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CoRE Resource Directory
draft-ietf-core-resource-directory-18

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9176.
Authors Zach Shelby , Michael Koster , Carsten Bormann , Peter Van der Stok , Christian Amsüss
Last updated 2018-12-20 (Latest revision 2018-10-22)
Replaces draft-shelby-core-resource-directory
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Document shepherd Jaime Jimenez
IESG IESG state Became RFC 9176 (Proposed Standard)
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Send notices to "Jaime Jimenez" <jaime.jimenez@ericsson.com>
draft-ietf-core-resource-directory-18
CoRE                                                           Z. Shelby
Internet-Draft                                                       ARM
Intended status: Standards Track                               M. Koster
Expires: June 23, 2019                                       SmartThings
                                                              C. Bormann
                                                 Universitaet Bremen TZI
                                                         P. van der Stok
                                                              consultant
                                                         C. Amsuess, Ed.
                                                       December 20, 2018

                        CoRE Resource Directory
                 draft-ietf-core-resource-directory-18

Abstract

   In many M2M applications, direct discovery of resources is not
   practical due to sleeping nodes, disperse networks, or networks where
   multicast traffic is inefficient.  These problems can be solved by
   employing an entity called a Resource Directory (RD), which contains
   information about resources held on other servers, allowing lookups
   to be performed for those resources.  The input to an RD is composed
   of links and the output is composed of links constructed from the
   information stored in the RD.  This document specifies the web
   interfaces that a Resource Directory supports for web servers to
   discover the RD and to register, maintain, lookup and remove
   information on resources.  Furthermore, new target attributes useful
   in conjunction with an RD are defined.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 23, 2019.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Architecture and Use Cases  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  Principles  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.2.  Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.3.  RD Content Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.4.  Link-local addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.5.  Use Case: Cellular M2M  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.6.  Use Case: Home and Building Automation  . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.7.  Use Case: Link Catalogues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   4.  Finding a Resource Directory  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.1.  Resource Directory Address Option (RDAO)  . . . . . . . .  16
   5.  Resource Directory  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.1.  Payload Content Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     5.2.  URI Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     5.3.  Registration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
       5.3.1.  Simple Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       5.3.2.  Third-party registration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     5.4.  Operations on the Registration Resource . . . . . . . . .  28
       5.4.1.  Registration Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       5.4.2.  Registration Removal  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       5.4.3.  Further operations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
   6.  RD Lookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     6.1.  Resource lookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     6.2.  Lookup filtering  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     6.3.  Resource lookup examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     6.4.  Endpoint lookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
   7.  Security policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     7.1.  Secure RD discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     7.2.  Secure RD filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     7.3.  Secure endpoint Name assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42

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   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
     8.1.  Endpoint Identification and Authentication  . . . . . . .  42
     8.2.  Access Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     8.3.  Denial of Service Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     9.1.  Resource Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     9.2.  IPv6 ND Resource Directory Address Option . . . . . . . .  44
     9.3.  RD Parameter Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
       9.3.1.  Full description of the "Endpoint Type" Registration
               Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     9.4.  "Endpoint Type" (et=) RD Parameter values . . . . . . . .  46
     9.5.  Multicast Address Registration  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
   10. Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     10.1.  Lighting Installation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
       10.1.1.  Installation Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
       10.1.2.  RD entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     10.2.  OMA Lightweight M2M (LWM2M) Example  . . . . . . . . . .  51
       10.2.1.  The LWM2M Object Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
       10.2.2.  LWM2M Register Endpoint  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
       10.2.3.  LWM2M Update Endpoint Registration . . . . . . . . .  55
       10.2.4.  LWM2M De-Register Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
   11. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
   12. Changelog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
   13. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     13.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     13.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
   Appendix A.  Groups Registration and Lookup . . . . . . . . . . .  66
   Appendix B.  Web links and the Resource Directory . . . . . . . .  68
     B.1.  A simple example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
       B.1.1.  Resolving the URIs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
       B.1.2.  Interpreting attributes and relations . . . . . . . .  69
     B.2.  A slightly more complex example . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
     B.3.  Enter the Resource Directory  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     B.4.  A note on differences between link-format and Link
           headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
   Appendix C.  Limited Link Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73

1.  Introduction

   The work on Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) aims at realizing
   the REST architecture in a suitable form for the most constrained
   nodes (e.g., 8-bit microcontrollers with limited RAM and ROM) and
   networks (e.g. 6LoWPAN).  CoRE is aimed at machine-to-machine (M2M)
   applications such as smart energy and building automation.

   The discovery of resources offered by a constrained server is very
   important in machine-to-machine applications where there are no

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   humans in the loop and static interfaces result in fragility.  The
   discovery of resources provided by an HTTP Web Server is typically
   called Web Linking [RFC8288].  The use of Web Linking for the
   description and discovery of resources hosted by constrained web
   servers is specified by the CoRE Link Format [RFC6690].  However,
   [RFC6690] only describes how to discover resources from the web
   server that hosts them by querying "/.well-known/core".  In many M2M
   scenarios, direct discovery of resources is not practical due to
   sleeping nodes, disperse networks, or networks where multicast
   traffic is inefficient.  These problems can be solved by employing an
   entity called a Resource Directory (RD), which contains information
   about resources held on other servers, allowing lookups to be
   performed for those resources.

   This document specifies the web interfaces that a Resource Directory
   supports for web servers to discover the RD and to register,
   maintain, lookup and remove information on resources.  Furthermore,
   new target attributes useful in conjunction with a Resource Directory
   are defined.  Although the examples in this document show the use of
   these interfaces with CoAP [RFC7252], they can be applied in an
   equivalent manner to HTTP [RFC7230].

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   [RFC2119].  The term "byte" is used in its now customary sense as a
   synonym for "octet".

   This specification requires readers to be familiar with all the terms
   and concepts that are discussed in [RFC3986], [RFC8288] and
   [RFC6690].  Readers should also be familiar with the terms and
   concepts discussed in [RFC7252].  To describe the REST interfaces
   defined in this specification, the URI Template format is used
   [RFC6570].

   This specification makes use of the following additional terminology:

   resolve against
      The expression "a URI-reference is _resolved against_ a base URI"
      is used to describe the process of [RFC3986] Section 5.2.
      Noteworthy corner cases are that if the URI-reference is a (full)
      URI and resolved against any base URI, that gives the original
      full URI, and that resolving an empty URI reference gives the base
      URI without any fragment identifier.

   Resource Directory

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      A web entity that stores information about web resources and
      implements the REST interfaces defined in this specification for
      registration and lookup of those resources.

   Sector
      In the context of a Resource Directory, a sector is a logical
      grouping of endpoints.

      The abbreviation "d=" is used for the sector in query parameters
      for compatibility with deployed implementations.

   Endpoint
      Endpoint (EP) is a term used to describe a web server or client in
      [RFC7252].  In the context of this specification an endpoint is
      used to describe a web server that registers resources to the
      Resource Directory.  An endpoint is identified by its endpoint
      name, which is included during registration, and has a unique name
      within the associated sector of the registration.

   Registration Base URI
      The Base URI of a Registration is a URI that typically gives
      scheme and authority information about an Endpoint.  The
      Registration Base URI is provided at registration time, and is
      used by the Resource Directory to resolve relative references of
      the registration into URIs.

   Target
      The target of a link is the destination address (URI) of the link.
      It is sometimes identified with "href=", or displayed as
      "<target>".  Relative targets need resolving with respect to the
      Base URI (section 5.2 of [RFC3986]).

      This use of the term Target is consistent with [RFC8288]'s use of
      the term.

   Context
      The context of a link is the source address (URI) of the link, and
      describes which resource is linked to the target.  A link's
      context is made explicit in serialized links as the "anchor="
      attribute.

      This use of the term Context is consistent with [RFC8288]'s use of
      the term.

   Directory Resource
      A resource in the Resource Directory (RD) containing registration
      resources.

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   Registration Resource
      A resource in the RD that contains information about an Endpoint
      and its links.

   Commissioning Tool
      Commissioning Tool (CT) is a device that assists during the
      installation of the network by assigning values to parameters,
      naming endpoints and groups, or adapting the installation to the
      needs of the applications.

   Registrant-ep
      Registrant-ep is the endpoint that is registered into the RD.  The
      registrant-ep can register itself, or a CT registers the
      registrant-ep.

   RDAO
      Resource Directory Address Option.

   For several operations, interface templates are given in list form;
   those describe the operation participants, request codes, URIs,
   content formats and outcomes.  Sections of those templates contain
   normative content about Interaction, Method, URI Template and URI
   Template Variables as well as the details of the Success condition.
   The additional sections on options like Content-Format and on Failure
   codes give typical cases that an implementation of the RD should deal
   with.  Those serve to illustrate the typical responses to readers who
   are not yet familiar with all the details of CoAP based interfaces;
   they do not limit what a server may respond under atypical
   circumstances.

3.  Architecture and Use Cases

3.1.  Principles

   The Resource Directory is primarily a tool to make discovery
   operations more efficient than querying /.well-known/core on all
   connected devices, or across boundaries that would be limiting those
   operations.

   It provides information about resources hosted by other devices that
   could otherwise only be obtained by directly querying the /.well-
   known/core resource on these other devices, either by a unicast
   request or a multicast request.

   Only information SHOULD be stored in the resource directory that can
   be obtained by querying the described device's /.well-known/core
   resource directly.

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   Data in the resource directory can only be provided by the device
   which hosts those data or a dedicated Commissioning Tool (CT).  These
   CTs are thought to act on behalf of endpoints too constrained, or
   generally unable, to present that information themselves.  No other
   client can modify data in the resource directory.  Changes to the
   information in the Resource Directory do not propagate automatically
   back to the web servers from where the information originated.

3.2.  Architecture

   The resource directory architecture is illustrated in Figure 1.  A
   Resource Directory (RD) is used as a repository of registrations
   describing resources hosted on other web servers, also called
   endpoints (EP).  An endpoint is a web server associated with a
   scheme, IP address and port.  A physical node may host one or more
   endpoints.  The RD implements a set of REST interfaces for endpoints
   to register and maintain resource directory registrations, and for
   endpoints to lookup resources from the RD.  An RD can be logically
   segmented by the use of Sectors.

   A mechanism to discover an RD using CoRE Link Format [RFC6690] is
   defined.

   Registrations in the RD are soft state and need to be periodically
   refreshed.

   An endpoint uses specific interfaces to register, update and remove a
   registration.  It is also possible for an RD to fetch Web Links from
   endpoints and add their contents to resource directory registrations.

   At the first registration of an endpoint, a "registration resource"
   is created, the location of which is returned to the registering
   endpoint.  The registering endpoint uses this registration resource
   to manage the contents of registrations.

   A lookup interface for discovering any of the Web Links stored in the
   RD is provided using the CoRE Link Format.

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                Registration         Lookup
                 Interface         Interface
     +----+          |                 |
     | EP |----      |                 |
     +----+    ----  |                 |
                   --|-    +------+    |
     +----+          | ----|      |    |     +--------+
     | EP | ---------|-----|  RD  |----|-----| Client |
     +----+          | ----|      |    |     +--------+
                   --|-    +------+    |
     +----+    ----  |                 |
     | EP |----      |                 |
     +----+

              Figure 1: The resource directory architecture.

   A Registrant-EP MAY keep concurrent registrations to more than one RD
   at the same time if explicitly configured to do so, but that is not
   expected to be supported by typical EP implementations.  Any such
   registrations are independent of each other.  The usual expectation
   when multiple discovery mechanisms or addresses are configured is
   that they constitute a fall-back path for a single registration.

3.3.  RD Content Model

   The Entity-Relationship (ER) models shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3
   model the contents of /.well-known/core and the resource directory
   respectively, with entity-relationship diagrams [ER].  Entities
   (rectangles) are used for concepts that exist independently.
   Attributes (ovals) are used for concepts that exist only in
   connection with a related entity.  Relations (diamonds) give a
   semantic meaning to the relation between entities.  Numbers specify
   the cardinality of the relations.

   Some of the attribute values are URIs.  Those values are always full
   URIs and never relative references in the information model.  They
   can, however, be expressed as relative references in serializations,
   and often are.

   These models provide an abstract view of the information expressed in
   link-format documents and a Resource Directory.  They cover the
   concepts, but not necessarily all details of an RD's operation; they
   are meant to give an overview, and not be a template for
   implementations.

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                       +----------------------+
                       |   /.well-known/core  |
                       +----------------------+
                                  |
                                  | 1
                          ////////\\\\\\\
                         <    contains   >
                          \\\\\\\\///////
                                  |
                                  | 0+
                        +--------------------+
                        |      link          |
                        +--------------------+
                                  |
                                  |  1   oooooooo
                                  +-----o target o
                                  |      oooooooo
             oooooooooooo   0+    |
            o    target  o--------+
            o  attribute o        | 0+   oooooo
             oooooooooooo         +-----o rel  o
                                  |      oooooo
                                  |
                                  | 1    ooooooooo
                                  +-----o context o
                                         ooooooooo

          Figure 2: E-R Model of the content of /.well-known/core

   The model shown in Figure 2 models the contents of /.well-known/core
   which contains:

   o  a set of links belonging to the hosting web server

   The web server is free to choose links it deems appropriate to be
   exposed in its ".well-known/core".  Typically, the links describe
   resources that are served by the host, but the set can also contain
   links to resources on other servers (see examples in [RFC6690] page
   14).  The set does not necessarily contain links to all resources
   served by the host.

   A link has the following attributes (see [RFC8288]):

   o  Zero or more link relations: They describe relations between the
      link context and the link target.

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      In link-format serialization, they are expressed as space-
      separated values in the "rel" attribute, and default to "hosts".

   o  A link context URI: It defines the source of the relation, e.g.
      _who_ "hosts" something.

      In link-format serialization, it is expressed in the "anchor"
      attribute.  It defaults to that document's URI.

   o  A link target URI: It defines the destination of the relation
      (e.g. _what_ is hosted), and is the topic of all target
      attributes.

      In link-format serialization, it is expressed between angular
      brackets, and sometimes called the "href".

   o  Other target attributes (e.g. resource type (rt), interface (if),
      or content-type (ct)).  These provide additional information about
      the target URI.

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                +----------------------+
                |  resource-directory  |
                +----------------------+
                           | 1
                           |
                           |
                           |
                           |
                      //////\\\\
                     < contains >
                      \\\\\/////
                           |
                        0+ |
    ooooooo     1  +---------------+
   o  base o-------|  registration |
    ooooooo        +---------------+
                       |       | 1
                       |       +--------------+
          oooooooo   1 |                      |
         o  href  o----+                 /////\\\\
          oooooooo     |                < contains >
                       |                 \\\\\/////
          oooooooo   1 |                      |
         o   ep   o----+                      | 0+
          oooooooo     |             +------------------+
                       |             |      link        |
          oooooooo 0-1 |             +------------------+
         o    d   o----+                      |
          oooooooo     |                      |  1   oooooooo
                       |                      +-----o target o
          oooooooo   1 |                      |      oooooooo
         o   lt   o----+     ooooooooooo   0+ |
          oooooooo     |    o  target   o-----+
                       |    o attribute o     | 0+   oooooo
       ooooooooooo 0+  |     ooooooooooo      +-----o rel  o
      o  endpoint o----+                      |      oooooo
      o attribute o                           |
       ooooooooooo                            | 1   ooooooooo
                                              +----o context o
                                                    ooooooooo

       Figure 3: E-R Model of the content of the Resource Directory

   The model shown in Figure 3 models the contents of the resource
   directory which contains in addition to /.well-known/core:

   o  0 to n Registrations of endpoints,

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   A registration is associated with one endpoint.  A registration
   defines a set of links as defined for /.well-known/core.  A
   Registration has six types of attributes:

   o  a unique endpoint name ("ep") within a sector

   o  a Registration Base URI ("base", a URI typically describing the
      scheme://authority part)

   o  a lifetime ("lt"),

   o  a registration resource location inside the RD ("href"),

   o  optionally a sector ("d")

   o  optional additional endpoint attributes (from Section 9.3)

   The cardinality of "base" is currently 1; future documents are
   invited to extend the RD specification to support multiple values
   (e.g.  [I-D.silverajan-core-coap-protocol-negotiation]).  Its value
   is used as a Base URI when resolving URIs in the links contained in
   the endpoint.

   Links are modelled as they are in Figure 2.

3.4.  Link-local addresses

   Registration requests to the RD may arrive from link-local IP
   addresses.  When building a Registration Base URI from that source IP
   address (which would become part of the resolved URIs in resource
   lookup), its link-local IP literal typically contains a zone
   identifier of the RD, and is not usable across hosts (see [RFC6874]
   Section 1).

   Therefore, RD servers SHOULD reject registrations which use of URIs
   containing link-local IP addresses.

3.5.  Use Case: Cellular M2M

   Over the last few years, mobile operators around the world have
   focused on development of M2M solutions in order to expand the
   business to the new type of users: machines.  The machines are
   connected directly to a mobile network using an appropriate embedded
   wireless interface (GSM/GPRS, WCDMA, LTE) or via a gateway providing
   short and wide range wireless interfaces.  From the system design
   point of view, the ambition is to design horizontal solutions that
   can enable utilization of machines in different applications
   depending on their current availability and capabilities as well as

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   application requirements, thus avoiding silo like solutions.  One of
   the crucial enablers of such design is the ability to discover
   resources (machines -- endpoints) capable of providing required
   information at a given time or acting on instructions from the end
   users.

   Imagine a scenario where endpoints installed on vehicles enable
   tracking of the position of these vehicles for fleet management
   purposes and allow monitoring of environment parameters.  During the
   boot-up process endpoints register with a Resource Directory, which
   is hosted by the mobile operator or somewhere in the cloud.
   Periodically, these endpoints update their registration and may
   modify resources they offer.

   When endpoints are not always connected, for example because they
   enter a sleep mode, a remote server is usually used to provide proxy
   access to the endpoints.  Mobile apps or web applications for
   environment monitoring contact the RD, look up the endpoints capable
   of providing information about the environment using an appropriate
   set of link parameters, obtain information on how to contact them
   (URLs of the proxy server), and then initiate interaction to obtain
   information that is finally processed, displayed on the screen and
   usually stored in a database.  Similarly, fleet management systems
   provide the appropriate link parameters to the RD to look up for EPs
   deployed on the vehicles the application is responsible for.

3.6.  Use Case: Home and Building Automation

   Home and commercial building automation systems can benefit from the
   use of M2M web services.  The discovery requirements of these
   applications are demanding.  Home automation usually relies on run-
   time discovery to commission the system, whereas in building
   automation a combination of professional commissioning and run-time
   discovery is used.  Both home and building automation involve peer-
   to-peer interactions between endpoints, and involve battery-powered
   sleeping devices.

3.7.  Use Case: Link Catalogues

   Resources may be shared through data brokers that have no knowledge
   beforehand of who is going to consume the data.  Resource Directory
   can be used to hold links about resources and services hosted
   anywhere to make them discoverable by a general class of
   applications.

   For example, environmental and weather sensors that generate data for
   public consumption may provide data to an intermediary server, or
   broker.  Sensor data are published to the intermediary upon changes

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   or at regular intervals.  Descriptions of the sensors that resolve to
   links to sensor data may be published to a Resource Directory.
   Applications wishing to consume the data can use RD Lookup to
   discover and resolve links to the desired resources and endpoints.
   The Resource Directory service need not be coupled with the data
   intermediary service.  Mapping of Resource Directories to data
   intermediaries may be many-to-many.

   Metadata in web link formats like [RFC6690] which may be internally
   stored as triples, or relation/attribute pairs providing metadata
   about resource links, need to be supported by Resource Directories .
   External catalogues that are represented in other formats may be
   converted to common web linking formats for storage and access by
   Resource Directories.  Since it is common practice for these to be
   URN encoded, simple and lossless structural transforms should
   generally be sufficient to store external metadata in Resource
   Directories.

   The additional features of Resource Directory allow sectors to be
   defined to enable access to a particular set of resources from
   particular applications.  This provides isolation and protection of
   sensitive data when needed.  Application groups with multicast
   addresses may be defined to support efficient data transport.

4.  Finding a Resource Directory

   A (re-)starting device may want to find one or more resource
   directories for discovery purposes.

   The device may be pre-configured to exercise specific mechanisms for
   finding the resource directory:

   1.  It may be configured with a specific IP address for the RD.  That
       IP address may also be an anycast address, allowing the network
       to forward RD requests to an RD that is topologically close; each
       target network environment in which some of these preconfigured
       nodes are to be brought up is then configured with a route for
       this anycast address that leads to an appropriate RD.  (Instead
       of using an anycast address, a multicast address can also be
       preconfigured.  The RD servers then need to configure one of
       their interfaces with this multicast address.)

   2.  It may be configured with a DNS name for the RD and use DNS to
       return the IP address of the RD; it can find a DNS server to
       perform the lookup using the usual mechanisms for finding DNS
       servers.

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   3.  It may be configured to use a service discovery mechanism such as
       DNS-SD [RFC6763].  The present specification suggests configuring
       the service with name rd._sub._coap._udp, preferably within the
       domain of the querying nodes.

   For cases where the device is not specifically configured with a way
   to find a resource directory, the network may want to provide a
   suitable default.

   1.  If the address configuration of the network is performed via
       SLAAC, this is provided by the RDAO option Section 4.1.

   2.  If the address configuration of the network is performed via
       DHCP, this could be provided via a DHCP option (no such option is
       defined at the time of writing).

   Finally, if neither the device nor the network offers any specific
   configuration, the device may want to employ heuristics to find a
   suitable resource directory.

   The present specification does not fully define these heuristics, but
   suggests a number of candidates:

   1.  In a 6LoWPAN, just assume the Border Router (6LBR) can act as a
       resource directory (using the ABRO option to find that
       [RFC6775]).  Confirmation can be obtained by sending a Unicast to
       "coap://[6LBR]/.well-known/core?rt=core.rd*".

   2.  In a network that supports multicast well, discovering the RD
       using a multicast query for /.well-known/core as specified in
       CoRE Link Format [RFC6690]: Sending a Multicast GET to
       "coap://[MCD1]/.well-known/core?rt=core.rd*".  RDs within the
       multicast scope will answer the query.

   When answering a link-local multicast request, the RD SHOULD NOT
   respond with their link-local addresses but use a routable one;
   otherwise the registrant-ep would later need to pick an explicit base
   address to avoid the issue of Section 3.4.

   As some of the RD addresses obtained by the methods listed here are
   just (more or less educated) guesses, endpoints MUST make use of any
   error messages to very strictly rate-limit requests to candidate IP
   addresses that don't work out.  For example, an ICMP Destination
   Unreachable message (and, in particular, the port unreachable code
   for this message) may indicate the lack of a CoAP server on the
   candidate host, or a CoAP error response code such as 4.05 "Method
   Not Allowed" may indicate unwillingness of a CoAP server to act as a
   directory server.

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   If multiple candidate addresses are discovered, the device may pick
   any of them initially, unless the discovery method indicates a more
   precise selection scheme.

4.1.  Resource Directory Address Option (RDAO)

   The Resource Directory Address Option (RDAO) using IPv6 Neighbor
   Discovery (ND) carries information about the address of the Resource
   Directory (RD).  This information is needed when endpoints cannot
   discover the Resource Directory with a link-local or realm-local
   scope multicast address because the endpoint and the RD are separated
   by a Border Router (6LBR).  In many circumstances the availability of
   DHCP cannot be guaranteed either during commissioning of the network.
   The presence and the use of the RD is essential during commissioning.

   It is possible to send multiple RDAO options in one message,
   indicating as many resource directory addresses.

   The RDAO format is:

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   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type      |  Length = 3   |       Valid Lifetime          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                           Reserved                            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                          RD Address                           +
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Fields:

   Type:                   38

   Length:                 8-bit unsigned integer.  The length of
                           the option in units of 8 bytes.
                           Always 3.

   Valid Lifetime:         16-bit unsigned integer.  The length of
                           time in units of 60 seconds (relative to
                           the time the packet is received) that
                           this Resource Directory address is valid.
                           A value of all zero bits (0x0) indicates
                           that this Resource Directory address
                           is not valid anymore.

   Reserved:               This field is unused.  It MUST be
                           initialized to zero by the sender and
                           MUST be ignored by the receiver.

   RD Address:             IPv6 address of the RD.

                Figure 4: Resource Directory Address Option

5.  Resource Directory

   This section defines the required set of REST interfaces between a
   Resource Directory (RD) and endpoints.  Although the examples
   throughout this section assume the use of CoAP [RFC7252], these REST
   interfaces can also be realized using HTTP [RFC7230].  In all
   definitions in this section, both CoAP response codes (with dot
   notation) and HTTP response codes (without dot notation) are shown.

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   An RD implementing this specification MUST support the discovery,
   registration, update, lookup, and removal interfaces defined in this
   section.

   All operations on the contents of the Resource Directory MUST be
   atomic and idempotent.

   A resource directory MAY make the information submitted to it
   available to further directories, if it can ensure that a loop does
   not form.  The protocol used between directories to ensure loop-free
   operation is outside the scope of this document.

5.1.  Payload Content Formats

   Resource Directory implementations using this specification MUST
   support the application/link-format content format (ct=40).

   Resource Directories implementing this specification MAY support
   additional content formats.

   Any additional content format supported by a Resource Directory
   implementing this specification SHOULD be able to express all the
   information expressible in link-format.  It MAY be able to express
   information that is inexpressible in link-format, but those
   expressions SHOULD be avoided where possible.

5.2.  URI Discovery

   Before an endpoint can make use of an RD, it must first know the RD's
   address and port, and the URI path information for its REST APIs.
   This section defines discovery of the RD and its URIs using the well-
   known interface of the CoRE Link Format [RFC6690].  A complete set of
   RD discovery methods is described in Section 4.

   Discovery of the RD registration URI path is performed by sending
   either a multicast or unicast GET request to "/.well-known/core" and
   including a Resource Type (rt) parameter [RFC6690] with the value
   "core.rd" in the query string.  Likewise, a Resource Type parameter
   value of "core.rd-lookup*" is used to discover the URIs for RD Lookup
   operations, core.rd* is used to discover all URI paths for RD
   operations.  Upon success, the response will contain a payload with a
   link format entry for each RD function discovered, indicating the URI
   of the RD function returned and the corresponding Resource Type.
   When performing multicast discovery, the multicast IP address used
   will depend on the scope required and the multicast capabilities of
   the network (see Section 9.5).

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   A Resource Directory MAY provide hints about the content-formats it
   supports in the links it exposes or registers, using the "ct" target
   attribute, as shown in the example below.  Clients MAY use these
   hints to select alternate content-formats for interaction with the
   Resource Directory.

   HTTP does not support multicast and consequently only unicast
   discovery can be supported using HTTP.  The well-known entry points
   SHOULD be provided to enable unicast discovery.

   An implementation of this resource directory specification MUST
   support query filtering for the rt parameter as defined in [RFC6690].

   While the link targets in this discovery step are often expressed in
   path-absolute form, this is not a requirement.  Clients of the RD
   SHOULD therefore accept URIs of all schemes they support, both as
   URIs and relative references, and not limit the set of discovered
   URIs to those hosted at the address used for URI discovery.

   The URI Discovery operation can yield multiple URIs of a given
   resource type.  The client of the RD can use any of the discovered
   addresses initially.

   The discovery request interface is specified as follows (this is
   exactly the Well-Known Interface of [RFC6690] Section 4, with the
   additional requirement that the server MUST support query filtering):

   Interaction:  EP and Client -> RD

   Method:  GET

   URI Template:  /.well-known/core{?rt}

   URI Template Variables:

      rt :=  Resource Type.  SHOULD contain one of the values "core.rd",
         "core.rd-lookup*", "core.rd-lookup-res", "core.rd-lookup-ep",
         or "core.rd*"

   Accept:  absent, application/link-format or any other media type
      representing web links

   The following response codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.05 "Content" or 200 "OK" with an application/link-format
      or other web link payload containing one or more matching entries
      for the RD resource.

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   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request" or 400 "Bad Request" is returned in case
      of a malformed request for a unicast request.

   Failure:  No error response to a multicast request.

   HTTP support :  YES (Unicast only)

   The following example shows an endpoint discovering an RD using this
   interface, thus learning that the directory resource location, in
   this example, is /rd, and that the content-format delivered by the
   server hosting the resource is application/link-format (ct=40).  Note
   that it is up to the RD to choose its RD locations.

   Req: GET coap://[MCD1]/.well-known/core?rt=core.rd*

   Res: 2.05 Content
   </rd>;rt="core.rd";ct=40,
   </rd-lookup/ep>;rt="core.rd-lookup-ep";ct=40,
   </rd-lookup/res>;rt="core.rd-lookup-res";ct=40,

                   Figure 5: Example discovery exchange

   The following example shows the way of indicating that a client may
   request alternate content-formats.  The Content-Format code attribute
   "ct" MAY include a space-separated sequence of Content-Format codes
   as specified in Section 7.2.1 of [RFC7252], indicating that multiple
   content-formats are available.  The example below shows the required
   Content-Format 40 (application/link-format) indicated as well as a
   CBOR and JSON representation from [I-D.ietf-core-links-json] (which
   have no numeric values assigned yet, so they are shown as TBD64 and
   TBD504 as in that draft).  The RD resource locations /rd, and /rd-
   lookup are example values.  The server in this example also indicates
   that it is capable of providing observation on resource lookups.

   [ The RFC editor is asked to replace this and later occurrences of
   MCD1 with the assigned IPv6 site-local address for "all CoRE Resource
   Directories". ]

   Req: GET coap://[MCD1]/.well-known/core?rt=core.rd*

   Res: 2.05 Content
   </rd>;rt="core.rd";ct="40 65225",
   </rd-lookup/res>;rt="core.rd-lookup-res";ct="40 TBD64 TBD504";obs,
   </rd-lookup/ep>;rt="core.rd-lookup-ep";ct="40 TBD64 TBD504",

   From a management and maintenance perspective, it is necessary to
   identify the components that constitute the RD server.  The
   identification refers to information about for example client-server

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   incompatibilities, supported features, required updates and other
   aspects.  The URI discovery address, a described in section 4 of
   [RFC6690] can be used to find the identification.

   It would typically be stored in an implementation information link
   (as described in [I-D.bormann-t2trg-rel-impl]):

   Req: GET /.well-known/core?rel=impl-info

   Res: 2.05 Content
   <http://software.example.com/shiny-resource-directory/1.0beta1>;
       rel="impl-info"

   Note that depending on the particular server's architecture, such a
   link could be anchored at the RD server's root, at the discovery site
   (as in this example) or at individual RD components.  The latter is
   to be expected when different applications are run on the same
   server.

5.3.  Registration

   After discovering the location of an RD, a registrant-ep or CT MAY
   register the resources of the registrant-ep using the registration
   interface.  This interface accepts a POST from an endpoint containing
   the list of resources to be added to the directory as the message
   payload in the CoRE Link Format [RFC6690] or other representations of
   web links, along with query parameters indicating the name of the
   endpoint, and optionally the sector, lifetime and base URI of the
   registration.  It is expected that other specifications will define
   further parameters (see Section 9.3).  The RD then creates a new
   registration resource in the RD and returns its location.  The
   receiving endpoint MUST use that location when refreshing
   registrations using this interface.  Registration resources in the RD
   are kept active for the period indicated by the lifetime parameter.
   The creating endpoint is responsible for refreshing the registration
   resource within this period using either the registration or update
   interface.  The registration interface MUST be implemented to be
   idempotent, so that registering twice with the same endpoint
   parameters ep and d (sector) does not create multiple registration
   resources.

   The following rules apply for a registration request targeting a
   given (ep, d) value pair:

   o  When the (ep, d) value pair of the registration-request is
      different from any existing registration, a new registration is
      generated.

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   o  When the (ep, d) value pair of the registration-request is equal
      to an existing registration, the content and parameters of the
      existing registration are replaced with the content of the
      registration request.

   The posted link-format document can (and typically does) contain
   relative references both in its link targets and in its anchors, or
   contain empty anchors.  The RD server needs to resolve these
   references in order to faithfully represent them in lookups.  They
   are resolved against the base URI of the registration, which is
   provided either explicitly in the "base" parameter or constructed
   implicitly from the requester's URI as constructed from its network
   address and scheme.

   For media types to which Appendix C applies (i.e. documents in
   application/link-format), the RD only needs to accept representations
   in Limited Link Format as described there.  Its behavior with
   representations outside that subset is implementation defined.

   The registration request interface is specified as follows:

   Interaction:  EP -> RD

   Method:  POST

   URI Template:  {+rd}{?ep,d,lt,base,extra-attrs*}

   URI Template Variables:

      rd :=  RD registration URI (mandatory).  This is the location of
         the RD, as obtained from discovery.

      ep :=  Endpoint name (mostly mandatory).  The endpoint name is an
         identifier that MUST be unique within a sector.  The maximum
         length of this parameter is 63 bytes.  If the RD is configured
         to recognize the endpoint (e.g. based on its security context),
         the RD assigns an endpoint name based on a set of configuration
         parameter values.

      d :=  Sector (optional).  The sector to which this endpoint
         belongs.  The maximum length of this parameter is 63 bytes.
         When this parameter is not present, the RD MAY associate the
         endpoint with a configured default sector or leave it empty.
         The endpoint name and sector name are not set when one or both
         are set in an accompanying authorization token.

      lt :=  Lifetime (optional).  Lifetime of the registration in
         seconds.  Range of 60-4294967295.  If no lifetime is included

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         in the initial registration, a default value of 90000 (25
         hours) SHOULD be assumed.

      base :=  Base URI (optional).  This parameter sets the base URI of
         the registration, under which the relative links in the payload
         are to be interpreted.  The specified URI typically does not
         have a path component of its own, and MUST be suitable as a
         base URI to resolve any relative references given in the
         registration.  The parameter is therefore usually of the shape
         "scheme://authority" for HTTP and CoAP URIs.  The URI SHOULD
         NOT have a query or fragment component as any non-empty
         relative part in a reference would remove those parts from the
         resulting URI.

         In the absence of this parameter the scheme of the protocol,
         source address and source port of the registration request are
         assumed.  The Base URI is consecutively constructed by
         concatenating the used protocol's scheme with the characters
         "://", the requester's source address as an address literal and
         ":" followed by its port (if it was not the protocol's default
         one) in analogy to [RFC7252] Section 6.5.

         This parameter is mandatory when the directory is filled by a
         third party such as an commissioning tool.

         If the registrant-ep uses an ephemeral port to register with,
         it MUST include the base parameter in the registration to
         provide a valid network path.

         If the registrant-ep, located behind a NAT gateway, is
         registering with a Resource Directory which is on the network
         service side of the NAT gateway, the endpoint MUST use a
         persistent port for the outgoing registration in order to
         provide the NAT gateway with a valid network address for
         replies and incoming requests.

         If the registrant-ep uses a link-local address to register, it
         MUST give an explicit routable base address unless configured
         otherwise as per Section 3.4 (or just register from that
         address in the first place).

         Endpoints that register with a base that contains a path
         component can not meaningfully use [RFC6690] Link Format due to
         its prevalence of the Origin concept in relative reference
         resolution.  Those applications should use different
         representations of links to which Appendix C is not applicable
         (e.g.  [I-D.hartke-t2trg-coral]).

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      extra-attrs :=  Additional registration attributes (optional).
         The endpoint can pass any parameter registered at Section 9.3
         to the directory.  If the RD is aware of the parameter's
         specified semantics, it processes it accordingly.  Otherwise,
         it MUST store the unknown key and its value(s) as an endpoint
         attribute for further lookup.

   Content-Format:  application/link-format or any other indicated media
      type representing web links

   The following response codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.01 "Created" or 201 "Created".  The Location-Path option
      or Location header MUST be included in the response.  This
      location MUST be a stable identifier generated by the RD as it is
      used for all subsequent operations on this registration resource.
      The registration resource location thus returned is for the
      purpose of updating the lifetime of the registration and for
      maintaining the content of the registered links, including
      updating and deleting links.

      A registration with an already registered ep and d value pair
      responds with the same success code and location as the original
      registration; the set of links registered with the endpoint is
      replaced with the links from the payload.

      The location MUST NOT have a query or fragment component, as that
      could conflict with query parameters during the Registration
      Update operation.  Therefore, the Location-Query option MUST NOT
      be present in a successful response.

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request" or 400 "Bad Request".  Malformed
      request.

   Failure:  5.03 "Service Unavailable" or 503 "Service Unavailable".
      Service could not perform the operation.

   HTTP support:  YES

   If the registration fails with a Service Unavailable response and a
   Max-Age option or Retry-After header, the registering endpoint SHOULD
   retry the operation after the time indicated.  If the registration
   fails in another way, including request timeouts, or if the Service
   Unavailable error persists after several retries, or indicates a
   longer time than the endpoint is willing to wait, it SHOULD pick
   another registration URI from the "URI Discovery" step and if there
   is only one or the list is exhausted, pick other choices from the
   "Finding a Resource Directory" step.  Care has to be taken to

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   consider the freshness of results obtained earlier, e.g. of the
   result of a "/.well-known/core" response, the lifetime of an RDAO
   option and of DNS responses.  Any rate limits and persistent errors
   from the "Finding a Resource Directory" step must be considered for
   the whole registration time, not only for a single operation.

   The following example shows a registrant-ep with the name "node1"
   registering two resources to an RD using this interface.  The
   location "/rd" is an example RD location discovered in a request
   similar to Figure 5.

   Req: POST coap://rd.example.com/rd?ep=node1
   Content-Format: 40
   Payload:
   </sensors/temp>;ct=41;rt="temperature-c";if="sensor";
         anchor="coap://spurious.example.com:5683",
   </sensors/light>;ct=41;rt="light-lux";if="sensor"

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/4521

                  Figure 6: Example registration payload

   A Resource Directory may optionally support HTTP.  Here is an example
   of almost the same registration operation above, when done using
   HTTP.

   Req: POST /rd?ep=node1&base=http://[2001:db8:1::1] HTTP/1.1
   Host: example.com
   Content-Type: application/link-format
   Payload:
   </sensors/temp>;ct=41;rt="temperature-c";if="sensor";
         anchor="coap://spurious.example.com:5683",
   </sensors/light>;ct=41;rt="light-lux";if="sensor"

   Res: 201 Created
   Location: /rd/4521

5.3.1.  Simple Registration

   Not all endpoints hosting resources are expected to know how to
   upload links to an RD as described in Section 5.3.  Instead, simple
   endpoints can implement the Simple Registration approach described in
   this section.  An RD implementing this specification MUST implement
   Simple Registration.  However, there may be security reasons why this
   form of directory discovery would be disabled.

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   This approach requires that the registrant-ep makes available the
   hosted resources that it wants to be discovered, as links on its
   "/.well-known/core" interface as specified in [RFC6690].  The links
   in that document are subject to the same limitations as the payload
   of a registration (with respect to Appendix C).

   The registrant-ep finds one or more addresses of the directory server
   as described in Section 4.

   The registrant-ep asks the selected directory server to probe its
   /.well-known/core and publish the links as follows:

   The registrant-ep sends (and regularly refreshes with) a POST request
   to the "/.well-known/core" URI of the directory server of choice.
   The body of the POST request is empty, and triggers the resource
   directory server to perform GET requests at the requesting
   registrant-ep's /.well-known/core to obtain the link-format payload
   to register.

   The registrant-ep includes the same registration parameters in the
   POST request as it would per Section 5.3.  The registration base URI
   of the registration is taken from the registrant-ep's network address
   (as is default with regular registrations).

   The Resource Directory needs to query the registrant-ep's discovery
   resource to determine the success of the operation.  It SHOULD keep a
   cache of the discovery resource and not query it again as long as it
   is fresh.

   (This is to accomodate constrained registrant devices that can not
   process an incoming and outgoing request at the same time.
   Registrants MUST be able to serve a GET request to "/.well-known/
   core" after having requested registration.  Constrained devices MAY
   regard the initial request as temporarily failed when they need RAM
   occupied by their own request to serve the RD's GET, and retry later
   when the RD already has a cached representation of their discovery
   resources.  Then, the RD can reply immediately and the registrant can
   receive the response.)

   The simple registration request interface is specified as follows:

   Interaction:  EP -> RD

   Method:  POST

   URI Template:  /.well-known/core{?ep,d,lt,extra-attrs*}

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   URI Template Variables are as they are for registration in
   Section 5.3.  The base attribute is not accepted to keep the
   registration interface simple; that rules out registration over CoAP-
   over-TCP or HTTP that would need to specify one.

   The following response codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.04 "Changed".

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request".  Malformed request.

   Failure:  5.03 "Service Unavailable".  Service could not perform the
      operation.

   HTTP support:  NO

   For the second interaction triggered by the above, the registrant-ep
   takes the role of server and the RD the role of client.  (Note that
   this is exactly the Well-Known Interface of [RFC6690] Section 4):

   Interaction:  RD -> EP

   Method:  GET

   URI Template:  /.well-known/core

   The following response codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.05 "Content".

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request".  Malformed request.

   Failure:  4.04 "Not Found". /.well-known/core does not exist.

   Failure:  5.03 "Service Unavailable".  Service could not perform the
      operation.

   HTTP support:  NO

   The registration resources MUST be deleted after the expiration of
   their lifetime.  Additional operations on the registration resource
   cannot be executed because no registration location is returned.

   The following example shows a registrant-ep using Simple
   Registration, by simply sending an empty POST to a resource
   directory.

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   Req: (to RD server from [2001:db8:2::1])
   POST /.well-known/core?lt=6000&ep=node1
   No payload

   Req: (from RD server to [2001:db8:2::1])
   GET /.well-known/core
   Accept: 40

   Res: (to the RD from [2001:db8:2::1] ) 2.05 Content
   Content-Format: 40
   Payload:
   </sen/temp>

   Res: (from the RD to [2001:db8:2::1]) 2.04 Changed

5.3.2.  Third-party registration

   For some applications, even Simple Registration may be too taxing for
   some very constrained devices, in particular if the security
   requirements become too onerous.

   In a controlled environment (e.g. building control), the Resource
   Directory can be filled by a third party device, called a
   Commissioning Tool (CT).  The commissioning tool can fill the
   Resource Directory from a database or other means.  For that purpose
   scheme, IP address and port of the URI of the registered device is
   the value of the "base" parameter of the registration described in
   Section 5.3.

   It should be noted that the value of the "base" parameter applies to
   all the links of the registration and has consequences for the anchor
   value of the individual links as exemplified in Appendix B.  An
   eventual (currently non-existing) "base" attribute of the link is not
   affected by the value of "base" parameter in the registration.

5.4.  Operations on the Registration Resource

   This section describes how the registering endpoint can maintain the
   registrations that it created.  The registering endpoint can be the
   registrant-ep or the CT.  An endpoint SHOULD NOT use this interface
   for registrations that it did not create.  The registrations are
   resources of the RD.

   After the initial registration, the registering endpoint retains the
   returned location of the Registration Resource for further
   operations, including refreshing the registration in order to extend
   the lifetime and "keep-alive" the registration.  When the lifetime of
   the registration has expired, the RD SHOULD NOT respond to discovery

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   queries concerning this endpoint.  The RD SHOULD continue to provide
   access to the Registration Resource after a registration time-out
   occurs in order to enable the registering endpoint to eventually
   refresh the registration.  The RD MAY eventually remove the
   registration resource for the purpose of garbage collection.  If the
   Registration Resource is removed, the corresponding endpoint will
   need to be re-registered.

   The Registration Resource may also be used cancel the registration
   using DELETE, and to perform further operations beyond the scope of
   this specification.

   These operations are described below.

5.4.1.  Registration Update

   The update interface is used by the registering endpoint to refresh
   or update its registration with an RD.  To use the interface, the
   registering endpoint sends a POST request to the registration
   resource returned by the initial registration operation.

   An update MAY update the lifetime- or the context- registration
   parameters "lt", "base" as in Section 5.3.  Parameters that are not
   being changed SHOULD NOT be included in an update.  Adding parameters
   that have not changed increases the size of the message but does not
   have any other implications.  Parameters MUST be included as query
   parameters in an update operation as in Section 5.3.

   A registration update resets the timeout of the registration to the
   (possibly updated) lifetime of the registration, independent of
   whether a "lt" parameter was given.

   If the context of the registration is changed in an update, relative
   references submitted in the original registration or later updates
   are resolved anew against the new context.

   The registration update operation only describes the use of POST with
   an empty payload.  Future standards might describe the semantics of
   using content formats and payloads with the POST method to update the
   links of a registration (see Section 5.4.3).

   The update registration request interface is specified as follows:

   Interaction:  EP -> RD

   Method:  POST

   URI Template:  {+location}{?lt,base,extra-attrs*}

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   URI Template Variables:

      location :=  This is the Location returned by the RD as a result
         of a successful earlier registration.

      lt :=  Lifetime (optional).  Lifetime of the registration in
         seconds.  Range of 60-4294967295.  If no lifetime is included,
         the previous last lifetime set on a previous update or the
         original registration (falling back to 90000) SHOULD be used.

      base :=  Base URI (optional).  This parameter updates the Base URI
         established in the original registration to a new value.  If
         the parameter is set in an update, it is stored by the RD as
         the new Base URI under which to interpret the relative links
         present in the payload of the original registration, following
         the same restrictions as in the registration.  If the parameter
         is not set in the request but was set before, the previous Base
         URI value is kept unmodified.  If the parameter is not set in
         the request and was not set before either, the source address
         and source port of the update request are stored as the Base
         URI.

      extra-attrs :=  Additional registration attributes (optional).  As
         with the registration, the RD processes them if it knows their
         semantics.  Otherwise, unknown attributes are stored as
         endpoint attributes, overriding any previously stored endpoint
         attributes of the same key.

   Content-Format:  none (no payload)

   The following response codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.04 "Changed" or 204 "No Content" if the update was
      successfully processed.

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request" or 400 "Bad Request".  Malformed
      request.

   Failure:  4.04 "Not Found" or 404 "Not Found".  Registration does not
      exist (e.g. may have been removed).

   Failure:  5.03 "Service Unavailable" or 503 "Service Unavailable".
      Service could not perform the operation.

   HTTP support:  YES

   If the registration update fails with a "Service Unavailable"
   response and a Max-Age option or Retry-After header, the registering

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   endpoint SHOULD retry the operation after the time indicated.  If the
   registration fails in another way, including request timeouts, or if
   the time indicated exceeds the remaining lifetime, the registering
   endpoint SHOULD attempt registration again.

   The following example shows how the registering endpoint updates its
   registration resource at an RD using this interface with the example
   location value: /rd/4521.

   Req: POST /rd/4521

   Res: 2.04 Changed

   The following example shows the registering endpoint updating its
   registration resource at an RD using this interface with the example
   location value: /rd/4521.  The initial registration by the
   registering endpoint set the following values:

   o  endpoint name (ep)=endpoint1

   o  lifetime (lt)=500

   o  Base URI (base)=coap://local-proxy-old.example.com:5683

   o  payload of Figure 6

   The initial state of the Resource Directory is reflected in the
   following request:

   Req: GET /rd-lookup/res?ep=endpoint1

   Res: 2.01 Content
   Payload:
   <coap://local-proxy-old.example.com:5683/sensors/temp>;ct=41;
    rt="temperature"; anchor="coap://spurious.example.com:5683",
   <coap://local-proxy-old.example.com:5683/sensors/light>;ct=41;
     rt="light-lux"; if="sensor";
     anchor="coap://local-proxy-old.example.com:5683"

   The following example shows the registering endpoint changing the
   Base URI to "coaps://new.example.com:5684":

   Req: POST /rd/4521?base=coaps://new.example.com:5684

   Res: 2.04 Changed

   The consecutive query returns:

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   Req: GET /rd-lookup/res?ep=endpoint1

   Res: 2.01 Content
   Payload:
   <coaps://new.example.com:5684/sensors/temp>;ct=41;rt="temperature";
       anchor="coap://spurious.example.com:5683",
   <coaps://new.example.com:5684/sensors/light>;ct=41;rt="light-lux";
       if="sensor"; anchor="coaps://new.example.com:5684",

5.4.2.  Registration Removal

   Although RD registrations have soft state and will eventually timeout
   after their lifetime, the registering endpoint SHOULD explicitly
   remove an entry from the RD if it knows it will no longer be
   available (for example on shut-down).  This is accomplished using a
   removal interface on the RD by performing a DELETE on the endpoint
   resource.

   The removal request interface is specified as follows:

   Interaction:  EP -> RD

   Method:  DELETE

   URI Template:  {+location}

   URI Template Variables:

      location :=  This is the Location returned by the RD as a result
         of a successful earlier registration.

   The following response codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.02 "Deleted" or 204 "No Content" upon successful deletion

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request" or 400 "Bad Request".  Malformed
      request.

   Failure:  4.04 "Not Found" or 404 "Not Found".  Registration does not
      exist (e.g. may already have been removed).

   Failure:  5.03 "Service Unavailable" or 503 "Service Unavailable".
      Service could not perform the operation.

   HTTP support: YES

   The following examples shows successful removal of the endpoint from
   the RD with example location value /rd/4521.

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   Req: DELETE /rd/4521

   Res: 2.02 Deleted

5.4.3.  Further operations

   Additional operations on the registration can be specified in future
   documents, for example:

   o  Send iPATCH (or PATCH) updates ([RFC8132]) to add, remove or
      change the links of a registration.

   o  Use GET to read the currently stored set of links in a
      registration resource.

   Those operations are out of scope of this document, and will require
   media types suitable for modifying sets of links.

6.  RD Lookup

   To discover the resources registered with the RD, a lookup interface
   must be provided.  This lookup interface is defined as a default, and
   it is assumed that RDs may also support lookups to return resource
   descriptions in alternative formats (e.g.  JSON or CBOR link format
   [I-D.ietf-core-links-json]) or using more advanced interfaces (e.g.
   supporting context or semantic based lookup) on different resources
   that are discovered independently.

   RD Lookup allows lookups for endpoints and resources using attributes
   defined in this document and for use with the CoRE Link Format.  The
   result of a lookup request is the list of links (if any)
   corresponding to the type of lookup.  Thus, an endpoint lookup MUST
   return a list of endpoints and a resource lookup MUST return a list
   of links to resources.

   The lookup type is selected by a URI endpoint, which is indicated by
   a Resource Type as per Table 1 below:

             +-------------+--------------------+-----------+
             | Lookup Type | Resource Type      | Mandatory |
             +-------------+--------------------+-----------+
             | Resource    | core.rd-lookup-res | Mandatory |
             | Endpoint    | core.rd-lookup-ep  | Mandatory |
             +-------------+--------------------+-----------+

                           Table 1: Lookup Types

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6.1.  Resource lookup

   Resource lookup results in links that are semantically equivalent to
   the links submitted to the RD.  The links and link parameters
   returned by the lookup are equal to the submitted ones, except that
   the target and anchor references are fully resolved.

   Links that did not have an anchor attribute are therefore returned
   with the base URI of the registration as the anchor.  Links of which
   href or anchor was submitted as a (full) URI are returned with these
   attributes unmodified.

   Above rules allow the client to interpret the response as links
   without any further knowledge of the storage conventions of the RD.
   The Resource Directory MAY replace the registration base URIs with a
   configured intermediate proxy, e.g. in the case of an HTTP lookup
   interface for CoAP endpoints.

6.2.  Lookup filtering

   Using the Accept Option, the requester can control whether the
   returned list is returned in CoRE Link Format ("application/link-
   format", default) or in alternate content-formats (e.g. from
   [I-D.ietf-core-links-json]).

   The page and count parameters are used to obtain lookup results in
   specified increments using pagination, where count specifies how many
   links to return and page specifies which subset of links organized in
   sequential pages, each containing 'count' links, starting with link
   zero and page zero.  Thus, specifying count of 10 and page of 0 will
   return the first 10 links in the result set (links 0-9).  Count = 10
   and page = 1 will return the next 'page' containing links 10-19, and
   so on.

   Multiple search criteria MAY be included in a lookup.  All included
   criteria MUST match for a link to be returned.  The Resource
   Directory MUST support matching with multiple search criteria.

   A link matches a search criterion if it has an attribute of the same
   name and the same value, allowing for a trailing "*" wildcard
   operator as in Section 4.1 of [RFC6690].  Attributes that are defined
   as "link-type" match if the search value matches any of their values
   (see Section 4.1 of [RFC6690]; e.g. "?if=core.s" matches ";if="abc
   core.s";").  A resource link also matches a search criterion if its
   endpoint would match the criterion, and vice versa, an endpoint link
   matches a search criterion if any of its resource links matches it.

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   Note that "href" is a valid search criterion and matches target
   references.  Like all search criteria, on a resource lookup it can
   match the target reference of the resource link itself, but also the
   registration resource of the endpoint that registered it.  Queries
   for resource link targets MUST be in URI form (i.e. not relative
   references) and are matched against a resolved link target.  Queries
   for endpoints SHOULD be expressed in path-absolute form if possible
   and MUST be expressed in URI form otherwise; the RD SHOULD recognize
   either.

   Endpoints that are interested in a lookup result repeatedly or
   continuously can use mechanisms like ETag caching, resource
   observation ([RFC7641]), or any future mechanism that might allow
   more efficient observations of collections.  These are advertised,
   detected and used according to their own specifications and can be
   used with the lookup interface as with any other resource.

   When resource observation is used, every time the set of matching
   links changes, or the content of a matching link changes, the RD
   sends a notification with the matching link set.  The notification
   contains the successful current response to the given request,
   especially with respect to representing zero matching links (see
   "Success" item below).

   The lookup interface is specified as follows:

   Interaction:  Client -> RD

   Method:  GET

   URI Template:  {+type-lookup-location}{?page,count,search*}

   URI Template Variables:

      type-lookup-location :=  RD Lookup URI for a given lookup type
         (mandatory).  The address is discovered as described in
         Section 5.2.

      search :=  Search criteria for limiting the number of results
         (optional).

      page :=  Page (optional).  Parameter cannot be used without the
         count parameter.  Results are returned from result set in pages
         that contain 'count' links starting from index (page * count).
         Page numbering starts with zero.

      count :=  Count (optional).  Number of results is limited to this
         parameter value.  If the page parameter is also present, the

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         response MUST only include 'count' links starting with the
         (page * count) link in the result set from the query.  If the
         count parameter is not present, then the response MUST return
         all matching links in the result set.  Link numbering starts
         with zero.

      Accept:  absent, application/link-format or any other indicated
         media type representing web links

   The following responses codes are defined for this interface:

   Success:  2.05 "Content" or 200 "OK" with an "application/link-
      format" or other web link payload containing matching entries for
      the lookup.  The payload can contain zero links (which is an empty
      payload in [RFC6690] link format, but could also be "[]" in JSON
      based formats), indicating that no entities matched the request.

   Failure:  No error response to a multicast request.

   Failure:  4.00 "Bad Request" or 400 "Bad Request".  Malformed
      request.

   Failure:  5.03 "Service Unavailable" or 503 "Service Unavailable".
      Service could not perform the operation.

   HTTP support:  YES

6.3.  Resource lookup examples

   The examples in this section assume the existence of CoAP hosts with
   a default CoAP port 61616.  HTTP hosts are possible and do not change
   the nature of the examples.

   The following example shows a client performing a resource lookup
   with the example resource look-up locations discovered in Figure 5:

   Req: GET /rd-lookup/res?rt=temperature

   Res: 2.05 Content
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616/temp>;rt="temperature";
              anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616"

   A client that wants to be notified of new resources as they show up
   can use observation:

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   Req: GET /rd-lookup/res?rt=light
   Observe: 0

   Res: 2.05 Content
   Observe: 23
   Payload: empty

   (at a later point in time)

   Res: 2.05 Content
   Observe: 24
   Payload:
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::124]/west>;rt="light";
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::124]",
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::124]/south>;rt="light";
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::124]",
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::124]/east>;rt="light";
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::124]"

   The following example shows a client performing a paginated resource
   lookup

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   Req: GET /rd-lookup/res?page=0&count=5

   Res: 2.05 Content
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616/res/0>;rt=sensor;ct=60;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616",
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616/res/1>;rt=sensor;ct=60;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616",
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616/res/2>;rt=sensor;ct=60;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616",
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616/res/3>;rt=sensor;ct=60;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616",
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616/res/4>;rt=sensor;ct=60;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616"

   Req: GET /rd-lookup/res?page=1&count=5

   Res: 2.05 Content
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616/res/5>;rt=sensor;ct=60;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616",
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616/res/6>;rt=sensor;ct=60;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616",
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616/res/7>;rt=sensor;ct=60;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616",
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616/res/8>;rt=sensor;ct=60;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616",
   <coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616/res/9>;rt=sensor;ct=60;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:3::123]:61616"

   The following example shows a client performing a lookup of all
   resources from endpoints of all endpoints of a given endpoint type.
   It assumes that two endpoints (with endpoint names "sensor1" and
   "sensor2") have previously registered with their respective addresses
   "coap://sensor1.example.com" and "coap://sensor2.example.com", and
   posted the very payload of the 6th request of section 5 of [RFC6690].

   It demonstrates how absolute link targets stay unmodified, while
   relative ones are resolved:

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   Req: GET /rd-lookup/res?et=oic.d.sensor

   <coap://sensor1.example.com/sensors>;ct=40;title="Sensor Index";
       anchor="coap://sensor1.example.com",
   <coap://sensor1.example.com/sensors/temp>;rt="temperature-c";
       if="sensor"; anchor="coap://sensor1.example.com",
   <coap://sensor1.example.com/sensors/light>;rt="light-lux";
       if="sensor"; anchor="coap://sensor1.example.com",
   <http://www.example.com/sensors/t123>;rel="describedby";
       anchor="coap://sensor1.example.com/sensors/temp",
   <coap://sensor1.example.com/t>;rel="alternate";
       anchor="coap://sensor1.example.com/sensors/temp",
   <coap://sensor2.example.com/sensors>;ct=40;title="Sensor Index";
       anchor="coap://sensor2.example.com",
   <coap://sensor2.example.com/sensors/temp>;rt="temperature-c";
       if="sensor"; anchor="coap://sensor2.example.com",
   <coap://sensor2.example.com/sensors/light>;rt="light-lux";
       if="sensor"; anchor="coap://sensor2.example.com",
   <http://www.example.com/sensors/t123>;rel="describedby";
       anchor="coap://sensor2.example.com/sensors/temp",
   <coap://sensor2.example.com/t>;rel="alternate";
       anchor="coap://sensor2.example.com/sensors/temp"

6.4.  Endpoint lookup

   The endpoint lookup returns registration resources which can only be
   manipulated by the registering endpoint.

   Endpoint registration resources are annotated with their endpoint
   names (ep), sectors (d, if present) and registration base URI (base;
   reports the registrant-ep's address if no explicit base was given) as
   well as a constant resource type (rt="core.rd-ep"); the lifetime (lt)
   is not reported.  Additional endpoint attributes are added as target
   attributes to their endpoint link unless their specification says
   otherwise.

   Links to endpoints SHOULD be presented in path-absolute form or, if
   required, as absolute references.  (This avoids the RFC6690
   ambiguities.)

   While Endpoint Lookup does expose the registration resources, the RD
   does not need to make them accessible to clients.  Clients SHOULD NOT
   attempt to dereference or manipulate them.

   A Resource Directory can report endpoints in lookup that are not
   hosted at the same address.  Lookup clients MUST be prepared to see
   arbitrary URIs as registration resources in the results and treat

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   them as opaque identifiers; the precise semantics of such links are
   left to future specifications.

   The following example shows a client performing an endpoint type (et)
   lookup with the value oic.d.sensor (which is currently a registered
   rt value):

   Req: GET /rd-lookup/ep?et=oic.d.sensor

   Res: 2.05 Content
   </rd/1234>;base="coap://[2001:db8:3::127]:61616";ep="node5";
   et="oic.d.sensor";ct="40";rt="core.rd-ep",
   </rd/4521>;base="coap://[2001:db8:3::129]:61616";ep="node7";
   et="oic.d.sensor";ct="40";d="floor-3";rt="core.rd-ep"

7.  Security policies

   The Resource Directory (RD) provides assistance to applications
   situated on a selection of nodes to discover endpoints on connected
   nodes.  This section discusses different security aspects of
   accessing the RD.

   The contents of the RD are inserted in two ways:

   1.  The node hosting the discoverable endpoint fills the RD with the
       contents of /.well-known/core by:

       *  Storing the contents directly into RD (see Section 5.3)

       *  Requesting the RD to load the contents from /.well-known/core
          (see Section 5.3.1)

   2.  A Commissioning Tool (CT) fills the RD with endpoint information
       for a set of discoverable nodes. (see Section 5.3 with
       base=authority parameter value)

   In both cases, the nodes filling the RD should be authenticated and
   authorized to change the contents of the RD.  An Authorization Server
   (AS) is responsible to assign a token to the registering node to
   authorize the node to discover or register endpoints in a given RD
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].

   It can be imagined that an installation is divided in a set of
   security regions, each one with its own RD(s) to discover the
   endpoints that are part of a given security region.  An endpoint that
   wants to discover an RD, responsible for a given region, needs to be
   authorized to learn the contents of a given RD.  Within a region, for
   a given RD, a more fine-grained security division is possible based

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   on the values of the endpoint registration parameters.  Authorization
   to discover endpoints with a given set of filter values is
   recommended for those cases.

   When a node registers its endpoints, criteria are needed to authorize
   the node to enter them.  An important aspect is the uniqueness of the
   (endpoint name, and optional sector) pair within the RD.  Consider
   the two cases separately: (1) CT registers endpoints, and (2) the
   registering node registers its own endpoint(s).

   o  A CT needs authorization to register a set of endpoints.  This
      authorization can be based on the region, i.e. a given CT is
      authorized to register any endpoint (endpoint name, sector) into a
      given RD, or to register an endpoint with (endpoint name, sector)
      value pairs assigned by the AS, or can be more fine-grained,
      including a subset of registration parameter values.

   o  A given endpoint that registers itself, needs to proof its
      possession of its unique (endpoint name, sector) value pair.
      Alternatively, the AS can authorize the endpoint to register with
      an (endpoint name, sector) value pair assigned by the AS.

   A separate document needs to specify these aspects to ensure
   interoperability between registering nodes and RD.  The subsections
   below give some hints how to handle a subset of the different
   aspects.

7.1.  Secure RD discovery

   The Resource Server (RS) discussed in [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] is
   equated to the RD.  The client (C) needs to discover the RD as
   discussed in Section 4.  C can discover the related AS by sending a
   request to the RD.  The RD denies the request by sending the address
   of the related AS, as discussed in section 5.1 of
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].  The client MUST send an authorization
   request to the AS.  When appropriate, the AS returns a token that
   specifies the authorization permission which needs to be specified in
   a separate document.

7.2.  Secure RD filtering

   The authorized parameter values for the queries by a given endpoint
   must be registered by the AS.  The AS communicates the parameter
   values in the token.  A separate document needs to specify the
   parameter value combinations and their storage in the token.  The RD
   decodes the token and checks the validity of the queries of the
   client.

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7.3.  Secure endpoint Name assignment

   This section only considers the assignment of a name to the endpoint
   based on an automatic mechanism without use of AS.  More elaborate
   protocols are out of scope.  The registering endpoint is authorized
   by the AS to discover the RD and add registrations.  A token is
   provided by the AS and communicated from registering endpoint to RD.
   It is assumed that DTLS is used to secure the channel between
   registering endpoint and RD, where the registering endpoint is the
   DTLS client.  Assuming that the client is provided by a certificate
   at manufacturing time, the certificate is uniquely identified by the
   CN field and the serial number.  The RD can assign a unique endpoint
   name by using the certificate identifier as endpoint name.  Proof of
   possession of the endpoint name by the registering endpoint is
   checked by encrypting the certificate identifier with the private key
   of the registering endpoint, which the RD can decrypt with the public
   key stored in the certificate.  Even simpler, the authorized
   registering endpoint can generate a random number (or string) that
   identifies the endpoint.  The RD can check for the improbable
   replication of the random value.  The RD MUST check that registering
   endpoint uses only one random value for each authorized endpoint.

8.  Security Considerations

   The security considerations as described in Section 5 of [RFC8288]
   and Section 6 of [RFC6690] apply.  The "/.well-known/core" resource
   may be protected e.g. using DTLS when hosted on a CoAP server as
   described in [RFC7252].  DTLS or TLS based security SHOULD be used on
   all resource directory interfaces defined in this document.

8.1.  Endpoint Identification and Authentication

   An Endpoint (name, sector) pair is unique within the et of endpoints
   registered by the RD.  An Endpoint MUST NOT be identified by its
   protocol, port or IP address as these may change over the lifetime of
   an Endpoint.

   Every operation performed by an Endpoint on a resource directory
   SHOULD be mutually authenticated using Pre-Shared Key, Raw Public Key
   or Certificate based security.

   Consider the following threat: two devices A and B are registered at
   a single server.  Both devices have unique, per-device credentials
   for use with DTLS to make sure that only parties with authorization
   to access A or B can do so.

   Now, imagine that a malicious device A wants to sabotage the device
   B.  It uses its credentials during the DTLS exchange.  Then, it

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   specifies the endpoint name of device B as the name of its own
   endpoint in device A.  If the server does not check whether the
   identifier provided in the DTLS handshake matches the identifier used
   at the CoAP layer then it may be inclined to use the endpoint name
   for looking up what information to provision to the malicious device.

   Section 7.3 specifies an example that removes this threat for
   endpoints that have a certificate installed.

8.2.  Access Control

   Access control SHOULD be performed separately for the RD registration
   and Lookup API paths, as different endpoints may be authorized to
   register with an RD from those authorized to lookup endpoints from
   the RD.  Such access control SHOULD be performed in as fine-grained a
   level as possible.  For example access control for lookups could be
   performed either at the sector, endpoint or resource level.

8.3.  Denial of Service Attacks

   Services that run over UDP unprotected are vulnerable to unknowingly
   become part of a DDoS attack as UDP does not require return
   routability check.  Therefore, an attacker can easily spoof the
   source IP of the target entity and send requests to such a service
   which would then respond to the target entity.  This can be used for
   large-scale DDoS attacks on the target.  Especially, if the service
   returns a response that is order of magnitudes larger than the
   request, the situation becomes even worse as now the attack can be
   amplified.  DNS servers have been widely used for DDoS amplification
   attacks.  There is also a danger that NTP Servers could become
   implicated in denial-of-service (DoS) attacks since they run on
   unprotected UDP, there is no return routability check, and they can
   have a large amplification factor.  The responses from the NTP server
   were found to be 19 times larger than the request.  A Resource
   Directory (RD) which responds to wild-card lookups is potentially
   vulnerable if run with CoAP over UDP.  Since there is no return
   routability check and the responses can be significantly larger than
   requests, RDs can unknowingly become part of a DDoS amplification
   attack.

9.  IANA Considerations

9.1.  Resource Types

   IANA is asked to enter the following values into the Resource Type
   (rt=) Link Target Attribute Values sub-registry of the Constrained
   Restful Environments (CoRE) Parameters registry defined in [RFC6690]:

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   +--------------------+--------------------------+-------------------+
   | Value              | Description              | Reference         |
   +--------------------+--------------------------+-------------------+
   | core.rd            | Directory resource of an | RFCTHIS Section   |
   |                    | RD                       | 5.2               |
   | core.rd-lookup-res | Resource lookup of an RD | RFCTHIS Section   |
   |                    |                          | 5.2               |
   | core.rd-lookup-ep  | Endpoint lookup of an RD | RFCTHIS Section   |
   |                    |                          | 5.2               |
   | core.rd-ep         | Endpoint resource of an  | RFCTHIS Section 6 |
   |                    | RD                       |                   |
   +--------------------+--------------------------+-------------------+

9.2.  IPv6 ND Resource Directory Address Option

   This document registers one new ND option type under the sub-registry
   "IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Option Formats":

   o  Resource Directory address Option (38)

9.3.  RD Parameter Registry

   This specification defines a new sub-registry for registration and
   lookup parameters called "RD Parameters" under "CoRE Parameters".
   Although this specification defines a basic set of parameters, it is
   expected that other standards that make use of this interface will
   define new ones.

   Each entry in the registry must include

   o  the human readable name of the parameter,

   o  the short name as used in query parameters or target attributes,

   o  indication of whether it can be passed as a query parameter at
      registration of endpoints, as a query parameter in lookups, or be
      expressed as a target attribute,

   o  validity requirements if any, and

   o  a description.

   The query parameter MUST be both a valid URI query key [RFC3986] and
   a token as used in [RFC8288].

   The description must give details on whether the parameter can be
   updated, and how it is to be processed in lookups.

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   The mechanisms around new RD parameters should be designed in such a
   way that they tolerate RD implementations that are unaware of the
   parameter and expose any parameter passed at registration or updates
   on in endpoint lookups.  (For example, if a parameter used at
   registration were to be confidential, the registering endpoint should
   be instructed to only set that parameter if the RD advertises support
   for keeping it confidential at the discovery step.)

   Initial entries in this sub-registry are as follows:

   +--------------+-------+---------------+-----+----------------------+
   | Full name    | Short | Validity      | Use | Description          |
   +--------------+-------+---------------+-----+----------------------+
   | Endpoint     | ep    |               | RLA | Name of the          |
   | Name         |       |               |     | endpoint, max 63     |
   |              |       |               |     | bytes                |
   | Lifetime     | lt    | 60-4294967295 | R   | Lifetime of the      |
   |              |       |               |     | registration in      |
   |              |       |               |     | seconds              |
   | Sector       | d     |               | RLA | Sector to which this |
   |              |       |               |     | endpoint belongs     |
   | Registration | base  | URI           | RLA | The scheme, address  |
   | Base URI     |       |               |     | and port and path at |
   |              |       |               |     | which this server is |
   |              |       |               |     | available            |
   | Page         | page  | Integer       | L   | Used for pagination  |
   | Count        | count | Integer       | L   | Used for pagination  |
   | Endpoint     | et    |               | RLA | Semantic name of the |
   | Type         |       |               |     | endpoint (see        |
   |              |       |               |     | Section 9.4)         |
   +--------------+-------+---------------+-----+----------------------+

                          Table 2: RD Parameters

   (Short: Short name used in query parameters or target attributes.
   Use: R = used at registration, L = used at lookup, A = expressed in
   target attribute

   The descriptions for the options defined in this document are only
   summarized here.  To which registrations they apply and when they are
   to be shown is described in the respective sections of this document.

   The IANA policy for future additions to the sub-registry is "Expert
   Review" as described in [RFC8126].  The evaluation should consider
   formal criteria, duplication of functionality (Is the new entry
   redundant with an existing one?), topical suitability (E.g. is the
   described property actually a property of the endpoint and not a
   property of a particular resource, in which case it should go into

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   the payload of the registration and need not be registered?), and the
   potential for conflict with commonly used target attributes (For
   example, "if" could be used as a parameter for conditional
   registration if it were not to be used in lookup or attributes, but
   would make a bad parameter for lookup, because a resource lookup with
   an "if" query parameter could ambiguously filter by the registered
   endpoint property or the [RFC6690] target attribute).  It is expected
   that the registry will receive between 5 and 50 registrations in
   total over the next years.

9.3.1.  Full description of the "Endpoint Type" Registration Parameter

   An endpoint registering at an RD can describe itself with endpoint
   types, similar to how resources are described with Resource Types in
   [RFC6690].  An endpoint type is expressed as a string, which can be
   either a URI or one of the values defined in the Endpoint Type sub-
   registry.  Endpoint types can be passed in the "et" query parameter
   as part of extra-attrs at the Registration step, are shown on
   endpoint lookups using the "et" target attribute, and can be filtered
   for using "et" as a search criterion in resource and endpoint lookup.
   Multiple endpoint types are given as separate query parameters or
   link attributes.

   Note that Endpoint Type differs from Resource Type in that it uses
   multiple attributes rather than space separated values.  As a result,
   Resource Directory implementations automatically support correct
   filtering in the lookup interfaces from the rules for unknown
   endpoint attributes.

9.4.  "Endpoint Type" (et=) RD Parameter values

   This specification establishes a new sub-registry under "CoRE
   Parameters" called '"Endpoint Type" (et=) RD Parameter values'.  The
   registry properties (required policy, requirements, template) are
   identical to those of the Resource Type parameters in [RFC6690], in
   short:

   The review policy is IETF Review for values starting with "core", and
   Specification Required for others.

   The requirements to be enforced are:

   o  The values MUST be related to the purpose described in
      Section 9.3.1.

   o  The registered values MUST conform to the ABNF reg-rel-type
      definition of [RFC6690] and MUST NOT be a URI.

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   o  It is recommended to use the period "." character for
      segmentation.

   The registry initially contains one value:

   o  "core.rd-group": An application group as described in Appendix A.

9.5.  Multicast Address Registration

   IANA has assigned the following multicast addresses for use by CoAP
   nodes:

   IPv4 - "all CoRE resource directories" address, from the "IPv4
   Multicast Address Space Registry" equal to "All CoAP Nodes",
   224.0.1.187.  As the address is used for discovery that may span
   beyond a single network, it has come from the Internetwork Control
   Block (224.0.1.x, RFC 5771).

   IPv6 - "all CoRE resource directories" address MCD1 (suggestions
   FF0X::FE), from the "IPv6 Multicast Address Space Registry", in the
   "Variable Scope Multicast Addresses" space (RFC 3307).  Note that
   there is a distinct multicast address for each scope that interested
   CoAP nodes should listen to; CoAP needs the Link-Local and Site-Local
   scopes only.

10.  Examples

   Two examples are presented: a Lighting Installation example in
   Section 10.1 and a LWM2M example in Section 10.2.

10.1.  Lighting Installation

   This example shows a simplified lighting installation which makes use
   of the Resource Directory (RD) with a CoAP interface to facilitate
   the installation and start-up of the application code in the lights
   and sensors.  In particular, the example leads to the definition of a
   group and the enabling of the corresponding multicast address as
   described in Appendix A.  No conclusions must be drawn on the
   realization of actual installation or naming procedures, because the
   example only "emphasizes" some of the issues that may influence the
   use of the RD and does not pretend to be normative.

10.1.1.  Installation Characteristics

   The example assumes that the installation is managed.  That means
   that a Commissioning Tool (CT) is used to authorize the addition of
   nodes, name them, and name their services.  The CT can be connected
   to the installation in many ways: the CT can be part of the

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   installation network, connected by WiFi to the installation network,
   or connected via GPRS link, or other method.

   It is assumed that there are two naming authorities for the
   installation: (1) the network manager that is responsible for the
   correct operation of the network and the connected interfaces, and
   (2) the lighting manager that is responsible for the correct
   functioning of networked lights and sensors.  The result is the
   existence of two naming schemes coming from the two managing
   entities.

   The example installation consists of one presence sensor, and two
   luminaries, luminary1 and luminary2, each with their own wireless
   interface.  Each luminary contains three lamps: left, right and
   middle.  Each luminary is accessible through one endpoint.  For each
   lamp a resource exists to modify the settings of a lamp in a
   luminary.  The purpose of the installation is that the presence
   sensor notifies the presence of persons to a group of lamps.  The
   group of lamps consists of: middle and left lamps of luminary1 and
   right lamp of luminary2.

   Before commissioning by the lighting manager, the network is
   installed and access to the interfaces is proven to work by the
   network manager.

   At the moment of installation, the network under installation is not
   necessarily connected to the DNS infra structure.  Therefore, SLAAC
   IPv6 addresses are assigned to CT, RD, luminaries and sensor shown in
   Table 3 below:

                  +--------------------+----------------+
                  | Name               | IPv6 address   |
                  +--------------------+----------------+
                  | luminary1          | 2001:db8:4::1  |
                  | luminary2          | 2001:db8:4::2  |
                  | Presence sensor    | 2001:db8:4::3  |
                  | Resource directory | 2001:db8:4::ff |
                  +--------------------+----------------+

                    Table 3: interface SLAAC addresses

   In Section 10.1.2 the use of resource directory during installation
   is presented.

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10.1.2.  RD entries

   It is assumed that access to the DNS infrastructure is not always
   possible during installation.  Therefore, the SLAAC addresses are
   used in this section.

   For discovery, the resource types (rt) of the devices are important.
   The lamps in the luminaries have rt: light, and the presence sensor
   has rt: p-sensor.  The endpoints have names which are relevant to the
   light installation manager.  In this case luminary1, luminary2, and
   the presence sensor are located in room 2-4-015, where luminary1 is
   located at the window and luminary2 and the presence sensor are
   located at the door.  The endpoint names reflect this physical
   location.  The middle, left and right lamps are accessed via path
   /light/middle, /light/left, and /light/right respectively.  The
   identifiers relevant to the Resource Directory are shown in Table 4
   below:

   +----------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
   | Name           | endpoint         | resource path | resource type |
   +----------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
   | luminary1      | lm_R2-4-015_wndw | /light/left   | light         |
   | luminary1      | lm_R2-4-015_wndw | /light/middle | light         |
   | luminary1      | lm_R2-4-015_wndw | /light/right  | light         |
   | luminary2      | lm_R2-4-015_door | /light/left   | light         |
   | luminary2      | lm_R2-4-015_door | /light/middle | light         |
   | luminary2      | lm_R2-4-015_door | /light/right  | light         |
   | Presence       | ps_R2-4-015_door | /ps           | p-sensor      |
   | sensor         |                  |               |               |
   +----------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+

                  Table 4: Resource Directory identifiers

   It is assumed that the CT knows the RD's address, and has performed
   URI discovery on it that returned a response like the one in the
   Section 5.2 example.

   The CT inserts the endpoints of the luminaries and the sensor in the
   RD using the registration base URI parameter (base) to specify the
   interface address:

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   Req: POST coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd
     ?ep=lm_R2-4-015_wndw&base=coap://[2001:db8:4::1]&d=R2-4-015
   Payload:
   </light/left>;rt="light",
   </light/middle>;rt="light",
   </light/right>;rt="light"

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/4521

   Req: POST coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd
     ?ep=lm_R2-4-015_door&base=coap://[2001:db8:4::2]&d=R2-4-015
   Payload:
   </light/left>;rt="light",
   </light/middle>;rt="light",
   </light/right>;rt="light"

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/4522

   Req: POST coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd
     ?ep=ps_R2-4-015_door&base=coap://[2001:db8:4::3]d&d=R2-4-015
   Payload:
   </ps>;rt="p-sensor"

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/4523

   The sector name d=R2-4-015 has been added for an efficient lookup
   because filtering on "ep" name is more awkward.  The same sector name
   is communicated to the two luminaries and the presence sensor by the
   CT.

   The group is specified in the RD.  The base parameter is set to the
   site-local multicast address allocated to the group.  In the POST in
   the example below, the resources supported by all group members are
   published.

   Req: POST coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd
   ?ep=grp_R2-4-015&et=core.rd-group&base=coap://[ff05::1]
   Payload:
   </light/left>;rt="light",
   </light/middle>;rt="light",
   </light/right>;rt="light"

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/501

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   After the filling of the RD by the CT, the application in the
   luminaries can learn to which groups they belong, and enable their
   interface for the multicast address.

   The luminary, knowing its sector and being configured to join any
   group containing lights, searches for candidate groups and joins
   them:

   Req: GET coap://[2001:db8:4::ff]/rd-lookup/ep
     ?d=R2-4-015&et=core.rd-group&rt=light

   Res: 2.05 Content
   </rd/501>;ep="grp_R2-4-015";et="core.rd-group";
             base="coap://[ff05::1]";rt="core.rd-ep"

   From the returned base parameter value, the luminary learns the
   multicast address of the multicast group.

   Alternatively, the CT can communicate the multicast address directly
   to the luminaries by using the "coap-group" resource specified in
   [RFC7390].

   Req: POST coap://[2001:db8:4::1]/coap-group
   Content-Format: application/coap-group+json
   Payload:
   { "a": "[ff05::1]", "n": "grp_R2-4-015"}

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /coap-group/1

   Dependent on the situation, only the address, "a", or the name, "n",
   is specified in the coap-group resource.

   The presence sensor can learn the presence of groups that support
   resources with rt=light in its own sector by sending the same
   request, as used by the luminary.  The presence sensor learns the
   multicast address to use for sending messages to the luminaries.

10.2.  OMA Lightweight M2M (LWM2M) Example

   This example shows how the OMA LWM2M specification makes use of
   Resource Directory (RD).

   OMA LWM2M is a profile for device services based on CoAP(OMA Name
   Authority).  LWM2M defines a simple object model and a number of
   abstract interfaces and operations for device management and device
   service enablement.

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   An LWM2M server is an instance of an LWM2M middleware service layer,
   containing a Resource Directory along with other LWM2M interfaces
   defined by the LWM2M specification.

   CoRE Resource Directory (RD) is used to provide the LWM2M
   Registration interface.

   LWM2M does not provide for registration sectors and does not
   currently use the rd-lookup interface.

   The LWM2M specification describes a set of interfaces and a resource
   model used between a LWM2M device and an LWM2M server.  Other
   interfaces, proxies, and applications are currently out of scope for
   LWM2M.

   The location of the LWM2M Server and RD URI path is provided by the
   LWM2M Bootstrap process, so no dynamic discovery of the RD is used.
   LWM2M Servers and endpoints are not required to implement the /.well-
   known/core resource.

10.2.1.  The LWM2M Object Model

   The OMA LWM2M object model is based on a simple 2 level class
   hierarchy consisting of Objects and Resources.

   An LWM2M Resource is a REST endpoint, allowed to be a single value or
   an array of values of the same data type.

   An LWM2M Object is a resource template and container type that
   encapsulates a set of related resources.  An LWM2M Object represents
   a specific type of information source; for example, there is a LWM2M
   Device Management object that represents a network connection,
   containing resources that represent individual properties like radio
   signal strength.

   Since there may potentially be more than one of a given type object,
   for example more than one network connection, LWM2M defines instances
   of objects that contain the resources that represent a specific
   physical thing.

   The URI template for LWM2M consists of a base URI followed by Object,
   Instance, and Resource IDs:

   {/base-uri}{/object-id}{/object-instance}{/resource-id}{/resource-
   instance}

   The five variables given here are strings.  base-uri can also have
   the special value "undefined" (sometimes called "null" in RFC 6570).

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   Each of the variables object-instance, resource-id, and resource-
   instance can be the special value "undefined" only if the values
   behind it in this sequence also are "undefined".  As a special case,
   object-instance can be "empty" (which is different from "undefined")
   if resource-id is not "undefined".

   base-uri := Base URI for LWM2M resources or "undefined" for default
   (empty) base URI

   object-id := OMNA (OMA Name Authority) registered object ID (0-65535)

   object-instance := Object instance identifier (0-65535) or
   "undefined"/"empty" (see above)) to refer to all instances of an
   object ID

   resource-id := OMNA (OMA Name Authority) registered resource ID
   (0-65535) or "undefined" to refer to all resources within an instance

   resource-instance := Resource instance identifier or "undefined" to
   refer to single instance of a resource

   LWM2M IDs are 16 bit unsigned integers represented in decimal (no
   leading zeroes except for the value 0) by URI format strings.  For
   example, a LWM2M URI might be:

   /1/0/1

   The base uri is empty, the Object ID is 1, the instance ID is 0, the
   resource ID is 1, and the resource instance is "undefined".  This
   example URI points to internal resource 1, which represents the
   registration lifetime configured, in instance 0 of a type 1 object
   (LWM2M Server Object).

10.2.2.  LWM2M Register Endpoint

   LWM2M defines a registration interface based on the REST API,
   described in Section 5.  The RD registration URI path of the LWM2M
   Resource Directory is specified to be "/rd".

   LWM2M endpoints register object IDs, for example </1>, to indicate
   that a particular object type is supported, and register object
   instances, for example </1/0>, to indicate that a particular instance
   of that object type exists.

   Resources within the LWM2M object instance are not registered with
   the RD, but may be discovered by reading the resource links from the
   object instance using GET with a CoAP Content-Format of application/
   link-format.  Resources may also be read as a structured object by

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   performing a GET to the object instance with a Content-Format of
   senml+json.

   When an LWM2M object or instance is registered, this indicates to the
   LWM2M server that the object and its resources are available for
   management and service enablement (REST API) operations.

   LWM2M endpoints may use the following RD registration parameters as
   defined in Table 2 :

   ep - Endpoint Name
   lt - registration lifetime

   Endpoint Name, Lifetime, and LWM2M Version are mandatory parameters
   for the register operation, all other registration parameters are
   optional.

   Additional optional LWM2M registration parameters are defined:

   +-----------+-------+-------------------------------+---------------+
   | Name      | Query | Validity                      | Description   |
   +-----------+-------+-------------------------------+---------------+
   | Binding   | b     | {"U",UQ","S","SQ","US","UQS"} | Available     |
   | Mode      |       |                               | Protocols     |
   |           |       |                               |               |
   | LWM2M     | ver   | 1.0                           | Spec Version  |
   | Version   |       |                               |               |
   |           |       |                               |               |
   | SMS       | sms   |                               | MSISDN        |
   | Number    |       |                               |               |
   +-----------+-------+-------------------------------+---------------+

             Table 5: LWM2M Additional Registration Parameters

   The following RD registration parameters are not currently specified
   for use in LWM2M:

   et - Endpoint Type
   base - Registration Base URI

   The endpoint registration must include a payload containing links to
   all supported objects and existing object instances, optionally
   including the appropriate link-format relations.

   Here is an example LWM2M registration payload:

   </1>,</1/0>,</3/0>,</5>

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   This link format payload indicates that object ID 1 (LWM2M Server
   Object) is supported, with a single instance 0 existing, object ID 3
   (LWM2M Device object) is supported, with a single instance 0
   existing, and object 5 (LWM2M Firmware Object) is supported, with no
   existing instances.

10.2.3.  LWM2M Update Endpoint Registration

   The LwM2M update is really very similar to the registration update as
   described in Section 5.4.1, with the only difference that there are
   more parameters defined and available.  All the parameters listed in
   that section are also available with the initial registration but are
   all optional:

   lt - Registration Lifetime
   b - Protocol Binding
   sms - MSISDN
   link payload - new or modified links

   A Registration update is also specified to be used to update the
   LWM2M server whenever the endpoint's UDP port or IP address are
   changed.

10.2.4.  LWM2M De-Register Endpoint

   LWM2M allows for de-registration using the delete method on the
   returned location from the initial registration operation.  LWM2M de-
   registration proceeds as described in Section 5.4.2.

11.  Acknowledgments

   Oscar Novo, Srdjan Krco, Szymon Sasin, Kerry Lynn, Esko Dijk, Anders
   Brandt, Matthieu Vial, Jim Schaad, Mohit Sethi, Hauke Petersen,
   Hannes Tschofenig, Sampo Ukkola, Linyi Tian, and Jan Newmarch have
   provided helpful comments, discussions and ideas to improve and shape
   this document.  Zach would also like to thank his colleagues from the
   EU FP7 SENSEI project, where many of the resource directory concepts
   were originally developed.

12.  Changelog

   changes from -17 to -18

   o  Rather than re-specifying link format (Modernized Link Format),
      describe a Limited Link Format that's the uncontested subset of
      Link Format

   o  Acknowledging the -17 version as part of the draft

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   o  Move "Read endpoint links" operation to future specification like
      PATCH

   o  Demote links-json to an informative reference, and removed them
      from exchange examples

   o  Add note on unusability of link-local IP addresses, and describe
      mitigation.

   o  Reshuffling of sections: Move additional operations and endpoint
      lookup back from appendix, and groups into one

   o  Lookup interface tightened to not imply applicability for non
      link-format lookups (as those can have vastly different views on
      link cardinality)

   o  Simple registration: Change sequence of GET and POST-response,
      ensuring unsuccessful registrations are reported as such, and
      suggest how devices that would have required the inverse behavior
      can still cope with it.

   o  Abstract and introduction reworded to avoid the impression that
      resources are stored in full in the RD

   o  Simplify the rules governing when a registration resource can or
      must be changed.

   o  Drop a figure that has become useless due to the changes of and
      -13 and -17

   o  Wording consistency fixes: Use "Registrations" and "target
      attributes"

   o  Fix incorrect use of content negotiation in discovery interface
      description (Content-Format -> Accept)

   o  State that the base attribute value is part of endpoint lookup
      even when implicit in the registration

   o  Update references from RFC5988 to its update RFC8288

   o  Remove appendix on protocol-negotiation (which had a note to be
      removed before publication)

   changes from -16 to -17

   (Note that -17 is published as a direct follow-up to -16, containing
   a single change to be discussed at IETF103)

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   o  Removed groups that are enumerations of registrations and have
      dedicated mechanism

   o  Add groups that are enumerations of shared resources and are a
      special case of endpoint registrations

   changes from -15 to -16

   o  Recommend a common set of resources for members of a group

   o  Clarified use of multicast group in lighting example

   o  Add note on concurrent registrations from one EP being possible
      but not expected

   o  Refresh web examples appendix to reflect current use of Modernized
      Link Format

   o  Add examples of URIs where Modernized Link Format matters

   o  Editorial changes

   changes from -14 to -15

   o  Rewrite of section "Security policies"

   o  Clarify that the "base" parameter text applies both to relative
      references both in anchor and href

   o  Renamed "Registree-EP" to Registrant-EP"

   o  Talk of "relative references" and "URIs" rather than "relative"
      and "absolute" URIs.  (The concept of "absolute URIs" of [RFC3986]
      is not needed in RD).

   o  Fixed examples

   o  Editorial changes

   changes from -13 to -14

   o  Rename "registration context" to "registration base URI" (and
      "con" to "base") and "domain" to "sector" (where the abbreviation
      "d" stays for compatibility reasons)

   o  Introduced resource types core.rd-ep and core.rd-gp

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   o  Registration management moved to appendix A, including endpoint
      and group lookup

   o  Minor editorial changes

      *  PATCH/iPATCH is clearly deferred to another document

      *  Recommend against query / fragment identifier in con=

      *  Interface description lists are described as illustrative

      *  Rewording of Simple Registration

   o  Simple registration carries no error information and succeeds
      immediately (previously, sequence was unspecified)

   o  Lookup: href are matched against resolved values (previously, this
      was unspecified)

   o  Lookup: lt are not exposed any more

   o  con/base: Paths are allowed

   o  Registration resource locations can not have query or fragment
      parts

   o  Default life time extended to 25 hours

   o  clarified registration update rules

   o  lt-value semantics for lookup clarified.

   o  added template for simple registration

   changes from -12 to -13

   o  Added "all resource directory" nodes MC address

   o  Clarified observation behavior

   o  version identification

   o  example rt= and et= values

   o  domain from figure 2

   o  more explanatory text

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   o  endpoints of a groups hosted by different RD

   o  resolve RFC6690-vs-8288 resolution ambiguities:

      *  require registered links not to be relative when using anchor

      *  return absolute URIs in resource lookup

   changes from -11 to -12

   o  added Content Model section, including ER diagram

   o  removed domain lookup interface; domains are now plain attributes
      of groups and endpoints

   o  updated chapter "Finding a Resource Directory"; now distinguishes
      configuration-provided, network-provided and heuristic sources

   o  improved text on: atomicity, idempotency, lookup with multiple
      parameters, endpoint removal, simple registration

   o  updated LWM2M description

   o  clarified where relative references are resolved, and how context
      and anchor interact

   o  new appendix on the interaction with RFCs 6690, 5988 and 3986

   o  lookup interface: group and endpoint lookup return group and
      registration resources as link targets

   o  lookup interface: search parameters work the same across all
      entities

   o  removed all methods that modify links in an existing registration
      (POST with payload, PATCH and iPATCH)

   o  removed plurality definition (was only needed for link
      modification)

   o  enhanced IANA registry text

   o  state that lookup resources can be observable

   o  More examples and improved text

   changes from -09 to -10

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   o  removed "ins" and "exp" link-format extensions.

   o  removed all text concerning DNS-SD.

   o  removed inconsistency in RDAO text.

   o  suggestions taken over from various sources

   o  replaced "Function Set" with "REST API", "base URI", "base path"

   o  moved simple registration to registration section

   changes from -08 to -09

   o  clarified the "example use" of the base RD resource values /rd,
      /rd-lookup, and /rd-group.

   o  changed "ins" ABNF notation.

   o  various editorial improvements, including in examples

   o  clarifications for RDAO

   changes from -07 to -08

   o  removed link target value returned from domain and group lookup
      types

   o  Maximum length of domain parameter 63 bytes for consistency with
      group

   o  removed option for simple POST of link data, don't require a
      .well-known/core resource to accept POST data and handle it in a
      special way; we already have /rd for that

   o  add IPv6 ND Option for discovery of an RD

   o  clarify group configuration section 6.1 that endpoints must be
      registered before including them in a group

   o  removed all superfluous client-server diagrams

   o  simplified lighting example

   o  introduced Commissioning Tool

   o  RD-Look-up text is extended.

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   changes from -06 to -07

   o  added text in the discovery section to allow content format hints
      to be exposed in the discovery link attributes

   o  editorial updates to section 9

   o  update author information

   o  minor text corrections

   Changes from -05 to -06

   o  added note that the PATCH section is contingent on the progress of
      the PATCH method

   changes from -04 to -05

   o  added Update Endpoint Links using PATCH

   o  http access made explicit in interface specification

   o  Added http examples

   Changes from -03 to -04:

   o  Added http response codes

   o  Clarified endpoint name usage

   o  Add application/link-format+cbor content-format

   Changes from -02 to -03:

   o  Added an example for lighting and DNS integration

   o  Added an example for RD use in OMA LWM2M

   o  Added Read Links operation for link inspection by endpoints

   o  Expanded DNS-SD section

   o  Added draft authors Peter van der Stok and Michael Koster

   Changes from -01 to -02:

   o  Added a catalogue use case.

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   o  Changed the registration update to a POST with optional link
      format payload.  Removed the endpoint type update from the update.

   o  Additional examples section added for more complex use cases.

   o  New DNS-SD mapping section.

   o  Added text on endpoint identification and authentication.

   o  Error code 4.04 added to Registration Update and Delete requests.

   o  Made 63 bytes a SHOULD rather than a MUST for endpoint name and
      resource type parameters.

   Changes from -00 to -01:

   o  Removed the ETag validation feature.

   o  Place holder for the DNS-SD mapping section.

   o  Explicitly disabled GET or POST on returned Location.

   o  New registry for RD parameters.

   o  Added support for the JSON Link Format.

   o  Added reference to the Groupcomm WG draft.

   Changes from -05 to WG Document -00:

   o  Updated the version and date.

   Changes from -04 to -05:

   o  Restricted Update to parameter updates.

   o  Added pagination support for the Lookup interface.

   o  Minor editing, bug fixes and reference updates.

   o  Added group support.

   o  Changed rt to et for the registration and update interface.

   Changes from -03 to -04:

   o  Added the ins= parameter back for the DNS-SD mapping.

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   o  Integrated the Simple Directory Discovery from Carsten.

   o  Editorial improvements.

   o  Fixed the use of ETags.

   o  Fixed tickets 383 and 372

   Changes from -02 to -03:

   o  Changed the endpoint name back to a single registration parameter
      ep= and removed the h= and ins= parameters.

   o  Updated REST interface descriptions to use RFC6570 URI Template
      format.

   o  Introduced an improved RD Lookup design as its own function set.

   o  Improved the security considerations section.

   o  Made the POST registration interface idempotent by requiring the
      ep= parameter to be present.

   Changes from -01 to -02:

   o  Added a terminology section.

   o  Changed the inclusion of an ETag in registration or update to a
      MAY.

   o  Added the concept of an RD Domain and a registration parameter for
      it.

   o  Recommended the Location returned from a registration to be
      stable, allowing for endpoint and Domain information to be changed
      during updates.

   o  Changed the lookup interface to accept endpoint and Domain as
      query string parameters to control the scope of a lookup.

13.  References

13.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

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   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

   [RFC6570]  Gregorio, J., Fielding, R., Hadley, M., Nottingham, M.,
              and D. Orchard, "URI Template", RFC 6570,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6570, March 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6570>.

   [RFC6690]  Shelby, Z., "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Link
              Format", RFC 6690, DOI 10.17487/RFC6690, August 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6690>.

   [RFC6763]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
              Discovery", RFC 6763, DOI 10.17487/RFC6763, February 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6763>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

13.2.  Informative References

   [ER]       Chen, P., "The entity-relationship model---toward a
              unified view of data", ACM Transactions on Database
              Systems Vol. 1, pp. 9-36, DOI 10.1145/320434.320440, March
              1976.

   [I-D.arkko-core-dev-urn]
              Arkko, J., Jennings, C., and Z. Shelby, "Uniform Resource
              Names for Device Identifiers", draft-arkko-core-dev-urn-05
              (work in progress), October 2017.

   [I-D.bormann-t2trg-rel-impl]
              Bormann, C., "impl-info: A link relation type for
              disclosing implementation information", draft-bormann-
              t2trg-rel-impl-00 (work in progress), January 2018.

   [I-D.hartke-t2trg-coral]
              Hartke, K., "The Constrained RESTful Application Language
              (CoRAL)", draft-hartke-t2trg-coral-06 (work in progress),
              October 2018.

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   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]
              Seitz, L., Selander, G., Wahlstroem, E., Erdtman, S., and
              H. Tschofenig, "Authentication and Authorization for
              Constrained Environments (ACE) using the OAuth 2.0
              Framework (ACE-OAuth)", draft-ietf-ace-oauth-authz-17
              (work in progress), November 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra]
              Pritikin, M., Richardson, M., Behringer, M., Bjarnason,
              S., and K. Watsen, "Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key
              Infrastructures (BRSKI)", draft-ietf-anima-bootstrapping-
              keyinfra-17 (work in progress), November 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-core-links-json]
              Li, K., Rahman, A., and C. Bormann, "Representing
              Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Link Format in
              JSON and CBOR", draft-ietf-core-links-json-10 (work in
              progress), February 2018.

   [I-D.silverajan-core-coap-protocol-negotiation]
              Silverajan, B. and M. Ocak, "CoAP Protocol Negotiation",
              draft-silverajan-core-coap-protocol-negotiation-09 (work
              in progress), July 2018.

   [RFC6775]  Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C.
              Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over
              Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)",
              RFC 6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6775>.

   [RFC6874]  Carpenter, B., Cheshire, S., and R. Hinden, "Representing
              IPv6 Zone Identifiers in Address Literals and Uniform
              Resource Identifiers", RFC 6874, DOI 10.17487/RFC6874,
              February 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6874>.

   [RFC7230]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
              RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

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   [RFC7390]  Rahman, A., Ed. and E. Dijk, Ed., "Group Communication for
              the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7390,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7390, October 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7390>.

   [RFC7641]  Hartke, K., "Observing Resources in the Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7641,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7641, September 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7641>.

   [RFC8132]  van der Stok, P., Bormann, C., and A. Sehgal, "PATCH and
              FETCH Methods for the Constrained Application Protocol
              (CoAP)", RFC 8132, DOI 10.17487/RFC8132, April 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8132>.

   [RFC8288]  Nottingham, M., "Web Linking", RFC 8288,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8288, October 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8288>.

   [RFC8392]  Jones, M., Wahlstroem, E., Erdtman, S., and H. Tschofenig,
              "CBOR Web Token (CWT)", RFC 8392, DOI 10.17487/RFC8392,
              May 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8392>.

Appendix A.  Groups Registration and Lookup

   The RD-Groups usage pattern allows announcing application groups
   inside a Resource Directory.

   Groups are represented by endpoint registrations.  Their base address
   is a multicast address, and they SHOULD be entered with the endpoint
   type "core.rd-group".  The endpoint name can also be referred to as a
   group name in this context.

   The registration is inserted into the RD by a Commissioning Tool,
   which might also be known as a group manager here.  It performs third
   party registration and registration updates.

   The links it registers SHOULD be available on all members that join
   the group.  Depending on the application, members that lack some
   resource MAY be permissible if requests to them fail gracefully.

   The following example shows a CT registering a group with the name
   "lights" which provides two resources.  The directory resource path
   /rd is an example RD location discovered in a request similar to
   Figure 5.

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   Req: POST coap://rd.example.com/rd?ep=lights&et=core.rd-group
                                     &base=coap://[ff35:30:2001:db8::1]
   Content-Format: 40
   Payload:
   </light>;rt="light";if="core.a",
   </color-temperature>;if="core.p";u="K"

   Res: 2.01 Created
   Location-Path: /rd/12

   In this example, the group manager can easily permit devices that
   have no writable color-temperature to join, as they would still
   respond to brightness changing commands.  Had the group instead
   contained a single resource that sets brightness and color
   temperature atomically, endpoints would need to support both
   properties.

   The resources of a group can be looked up like any other resource,
   and the group registrations (along with any additional registration
   parameters) can be looked up using the endpoint lookup interface.

   The following example shows a client performing and endpoint lookup
   for all groups.

   Req: GET /rd-lookup/ep?et=core.rd-group

   Res: 2.01 Content
   Payload:
   </rd/501>;ep="GRP_R2-4-015";et="core.rd-group";
                                      base="coap://[ff05::1]",
   </rd/12>;ep=lights&et=core.rd-group;
            base="coap://[ff35:30:2001:db8::1]";rt="core.rd-ep"

   The following example shows a client performing a lookup of all
   resources of all endpoints (groups) with et=core.rd-group.

   Req: GET /rd-lookup/res?et=core.rd-group

   <coap://[ff35:30:2001:db8::1]/light>;rt="light";if="core.a";
        et="core.rd-group";anchor="coap://[ff35:30:2001:db8::1]",
   <coap://[ff35:30:2001:db8::1]/color-temperature>;if="core.p";u="K";
        et="core.rd-group";
        anchor="coap://[ff35:30:2001:db8::1]"

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Appendix B.  Web links and the Resource Directory

   Understanding the semantics of a link-format document and its URI
   references is a journey through different documents ([RFC3986]
   defining URIs, [RFC6690] defining link-format documents based on
   [RFC8288] which defines link headers, and [RFC7252] providing the
   transport).  This appendix summarizes the mechanisms and semantics at
   play from an entry in ".well-known/core" to a resource lookup.

   This text is primarily aimed at people entering the field of
   Constrained Restful Environments from applications that previously
   did not use web mechanisms.

   The explanation of the steps makes some shortcuts in the more
   confusing details of [RFC6690], which are justified as all examples
   being in Limited Link Format.

B.1.  A simple example

   Let's start this example with a very simple host, "2001:db8:f0::1".
   A client that follows classical CoAP Discovery ([RFC7252] Section 7),
   sends the following multicast request to learn about neighbours
   supporting resources with resource-type "temperature".

   The client sends a link-local multicast:

   GET coap://[ff02::fd]:5683/.well-known/core?rt=temperature

   RES 2.05 Content
   </temp>;rt=temperature;ct=0

   where the response is sent by the server, "[2001:db8:f0::1]:5683".

   While the client - on the practical or implementation side - can just
   go ahead and create a new request to "[2001:db8:f0::1]:5683" with
   Uri-Path: "temp", the full resolution steps for insertion into and
   retrieval from the RD without any shortcuts are:

B.1.1.  Resolving the URIs

   The client parses the single returned record.  The link's target
   (sometimes called "href") is ""/temp"", which is a relative URI that
   needs resolving.  The base URI <coap://[ff02::fd]:5683/.well-known/
   core> is used to resolve the reference /temp against.

   The Base URI of the requested resource can be composed from the
   header options of the CoAP GET request by following the steps of

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   [RFC7252] section 6.5 (with an addition at the end of 8.2) into
   ""coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/.well-known/core"".

   Because ""/temp"" starts with a single slash, the record's target is
   resolved by replacing the path ""/.well-known/core"" from the Base
   URI (section 5.2 [RFC3986]) with the relative target URI ""/temp""
   into ""coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/temp"".

B.1.2.  Interpreting attributes and relations

   Some more information but the record's target can be obtained from
   the payload: the resource type of the target is "temperature", and
   its content type is text/plain (ct=0).

   A relation in a web link is a three-part statement that specifies a
   named relation between the so-called "context resource" and the
   target resource, like "_This page_ has _its table of contents_ at _/
   toc.html_".  In link format documents, there is an implicit "host
   relation" specified with default parameter: rel="hosts".

   In our example, the context resource of the link is the URI specified
   in the GET request "coap:://[2001:db8:f0::1]/.well-known/core".  A
   full English expression of the "host relation" is:

   '"coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/.well-known/core" is hosting the resource
   "coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/temp", which is of the resource type
   "temperature" and can be accessed using the text/plain content
   format.'

B.2.  A slightly more complex example

   Omitting the "rt=temperature" filter, the discovery query would have
   given some more records in the payload:

   GET coap://[ff02::fd]:5683/.well-known/core

   RES 2.05 Content
   </temp>;rt=temperature;ct=0,
   </light>;rt=light-lux;ct=0,
   </t>;anchor="/sensors/temp";rel=alternate,
   <http://www.example.com/sensors/t123>;anchor="/sensors/temp";
       rel="describedby"

   Parsing the third record, the client encounters the "anchor"
   parameter.  It is a URI relative to the Base URI of the request and
   is thus resolved to ""coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/sensors/temp"".  That
   is the context resource of the link, so the "rel" statement is not
   about the target and the Base URI any more, but about the target and

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   the resolved URI.  Thus, the third record could be read as
   ""coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/sensors/temp" has an alternate
   representation at "coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/t"".

   Following the same resolution steps, the fourth record can be read as
   ""coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/sensors/temp" is described by
   "http://www.example.com/sensors/t123"".

B.3.  Enter the Resource Directory

   The resource directory tries to carry the semantics obtainable by
   classical CoAP discovery over to the resource lookup interface as
   faithfully as possible.

   For the following queries, we will assume that the simple host has
   used Simple Registration to register at the resource directory that
   was announced to it, sending this request from its UDP port
   "[2001:db8:f0::1]:6553":

   POST coap://[2001:db8:f01::ff]/.well-known/core?ep=simple-host1

   The resource directory would have accepted the registration, and
   queried the simple host's ".well-known/core" by itself.  As a result,
   the host is registered as an endpoint in the RD with the name
   "simple-host1".  The registration is active for 90000 seconds, and
   the endpoint registration Base URI is ""coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]""
   following the resolution steps described in Appendix B.1.1.  It
   should be remarked that the Base URI constructed that way always
   yields a URI of the form: scheme://authority without path suffix.

   If the client now queries the RD as it would previously have issued a
   multicast request, it would go through the RD discovery steps by
   fetching "coap://[2001:db8:f0::ff]/.well-known/core?rt=core.rd-
   lookup-res", obtain "coap://[2001:db8:f0::ff]/rd-lookup/res" as the
   resource lookup endpoint, and issue a request to
   "coap://[2001:db8:f0::ff]/rd-lookup/res?rt=temperature" to receive
   the following data:

   <coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/temp>;rt=temperature;ct=0;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]"

   This is not _literally_ the same response that it would have received
   from a multicast request, but it contains the equivalent statement:

   '"coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]" is hosting the resource
   "coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/temp", which is of the resource type
   "temperature" and can be accessed using the text/plain content
   format.'

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   (The difference is whether "/" or "/.well-known/core" hosts the
   resources, which does not matter in this application; if it did, the
   endpoint would have been more explicit.  Actually, /.well-known/core
   does NOT host the resource but stores a URI reference to the
   resource.)

   To complete the examples, the client could also query all resources
   hosted at the endpoint with the known endpoint name "simple-host1".
   A request to "coap://[2001:db8:f0::ff]/rd-lookup/res?ep=simple-host1"
   would return

   <coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/temp>;rt=temperature;ct=0;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]",
   <coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/light>;rt=light-lux;ct=0;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]",
   <coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/t>;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/sensors/temp";rel=alternate,
   <http://www.example.com/sensors/t123>;
       anchor="coap://[2001:db8:f0::1]/sensors/temp";rel="describedby"

   All the target and anchor references are already in absolute form
   there, which don't need to be resolved any further.

   Had the simple host done an equivalent full registration with a base=
   parameter (e.g.  "?ep=simple-host1&base=coap+tcp://simple-
   host1.example.com"), that context would have been used to resolve the
   relative anchor values instead, giving

   <coap+tcp://simple-host1.example.com/temp>;rt=temperature;ct=0;
       anchor="coap+tcp://simple-host1.example.com"

   and analogous records.

B.4.  A note on differences between link-format and Link headers

   While link-format and Link headers look very similar and are based on
   the same model of typed links, there are some differences between
   [RFC6690] and [RFC8288], which are dealt with differently:

   o  "Resolving the target against the anchor": [RFC6690] Section 2.1
      states that the anchor of a link is used as the Base URI against
      which the term inside the angle brackets (the target) is resolved,
      falling back to the resource's URI with paths stripped off (its
      "Origin").  In contrast to that, [RFC8288] Section B.2 describes
      that the anchor is immaterial to the resolution of the target
      reference.

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      RFC6690, in the same section, also states that absent anchors set
      the context of the link to the target's URI with its path stripped
      off, while according to [RFC8288] Section 3.2, the context is the
      resource's base URI.

      The rules introduced in Appendix C ensure that an RD does not need
      to deal with those differences when processing input data.  Lookup
      results are required to be absolute references for the same
      reason.

   o  There is no percent encoding in link-format documents.

      A link-format document is a UTF-8 encoded string of Unicode
      characters and does not have percent encoding, while Link headers
      are practically ASCII strings that use percent encoding for non-
      ASCII characters, stating the encoding explicitly when required.

      For example, while a Link header in a page about a Swedish city
      might read

      "Link: </temperature/Malm%C3%B6>;rel="live-environment-data""

      a link-format document from the same source might describe the
      link as

      "</temperature/Malmoe>;rel="live-environment-data""

      Parsers and producers of link-format and header data need to be
      aware of this difference.

Appendix C.  Limited Link Format

   The CoRE Link Format as described in [RFC6690] has been interpreted
   differently by implementers, and a strict implementation rules out
   some use cases of a Resource Directory (e.g. base values with path
   components).

   This appendix describes a subset of link format documents called
   Limited Link Format.  The rules herein are not very limiting in
   practice - all examples in RFC6690, and all deployments the authors
   are aware of already stick to them - but ease the implementation of
   resource directory servers.

   It is applicable to representations in the application/link-format
   media type, and any other media types that inherit [RFC6690]
   Section 2.1.

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   A link format representation is in Limited Link format if, for each
   link in it, the following applies:

   o  All URI references either follow the URI or the path-absolute ABNF
      rule of RFC3986 (i.e. target and anchor each either start with a
      scheme or with a single slash),

   o  if the anchor reference starts with a scheme, the target reference
      starts with a scheme as well (i.e. relative references in target
      cannot be used when the anchor is a full URI), and

   o  the application does not care whether links without an explicitly
      given anchor have the origin's "/" or "/.well-known/core" resource
      as their link context.

Authors' Addresses

   Zach Shelby
   ARM
   150 Rose Orchard
   San Jose  95134
   USA

   Phone: +1-408-203-9434
   Email: zach.shelby@arm.com

   Michael Koster
   SmartThings
   665 Clyde Avenue
   Mountain View  94043
   USA

   Phone: +1-707-502-5136
   Email: Michael.Koster@smartthings.com

   Carsten Bormann
   Universitaet Bremen TZI
   Postfach 330440
   Bremen  D-28359
   Germany

   Phone: +49-421-218-63921
   Email: cabo@tzi.org

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   Peter van der Stok
   consultant

   Phone: +31-492474673 (Netherlands), +33-966015248 (France)
   Email: consultancy@vanderstok.org
   URI:   www.vanderstok.org

   Christian Amsuess (editor)
   Hollandstr. 12/4
   1020
   Austria

   Phone: +43-664-9790639
   Email: christian@amsuess.com

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