Skip to main content

Extension Negotiation in Secure Shell (SSH)
draft-ietf-curdle-ssh-ext-info-13

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8308.
Author denis bider
Last updated 2017-09-14
Replaces draft-ssh-ext-info
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Formats
Reviews
Additional resources Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state Submitted to IESG for Publication
Document shepherd Daniel Migault
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2017-06-01
IESG IESG state Became RFC 8308 (Proposed Standard)
Consensus boilerplate Yes
Telechat date (None)
Needs a YES. Needs 9 more YES or NO OBJECTION positions to pass.
Responsible AD Eric Rescorla
Send notices to Daniel Migault <daniel.migault@ericsson.com>
IANA IANA review state IANA OK - Actions Needed
draft-ietf-curdle-ssh-ext-info-13
Internet-Draft                                                  D. Bider
Updates: 4252, 4253, 4254 (if approved)                  Bitvise Limited
Intended status: Standards Track                      September 14, 2017
Expires: March 14, 2018

               Extension Negotiation in Secure Shell (SSH)
                  draft-ietf-curdle-ssh-ext-info-13.txt

Abstract

  This memo updates RFC 4252, RFC 4253, and RFC 4254 to define a
  mechanism for SSH clients and servers to exchange information about
  supported protocol extensions confidentially after SSH key exchange.

Status

  This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
  provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

  Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task
  Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that other
  groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.

  Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
  and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
  time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material
  or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

  The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
  http://www.ietf.org/1id-abstracts.html
  
  The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
  http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html

Copyright

  Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
  document authors.  All rights reserved.

  This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
  Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
  (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
  publication of this document.  Please review these documents
  carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
  to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
  include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
  the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
  described in the Simplified BSD License.

Bider                                                           [Page 1]
Internet-Draft        Extension Negotiation in SSH        September 2017

Table of Contents

  1. Overview and Rationale ...........................................3
      1.1. Requirements Terminology ...................................3
      1.2. Wire Encoding Terminology ..................................3
  2. Extension Negotiation Mechanism ..................................3
     2.1. Signaling of Extension Negotiation in SSH_MSG_KEXINIT .......3
     2.2. Enabling Criteria ...........................................4
     2.3. SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO Message ....................................4
     2.4. Message Order ...............................................4
     2.5. Interpretation of Extension Names and Values ................5
  3. Initially Defined Extensions .....................................6
     3.1. "server-sig-algs" ...........................................6
     3.2. "delay-compression" .........................................7
          3.2.1. Awkwardly Timed Key Re-Exchange ......................8
          3.2.2. Subsequent Re-Exchange ...............................8
          3.2.3. Compatibility Note: OpenSSH up to 7.5 ................8
     3.3. "no-flow-control" ...........................................9
          3.3.1. Prior "No Flow Control" Practice .....................9
     3.4. "elevation" ................................................10
  4. IANA Considerations .............................................11
     4.1. Additions to existing tables ...............................11
     4.2. New table: Extension Names .................................11
          4.2.1. Future Assignments to Extension Names ...............11
  5. Security Considerations .........................................11
  6. References ......................................................12
     6.1. Normative References .......................................12
     6.2. Informative References .....................................12
  Author's Address ...................................................13
  Acknowledgments ....................................................13

Bider                                                           [Page 2]
Internet-Draft        Extension Negotiation in SSH        September 2017

1.  Overview and Rationale

  Secure Shell (SSH) is a common protocol for secure communication on
  the Internet. The original design of the SSH transport layer [RFC4253]
  lacks proper extension negotiation. Meanwhile, diverse implementations
  take steps to ensure that known message types contain no unrecognized
  information. This makes it difficult for implementations to signal
  capabilities and negotiate extensions without risking disconnection.
  This obstacle has been recognized in relationship with [SSH-RSA-SHA2],
  where the need arises for a client to discover public key algorithms a
  server accepts, to avoid authentication penalties and trial-and-error.
  
  This memo updates RFC 4252, RFC 4253, and RFC 4254.

1.1.  Requirements Terminology

  The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
  "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
  document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
  
1.2.  Wire Encoding Terminology

  The wire encoding types in this document - "byte", "uint32", "string",
  "boolean", "name-list" - have meanings as described in [RFC4251].

2.  Extension Negotiation Mechanism
  
2.1.  Signaling of Extension Negotiation in SSH_MSG_KEXINIT
  
  Applications implementing this mechanism MUST add one of the following
  indicator names to the field "kex_algorithms" in the SSH_MSG_KEXINIT
  message sent by the application in the first key exchange:
  
  - When acting as server: "ext-info-s"
  - When acting as client: "ext-info-c"

  The indicator name is added without quotes, and MAY be added at any
  position in the name-list, subject to proper separation from other
  names as per name-list conventions.
  
  The names are added to the "kex_algorithms" field because this is one
  of two name-list fields in SSH_MSG_KEXINIT that do not have a separate
  copy for each data direction.
  
  The indicator names inserted by the client and server are different to
  ensure these names will not produce a match, and therefore not affect
  the algorithm chosen in key exchange algorithm negotiation.
  
  The inclusion of textual indicator names is intended to provide a clue
  for implementers to discover this mechanism.

Bider                                                           [Page 3]
Internet-Draft        Extension Negotiation in SSH        September 2017

  
2.2.  Enabling Criteria

  If a client or server offers "ext-info-c" or "ext-info-s"
  respectively, it MUST be prepared to accept an SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO
  message from the peer.
  
  A server only needs to send "ext-info-s" if it intends to process
  SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO from the client. A client only needs to send
  "ext-info-c" if it plans to process SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO from the server.
 
  If a server receives an "ext-info-c", or a client receives an
  "ext-info-s", it MAY send an SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO message, but is not
  required to do so.
  
  Neither party needs to wait for the other's SSH_MSG_KEXINIT in order
  to decide whether to send the appropriate indicator in its own
  SSH_MSG_KEXINIT.

  Implementations MUST NOT send an incorrect indicator name for their
  role. Implementations MAY disconnect if the counter-party sends an
  incorrect indicator. If "ext-info-c" or "ext-info-s" ends up being
  negotiated as a key exchange method, the parties MUST disconnect.
  
2.3.  SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO Message
  
 A party that received the "ext-info-c" or "ext-info-s" indicator
 MAY send the following message: 
   
    byte       SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO (value 7)
    uint32     nr-extensions
    repeat the following 2 fields "nr-extensions" times:
      string   extension-name
      string   extension-value (binary)
  
  Implementers' attention is called to Section 2.5., in particular the
  requirement to tolerate any sequence of bytes - including null bytes
  at any position - in an unknown extension's extension-value.
  
2.4.  Message Order
  
  If a client sends SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO, it MUST send it as the next packet
  following the client's first SSH_MSG_NEWKEYS message to the server.
  
  If a server sends SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO, it MAY send it at zero, one, or
  both of the following opportunities:
  
  - As the next packet following the server's first SSH_MSG_NEWKEYS.
  
    Where clients need information in the server's SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO to
    authenticate, it is helpful if the server sends its SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO
    not only as next packet after SSH_MSG_NEWKEYS, but without delay.
 

Bider                                                           [Page 4]
Internet-Draft        Extension Negotiation in SSH        September 2017

    Clients cannot rely on this because the server is not required to
    send the message at this time; and if sent, it may be delayed by
    network fragmentation. However, if a timely SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO is
    received, a client can pipeline an authentication request after its
    SSH_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST, even when it needs extension information.

  - Immediately preceding the server's SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS, as
    defined in [RFC4252].

    The server MAY send SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO at this second opportunity,
    whether or not it sent it at the first. A client that sent
    "ext-info-c" MUST accept a server's SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO at both
    opportunities, but MUST NOT require it.
  
    This allows a server to reveal support for additional extensions
    that it was unwilling to reveal to an unauthenticated client. If a
    server sends a second SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO, this replaces any initial
    one, and both the client and the server re-evaluate extensions in
    effect. The server's second SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO is matched against the
    client's original.
 
    The timing of the second opportunity is chosen for the following
    reasons. If the message was sent earlier, it would not allow the
    server to withhold information until the client has authenticated.
    If it was sent later, a client that needs information from the
    second SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO immediately after it authenticates would
    have no way to reliably know whether to expect the message.

2.5.  Interpretation of Extension Names and Values

  Each extension is identified by its extension-name, and defines the
  conditions under which the extension is considered to be in effect.
  Applications MUST ignore unrecognized extension-names.

  An extension MAY dictate, where it is specified, that in order to take
  effect, both parties must include it in their SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO; or it
  can be sufficient that only one party includes it; or other rules MAY
  be specified. The relative order in which extensions appear in an
  SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO message MUST be ignored.
  
  Extension-value fields are interpreted as defined by their respective
  extension. This field MAY be empty if permitted by the extension.
  Applications that do not implement or recognize an extension MUST
  ignore its extension-value, regardless of its size or content.
  Applications MUST tolerate any sequence of bytes - including null
  bytes at any position - in an unknown extension's extension-value.
   
  The cumulative size of an SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO message is limited only by
  the maximum packet length that an implementation may apply in
  accordance with [RFC4253]. Implementations MUST accept well-formed
  SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO messages up to the maximum packet length they accept.

Bider                                                           [Page 5]
Internet-Draft        Extension Negotiation in SSH        September 2017  

3. Initially Defined Extensions

3.1. "server-sig-algs"

  This extension is sent with the following extension name and value:
  
    string      "server-sig-algs"
    name-list   public-key-algorithms-accepted

  The name-list type is a strict subset of the string type, and is thus
  permissible as an extension-value. See [RFC4251] for more information.

  This extension is sent by the server, and contains a list of public
  key algorithms that the server is able to process as part of a
  "publickey" authentication request. If a client sends this extension,
  the server MAY ignore it, and MAY disconnect.
  
  In this extension, a server MUST enumerate all public key algorithms
  it might accept during user authentication. However, there exist early
  server implementations which do not enumerate all accepted algorithms.
  For this reason, a client MAY send a user authentication request using
  a public key algorithm not included in "server-sig-algs".

  A client that wishes to proceed with public key authentication MAY
  wait for the server's SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO so it can send a "publickey"
  authentication request with an appropriate public key algorithm,
  rather than resorting to trial and error.

  Servers that implement public key authentication SHOULD implement this
  extension.

  If a server does not send this extension, a client MUST NOT make any
  assumptions about the server's public key algorithm support, and MAY
  proceed with authentication requests using trial and error. Note that
  implementations are known to exist that apply authentication
  penalties (*) if the client attempts to use an unexpected public key
  algorithm.
  
  (*) Authentication penalties are applied by servers to deter brute
  force password guessing, username enumeration, and other types of
  behavior deemed suspicious by server administrators or implementers.
  Penalties may include automatic IP address throttling or blocking,
  and may trigger email alerts or auditing.

  
Bider                                                           [Page 6]
Internet-Draft        Extension Negotiation in SSH        September 2017  

3.2.  "delay-compression"

  This extension MAY be sent by both parties as follows:
  
    string         "delay-compression"
    string:
      name-list    compression_algorithms_client_to_server
      name-list    compression_algorithms_server_to_client

  Example: to indicate a preference for compression algorithms "foo,bar"
  in the client-to-server direction, and "bar,baz" in the server-to-
  client direction, a sender encodes the extension-value as follows:
    
    00000016 00000007 666f6f2c626172 00000007 6261722c62617a

  This same encoding could be sent by either party - client or server.
 
  This extension allows the server and client to renegotiate compression
  algorithm support without having to conduct a key re-exchange, putting
  new algorithms into effect immediately upon successful authentication.
  
  This extension takes effect only if both parties send it. Name-lists
  MAY include any compression algorithm that could have been negotiated
  in SSH_MSG_KEXINIT, except algorithms that define their own delayed
  compression semantics. This means "zlib,none" is a valid algorithm
  list in this context; but "zlib@openssh.com" is not.
 
  If both parties send this extension, but the name-lists do not contain
  a common algorithm in either direction, the parties MUST disconnect in
  the same way as if negotiation failed as part of SSH_MSG_KEXINIT.
  
  If this extension takes effect, the renegotiated compression algorithm
  is activated for the very next SSH message after the trigger message:
 
  - Sent by the server, the trigger message is SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS.
  - Sent by the client, the trigger message is SSH_MSG_NEWCOMPRESS.
    
  If this extension takes effect, the client MUST send the following
  message within a reasonable number of outgoing SSH messages after
  receiving SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS - but not necessarily as the first
  such outgoing message:
    
    byte       SSH_MSG_NEWCOMPRESS (value 8)
  
  The purpose of SSH_MSG_NEWCOMPRESS is to avoid a race condition
  where the server cannot reliably know whether a message sent by
  the client was sent before or after receiving the server's
  SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS. For example, clients may send keep-alive
  messages during logon processing.

Bider                                                           [Page 7]
Internet-Draft        Extension Negotiation in SSH        September 2017
 
  
  As is the case for all extensions unless otherwise noted, the server
  MAY delay including this extension until its secondary
  SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO, sent before SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS. This allows
  the server to avoid advertising compression until the client has
  authenticated.
  
  If the parties re-negotiate compression using this extension in a
  session where compression is already enabled; and the re-negotiated
  algorithm is the same in one or both directions; then the internal
  compression state MUST be reset for each direction at the time the
  re-negotiated algorithm takes effect.

3.2.1.  Awkwardly Timed Key Re-Exchange
  
  A party that has signaled, or intends to signal, support for this
  extension in an SSH session, MUST NOT initiate key re-exchange in that
  session until either of the following occurs:
  
  - This extension was negotiated, and the party that's about to start
    key re-exchange already sent its trigger message for compression.
    
  - The party has sent (if server) or received (if client) the message
    SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS, and this extension was not negotiated.

  If a party violates this rule, the other party MAY disconnect.
  
  In general, parties SHOULD NOT start key re-exchange before successful
  user authentication, but MAY tolerate it if not using this extension.
  
3.2.2.  Subsequent Re-Exchange

  In subsequent key re-exchanges that unambiguously begin after the
  compression trigger messages, the compression algorithms negotiated in
  re-exchange override the algorithms negotiated with this extension.

3.2.3.  Compatibility Note: OpenSSH up to 7.5

  This extension uses a binary extension-value encoding. OpenSSH clients
  up to and including version 7.5 advertise support to receive
  SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO, but disconnect on receipt of an extension-value
  containing null bytes. This is an error fixed in OpenSSH version 7.6.

  Implementations that wish to interoperate with OpenSSH 7.5 and earlier
  are advised to check the remote party's SSH version string, and omit
  this extension if an affected version is detected. Affected versions
  do not implement this extension, so there is no harm in omitting it.
  The extension SHOULD NOT be omitted if the detected OpenSSH version is
  7.6 or higher. This would make it harder for the OpenSSH project to
  implement this extension in a higher version.

Bider                                                           [Page 8]
Internet-Draft        Extension Negotiation in SSH        September 2017

 
3.3.  "no-flow-control"

  This extension is sent with the following extension name and value:
  
    string      "no-flow-control"
    string      choice of: "p" for preferred | "s" for supported

  A party SHOULD send "s" if it supports "no-flow-control", but does not
  prefer to enable it. A party SHOULD send "p" if it prefers to enable
  the extension if the other party supports it. Parties MAY disconnect
  if they receive a different extension value.

  To take effect, this extension MUST be:

  - Sent by both parties.
  - At least one party MUST have sent the value "p" (preferred).

  If this extension takes effect, the "initial window size" fields in
  SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN and SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_CONFIRMATION, as defined
  in [RFC4254], become meaningless. The values of these fields MUST be
  ignored, and a channel behaves as if all window sizes are infinite.
  Neither side is required to send any SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST
  messages, and if received, such messages MUST be ignored.
  
  This extension is intended, but not limited to, use by file transfer
  applications that are only going to use one channel, and for which the
  flow control provided by SSH is an impediment, rather than a feature.

  Implementations MUST refuse to open more than one simultaneous channel
  when this extension is in effect. Nevertheless, server implementations
  SHOULD support clients opening more than one non-simultaneous channel.
  
3.3.1.  Prior "No Flow Control" Practice

  Before this extension, some applications would simply not implement
  SSH flow control, sending an initial channel window size of 2^32 - 1.
  Applications SHOULD NOT do this for the following reasons:
  
  - It is plausible to transfer more than 2^32 bytes over a channel.
    Such a channel will hang if the other party implements SSH flow
    control according to [RFC4254].
    
  - There exist implementations which cannot handle large channel window
    sizes, and can exhibit non-graceful behaviors, including disconnect.

 
Bider                                                           [Page 9]
Internet-Draft        Extension Negotiation in SSH        September 2017

3.4.  "elevation"
 
  The terms "elevation" and "elevated" refer to an operating system
  mechanism where an administrator user's logon session is associated
  with two security contexts: one limited, and one with administrative
  rights. To "elevate" such a session is to activate the security
  context with full administrative rights. For more information about
  this mechanism on Windows, see also [WINADMIN] and [WINTOKEN].

  This extension MAY be sent by the client as follows:
  
    string      "elevation"
    string      choice of: "y" | "n" | "d"

  A client sends "y" to indicate its preference that the session should
  be elevated; "n" to not be elevated; and "d" for the server to use its
  default behavior. The server MAY disconnect if it receives a different

  extension value. If a client does not send the "elevation" extension,
  the server SHOULD act as if "d" was sent.
 
  If a client has included this extension, then after authentication, a
  server that supports this extension SHOULD indicate to the client
  whether elevation was done by sending the following global request:

    byte        SSH_MSG_GLOBAL_REQUEST
    string      "elevation"
    boolean     want reply = false
    boolean     elevation performed
  
  Clients that implement this extension help reduce attack surface for
  Windows servers that handle administrative logins. Where clients do
  not support this extension, servers must elevate sessions to allow
  full access by administrative users always. Where clients support this
  extension, sessions can be created without elevation unless requested.

Bider                                                          [Page 10]
Internet-Draft        Extension Negotiation in SSH        September 2017

4.  IANA Considerations

4.1.  Additions to existing tables

  IANA is requested to insert the following entries into the table
  Message Numbers [IANA-M] under Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Parameters
  [RFC4250]:
  
    Value    Message ID             Reference
    7        SSH_MSG_EXT_INFO       [this document]
    8        SSH_MSG_NEWCOMPRESS    [this document]

  IANA is requested to insert the following entries into the table Key
  Exchange Method Names [IANA-KE]:
  
    Method Name     Reference          Note
    ext-info-s      [this document]    Section 2.2
    ext-info-c      [this document]    Section 2.2

4.2.  New table: Extension Names

  Also under Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Parameters, IANA is requested
  to create a new table, Extension Names, with initial content:
  
    Extension Name       Reference          Note
    server-sig-algs      [this document]    Section 3.1
    delay-compression    [this document]    Section 3.2
    no-flow-control      [this document]    Section 3.3
    elevation            [this document]    Section 3.4

4.2.1.  Future Assignments to Extension Names

  Names in the Extension Names table MUST follow the Conventions for
  Names defined in [RFC4250], Section 4.6.1.

  Requests for assignments of new non-local names in the Extension Names
  table (i.e. names not including the '@' character) MUST be done
  through the IETF CONSENSUS method, as described in [RFC8126].

5.  Security Considerations

  Security considerations are discussed throughout this document. This
  document updates the SSH protocol as defined in [RFC4251] and related
  documents. The security considerations of [RFC4251] apply.

Bider                                                          [Page 11]
Internet-Draft        Extension Negotiation in SSH        September 2017

6.  References

6.1.  Normative References
  
  [RFC2119]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

  [RFC4250]   Lehtinen, S. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
              Protocol Assigned Numbers", RFC 4250, January 2006.

  [RFC4251]   Lehtinen, S. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
              Protocol Architecture", RFC 4251, January 2006.

  [RFC4252]   Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
              Authentication Protocol", RFC 4252, January 2006.

  [RFC4253]   Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
              Transport Layer Protocol", RFC 4253, January 2006.

  [RFC4254]   Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
              Connection Protocol", RFC 4254, January 2006.
              
  [RFC8126]   Cotton, M., Leiba, B. and Narten, T., "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, June 2017.

6.2.  Informative References

  [SSH-RSA-SHA2] 
              Bider, D., "Use of RSA Keys with SHA-2 256 and 512 in
              Secure Shell (SSH)", draft-ietf-curdle-rsa-sha2-10.txt,
              August 2017, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/
              draft-ietf-curdle-rsa-sha2-10>.

  [IANA-M]    "Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Parameters",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/ssh-parameters/
              ssh-parameters.xhtml#ssh-parameters-1>.

  [IANA-KE]   "Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Parameters",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/ssh-parameters/
              ssh-parameters.xhtml#ssh-parameters-16>.

  [WINADMIN]  "How to launch a process as a Full Administrator when UAC
              is enabled?", <https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/winsdk/
              2013/03/22/how-to-launch-a-process-as-a-full-
              administrator-when-uac-is-enabled/>.

  [WINTOKEN]  "TOKEN_ELEVATION_TYPE enumeration",
              <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/
              bb530718.aspx>.

Bider                                                          [Page 12]
Internet-Draft        Extension Negotiation in SSH        September 2017

Author's Address

  Denis Bider
  Bitvise Limited
  4105 Lombardy Court
  Colleyville, Texas  76034
  United States of America

  EMail: ietf-ssh3@denisbider.com
  URI:   https://www.bitvise.com/

Acknowledgments

  Thanks to Markus Friedl and Damien Miller for comments and initial
  implementation. Thanks to Peter Gutmann, Roumen Petrov, Mark D.
  Baushke, Daniel Migault, Eric Rescorla, Matthew A. Miller, Mirja
  Kuehlewind, Adam Roach, Spencer Dawkins, Alexey Melnikov, and Ben
  Campbell for reviews and feedback.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Bider                                                          [Page 13]