxy SHOULD return individual (unicast) CoAP responses to the
      client (i.e., not aggregated).  The exception case here occurs
      when a (future) standardized aggregation format is being used.

   o  It MUST be known to the person/entity doing the configuration of
      the proxy, or otherwise verified in some way, that the client
      configured in the whitelist supports receiving multiple responses
      to a proxied unicast CoAP request.

2.11.  Exceptions

   CoAP group communication using IP multicast offers improved network
   efficiency and latency amongst other benefits.  However, group
   communication may not always be implementable in a given network.
   The primary reason for this will be that IP multicast is not (fully)
   supported in the network.

   For example, if only the RPL protocol [RFC6550] is used in a network
   with its optional multicast support disabled, there will be no IP

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   multicast routing at all.  The only multicast that works in this case
   is link-local IPv6 multicast.  This implies that any CoAP group
   communication request will be delivered to nodes on the local link
   only, regardless of the scope value used in the IPv6 destination
   address.

3.  Use Cases and Corresponding Protocol Flows

3.1.  Introduction

   The use of CoAP group communication is shown in the context of the
   following two use cases and corresponding protocol flows:

   o  Discovery of RD [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory]: discovering
      the local CoAP RD which contains links to resources stored on
      other CoAP servers [RFC6690].

   o  Lighting Control: synchronous operation of a group of
      IPv6-connected lights (e.g., 6LoWPAN [RFC4944] lights).

3.2.  Network Configuration

   To illustrate the use cases we define two IPv6 network
   configurations.  Both are based on the topology as shown in Figure 1.
   The two configurations using this topology are:

   1.  Subnets are 6LoWPAN networks; the routers Rtr-1 and Rtr-2 are
       6LoWPAN Border Routers (6LBRs, [RFC6775]).

   2.  Subnets are Ethernet links; the routers Rtr-1 and Rtr-2 are
       multicast-capable Ethernet routers.

   Both configurations are further specified by the following:

   o  A large room (Room-A) with three lights (Light-1, Light-2, Light-
      3) controlled by a Light Switch.  The devices are organized into
      two subnets.  In reality, there could be more lights (up to
      several hundreds) but, for clarity, only three are shown.

   o  Light-1 and the Light Switch are connected to a router (Rtr-1).

   o  Light-2 and the Light-3 are connected to another router (Rtr-2).

   o  The routers are connected to an IPv6 network backbone which is
      also multicast enabled.  In the general case, this means the
      network backbone and Rtr-1/Rtr-2 support a PIM based multicast
      routing protocol, and Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) for
      forming groups.

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   o  A CoAP RD is connected to the network backbone.

   o  The DNS server is optional.  If the server is there (connected to
      the network backbone) then certain DNS based features are
      available (e.g., DNS resolution of hostname to IP multicast
      address).  If the DNS server is not there, then different
      provisioning of the network is required (e.g., IP multicast
      addresses are hard-coded into devices, or manually configured, or
      obtained via a service discovery method).

   o  A Controller (CoAP client) is connected to the backbone, which is
      able to control various building functions including lighting.

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     ################################################
     #         **********************        Room-A #
     #       **  Subnet-1            **             #           Network
     #     *                           **           #          Backbone
     #    *     +----------+             *          #                 |
     #   *      |  Light   |-------+      *         #                 |
     #  *       |  Switch  |       |       *        #                 |
     #  *       +----------+  +---------+  *        #                 |
     #  *                     |  Rtr-1  |-----------------------------+
     #  *                     +---------+  *        #                 |
     #  *       +----------+        |      *        #                 |
     #   *      |  Light-1 |--------+     *         #                 |
     #    *     +----------+             *          #                 |
     #     **                          **           #                 |
     #       **************************             #                 |
     #                                              #                 |
     #         **********************               # +------------+  |
     #       **  Subnet-2            **             # | DNS Server |  |
     #     *                           **           # | (Optional) |--+
     #    *     +----------+             *          # +------------+  |
     #   *      |  Light-2 |-------+      *         #                 |
     #  *       |          |       |       *        #                 |
     #  *       +----------+  +---------+  *        #                 |
     #  *                     |  Rtr-2  |-----------------------------+
     #  *                     +---------+  *        #                 |
     #  *       +----------+        |      *        #                 |
     #   *      |  Light-3 |--------+     *         #                 |
     #    *     +----------+             *          # +------------+  |
     #     **                          **           # | Controller |--+
     #       **************************             # | Client     |  |
     ################################################ +------------+  |
                                       +------------+                 |
                                       |   CoAP     |                 |
                                       |  Resource  |-----------------+
                                       |  Directory |
                                       +------------+

            Figure 1: Network Topology of a Large Room (Room-A)

3.3.  Discovery of Resource Directory

   The protocol flow for discovery of the CoAP RD for the given network
   (of Figure 1) is shown in Figure 2:

   o  Light-2 is installed and powered on for the first time.

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   o  Light-2 will then search for the local CoAP RD by sending out a
      group communication GET request (with the "/.well-known/
      core?rt=core.rd" request URI) to the site-local "All CoAP Nodes"
      multicast address (FF05:::FD).

   o  This multicast message will then go to each node in subnet-2.
      Rtr-2 will then forward it into to the Network Backbone where it
      will be received by the CoAP RD.  All other nodes in subnet-2 will
      ignore the group communication GET request because it is qualified
      by the query string "?rt=core.rd" (which indicates it should only
      be processed by the endpoint if it contains a resource of type
      "core.rd").

   o  The CoAP RD will then send back a unicast response containing the
      requested content, which is a CoRE Link Format representation of a
      resource of type "core.rd".

   o  Note that the flow is shown only for Light-2 for clarity.  Similar
      flows will happen for Light-1, Light-3 and the Light Switch when
      they are first installed.

   The CoAP RD may also be discovered by other means such as by assuming
   a default location (e.g., on a 6LBR), using DHCP, anycast address,
   etc.  However, these approaches do not invoke CoAP group
   communication so are not further discussed here.  (See
   [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory] for more details).

   For other discovery use cases such as discovering local CoAP servers,
   services or resources, CoAP group communication can be used in a
   similar fashion as in the above use case.  For example, Link-Local
   (LL), admin-local or site-local scoped discovery can be done this
   way.

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                                    Light                           CoAP
   Light-1   Light-2    Light-3     Switch     Rtr-1     Rtr-2       RD
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    **********************************          |          |          |
    *   Light-2 is installed         *          |          |          |
    *   and powers on for first time *          |          |          |
    **********************************          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          | COAP NON Mcast(GET                        |          |
    |          |           /.well-known/core?rt=core.rd)   |          |
    |          |--------->-------------------------------->|          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |--------->|
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          | COAP NON (2.05 Content                    |          |
    |          |         </rd>;rt="core.rd";ins="Primary") |<---------|
    |          |<------------------------------------------|          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |

       Figure 2: Resource Directory Discovery via Multicast Request

3.4.  Lighting Control

   The protocol flow for a building automation lighting control scenario
   for the network (Figure 1) is shown in Figure 3.  The network is
   assumed to be in a 6LoWPAN configuration.  Also, it is assumed that
   the CoAP servers in each Light are configured to suppress CoAP
   responses for any IP multicast CoAP requests related to lighting
   control.  (See Section 2.8 for more details on response suppression
   by a server.)

   In addition, Figure 4 shows a protocol flow example for the case that
   servers do respond to a lighting control IP multicast request with
   (unicast) CoAP NON responses.  There are two success responses and
   one 5.00 error response.  In this particular case, the Light Switch
   does not check that all Lights in the group received the IP multicast
   request by examining the responses.  This is because the Light Switch
   is not configured with an exhaustive list of the IP addresses of all
   Lights belonging to the group.  However, based on received error
   responses it could take additional action such as logging a fault or
   alerting the user via its LCD display.  In case a CoAP message is
   delivered multiple times to a Light, the subsequent CoAP messages can
   be filtered out as duplicates, based on the CoAP Message ID.

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   Reliability of IP multicast is not guaranteed.  Therefore, one or
   more lights in the group may not have received the CoAP control
   request due to packet loss.  In this use case there is no detection
   nor correction of such situations: the application layer expects that
   the IP multicast forwarding/routing will be of sufficient quality to
   provide on average a very high probability of packet delivery to all
   CoAP endpoints in an IP multicast group.  An example protocol to
   accomplish this using randomized retransmission is the MPL forwarding
   protocol for LLNs [I-D.ietf-roll-trickle-mcast].

   We assume the following steps have already occurred before the
   illustrated flows:

      1) Startup phase: 6LoWPANs are formed.  IPv6 addresses assigned to
      all devices.  The CoAP network is formed.

      2) Network configuration (application-independent): 6LBRs are
      configured with IP multicast addresses, or address blocks, to
      filter out or to pass through to/from the 6LoWPAN.

      3a) Commissioning phase (application-related): The IP multicast
      address of the group (Room-A-Lights) has been configured in all
      the Lights and in the Light Switch.

      3b) As an alternative to the previous step, when a DNS server is
      available, the Light Switch and/or the Lights have been configured
      with a group hostname which each nodes resolves to the above IP
      multicast address of the group.

   Note for the Commissioning phase: the switch's 6LoWPAN/CoAP software
   stack supports sending unicast, multicast or proxied unicast CoAP
   requests, including processing of the multiple responses that may be
   generated by an IP multicast CoAP request.

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                                    Light                        Network
   Light-1   Light-2    Light-3     Switch    Rtr-1      Rtr-2  Backbone
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          ***********************          |          |
    |          |          *   User flips on     *          |          |
    |          |          *   light switch to   *          |          |
    |          |          *   turn on all the   *          |          |
    |          |          *   lights in Room A  *          |          |
    |          |          ***********************          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |    COAP NON Mcast(PUT,         |          |
    |          |          |    Payload=lights ON)          |          |
    |<-------------------------------+--------->|          |          |
    ON         |          |          |          |-------------------->|
    |          |          |          |          |          |<---------|
    |          |<---------|<-------------------------------|          |
    |          ON         ON         |          |          |          |
    ^          ^          ^          |          |          |          |
    ***********************          |          |          |          |
    *   Lights in Room-A  *          |          |          |          |
    *   turn on (nearly   *          |          |          |          |
    *   simultaneously)   *          |          |          |          |
    ***********************          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |

          Figure 3: Light Switch Sends Multicast Control Message

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                                    Light                        Network
   Light-1   Light-2    Light-3     Switch    Rtr-1      Rtr-2  Backbone
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |     COAP NON (2.04 Changed)    |          |          |          |
    |------------------------------->|          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          COAP NON (2.04 Changed)          |          |          |
    |          |------------------------------------------>|          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |--------->|
    |          |          |          |          |<--------------------|
    |          |          |          |<---------|          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |        COAP NON (5.00 Internal Server Error)         |
    |          |          |------------------------------->|          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |--------->|
    |          |          |          |          |<--------------------|
    |          |          |          |<---------|          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |

      Figure 4: Lights (Optionally) Respond to Multicast CoAP Request

   Another, but similar, lighting control use case is shown in Figure 5.
   In this case a controller connected to the Network Backbone sends a
   CoAP group communication request to turn on all lights in Room-A.
   Every Light sends back a CoAP response to the Controller after being
   turned on.

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                                                      Network
  Light-1   Light-2    Light-3     Rtr-1      Rtr-2  Backbone Controller
   |          |          |           |          |          |        |
   |          |          |           |          |    COAP NON Mcast(PUT,
   |          |          |           |          |    Payload=lights ON)
   |          |          |           |          |          |<-------|
   |          |          |           |<----------<---------|        |
   |<--------------------------------|          |          |        |
   ON         |          |           |          |          |        |
   |          |<----------<---------------------|          |        |
   |          ON         ON          |          |          |        |
   ^          ^          ^           |          |          |        |
   ***********************           |          |          |        |
   *   Lights in Room-A  *           |          |          |        |
   *   turn on (nearly   *           |          |          |        |
   *   simultaneously)   *           |          |          |        |
   ***********************           |          |          |        |
   |          |          |           |          |          |        |
   |          |          |           |          |          |        |
   |    COAP NON (2.04 Changed)      |          |          |        |
   |-------------------------------->|          |          |        |
   |          |          |           |-------------------->|        |
   |          |  COAP NON (2.04 Changed)        |          |------->|
   |          |-------------------------------->|          |        |
   |          |          |           |          |--------->|        |
   |          |          | COAP NON (2.04 Changed)         |------->|
   |          |          |--------------------->|          |        |
   |          |          |           |          |--------->|        |
   |          |          |           |          |          |------->|
   |          |          |           |          |          |        |

     Figure 5: Controller On Backbone Sends Multicast Control Message

3.5.  Lighting Control in MLD Enabled Network

   The use case of previous section can also apply in networks where
   nodes support the MLD protocol [RFC3810].  The Lights then take on
   the role of MLDv2 listener and the routers (Rtr-1, Rtr-2) are MLDv2
   Routers.  In the Ethernet based network configuration, MLD may be
   available on all involved network interfaces.  Use of MLD in the
   6LoWPAN based configuration is also possible, but requires MLD
   support in all nodes in the 6LoWPAN.  In current 6LoWPAN
   implementations, MLD is however not supported.

   The resulting protocol flow is shown in Figure 6.  This flow is
   executed after the commissioning phase, as soon as Lights are
   configured with a group address to listen to.  The (unicast) MLD

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   Reports may require periodic refresh activity as specified by the MLD
   protocol.  In the figure, LL denotes Link Local communication.

   After the shown sequence of MLD Report messages has been executed,
   both Rtr-1 and Rtr-2 are automatically configured to forward IP
   multicast traffic destined to Room-A-Lights onto their connected
   subnet.  Hence, no manual Network Configuration of routers, as
   previously indicated in Section 3.4, is needed anymore.

                                    Light                        Network
   Light-1   Light-2    Light-3     Switch    Rtr-1      Rtr-2  Backbone
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    | MLD Report: Join    |          |          |          |          |
    | Group (Room-A-Lights)          |          |          |          |
    |---LL------------------------------------->|          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |MLD Report: Join     |
    |          |          |          |          |Group (Room-A-Lights)|
    |          |          |          |          |---LL---->----LL---->|
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          | MLD Report: Join    |          |          |          |
    |          | Group (Room-A-Lights)          |          |          |
    |          |---LL------------------------------------->|          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          | MLD Report: Join    |          |          |
    |          |          | Group (Room-A-Lights)          |          |
    |          |          |---LL-------------------------->|          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |MLD Report: Join     |
    |          |          |          |          |Group (Room-A-Lights)|
    |          |          |          |          |<--LL-----+---LL---->|
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |          |

                Figure 6: Joining Lighting Groups Using MLD

3.6.  Commissioning the Network Based On Resource Directory

   This section outlines how devices in the lighting use case (both
   Switches and Lights) can be commissioned, making use of Resource
   Directory [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory] and its group
   configuration feature.

   Once the Resource Directory (RD) is discovered, the Switches and
   Lights need to be discovered and their groups need to be defined.

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   For the commissioning of these devices, a commissioning tool can be
   used that defines the entries in the RD.  The commissioning tool has
   the authority to change the contents of the RD and the Light/Switch
   nodes.  DTLS based security is used by the commissioning tool to
   modify operational data in RD, Switches and Lights.

   In our particular use case, a group of three lights is defined with
   one IP multicast address and hostname:

      "Room-A-Lights.floor1.west.bldg6.example.com"

   The commissioning tool has a list of the three lights and the
   associated IP multicast address.  For each light in the list the tool
   learns the IP address of the light and instructs the RD with three
   (unicast) POST commands to store the endpoints associated with the
   three lights as prescribed by the RD specification
   [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory].  Finally the commissioning tool
   defines the group in the RD to contain these three endpoints.  Also
   the commissioning tool writes the IP multicast address in the Light
   endpoints with, for example, the (unicast) POST command discussed in
   Section 2.7.2.2.

   The light switch can discover the group in RD and thus learn the IP
   multicast address of the group.  The light switch will use this
   address to send CoAP group communication requests to the members of
   the group.  When the message arrives the Lights should recognize the
   IP multicast address and accept the message.

4.  Deployment Guidelines

   This section provides guidelines how IP multicast based CoAP group
   communication can be deployed in various network configurations.

4.1.  Target Network Topologies

   CoAP group communication can be deployed in various network
   topologies.  First, the target network may be a traditional IP
   network, or a LLN such as a 6LoWPAN network, or consist of mixed
   traditional/constrained network segments.  Second, it may be a single
   subnet only or multi-subnet; e.g., multiple 6LoWPAN networks joined
   by a single backbone LAN.  Third, a wireless network segment may have
   all its nodes reachable in a single IP hop (fully connected), or it
   may require multiple IP hops for some pairs of nodes to reach each
   other.

   Each topology may pose different requirements on the configuration of
   routers and protocol(s), in order to enable efficient CoAP group

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   communication.  To enable all the above target network topologies, an
   implementation of CoAP group communication needs to allow:

   1.  Routing/forwarding of IP multicast packets over multiple hops

   2.  Routing/forwarding of IP multicast packets over subnet boundaries
       between traditional and constrained (e.g., LLN) networks.

   The remainder of this section discusses solutions to enable both
   features.

4.2.  Networks Using the MLD Protocol

   CoAP nodes that are IP hosts (i.e., not IP routers) are generally
   unaware of the specific IP multicast routing/forwarding protocol
   being used.  When such a host needs to join a specific (CoAP)
   multicast group, it requires a way to signal to IP multicast routers
   which IP multicast traffic it wants to receive.

   The Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol [RFC3810] (see
   Appendix A) is the standard IPv6 method to achieve this; therefore
   this approach should be used on traditional IP networks.  CoAP server
   nodes would then act in the role of MLD Multicast Address Listener.

   The guidelines from [RFC6636] on tuning of MLD for mobile and
   wireless networks may be useful when implementing MLD in LLNs.
   However, on LLNs and 6LoWPAN networks the use of MLD may not be
   feasible at all due to constraints on code size, memory, or network
   capacity.

4.3.  Networks Using RPL Multicast Without MLD

   It is assumed in this section that the MLD protocol is not
   implemented in a network, for example, due to resource constraints.
   The RPL routing protocol (see Section 12 of [RFC6550]) defines the
   advertisement of IP multicast destinations using Destination
   Advertisement Object (DAO) messages and routing of multicast IPv6
   packets based on this.  It requires the RPL Mode of Operation to be 3
   (Storing Mode with multicast support).

   Hence, RPL DAO can be used by CoAP nodes that are RPL Routers, or are
   RPL Leaf Nodes, to advertise IP multicast group membership to parent
   routers.  Then, the RPL protocol is used to route IP multicast CoAP
   requests over multiple hops to the correct CoAP servers.

   The same DAO mechanism can be used to convey IP multicast group
   membership information to an edge router (e.g., 6LBR), in case the
   edge router is also the root of the RPL DODAG.  This is useful

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   because the edge router then learns which IP multicast traffic it
   needs to pass through from the backbone network into the LLN subnet.
   In 6LoWPAN networks, such selective "filtering" helps to avoid
   congestion of a 6LoWPAN subnet by IP multicast traffic from the
   traditional backbone IP network.

4.4.  Networks Using MPL Forwarding Without MLD

   The MPL forwarding protocol [I-D.ietf-roll-trickle-mcast] can be used
   for propagation of IPv6 multicast packets to all MPL Forwarders
   within a predefined network domain, over multiple hops.  MPL is
   designed to work in LLNs.  In this section it is again assumed that
   Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) is not implemented in the network,
   for example, due to resource limitations in an LLN.

   The purpose of MPL is to let a predefined group of Forwarders
   collectively work towards the goal of distributing an IPv6 multicast
   packet throughout an MPL Domain.  (A Forwarder node may be associated
   to multiple MPL Domains at the same time.)  So it would appear there
   is no need for CoAP servers to advertise their multicast group
   membership, since any IP multicast packet that enters the MPL Domain
   is distributed to all MPL Forwarders without regard to what multicast
   addresses the individual nodes are listening to.

   However, if an IP multicast request originates just outside the MPL
   Domain, the request will not be propagated by MPL.  An example of
   such a case is the network topology of Figure 1 where the Subnets are
   6LoWPAN subnets and per 6LoWPAN subnet one Realm-Local
   ([I-D.droms-6man-multicast-scopes]) MPL Domain is defined.  The
   backbone network in this case is not part of any MPL Domain.

   This situation can become a problem in building control use cases.
   For example, when the Controller Client needs to send a single IP
   multicast request to the group Room-A-Lights.  By default, the
   request would be blocked by Rtr-1 and by Rtr-2, and not enter the
   Realm-Local MPL Domains associated to Subnet-1 and Subnet-2.  The
   reason is that Rtr-1 and Rtr-2 do not have the knowledge that devices
   in Subnet-1/2 want to listen for IP packets destined to IP multicast
   group Room-A-Lights.

   To solve the above issue, the following solutions could be applied:

   1.  Extend the MPL Domain.  E.g. in above example, include the
       Network Backbone to be part of each of the two MPL Domains.  Or
       in above example, create just a single MPL Domain that includes
       both 6LoWPAN subnets plus the backbone link, which is possible
       since MPL is not tied to a single link-layer technology.

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   2.  Manual configuration of edge router(s) as MPL Seed(s) for
       specific IP multicast traffic.  In the above example, this could
       be done through the following three steps: First, configure Rtr-1
       and Rtr-2 to act as MLD Address Listeners for the Room-A-Lights
       IP multicast group.  This step allows any (other) routers on the
       backbone to learn that at least one node on the backbone link is
       interested to receive any IP multicast traffic to Room-A-Lights.
       Second, configure both routers to "inject" any IP multicast
       packets destined to group Room-A-Lights into the (Realm-Local)
       MPL Domain that is associated to that router.  Third, configure
       both routers to propagate any IPv6 multicast packets originating
       from within their associated MPL Domain to the backbone, if at
       least one node on the backbone has indicated interest to receive
       such IPv6 packets (for which MLD is used on the backbone).

   3.  Use an additional protocol/mechanism for injection of IP
       multicast traffic from outside an MPL Domain into that MPL
       Domain, based on IP multicast group subscriptions of Forwarders
       within the MPL Domain.  Such protocol is currently not defined in
       [I-D.ietf-roll-trickle-mcast].

   Concluding, MPL can be used directly in case all sources of IP
   multicast CoAP requests (CoAP clients) and also all the destinations
   (CoAP servers) are inside a single MPL Domain.  Then, each source
   node acts as an MPL Seed.  In all other cases, MPL can only be used
   with additional protocols and/or configuration on how IP multicast
   packets can be injected from outside into an MPL Domain.

4.5.  6LoWPAN Specific Guidelines for the 6LBR

   To support multi-subnet scenarios for CoAP group communication, it is
   recommended that a 6LoWPAN Border Router (6LBR) will act in an MLD
   Router role on the backbone link.  If this is not possible then the
   6LBR should be configured to act as an MLD Multicast Address Listener
   (see Appendix A) on the backbone link.

5.  Security Considerations

   This section describes the relevant security configuration for CoAP
   group communication using IP multicast.  The threats to CoAP group
   communication are also identified and various approaches to mitigate
   these threats are summarized.

5.1.  Security Configuration

   As defined in [RFC7252], CoAP group communication based on IP
   multicast:

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   o  Will operate in CoAP NoSec (No Security) mode, until a future
      group security solution is developed (see also Section 5.3.3).

   o  Will use "coap" scheme mode.  The "coaps" scheme should only be
      used when a future group security solution is developed (see also
      Section 5.3.3).

5.2.  Threats

   Essentially the above configuration means that there is currently no
   security at the CoAP layer for group communication.  This is due to
   the fact that the current DTLS based approach for CoAP is exclusively
   unicast oriented and does not support group security features such as
   group key exchange and group authentication.  As a direct consequence
   of this, CoAP group communication is vulnerable to all attacks
   mentioned in [RFC7252] for IP multicast.

5.3.  Threat Mitigation

   The [RFC7252] identifies various threat mitigation techniques for
   CoAP group communication.  In addition to those guidelines, it is
   recommended that for sensitive data or safety-critical control, a
   combination of appropriate link-layer security and administrative
   control of IP multicast boundaries should be used.  Some examples are
   given below.

5.3.1.  WiFi Scenario

   In a home automation scenario (using WiFi), the WiFi encryption
   should be enabled to prevent rogue nodes from joining.  The Customer
   Premise Equipment (CPE) that enables access to the Internet should
   also have its IP multicast filters set so that it enforces multicast
   scope boundaries to isolate local multicast groups from the rest of
   the Internet (e.g., as per [RFC6092]).  In addition, the scope of the
   IP multicast should be set to be site-local or smaller scope.  For
   site-local scope, the CPE will be an appropriate multicast scope
   boundary point.

5.3.2.  6LoWPAN Scenario

   In a building automation scenario, a particular room may have a
   single 6LoWPAN network with a single Edge Router (6LBR).  Nodes on
   the subnet can use link-layer encryption to prevent rogue nodes from
   joining.  The 6LBR can be configured so that it blocks any incoming
   (6LoWPAN-bound) IP multicast traffic.  Another example topology could
   be a multi-subnet 6LoWPAN in a large conference room.  In this case,
   the backbone can implement port authentication (IEEE 802.1X) to
   ensure only authorized devices can join the Ethernet backbone.  The

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   access router to this secured network segment can also be configured
   to block incoming IP multicast traffic.

5.3.3.  Future Evolution

   In the future, to further mitigate the threats, one or more of the
   following security enhancements should be considered for group
   communications once the enhancements mature.  This will allow
   introduction of a secure mode of CoAP group communication, and use of
   the "coaps" scheme for that purpose.  For example,
   [I-D.keoh-dice-multicast-security] proposes a DTLS-based IP multicast
   security, and [I-D.mglt-dice-ipsec-for-application-payload] proposes
   an IPSec based IP multicast security.  Also, there is some early work
   in developing group authentication such as described in
   [I-D.zhu-ace-groupauth].

5.4.  Pervasive Monitoring Considerations

   A key additional threat consideration for group communication is
   pointed to by [RFC7258] which warns of the dangers of pervasive
   monitoring.  CoAP group communication which is built on top of IP
   multicast should pay particular heed to these dangers.  This is
   because IP multicast is easier to intercept (e.g., and to secretly
   record) compared to unicast traffic.  Also, CoAP traffic is meant for
   the Internet of Things.  This means that CoAP traffic is often used
   for the control and monitoring of critical infrastructure (e.g.,
   lights, alarms, etc.) which may be prime targets for attack.

   For example, an attacker may attempt to record all the CoAP traffic
   going over the smart grid (i.e., networked electrical utility) of a
   country and try to determine critical control nodes for further
   attacks.  CoAP multicast traffic is inherently more vulnerable
   (compared to a unicast packet) as the same packet may be replicated
   over many links so there is a much higher probability of it getting
   captured by a pervasive monitoring system.

   One useful mitigation to pervasive monitoring is to restrict the
   scope of the IP multicast to the minimal scope that fulfills the
   application need.  Thus, for example, site-local IP multicast scope
   is always preferred over global scope IP multicast if this fulfills
   the application needs.  This approach has the added advantage that it
   coincides with the guidelines for minimizing congestion control (see
   Section 2.9.

   In the future, even if all the CoAP multicast traffic is encrypted
   (e.g., [I-D.keoh-dice-multicast-security]), an attacker may still
   attempt to capture the traffic and perform an off-line attack.
   Though of course having the multicast traffic protected is always

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   desirable as it significantly raises the cost to an attacker (e.g.,
   to break the encryption) versus unprotected multicast traffic.

6.  IANA Considerations

6.1.  New 'core.gp' Resource Type

   This memo registers a new resource type (rt) from the CoRE Parameters
   Registry called 'core.gp'.

   (Note to IANA/RFC Editor: This registration follows the process
   described in section 7.4 of [RFC6690]).

   Attribute Value: core.gp

   Description: Group Configuration resource.  This resource is used to
   query/manage the group membership of a CoAP server.

   Reference: See Section 2.7.2.

6.2.  New 'coap-group+json' Internet Media Type

   This memo registers a new Internet Media Type for CoAP group
   configuration resource called 'application/coap-group+json'.

   (Note to IANA/RFC Editor: This registration follows the guidance from
   [RFC6838], and (last paragraph) of section 12.3 of [RFC7252].

   Type name: application

   Subtype name: coap-group+json

   Required parameters: None

   Optional parameters: None

   Encoding considerations: 8bit UTF-8.

   JSON to be represented using UTF-8 which is 8bit compatible (and most
   efficient for resource constrained implementations).

   Security considerations:

   Denial of Service attacks could be performed by constantly
   (re-)setting the group configuration resource of a CoAP endpoint to
   different values.  This will cause the endpoint to register (or de-
   register) from the related IP multicast group.  To prevent this it is
   mandatory that a form of authorization (making use of DTLS-secured

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   CoAP) be used such that only authorized controllers are allowed by an
   endpoint to configure its group membership.

   Interoperability considerations: None

   Published specification: (This I-D when it becomes an RFC)

   Applications that use this media type:

   CoAP client and server implementations that wish to set/read the
   group configuration resource via 'application/coap-group+json'
   payload as described in Section 2.7.2.

   Fragment identifier considerations: N/A

   Additional Information:

      Deprecated alias names for this type: None

      Magic number(s): None

      File extension(s): *.json

      Macintosh file type code(s): TEXT

   Person and email address to contact for further information: Esko
   Dijk ("Esko.Dijk@Philips.com")

   Intended usage: COMMON

   Restrictions on usage: None

   Author: CoRE WG

   Change controller: IETF

   Provisional registration? (standards tree only): N/A

7.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Peter Bigot, Carsten Bormann, Anders Brandt, Angelo
   Castellani, Thomas Fossati, Bjoern Hoehrmann, Matthias Kovatsch,
   Guang Lu, Salvatore Loreto, Kerry Lynn, Andrew McGregor, Dale Seed,
   Zach Shelby, Peter van der Stok, Gengyu Wei, and Juan Carlos Zuniga
   for their helpful comments and discussions that have helped shape
   this document.

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   Special thanks to Carsten Bormann and Barry Leiba for their extensive
   and thoughtful Chair and AD reviews of the document.  Their reviews
   helped to immeasurably improve the document quality.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3376]  Cain, B., Deering, S., Kouvelas, I., Fenner, B., and A.
              Thyagarajan, "Internet Group Management Protocol, Version
              3", RFC 3376, October 2002.

   [RFC3433]  Bierman, A., Romascanu, D., and K. Norseth, "Entity Sensor
              Management Information Base", RFC 3433, December 2002.

   [RFC3542]  Stevens, W., Thomas, M., Nordmark, E., and T. Jinmei,
              "Advanced Sockets Application Program Interface (API) for
              IPv6", RFC 3542, May 2003.

   [RFC3810]  Vida, R. and L. Costa, "Multicast Listener Discovery
              Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6", RFC 3810, June 2004.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
              3986, January 2005.

   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.

   [RFC4601]  Fenner, B., Handley, M., Holbrook, H., and I. Kouvelas,
              "Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM):
              Protocol Specification (Revised)", RFC 4601, August 2006.

   [RFC4919]  Kushalnagar, N., Montenegro, G., and C. Schumacher, "IPv6
              over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs):
              Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals", RFC
              4919, August 2007.

   [RFC4944]  Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler,
              "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4
              Networks", RFC 4944, September 2007.

   [RFC5771]  Cotton, M., Vegoda, L., and D. Meyer, "IANA Guidelines for
              IPv4 Multicast Address Assignments", BCP 51, RFC 5771,
              March 2010.

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   [RFC5952]  Kawamura, S. and M. Kawashima, "A Recommendation for IPv6
              Address Text Representation", RFC 5952, August 2010.

   [RFC6092]  Woodyatt, J., "Recommended Simple Security Capabilities in
              Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for Providing
              Residential IPv6 Internet Service", RFC 6092, January
              2011.

   [RFC6550]  Winter, T., Thubert, P., Brandt, A., Hui, J., Kelsey, R.,
              Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur, JP., and R.
              Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and
              Lossy Networks", RFC 6550, March 2012.

   [RFC6636]  Asaeda, H., Liu, H., and Q. Wu, "Tuning the Behavior of
              the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) and
              Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) for Routers in Mobile
              and Wireless Networks", RFC 6636, May 2012.

   [RFC6690]  Shelby, Z., "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Link
              Format", RFC 6690, August 2012.

   [RFC6775]  Shelby, Z., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C. Bormann,
              "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over Low-Power
              Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)", RFC 6775,
              November 2012.

   [RFC6838]  Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
              Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13, RFC
              6838, January 2013.

   [RFC7159]  Bray, T., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", RFC 7159, March 2014.

   [RFC7230]  Fielding, R. and J. Reschke, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol
              (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing", RFC 7230, June
              2014.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252, June 2014.

   [RFC7258]  Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an
              Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, May 2014.

   [RFC7320]  Nottingham, M., "URI Design and Ownership", BCP 190, RFC
              7320, July 2014.

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8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC1033]  Lottor, M., "Domain administrators operations guide", RFC
              1033, November 1987.

   [I-D.ietf-core-block]
              Bormann, C. and Z. Shelby, "Blockwise transfers in CoAP",
              draft-ietf-core-block-15 (work in progress), July 2014.

   [I-D.ietf-roll-trickle-mcast]
              Hui, J. and R. Kelsey, "Multicast Protocol for Low power
              and Lossy Networks (MPL)", draft-ietf-roll-trickle-
              mcast-09 (work in progress), April 2014.

   [I-D.keoh-dice-multicast-security]
              Keoh, S., Kumar, S., Garcia-Morchon, O., Dijk, E., and A.
              Rahman, "DTLS-based Multicast Security in Constrained
              Environments", draft-keoh-dice-multicast-security-08 (work
              in progress), July 2014.

   [I-D.ietf-core-resource-directory]
              Shelby, Z., Bormann, C., and S. Krco, "CoRE Resource
              Directory", draft-ietf-core-resource-directory-01 (work in
              progress), December 2013.

   [I-D.droms-6man-multicast-scopes]
              Droms, R., "IPv6 Multicast Address Scopes", draft-droms-
              6man-multicast-scopes-02 (work in progress), July 2013.

   [I-D.mglt-dice-ipsec-for-application-payload]
              Migault, D. and C. Bormann, "IPsec/ESP for Application
              Payload", draft-mglt-dice-ipsec-for-application-payload-00
              (work in progress), July 2014.

   [I-D.zhu-ace-groupauth]
              Zhu, J. and M. Qi, "Group Authentication", draft-zhu-ace-
              groupauth-00 (work in progress), February 2014.

Appendix A.  Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)

   In order to extend the scope of IP multicast beyond link-local scope,
   an IP multicast routing or forwarding protocol has to be active in
   routers on an LLN.  To achieve efficient IP multicast routing (i.e.,
   avoid always flooding IP multicast packets), routers have to learn
   which hosts need to receive packets addressed to specific IP
   multicast destinations.

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   The Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol [RFC3810] (or its
   IPv4 equivalent IGMP [RFC3376]) is today the method of choice used by
   an (IP multicast enabled) router to discover the presence of IP
   multicast listeners on directly attached links, and to discover which
   IP multicast addresses are of interest to those listening nodes.  MLD
   was specifically designed to cope with fairly dynamic situations in
   which IP multicast listeners may join and leave at any time.

   [RFC6636] discusses optimal tuning of the parameters of MLD/IGMP for
   routers for mobile and wireless networks.  These guidelines may be
   useful when implementing MLD in LLNs.

Appendix B.  Change Log

   [Note to RFC Editor: Please remove this section before publication.]

   Changes from ietf-20 to ietf-21:

   o  Updated with comments from AD review by Barry Lieba.  The details
      of the updates can be seen by looking at the WG mailing list from
      July 26-31, 2014.

   o  Various minor editorial updates.

   Changes from ietf-19 to ietf-20:

   o  Replaced obsolete reference [RFC 2616] by [RFC 7230].

   o  Replaced outdated reference draft-ietf-appsawg-uri-get-off-my-lawn
      by [RFC 7320] and moved to Normative reference.

   o  Replaced outdated reference draft-ietf-core-coap by [RFC 7252].

   o  Moved [RFC 1033] to Informative reference.

   o  Updated to latest revision numbers for informative draft
      references by regenerating file through xml2rfc tool.

   o  Re-ran IETF spell check tool and corrected some minor spelling
      errors.

   o  Various minor editorial updates.

   Changes from ietf-18 to ietf-19:

   o  Added guideline on Token value re-use in section 2.5.

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   o  Updated section 5.1 (Security Configuration) and 5.3.3 (Future
      Security Evolution) to point to latest security developments
      happening in DICE WG for support of group security.

   o  Added Pervasive Monitoring considerations in section 5.4.

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability.

   Changes from ietf-17 to ietf-18:

   o  Extensive editorial updates based on WGLC comments by Thomas
      Fossati and Gengyu Wei.

   o  Addressed ticket #361: Added text for single membership PUT
      section 2.7.2.7 (Updating a single group membership (PUT)).

   o  Addressed ticket #360: Added text for server duties upon all-at-
      once PUT section 2.7.2.6 (Creating/updating all group memberships
      at once (PUT)).

   o  Addressed ticket #359: Fixed requirements text for Section 2.7.2.2
      (Creating a new multicast group membership (POST)).

   o  Addressed ticket #358: Fixed requirements text for Section 2.7.2.1
      (CoAP-Group Resource Type and Media Type).

   o  Addressed ticket #357: Added that "IPv6 addresses of other scopes
      MAY be enabled" in section 2.2 (Group Definition and Naming).

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability.

   Changes from ietf-16 to ietf-17:

   o  Added guidelines on joining of IPv6/IPv4 "All CoAP Nodes"
      multicast addresses (#356).

   o  Added MUST support default port in case multicast discovery is
      available.

   o  In section 2.1 (IP Multicast Background), clarified that IP
      multicast is not guaranteed and referenced a definition of
      Reliable Group Communication (#355).

   o  Added section 2.5 (Messages and Responses) to clarify how
      responses are identified and how Token/MID are used in multicast
      CoAP.

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   o  In section 2.6.2 (RESTful Interface for Configuring Group
      Memberships), clarified that group management interface is an
      optional approach for dynamic commissioning and that other
      approaches can also be used if desired.

   o  Updated section 2.6.2 (RESTful Interface for Configuring Group
      Memberships) to allow deletion of individual group memberships
      (#354).

   o  Various editorial updates based on comments by Peter van der Stok.
      Removed reference to expired draft-vanderstok-core-dna at request
      of its author.

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability.

   Changes from ietf-15 to ietf-16:

   o  In section 2.6.2, changed DELETE in group management interface to
      a PUT with empty JSON array to clear the list (#345).

   o  In section 2.6.2, aligned the syntax for IP addresses to follow
      RFC 3986 URI syntax, which is also used by coap-18.  This allows
      re-use of the parsing code for CoAP URIs for this purpose (#342).

   o  Addressed some more editorial comments provided by Carsten Bormann
      in preparation for WGLC.

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability.

   Changes from ietf-14 to ietf-15:

   o  In section 2.2, provided guidance on how implementers should parse
      URIs for group communication (#339).

   o  In section 2.6.2.1, specified that for group membership
      configuration interface the "ip" (i.e., "a" parameter) key/value
      is not required when it is unknown (#338).

   o  In section 2.6.2.1, specified that for group membership
      configuration interface the port configuration be defaulted to
      standard CoAP port 5683, and if not default then should follow
      standard notation (#340).

   o  In section 2.6.2.1, specified that notation of IP address in group
      membership configuration interface should follow standard notation
      (#342).

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   o  In section 6.2, "coap-group+json" Media Type encoding simplified
      to just support UTF-8 (and not UTF-16 and UTF-32) (#344).

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability.

   Changes from ietf-13 to ietf-14:

   o  Update to address final editorial comments from the Chair's review
      (by Carsten Bormann) of the draft.  This included restructuring of
      Section 2.6 (Configuring Group Memberships) and Section 4
      (Deployment Guidelines) to make it easier to read.  Also various
      other editorial changes.

   o  Changed "ip" field to "a" in Section 2.6 (#337)

   Changes from ietf-12 to ietf-13:

   o  Extensive editorial updates due to comments from the Chair's
      review (by Carsten Bormann) of the draft.  The best way to see the
      changes will be to do a -Diff with Rev. 12.

   o  The technical comments from the Chair's review will be addressed
      in a future revision after tickets are generated and the solutions
      are agreed to on the WG E-mail list.

   Changes from ietf-11 to ietf-12:

   o  Removed reference to "CoAP Ping" in Section 3.5 (Group Member
      Discovery) and replaced it with the more efficient support of
      discovery of groups and group members via the CORE RD as suggested
      by Zach Shelby.

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability.

   Changes from ietf-10 to ietf-11:

   o  Added text to section 3.8 (Congestion Control) to clarify that a
      "CoAP client sending a multicast CoAP request to /.well-known/core
      SHOULD support core-block" (#332).

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability.

   Changes from ietf-09 to ietf-10:

   o  Various editorial updates including:

   o  Added a fourth option in section 3.3 on ways to obtain the URI
      path for a group request.

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   o  Clarified use of content format in GET/PUT requests for
      Configuring Group Membership in Endpoints (in section 3.6).

   o  Changed reference "draft-shelby-core-resource-directory" to
      "draft-ietf-core-resource-directory".

   o  Clarified (in section 3.7) that ACKs are never used for a
      multicast request (from #296).

   o  Clarified (in section 5.2/5.2.3) that MPL does not support group
      membership advertisement.

   o  Adding introductory paragraph to Scope (section 2.2).

   o  Wrote out fully the URIs in table section 3.2.

   o  Reworded security text in section 7.2 (New Internet Media Type) to
      make it consistent with section 3.6 (Configuring Group
      Membership).

   o  Fixed formatting of hyperlinks in sections 6.3 and 7.2.

   Changes from ietf-08 to ietf-09:

   o  Cleaned up requirements language in general.  Also, requirements
      language are now only used in section 3 (Protocol Considerations)
      and section 6 (Security Considerations).  Requirements language
      has been removed from other sections to keep them to a minimum
      (#271).

   o  Addressed final comment from Peter van der Stok to define what "IP
      stack" meant (#296).  Following the lead of CoAP-17, we know refer
      instead to "APIs such as IPV6_RECVPKTINFO [RFC 3542]".

   o  Changed text in section 3.4 (Group Methods) to allow multicast
      POST under specific conditions and highlighting the risks with
      using it (#328).

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability.

   Changes from ietf-07 to ietf-08:

   o  Updated text in section 3.6 (Configuring Group Membership in
      Endpoints) to make it more explicit that the Internet Media Type
      is used in the processing rules (#299).

   o  Addressed various comments from Peter van der Stok (#296).

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   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability including
      defining all acronyms.

   Changes from ietf-06 to ietf-07:

   o  Added an IANA request (in section 7.2) for a dedicated content-
      format (Internet Media type) for the group management JSON format
      called 'application/coap-group+json' (#299).

   o  Clarified semantics (in section 3.6) of group management JSON
      format (#300).

   o  Added details of IANA request (in section 7.1) for a new CORE
      Resource Type called 'core.gp'.

   o  Clarified that DELETE method (in section 3.6) is also a valid
      group management operation.

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability.

   Changes from ietf-05 to ietf-06:

   o  Added a new section on commissioning flow when using discovery
      services when end devices discover in which multicast group they
      are allocated (#295).

   o  Added a new section on CoAP Proxy Operation (section 3.9) that
      outlines the potential issues and limitations of doing CoAP
      multicast requests via a CoAP Proxy (#274).

   o  Added use case of multicasting controller on the backbone (#279).

   o  Use cases were updated to show only a single CoAP RD (to replace
      the previous multiple RDs with one in each subnet).  This is a
      more efficient deployment and also avoids RD specific issues such
      as synchronization of RD information between serves (#280).

   o  Added text to section 3.6 (Configuring Group Membership in
      Endpoints) that clarified that any (unicast) operation to change
      an endpoint's group membership must use DTLS-secured CoAP.

   o  Clarified relationship of this document to draft-ietf-core-coap in
      section 2.2 (Scope).

   o  Removed IPSec related requirement, as IPSec is not part of draft-
      ietf-core-coap anymore.

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   o  Editorial reordering of subsections in section 3 to have a better
      flow of topics.  Also renamed some of the (sub)sections to better
      reflect their content.  Finally, moved the URI Configuration text
      to the same section as the Port Configuration section as it was a
      more natural grouping (now in section 3.3) .

   o  Editorial rewording of section 3.7 (Multicast Request Acceptance
      and Response Suppression) to make the logic easier to comprehend
      (parse).

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability.

   Changes from ietf-04 to ietf-05:

   o  Added a new section 3.9 (Exceptions) that highlights that IP
      multicast (and hence group communication) is not always available
      (#187).

   o  Updated text on the use of [RFC2119] language (#271) in Section 1.

   o  Included guidelines on when (not) to use CoAP responses to
      multicast requests and when (not) to accept multicast requests
      (#273).

   o  Added guideline on use of core-block for minimizing response size
      (#275).

   o  Restructured section 6 (Security Considerations) to more fully
      describe threats and threat mitigation (#277).

   o  Clearly indicated that DNS resolution and reverse DNS lookup are
      optional.

   o  Removed confusing text about a single group having multiple IP
      addresses.  If multiple IP addresses are required then multiple
      groups (with the same members) should be created.

   o  Removed repetitive text about the fact that group communication is
      not guaranteed.

   o  Merged previous section 5.2 (Multicast Routing) into 3.1 (IP
      Multicast Routing Background) and added link to section 5.2
      (Advertising Membership of Multicast Groups).

   o  Clarified text in section 3.8 (Congestion Control) regarding
      precedence of use of IP multicast domains (i.e., first try to use
      link-local scope, then site-local scope, and only use global IP
      multicast as a last resort).

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   o  Extended group resource manipulation guidelines with use of pre-
      configured ports/paths for the multicast group.

   o  Consolidated all text relating to ports in a new section 3.3 (Port
      Configuration).

   o  Clarified that all methods (GET/PUT/POST) for configuring group
      membership in endpoints should be unicast (and not multicast) in
      section 3.7 (Configuring Group Membership In Endpoints).

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability, including
      editorial comments by Peter van der Stok to WG list of December
      18th, 2012.

   Changes from ietf-03 to ietf-04:

   o  Removed section 2.3 (Potential Solutions for Group Communication)
      as it is purely background information and moved section to draft-
      dijk-core-groupcomm-misc (#266).

   o  Added reference to draft-keoh-tls-multicast-security to section 6
      (Security Considerations).

   o  Removed Appendix B (CoAP-Observe Alternative to Group
      Communications) as it is as an alternative to IP Multicast that
      the WG has not adopted and moved section to draft-dijk-core-
      groupcomm-misc (#267).

   o  Deleted section 8 (Conclusions) as it is redundant (#268).

   o  Simplified light switch use case (#269) by splitting into basic
      operations and additional functions (#269).

   o  Moved section 3.7 (CoAP Multicast and HTTP Unicast Interworking)
      to draft-dijk-core-groupcomm-misc (#270).

   o  Moved section 3.3.1 (DNS-SD) and 3.3.2 (CoRE Resource Directory)
      to draft-dijk-core-groupcomm-misc as these sections essentially
      just repeated text from other drafts regarding DNS based features.
      Clarified remaining text in this draft relating to DNS based
      features to clearly indicate that these features are optional
      (#272).

   o  Focus section 3.5 (Configuring Group Membership) on a single
      proposed solution.

   o  Scope of section 5.3 (Use of MLD) widened to multicast destination
      advertisement methods in general.

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   o  Rewrote section 2.2 (Scope) for improved readability.

   o  Moved use cases that are not addressed to draft-dijk-core-
      groupcomm-misc.

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability.

   Changes from ietf-02 to ietf-03:

   o  Clarified that a group resource manipulation may return back a
      mixture of successful and unsuccessful responses (section 3.4 and
      Figure 6) (#251).

   o  Clarified that security option for group communication must be
      NoSec mode (section 6) (#250).

   o  Added mechanism for group membership configuration (#249).

   o  Removed IANA request for multicast addresses (section 7) and
      replaced with a note indicating that the request is being made in
      draft-ietf-core-coap (#248).

   o  Made the definition of 'group' more specific to group of CoAP
      endpoints and included text on UDP port selection (#186).

   o  Added explanatory text in section 3.4 regarding why not to use
      group communication for non-idempotent messages (i.e., CoAP POST)
      (#186).

   o  Changed link-local RD discovery to site-local in RD discovery use
      case to make it more realistic.

   o  Fixed lighting control use case CoAP proxying; now returns
      individual CoAP responses as in coap-12.

   o  Replaced link format I-D with RFC6690 reference.

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability

   Changes from ietf-01 to ietf-02:

   o  Rewrote congestion control section based on latest CoAP text
      including Leisure concept (#188)

   o  Updated the CoAP/HTTP interworking section and example use case
      with more details and use of MLD for multicast group joining

   o  Key use cases added (#185)

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   o  References to draft-vanderstok-core-dna and draft-castellani-core-
      advanced-http-mapping added

   o  Moved background sections on "MLD" and "CoAP-Observe" to
      Appendices

   o  Removed requirements section (and moved it to draft-dijk-core-
      groupcomm-misc)

   o  Added details for IANA request for group communication multicast
      addresses

   o  Clarified text to distinguish between "link local" and general
      multicast cases

   o  Moved lengthy background section 5 to draft-dijk-core-groupcomm-
      misc and replaced with a summary

   o  Various editorial updates for improved readability

   o  Change log added

   Changes from ietf-00 to ietf-01:

   o  Moved CoAP-observe solution section to section 2

   o  Editorial changes

   o  Moved security requirements into requirements section

   o  Changed multicast POST to PUT in example use case

   o  Added CoAP responses in example use case

   Changes from rahman-07 to ietf-00:

   o  Editorial changes

   o  Use cases section added

   o  CoRE Resource Directory section added

   o  Removed section 3.3.5.  IP Multicast Transmission Methods

   o  Removed section 3.4 Overlay Multicast

   o  Removed section 3.5 CoAP Application Layer Group Management

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   o  Clarified section 4.3.1.3 RPL Routers with Non-RPL Hosts case

   o  References added and some normative/informative status changes

Authors' Addresses

   Akbar Rahman (editor)
   InterDigital Communications, LLC

   Email: Akbar.Rahman@InterDigital.com

   Esko Dijk (editor)
   Philips Research

   Email: esko.dijk@philips.com

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