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Distributed Denial-of-Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Signal Channel Specification
draft-ietf-dots-signal-channel-18

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8782.
Authors Tirumaleswar Reddy.K , Mohamed Boucadair , Prashanth Patil , Andrew Mortensen , Nik Teague
Last updated 2018-03-21 (Latest revision 2018-01-23)
Replaces draft-reddy-dots-signal-channel
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draft-ietf-dots-signal-channel-18
DOTS                                                       T. Reddy, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                    McAfee
Intended status: Standards Track                       M. Boucadair, Ed.
Expires: September 21, 2018                                       Orange
                                                                P. Patil
                                                                   Cisco
                                                            A. Mortensen
                                                    Arbor Networks, Inc.
                                                               N. Teague
                                                          Verisign, Inc.
                                                          March 20, 2018

   Distributed Denial-of-Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Signal
                         Channel Specification
                   draft-ietf-dots-signal-channel-18

Abstract

   This document specifies the DOTS signal channel, a protocol for
   signaling the need for protection against Distributed Denial-of-
   Service (DDoS) attacks to a server capable of enabling network
   traffic mitigation on behalf of the requesting client.

   A companion document defines the DOTS data channel, a separate
   reliable communication layer for DOTS management and configuration
   purposes.

Editorial Note (To be removed by RFC Editor)

   Please update these statements with the RFC number to be assigned to
   this document:

   o  "This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX;"

   o  "RFC XXXX: Distributed Denial-of-Service Open Threat Signaling
      (DOTS) Signal Channel Specification";

   o  "| [RFCXXXX] |"

   o  reference: RFC XXXX

   Please update TBD statements with the port number to be assigned to
   DOTS Signal Channel Protocol.

   Also, please update the "revision" date of the YANG module.

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Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 21, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Notational Conventions and Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  Design Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  DOTS Signal Channel: Messages & Behaviors . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.1.  DOTS Server(s) Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.2.  CoAP URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.3.  Happy Eyeballs for DOTS Signal Channel  . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.4.  DOTS Mitigation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.4.1.  Request Mitigation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.4.2.  Retrieve Information Related to a Mitigation  . . . .  25
       4.4.3.  Efficacy Update from DOTS Clients . . . . . . . . . .  33
       4.4.4.  Withdraw a Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     4.5.  DOTS Signal Channel Session Configuration . . . . . . . .  36
       4.5.1.  Discover Configuration Parameters . . . . . . . . . .  38

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       4.5.2.  Convey DOTS Signal Channel Session Configuration  . .  42
       4.5.3.  Configuration Freshness and Notifications . . . . . .  47
       4.5.4.  Delete DOTS Signal Channel Session Configuration  . .  48
     4.6.  Redirected Signaling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     4.7.  Heartbeat Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
   5.  DOTS Signal Channel YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
     5.1.  Tree Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
     5.2.  YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
   6.  Mapping Parameters to CBOR  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
   7.  (D)TLS Protocol Profile and Performance Considerations  . . .  69
     7.1.  (D)TLS Protocol Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
     7.2.  (D)TLS 1.3 Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
     7.3.  MTU and Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
   8.  Mutual Authentication of DOTS Agents & Authorization of DOTS
       Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
     9.1.  DOTS Signal Channel UDP and TCP Port Number . . . . . . .  74
     9.2.  Well-Known 'dots' URI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
     9.3.  CoAP Response Code  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     9.4.  CoAP Option Number  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     9.5.  DOTS Signal Channel CBOR Mappings Registry  . . . . . . .  75
       9.5.1.  Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
       9.5.2.  Initial Registry Content  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     9.6.  DOTS Signal Channel YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
   10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
   11. Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
   12. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
   13. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
     13.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
     13.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85

1.  Introduction

   A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is an attempt to make
   machines or network resources unavailable to their intended users.
   In most cases, sufficient scale can be achieved by compromising
   enough end-hosts and using those infected hosts to perpetrate and
   amplify the attack.  The victim in this attack can be an application
   server, a host, a router, a firewall, or an entire network.

   Network applications have finite resources like CPU cycles, the
   number of processes or threads they can create and use, the maximum
   number of simultaneous connections it can handle, the limited
   resources of the control plane, etc.  When processing network
   traffic, such applications are supposed to use these resources to
   offer the intended task in the most efficient manner.  However, a
   DDoS attacker may be able to prevent an application from performing

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   its intended task by making the application exhaust its finite
   resources.

   TCP DDoS SYN-flood, for example, is a memory-exhausting attack while
   ACK-flood is a CPU-exhausting attack [RFC4987].  Attacks on the link
   are carried out by sending enough traffic so that the link becomes
   congested, thereby likely causing packet loss for legitimate traffic.
   Stateful firewalls can also be attacked by sending traffic that
   causes the firewall to maintain an excessive number of states that
   may jeopardize the firewall's operation overall, besides likely
   performance impacts.  The firewall then runs out of memory, and can
   no longer instantiate the states required to process legitimate
   flows.  Other possible DDoS attacks are discussed in [RFC4732].

   In many cases, it may not be possible for network administrators to
   determine the cause(s) of an attack.  They may instead just realize
   that certain resources seem to be under attack.  This document
   defines a lightweight protocol that allows a DOTS client to request
   mitigation from one or more DOTS servers for protection against
   detected, suspected, or anticipated attacks.  This protocol enables
   cooperation between DOTS agents to permit a highly-automated network
   defense that is robust, reliable, and secure.

   An example of a network diagram that illustrates a deployment of DOTS
   agents is shown in Figure 1.  In this example, a DOTS server is
   operating on the access network.  A DOTS client is located on the LAN
   (Local Area Network), while a DOTS gateway is embedded in the CPE
   (Customer Premises Equipment).

      Network
      Resource        CPE router         Access network     __________
    +-----------+   +--------------+    +-------------+    /          \
    |           |___|              |____|             |___ | Internet |
    |DOTS client|   | DOTS gateway |    | DOTS server |    |          |
    |           |   |              |    |             |    |          |
    +-----------+   +--------------+    +-------------+    \__________/

                   Figure 1: Sample DOTS Deployment (1)

   DOTS servers can also be reachable over the Internet, as depicted in
   Figure 2.

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      Network                                           DDoS mitigation
      Resource          CPE router      __________        service
    +-----------+   +-------------+    /          \    +-------------+
    |           |___|             |____|          |___ |             |
    |DOTS client|   |DOTS gateway |    | Internet |    | DOTS server |
    |           |   |             |    |          |    |             |
    +-----------+   +-------------+    \__________/    +-------------+

                   Figure 2: Sample DOTS Deployment (2)

   In typical deployments, the DOTS client belongs to a different
   administrative domain than the DOTS server.  For example, the DOTS
   client is embedded in a firewall protecting services owned and
   operated by a domain, while the DOTS server is owned and operated by
   a different domain providing DDoS mitigation services.  The latter
   might or might not provide connectivity services to the network
   hosting the DOTS client.

   The DOTS server may (not) be co-located with the DOTS mitigator.  In
   typical deployments, the DOTS server belongs to the same
   administrative domain as the mitigator.  The DOTS client can
   communicate directly with a DOTS server or indirectly via a DOTS
   gateway.

   The document adheres to the DOTS architecture
   [I-D.ietf-dots-architecture].  The requirements for DOTS signal
   channel protocol are documented in [I-D.ietf-dots-requirements].
   This document satisfies all the use cases discussed in
   [I-D.ietf-dots-use-cases].

   This document focuses on the DOTS signal channel.  This is a
   companion document of the DOTS data channel specification
   [I-D.ietf-dots-data-channel] that defines a configuration and a bulk
   data exchange mechanism supporting the DOTS signal channel.

2.  Notational Conventions and Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   [RFC2119].

   (D)TLS is used for statements that apply to both Transport Layer
   Security [RFC5246] and Datagram Transport Layer Security [RFC6347].
   Specific terms are used for any statement that applies to either
   protocol alone.

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   The reader should be familiar with the terms defined in
   [I-D.ietf-dots-requirements].

   The meaning of the symbols in YANG tree diagrams is defined in
   [RFC8340].

3.  Design Overview

   The DOTS signal channel is built on top of the Constrained
   Application Protocol (CoAP) [RFC7252], a lightweight protocol
   originally designed for constrained devices and networks.  The many
   features of CoAP (expectation of packet loss, support for
   asynchronous non-confirmable messaging, congestion control, small
   message overhead limiting the need for fragmentation, use of minimal
   resources, and support for (D)TLS) makes it a good candidate to build
   the DOTS signaling mechanism from.

   The DOTS signal channel is layered on existing standards (Figure 3).

                          +---------------------+
                          | DOTS Signal Channel |
                          +---------------------+
                          |         CoAP        |
                          +----------+----------+
                          |   TLS    |   DTLS   |
                          +----------+----------+
                          |   TCP    |   UDP    |
                          +----------+----------+
                          |          IP         |
                          +---------------------+

     Figure 3: Abstract Layering of DOTS Signal Channel over CoAP over
                                  (D)TLS

   By default, a DOTS signal channel MUST run over port number TBD as
   defined in Section 9.1, for both UDP and TCP, unless the DOTS server
   has a mutual agreement with its DOTS clients to use a different port
   number.  DOTS clients may alternatively support means to dynamically
   discover the ports used by their DOTS servers.  In order to use a
   distinct port number (as opposed to TBD), DOTS clients and servers
   should support a configurable parameter to supply the port number to
   use.  The rationale for not using the default port number 5684
   ((D)TLS CoAP) is to allow for differentiated behaviors in
   environments where both a DOTS gateway and an IoT gateway (e.g.,
   Figure 3 of [RFC7452]) are present.

   The signal channel is initiated by the DOTS client (Section 4.4).
   Once the signal channel is established, the DOTS agents periodically

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   send heartbeats to keep the channel active (Section 4.7).  At any
   time, the DOTS client may send a mitigation request message to a DOTS
   server over the active channel.  While mitigation is active because
   of the higher likelihood of packet loss during a DDoS attack, the
   DOTS server periodically sends status messages to the client,
   including basic mitigation feedback details.  Mitigation remains
   active until the DOTS client explicitly terminates mitigation, or the
   mitigation lifetime expires.

   DOTS signaling can happen with DTLS [RFC6347] over UDP and TLS
   [RFC5246] over TCP.  Likewise, DOTS requests may be sent using IPv4
   or IPv6 transfer capabilities.  A Happy Eyeballs procedure for DOTS
   signal channel is specified in Section 4.3.

   Messages exchanged between DOTS agents are serialized using Concise
   Binary Object Representation (CBOR) [RFC7049], CBOR is a binary
   encoding scheme designed for small code and message size.  CBOR-
   encoded payloads are used to carry signal channel-specific payload
   messages which convey request parameters and response information
   such as errors.  In order to allow the use of the same data models,
   [RFC7951] specifies the JSON encoding of YANG-modeled data.  A
   similar effort for CBOR is defined in [I-D.ietf-core-yang-cbor].

   From that standpoint, this document specifies a YANG module for
   representing mitigation scopes and DOTS signal channel session
   configuration data (Section 5).  Representing these data as CBOR data
   is assumed to follow the rules in [I-D.ietf-core-yang-cbor] or those
   in [RFC7951] combined with JSON/CBOR conversion rules in [RFC7049].
   All parameters in the payload of the DOTS signal channel are mapped
   to CBOR types as specified in Section 6.

   In order to prevent fragmentation, DOTS agents must follow the
   recommendations documented in Section 4.6 of [RFC7252].  Refer to
   Section 7.3 for more details.

   DOTS agents MUST support GET, PUT, and DELETE CoAP methods.  The
   payload included in CoAP responses with 2.xx and 3.xx Response Codes
   MUST be of content type "application/cbor" (Section 5.5.1 of
   [RFC7252]).  CoAP responses with 4.xx and 5.xx error Response Codes
   MUST include a diagnostic payload (Section 5.5.2 of [RFC7252]).  The
   Diagnostic Payload may contain additional information to aid
   troubleshooting.

   In deployments where multiple DOTS clients are enabled in a network
   (owned and operated by the same entity), the DOTS server may detect
   conflicting mitigation requests from these clients.  This document
   does not aim to specify a comprehensive list of conditions under
   which a DOTS server will characterize two mitigation requests from

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   distinct DOTS clients as conflicting, nor recommend a DOTS server
   behavior for processing conflicting mitigation requests.  Those
   considerations are implementation- and deployment-specific.
   Nevertheless, the document specifies the mechanisms to notify DOTS
   clients when conflicts occur, including the conflict cause
   (Section 4.4).

   In deployments where one or more translators (e.g., Traditional NAT
   [RFC3022], CGN [RFC6888], NAT64 [RFC6146], NPTv6 [RFC6296]) are
   enabled between the client's network and the DOTS server, DOTS signal
   channel messages forwarded to a DOTS server must not include internal
   IP addresses/prefixes and/or port numbers; external addresses/
   prefixes and/or port numbers as assigned by the translator must be
   used instead.  This document does not make any recommendation about
   possible translator discovery mechanisms.  The following are some
   (non-exhaustive) deployment examples that may be considered:

   o  Port Control Protocol (PCP) [RFC6887] or Session Traversal
      Utilities for NAT (STUN) [RFC5389] may be used to retrieve the
      external addresses/prefixes and/or port numbers.  Information
      retrieved by means of PCP or STUN will be used to feed the DOTS
      signal channel messages that will be sent to a DOTS server.

   o  A DOTS gateway may be co-located with the translator.  The DOTS
      gateway will need to update the DOTS messages, based upon the
      local translator's binding table.

4.  DOTS Signal Channel: Messages & Behaviors

4.1.  DOTS Server(s) Discovery

   This document assumes that DOTS clients are provisioned with the
   reachability information of their DOTS server(s) using a variety of
   means (e.g., local configuration, or dynamic means such as DHCP).
   The description of such means is out of scope of this document.

   Likewise, it is out of scope of this document to specify the behavior
   of a DOTS client when it sends requests (e.g., contact all servers,
   select one server among the list) when multiple DOTS servers are
   provisioned.

4.2.  CoAP URIs

   The DOTS server MUST support the use of the path-prefix of "/.well-
   known/" as defined in [RFC5785] and the registered name of "dots".
   Each DOTS operation is indicated by a path-suffix that indicates the
   intended operation.  The operation path (Table 1) is appended to the

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   path-prefix to form the URI used with a CoAP request to perform the
   desired DOTS operation.

         +-----------------------+----------------+-------------+
         | Operation             | Operation Path | Details     |
         +-----------------------+----------------+-------------+
         | Mitigation            | /v1/mitigate   | Section 4.4 |
         +-----------------------+----------------+-------------+
         | Session configuration | /v1/config     | Section 4.5 |
         +-----------------------+----------------+-------------+

             Table 1: Operations and their Corresponding URIs

4.3.  Happy Eyeballs for DOTS Signal Channel

   [I-D.ietf-dots-requirements] mentions that DOTS agents will have to
   support both connectionless and connection-oriented protocols.  As
   such, the DOTS signal channel is designed to operate with DTLS over
   UDP and TLS over TCP.  Further, a DOTS client may acquire a list of
   IPv4 and IPv6 addresses (Section 4.1), each of which can be used to
   contact the DOTS server using UDP and TCP.  The following specifies
   the procedure to follow to select the address family and the
   transport protocol for sending DOTS signal channel messages.

   Such procedure is needed to avoid experiencing long connection
   delays.  For example, if an IPv4 path to reach a DOTS server is
   found, but the DOTS server's IPv6 path is not working, a dual-stack
   DOTS client may experience a significant connection delay compared to
   an IPv4-only DOTS client.  The other problem is that if a middlebox
   between the DOTS client and DOTS server is configured to block UDP
   traffic, the DOTS client will fail to establish a DTLS session with
   the DOTS server and, as a consequence, will have to fall back to TLS
   over TCP, thereby incurring significant connection delays.

   To overcome these connection setup problems, the DOTS client attempts
   to connect to its DOTS server(s) using both IPv6 and IPv4, and tries
   both DTLS over UDP and TLS over TCP in a manner similar to the Happy
   Eyeballs mechanism [RFC8305].  These connection attempts are
   performed by the DOTS client when it initializes.  The results of the
   Happy Eyeballs procedure are used by the DOTS client for sending its
   subsequent messages to the DOTS server.

   The order of preference of the DOTS signal channel address family and
   transport protocol (most preferred first) is: UDP over IPv6, UDP over
   IPv4, TCP over IPv6, and finally TCP over IPv4.  This order adheres
   to the address preference order specified in [RFC6724] and the DOTS
   signal channel preference which privileges the use of UDP over TCP
   (to avoid TCP's head of line blocking).

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   In reference to Figure 4, the DOTS client sends two TCP SYNs and two
   DTLS ClientHello messages at the same time over IPv6 and IPv4.  In
   this example, it is assumed that the IPv6 path is broken and UDP
   traffic is dropped by a middlebox but has little impact to the DOTS
   client because there is no long delay before using IPv4 and TCP.  The
   DOTS client repeats the mechanism to discover whether DOTS signal
   channel messages with DTLS over UDP becomes available from the DOTS
   server, so the DOTS client can migrate the DOTS signal channel from
   TCP to UDP.  Such probing SHOULD NOT be done more frequently than
   every 24 hours and MUST NOT be done more frequently than every 5
   minutes.

   +-----------+                                           +-----------+
   |DOTS client|                                           |DOTS server|
   +-----------+                                           +-----------+
         |                                                       |
         |--DTLS ClientHello, IPv6 ---->X                        |
         |--TCP SYN, IPv6-------------->X                        |
         |--DTLS ClientHello, IPv4 ---->X                        |
         |--TCP SYN, IPv4--------------------------------------->|
         |--DTLS ClientHello, IPv6 ---->X                        |
         |--TCP SYN, IPv6-------------->X                        |
         |<-TCP SYNACK-------------------------------------------|
         |--DTLS ClientHello, IPv4 ---->X                        |
         |--TCP ACK--------------------------------------------->|
         |<------------Establish TLS Session-------------------->|
         |----------------DOTS signal--------------------------->|
         |                                                       |

                       Figure 4: DOTS Happy Eyeballs

4.4.  DOTS Mitigation Methods

   The following methods are used by a DOTS client to request, withdraw,
   or retrieve the status of mitigation requests:

   PUT:    DOTS clients use the PUT method to request mitigation from a
           DOTS server (Section 4.4.1).  During active mitigation, DOTS
           clients may use PUT requests to carry mitigation efficacy
           updates to the DOTS server (Section 4.4.3).

   GET:    DOTS clients may use the GET method to subscribe to DOTS
           server status messages, or to retrieve the list of its
           mitigations maintained by a DOTS server (Section 4.4.2).

   DELETE: DOTS clients use the DELETE method to withdraw a request for
           mitigation from a DOTS server (Section 4.4.4).

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   Mitigation request and response messages are marked as Non-
   confirmable messages (Section 2.2 of [RFC7252]).

   DOTS agents SHOULD follow the data transmission guidelines discussed
   in Section 3.1.3 of [RFC8085] and control transmission behavior by
   not sending more than one UDP datagram per RTT to the peer DOTS agent
   on average.

   Requests marked by the DOTS client as Non-confirmable messages are
   sent at regular intervals until a response is received from the DOTS
   server.  If the DOTS client cannot maintain an RTT estimate, it
   SHOULD NOT send more than one Non-confirmable request every 3
   seconds, and SHOULD use an even less aggressive rate whenever
   possible (case 2 in Section 3.1.3 of [RFC8085]).

4.4.1.  Request Mitigation

   When a DOTS client requires mitigation for some reason, the DOTS
   client uses the CoAP PUT method to send a mitigation request to its
   DOTS server(s) (Figure 5, illustrated in JSON diagnostic notation).

   If this DOTS client is entitled to solicit the DOTS service, the DOTS
   server can enable mitigation on behalf of the DOTS client by
   communicating the DOTS client's request to a mitigator and relaying
   the feedback of the thus-selected mitigator to the requesting DOTS
   client.

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     Header: PUT (Code=0.03)
     Uri-Host: "host"
     Uri-Path: ".well-known"
     Uri-Path: "dots"
     Uri-Path: "version"
     Uri-Path: "mitigate"
     Uri-Path: "cuid=dz6pHjaADkaFTbjr0JGBpw"
     Uri-Path: "mid=123"
     Content-Type: "application/cbor"
     {
       "ietf-dots-signal-channel:mitigation-scope": {
         "scope": [
           {
             "target-prefix": [
                "string"
              ],
             "target-port-range": [
                {
                  "lower-port": integer,
                  "upper-port": integer
                }
              ],
              "target-protocol": [
                integer
              ],
              "target-fqdn": [
                "string"
              ],
              "target-uri": [
                "string"
              ],
              "alias-name": [
                "string"
              ],
             "lifetime": integer
           }
         ]
       }
     }

             Figure 5: PUT to Convey DOTS Mitigation Requests

   The Uri-Path option carries a major and minor version nomenclature to
   manage versioning; DOTS signal channel in this specification uses
   'v1' major version.

   The order of the Uri-Path options is important as it defines the CoAP
   resource.  In particular, 'mid' MUST follow 'cuid'.

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   The additional Uri-Path parameters to those defined in Section 4.2
   are as follows:

   cuid:  Stands for Client Unique Identifier.  A globally unique
      identifier that is meant to prevent collisions among DOTS clients,
      especially those from the same domain.  It MUST be generated by
      DOTS clients.

      Implementations SHOULD use the output of a cryptographic hash
      algorithm whose input is the DER-encoded ASN.1 representation of
      the Subject Public Key Info (SPKI) of the DOTS client X.509
      certificate [RFC5280], the DOTS client raw public key [RFC7250],
      or the "PSK identity" used by the DOTS client in the TLS
      ClientKeyExchange message to set 'cuid'.  In this version of the
      specification, the cryptographic hash algorithm used is SHA-256
      [RFC6234].  The output of the cryptographic hash algorithm is
      truncated to 16 bytes; truncation is done by stripping off the
      final 16 bytes.  The truncated output is base64url encoded.

      The 'cuid' is intended to be stable when communicating with a
      given DOTS server, i.e., the 'cuid' used by a DOTS client SHOULD
      NOT change over time.  Distinct 'cuid' values MAY be used per DOTS
      server.

      DOTS servers MUST return 4.09 (Conflict) error code to a DOTS peer
      to notify that the 'cuid' is already in-use by another DOTS
      client.  Upon receipt of that error code, a new 'cuid' MUST be
      generated by the DOTS peer.

      Client-domain DOTS gateways MUST handle 'cuid' collision directly
      and it is RECOMMENDED that 'cuid' collision is handled directly by
      server-domain DOTS gateways.

      DOTS gateways MAY rewrite the 'cuid' used by peer DOTS clients.
      Triggers for such rewriting are out of scope.

      This is a mandatory Uri-Path.

   mid:  Identifier for the mitigation request represented with an
      integer.  This identifier MUST be unique for each mitigation
      request bound to the DOTS client, i.e., the 'mid' parameter value
      in the mitigation request needs to be unique relative to the 'mid'
      parameter values of active mitigation requests conveyed from the
      DOTS client to the DOTS server.  In order to handle out-of-order
      delivery of mitigation requests, 'mid' values MUST increase
      monotonically.

      This identifier MUST be generated by the DOTS client.

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      This is a mandatory Uri-Path parameter.

   'cuid' and 'mid' MUST NOT appear in the PUT request message body.

   The parameters in the CBOR body of the PUT request are described
   below:

   target-prefix:  A list of prefixes identifying resources under
      attack.  Prefixes are represented using Classless Inter-Domain
      Routing (CIDR) notation [RFC4632].
      As a reminder, the prefix length must be less than or equal to 32
      (resp. 128) for IPv4 (resp.  IPv6).

      The prefix list MUST NOT include broadcast, loopback, or multicast
      addresses.  These addresses are considered as invalid values.  In
      addition, the DOTS server MUST validate that target prefixes are
      within the scope of the DOTS client's domain.  Other validation
      checks may be supported by DOTS servers.

      This is an optional attribute.

   target-port-range:  A list of port numbers bound to resources under
      attack.

      A port range is defined by two bounds, a lower port number (lower-
      port) and an upper port number (upper-port).  When only 'lower-
      port' is present, it represents a single port number.

      For TCP, UDP, Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
      [RFC4960], or Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)
      [RFC4340], a range of ports can be, for example, 0-1023,
      1024-65535, or 1024-49151.

      This is an optional attribute.

   target-protocol:  A list of protocols involved in an attack.  Values
      are taken from the IANA protocol registry [proto_numbers].

      The value '0' has a special meaning for 'all protocols'.

      This is an optional attribute.

   target-fqdn:   A list of Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs)
      identifying resources under attack.  An FQDN is the full name of a
      resource, rather than just its hostname.  For example, "venera" is
      a hostname, and "venera.isi.edu" is an FQDN [RFC1983].

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      How a name is passed to an underlying name resolution library is
      implementation- and deployment-specific.  Nevertheless, once the
      name is resolved into one or multiple IP addresses, DOTS servers
      MUST apply the same validation checks as those for 'target-
      prefix'.

      This is an optional attribute.

   target-uri:   A list of Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) [RFC3986]
      identifying resources under attack.

      The same validation checks used for 'target-fqdn' MUST be followed
      by DOTS servers to validate a target URI.

      This is an optional attribute.

   alias-name:  A list of aliases of resources for which the mitigation
      is requested.  Aliases can be created using the DOTS data channel
      (Section 6.1 of [I-D.ietf-dots-data-channel]), direct
      configuration, or other means.

      An alias is used in subsequent signal channel exchanges to refer
      more efficiently to the resources under attack.

      This is an optional attribute.

   lifetime:   Lifetime of the mitigation request in seconds.  The
      RECOMMENDED lifetime of a mitigation request is 3600 seconds --
      this value was chosen to be long enough so that refreshing is not
      typically a burden on the DOTS client, while expiring the request
      where the client has unexpectedly quit in a timely manner.  DOTS
      clients MUST include this parameter in their mitigation requests.
      Upon the expiry of this lifetime, and if the request is not
      refreshed, the mitigation request is removed.  The request can be
      refreshed by sending the same request again.

      A lifetime of '0' in a mitigation request is an invalid value.

      A lifetime of negative one (-1) indicates indefinite lifetime for
      the mitigation request.  The DOTS server MAY refuse indefinite
      lifetime, for policy reasons; the granted lifetime value is
      returned in the response.  DOTS clients MUST be prepared to not be
      granted mitigations with indefinite lifetimes.

      The DOTS server MUST always indicate the actual lifetime in the
      response and the remaining lifetime in status messages sent to the
      DOTS client.

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      This is a mandatory attribute.

   In deployments where server-domain DOTS gateways are enabled,
   identity information about the origin source client domain SHOULD be
   supplied to the DOTS server.  That information is meant to assist the
   DOTS server to enforce some policies such as correlating DOTS clients
   that belong to the same DOTS domain, limiting the number of DOTS
   requests, and identifying the mitigation scope.  These policies can
   be enforced per-client, per-client domain, or both.  Also, the
   identity information may be used for auditing and debugging purposes.

   Figure 6 shows an example of a request relayed by a server-domain
   DOTS gateway.

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     Header: PUT (Code=0.03)
     Uri-Host: "host"
     Uri-Path: ".well-known"
     Uri-Path: "dots"
     Uri-Path: "v1"
     Uri-Path: "mitigate"
     Uri-Path: "cdid=7eeaf349529eb55ed50113"
     Uri-Path: "cuid=dz6pHjaADkaFTbjr0JGBpw"
     Uri-Path: "mid=123"
     Content-Type: "application/cbor"
     {
       "ietf-dots-signal-channel:mitigation-scope": {
         "scope": [
           {
             "target-prefix": [
                "string"
              ],
             "target-port-range": [
                {
                  "lower-port": integer,
                  "upper-port": integer
                }
              ],
              "target-protocol": [
                integer
              ],
              "target-fqdn": [
                "string"
              ],
              "target-uri": [
                "string"
              ],
              "alias-name": [
                "string"
              ],
             "lifetime": integer
           }
         ]
       }
     }

      Figure 6: PUT to Convey DOTS Mitigation Request as relayed by a
                        Server-Domain DOTS Gateway

   A server-domain DOTS gateway SHOULD add the following Uri-Path
   parameter:

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   cdid:  Stands for Client Domain IDentifier.  The 'cdid' is conveyed
      by a server-domain DOTS gateway to propagate the source domain
      identity from the gateway's client-facing-side to the gateway's
      server-facing-side, and from the gateway's server-facing-side to
      the DOTS server. 'cdid' may be used by the final DOTS server for
      policy enforcement purposes (e.g., enforce a quota on filtering
      rules).  These policies are deployment-specific.

      Server-domain DOTS gateways SHOULD support a configuration option
      to instruct whether 'cdid' parameter is to be inserted.

      In order to accommodate deployments that require enforcing per-
      client policies, per-client domain policies, or a combination
      thereof, server-domain DOTS gateways MUST supply the SPKI hash of
      the DOTS client X.509 certificate, the DOTS client raw public key,
      or the hash of the "PSK identity" in the 'cdid', following the
      same rules for generating the hash conveyed in 'cuid', which is
      then used by the ultimate DOTS server to determine the
      corresponding client's domain.  The 'cdid' generated by a server-
      domain gateway is likely to be the same as the 'cuid' except if
      the DOTS message was relayed by a DOTS gateway or was generated
      from a rogue DOTS client.

      If a DOTS client is provisioned, for example, with distinct
      certificates as a function of the peer server-domain DOTS gateway,
      distinct 'cdid' values may be supplied by a server-domain DOTS
      gateway.  The ultimate DOTS server MUST treat those 'cdid' values
      as equivalent.

      The 'cdid' attribute MUST NOT be generated and included by DOTS
      clients.

      DOTS servers MUST ignore 'cdid' attributes that are directly
      supplied by source DOTS clients or client-domain DOTS gateways.
      This implies that first server-domain DOTS gateways MUST strip
      'cdid' attributes supplied by DOTS clients.  DOTS servers SHOULD
      support a configuration parameter to identify DOTS gateways that
      are trusted to supply 'cdid' attributes.

      Only single-valued 'cdid' are defined in this document.

      This is an optional Uri-Path.  When present, 'cdid' MUST be
      positioned before 'cuid'.

   A DOTS gateway may add the following CoAP option:

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   hop-limit:  This option (see Section 9.4) is used to detect and
      prevent infinite loops.  This option is typically inserted by a
      DOTS gateway.

      The length of the hop-limit option is 1 byte.

      The value of the hop-limit option is encoded as an unsigned
      integer (see Section 3.2 of [RFC7252]).

      Each intermediate DOTS agent involved in the handling of a DOTS
      message MUST decrement the hop-limit option value by 1 prior to
      forwarding upstream if this parameter exists.  DOTS messages MUST
      NOT be forwarded if the hop-limit option is set to '0' after
      decrement.  Messages that cannot be forwarded because of exhausted
      hop-limit SHOULD be logged with a 5.06 (Hop Limit Reached) error
      message sent back to the DOTS peer.  It is RECOMMENDED that DOTS
      clients and gateways support means to alert administrators about
      loop errors so that appropriate actions are undertaken.

      The initial hop-limit value SHOULD be configurable.  If no initial
      value is explicitly provided, the default initial hop-limit value
      of 16 MUST be used.

      Because forwarding errors may occur if inadequate hop-limit values
      are used, DOTS agents at the boundaries of an administrative
      domain MAY be instructed to rewrite the value of hop-limit carried
      in received messages (that is, ignore the value of hop-limit
      received in a message).

      This is an optional option.

   Because of the complexity to handle partial failure cases, this
   specification does not allow for including multiple mitigation
   requests in the same PUT request.  Concretely, a DOTS client MUST NOT
   include multiple 'scope' parameters in the same PUT request.

   FQDN and URI mitigation scopes may be thought of as a form of scope
   alias, in which the addresses associated with the domain name or URI
   represent the full scope of the mitigation.

   In the PUT request at least one of the attributes 'target-prefix',
   'target-fqdn','target-uri', or 'alias-name' MUST be present.

   Attributes and Uri-Path parameters with empty values MUST NOT be
   present in a request.

   The relative order of two mitigation requests from a DOTS client is
   determined by comparing their respective 'mid' values.  If two

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   mitigation requests have overlapping mitigation scopes, the
   mitigation request with the highest numeric 'mid' value will override
   the other mitigation request.  Two mitigation requests from a DOTS
   client are overlapping if there is a common IP address, IP prefix,
   FQDN, URI, or alias-name.  To avoid maintaining a long list of
   overlapping mitigation requests from a DOTS client and avoid error-
   prone provisioning of mitigation requests from a DOTS client, the
   overlapped lower numeric 'mid' MUST be automatically deleted and no
   longer available at the DOTS server.

   Figure 7 shows a PUT request example to signal that ports 80, 8080,
   and 443 used by 2001:db8:6401::1 and 2001:db8:6401::2 servers are
   under attack (illustrated in JSON diagnostic notation).  The presence
   of 'cdid' indicates that a server-domain DOTS gateway has modified
   the initial PUT request sent by the DOTS client.  Note that 'cdid'
   MUST NOT appear in the PUT request message body.

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     Header: PUT (Code=0.03)
     Uri-Host: "www.example.com"
     Uri-Path: ".well-known"
     Uri-Path: "dots"
     Uri-Path: "v1"
     Uri-Path: "mitigate"
     Uri-Path: "cdid=7eeaf349529eb55ed50113"
     Uri-Path: "cuid=dz6pHjaADkaFTbjr0JGBpw"
     Uri-Path: "mid=123"
     Content-Format: "application/cbor"
     {
       "ietf-dots-signal-channel:mitigation-scope": {
         "scope": [
           {
             "target-prefix": [
                "2001:db8:6401::1/128",
                "2001:db8:6401::2/128"
              ],
             "target-port-range": [
               {
                 "lower-port": 80
               },
               {
                 "lower-port": 443
               },
               {
                  "lower-port": 8080
               }
              ],
              "target-protocol": [
                6
              ]
           }
         ]
       }
     }

                 Figure 7: PUT for DOTS Mitigation Request

   The corresponding CBOR encoding format is shown in Figure 8.

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A1                                      # map(1)
   01                                   # unsigned(1)
   A1                                   # map(1)
      02                                # unsigned(2)
      81                                # array(1)
         A3                             # map(3)
            18 23                       # unsigned(35)
            82                          # array(2)
               74                       # text(20)
                  323030313A6462383A363430313A3A312F313238 # "2001:db8:6401::1/128"
               74                       # text(20)
                  323030313A6462383A363430313A3A322F313238 # "2001:db8:6401::2/128"
            05                          # unsigned(5)
            83                          # array(3)
               A1                       # map(1)
                  06                    # unsigned(6)
                  18 50                 # unsigned(80)
               A1                       # map(1)
                  06                    # unsigned(6)
                  19 01BB               # unsigned(443)
               A1                       # map(1)
                  06                    # unsigned(6)
                  19 1F90               # unsigned(8080)
            08                          # unsigned(8)
            81                          # array(1)
               06                       # unsigned(6)

             Figure 8: PUT for DOTS Mitigation Request (CBOR)

   In both DOTS signal and data channel sessions, the DOTS client MUST
   authenticate itself to the DOTS server (Section 8).  The DOTS server
   may use the algorithm presented in Section 7 of [RFC7589] to derive
   the DOTS client identity or username from the client certificate.
   The DOTS client identity allows the DOTS server to accept mitigation
   requests with scopes that the DOTS client is authorized to manage.

   The DOTS server couples the DOTS signal and data channel sessions
   using the DOTS client identity and optionally the 'cdid' parameter
   value, so the DOTS server can validate whether the aliases conveyed
   in the mitigation request were indeed created by the same DOTS client
   using the DOTS data channel session.  If the aliases were not created
   by the DOTS client, the DOTS server MUST return 4.00 (Bad Request) in
   the response.

   The DOTS server couples the DOTS signal channel sessions using the
   DOTS client identity and optionally the 'cdid' parameter value, and
   the DOTS server uses 'mid' and 'cuid' Uri-Path parameter values to
   detect duplicate mitigation requests.  If the mitigation request

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   contains the 'alias-name' and other parameters identifying the target
   resources (such as 'target-prefix', 'target-port-range', 'target-
   fqdn', or 'target-uri'), the DOTS server appends the parameter values
   in 'alias-name' with the corresponding parameter values in 'target-
   prefix', 'target-port-range', 'target-fqdn', or 'target-uri'.

   The DOTS server indicates the result of processing the PUT request
   using CoAP response codes.  CoAP 2.xx codes are success.  CoAP 4.xx
   codes are some sort of invalid requests (client errors).  COAP 5.xx
   codes are returned if the DOTS server has erred or is currently
   unavailable to provide mitigation in response to the mitigation
   request from the DOTS client.

   Figure 9 shows an example response to a PUT request that is
   successfully processed by a DOTS server (i.e., CoAP 2.xx response
   codes).  This version of the specification forbids 'cuid' and 'cdid'
   (if used) to be returned in a response.

   {
     "ietf-dots-signal-channel:mitigation-scope": {
        "scope": [
           {
             "mid": 12332,
             "lifetime": 3600
           }
         ]
      }
   }

                       Figure 9: 2.xx Response Body

   If the request is missing a mandatory attribute, does not include
   'cuid' or 'mid' Uri-Path options, includes multiple 'scope'
   parameters, or contains invalid or unknown parameters, the DOTS
   server MUST reply with 4.00 (Bad Request).  DOTS agents can safely
   ignore Vendor-Specific parameters they don't understand.

   A DOTS server that receives a mitigation request with a lifetime set
   to '0' MUST reply with a 4.00 (Bad Request).

   If the DOTS server does not find the 'mid' parameter value conveyed
   in the PUT request in its configuration data, it MAY accept the
   mitigation request by sending back a 2.01 (Created) response to the
   DOTS client; the DOTS server will consequently try to mitigate the
   attack.

   If the DOTS server finds the 'mid' parameter value conveyed in the
   PUT request in its configuration data bound to that DOTS client, it

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   MAY update the mitigation request, and a 2.04 (Changed) response is
   returned to indicate a successful update of the mitigation request.

   If the request is conflicting with an existing mitigation request
   from a different DOTS client, and the DOTS server decides to maintain
   the conflicting mitigation request, the DOTS server returns 4.09
   (Conflict) [RFC8132] to the requesting DOTS client.  The response
   includes enough information for a DOTS client to recognize the source
   of the conflict as described below:

   conflict-information:  Indicates that a mitigation request is
      conflicting with another mitigation request(s) from other DOTS
      client(s).  This optional attribute has the following structure:

      conflict-status:  Indicates the status of a conflicting mitigation
         request.  The following values are defined:

         1:  DOTS server has detected conflicting mitigation requests
             from different DOTS clients.  This mitigation request is
             currently inactive until the conflicts are resolved.
             Another mitigation request is active.

         2:  DOTS server has detected conflicting mitigation requests
             from different DOTS clients.  This mitigation request is
             currently active.

         3:  DOTS server has detected conflicting mitigation requests
             from different DOTS clients.  All conflicting mitigation
             requests are inactive.

      conflict-cause:  Indicates the cause of the conflict.  The
         following values are defined:

         1:  Overlapping targets. 'conflict-scope' provides more details
             about the conflicting target clauses.

         2:  Conflicts with an existing white list.  This code is
             returned when the DDoS mitigation detects source addresses/
             prefixes in the white-listed ACLs are attacking the target.

         3:  CUID Collision.  This code is returned when a DOTS client
             uses a 'cuid' that is already used by another DOTS client.
             This code is an indication that the request has been
             rejected and a new request with a new 'cuid' is to be re-
             sent by the DOTS client.  Note that 'conflict-status',
             'conflict-scope', and 'retry-timer' are not returned in the
             error response.

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      conflict-scope:  Indicates the conflict scope.  It may include a
         list of IP addresses, a list of prefixes, a list of port
         numbers, a list of target protocols, a list of FQDNs, a list of
         URIs, a list of alias-names, or references to conflicting ACLs.

      retry-timer:  Indicates, in seconds, the time after which the DOTS
         client may re-issue the same request.  The DOTS server returns
         'retry-timer' only to DOTS client(s) for which a mitigation
         request is deactivated.  Any retransmission of the same
         mitigation request before the expiry of this timer is likely to
         be rejected by the DOTS server for the same reasons.

         The retry-timer SHOULD be equal to the lifetime of the active
         mitigation request resulting in the deactivation of the
         conflicting mitigation request.  The lifetime of the
         deactivated mitigation request will be updated to (retry-timer
         + 45 seconds), so the DOTS client can refresh the deactivated
         mitigation request after retry-timer seconds before expiry of
         lifetime and check if the conflict is resolved.

   As an active attack evolves, DOTS clients can adjust the scope of
   requested mitigation as necessary, by refining the scope of resources
   requiring mitigation.  This can be achieved, for example, by (1)
   sending a PUT request with a new 'mid' value that will override the
   existing one with overlapping mitigation scopes or (2) by re- using
   the same 'mid' with updated mitigation scopes.

   For a mitigation request to continue beyond the initial negotiated
   lifetime, the DOTS client has to refresh the current mitigation
   request by sending a new PUT request.  This PUT request MUST use the
   same 'mid' value, and MUST repeat all the other parameters as sent in
   the original mitigation request apart from a possible change to the
   lifetime parameter value.

4.4.2.  Retrieve Information Related to a Mitigation

   A GET request is used by a DOTS client to retrieve information
   (including status) of DOTS mitigations from a DOTS server.

   'cuid' is a mandatory Uri-Path parameter for GET requests.

   Uri-Path parameters with empty values MUST NOT be present in a
   request.

   The same considerations for manipulating 'cdid' parameter by server-
   domain DOTS gateways specified in Section 4.4.1 MUST be followed for
   GET requests.

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   If the DOTS server does not find the 'mid' Uri-Path value conveyed in
   the GET request in its configuration data for the requesting DOTS
   client, it MUST respond with a 4.04 (Not Found) error response code.
   Likewise, the same error MUST be returned as a response to a request
   to retrieve all mitigation records (i.e., 'mid' Uri-Path is not
   defined) of a given DOTS client if the DOTS server does not find any
   mitigation record for that DOTS client.  As a reminder, a DOTS client
   is identified by its identity (e.g., client certificate, 'cuid') and
   optionally the 'cdid'.

   The 'c' (content) parameter and its permitted values defined in
   [I-D.ietf-core-comi] can be used to retrieve non-configuration data
   (attack mitigation status), configuration data, or both.  The DOTS
   server may support this optional filtering capability.  It can safely
   ignore it if not supported.

   The following examples illustrate how a DOTS client retrieves active
   mitigation requests from a DOTS server.  In particular:

   o  Figure 10 shows the example of a GET request to retrieve all DOTS
      mitigation requests signaled by a DOTS client.

   o  Figure 11 shows the example of a GET request to retrieve a
      specific DOTS mitigation request signaled by a DOTS client.  The
      configuration data to be reported in the response is formatted in
      the same order as was processed by the DOTS server in the original
      mitigation request.

   These two examples assume the default of "c=a"; that is, the DOTS
   client asks for all data to be reported by the DOTS server.

     Header: GET (Code=0.01)
     Uri-Host: "host"
     Uri-Path: ".well-known"
     Uri-Path: "dots"
     Uri-Path: "v1"
     Uri-Path: "mitigate"
     Uri-Path: "cuid=dz6pHjaADkaFTbjr0JGBpw"
     Observe: 0

          Figure 10: GET to Retrieve all DOTS Mitigation Requests

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     Header: GET (Code=0.01)
     Uri-Host: "host"
     Uri-Path: ".well-known"
     Uri-Path: "dots"
     Uri-Path: "v1"
     Uri-Path: "mitigate"
     Uri-Path: "cuid=dz6pHjaADkaFTbjr0JGBpw"
     Uri-Path: "mid=12332"
     Observe: 0

       Figure 11: GET to Retrieve a Specific DOTS Mitigation Request

   Figure 12 shows a response example of all active mitigation requests
   associated with the DOTS client as maintained by the DOTS server.
   The response indicates the mitigation status of each mitigation
   request.

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   {
     "ietf-dots-signal-channel:mitigation-scope": {
       "scope": [
         {
           "mid": 12332,
           "mitigation-start": 1507818434,
           "target-prefix": [
                "2001:db8:6401::1/128",
                "2001:db8:6401::2/128"
           ],
           "target-protocol": [
             17
           ],
           "lifetime": 1800,
           "status": 2,
           "bytes-dropped": 134334555,
           "bps-dropped": 43344,
           "pkts-dropped": 333334444,
           "pps-dropped": 432432
         },
         {
           "mid": 12333,
           "mitigation-start": 1507818393,
           "target-prefix": [
                "2001:db8:6401::1/128",
                "2001:db8:6401::2/128"
           ],
           "target-protocol": [
             6
           ],
           "lifetime": 1800,
           "status": 3,
           "bytes-dropped": 0,
           "bps-dropped": 0,
           "pkts-dropped": 0,
           "pps-dropped": 0
         }
       ]
     }
   }

                 Figure 12: Response Body to a Get Request

   The mitigation status parameters are described below:

   mitigation-start:  Mitigation start time is expressed in seconds
      relative to 1970-01-01T00:00Z in UTC time (Section 2.4.1 of

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      [RFC7049]).  The CBOR encoding is modified so that the leading tag
      1 (epoch-based date/time) MUST be omitted.

      This is a mandatory attribute.

   lifetime:  The remaining lifetime of the mitigation request, in
      seconds.

      This is a mandatory attribute.

   status:  Status of attack mitigation.  The various possible values of
      'status' parameter are explained in Table 2.

      This is a mandatory attribute.

   bytes-dropped:  The total dropped byte count for the mitigation
      request since the attack mitigation is triggered.  The count wraps
      around when it reaches the maximum value of unsigned integer64.

      This is an optional attribute.

   bps-dropped:  The average number of dropped bytes per second for the
      mitigation request since the attack mitigation is triggered.  This
      SHOULD be a five-minute average.

      This is an optional attribute.

   pkts-dropped:  The total number of dropped packet count for the
      mitigation request since the attack mitigation is triggered.  The
      count wraps around when it reaches the maximum value of unsigned
      integer64.

      This is an optional attribute.

   pps-dropped:  The average number of dropped packets per second for
      the mitigation request since the attack mitigation is triggered.
      This SHOULD be a five-minute average.

      This is an optional attribute.

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   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   | Parameter | Description                                           |
   |     Value |                                                       |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   |         1 | Attack mitigation is in progress (e.g., changing the  |
   |           | network path to redirect the inbound traffic to a     |
   |           | DOTS mitigator).                                      |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   |         2 | Attack is successfully mitigated (e.g., traffic is    |
   |           | redirected to a DDoS mitigator and attack traffic is  |
   |           | dropped).                                             |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   |         3 | Attack has stopped and the DOTS client can withdraw   |
   |           | the mitigation request.                               |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   |         4 | Attack has exceeded the mitigation provider           |
   |           | capability.                                           |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   |         5 | DOTS client has withdrawn the mitigation request and  |
   |           | the mitigation is active but terminating.             |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   |         6 | Attack mitigation is now terminated.                  |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   |         7 | Attack mitigation is withdrawn.                       |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   |         8 | Attack mitigation is rejected.                        |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+

                   Table 2: Values of 'status' Parameter

   The Observe Option defined in [RFC7641] extends the CoAP core
   protocol with a mechanism for a CoAP client to "observe" a resource
   on a CoAP server: The client retrieves a representation of the
   resource and requests this representation be updated by the server as
   long as the client is interested in the resource.  A DOTS client
   conveys the Observe Option set to '0' in the GET request to receive
   unsolicited notifications of attack mitigation status from the DOTS
   server.

   Unidirectional notifications within the bidirectional signal channel
   allows unsolicited message delivery, enabling asynchronous
   notifications between the agents.  Due to the higher likelihood of
   packet loss during a DDoS attack, the DOTS server periodically sends
   attack mitigation status to the DOTS client and also notifies the
   DOTS client whenever the status of the attack mitigation changes.  If
   the DOTS server cannot maintain an RTT estimate, it SHOULD NOT send
   more than one unsolicited notification every 3 seconds, and SHOULD

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   use an even less aggressive rate whenever possible (case 2 in
   Section 3.1.3 of [RFC8085]).

   When conflicting requests are detected, the DOTS server enforces the
   corresponding policy (e.g., accept all requests, reject all requests,
   accept only one request but reject all the others, ...).  It is
   assumed that this policy is supplied by the DOTS server administrator
   or it is a default behavior of the DOTS server implementation.  Then,
   the DOTS server sends notification message(s) to the DOTS client(s)
   at the origin of the conflict (refer to the conflict parameters
   defined in Section 4.4.1).  A conflict notification message includes
   information about the conflict cause, scope, and the status of the
   mitigation request(s).  For example,

   o  A notification message with 'status' code set to '8 (Attack
      mitigation is rejected)' and 'conflict-status' set to '1' is sent
      to a DOTS client to indicate that this mitigation request is
      rejected because a conflict is detected.

   o  A notification message with 'status' code set to '7 (Attack
      mitigation is withdrawn)' and 'conflict-status' set to '1' is sent
      to a DOTS client to indicate that an active mitigation request is
      deactivated because a conflict is detected.

   o  A notification message with 'status' code set to '1 (Attack
      mitigation is in progress)' and 'conflict-status' set to '2' is
      sent to a DOTS client to indicate that this mitigation request is
      in progress, but a conflict is detected.

   Upon receipt of a conflict notification message indicating that a
   mitigation request is deactivated because of a conflict, a DOTS
   client MUST NOT resend the same mitigation request before the expiry
   of 'retry-timer'.  It is also recommended that DOTS clients support
   means to alert administrators about mitigation conflicts.

   A DOTS client that is no longer interested in receiving notifications
   from the DOTS server can simply "forget" the observation.  When the
   DOTS server sends the next notification, the DOTS client will not
   recognize the token in the message and thus will return a Reset
   message.  This causes the DOTS server to remove the associated entry.
   Alternatively, the DOTS client can explicitly deregister itself by
   issuing a GET request that has the Token field set to the token of
   the observation to be cancelled and includes an Observe Option with
   the value set to '1' (deregister).

   Figure 13 shows an example of a DOTS client requesting a DOTS server
   to send notifications related to a given mitigation request.

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       +-----------+                       +-----------+
       |DOTS client|                       |DOTS server|
       +-----------+                       +-----------+
             |                                   |
             |  GET /<mid>                       |
             |  Token: 0x4a                      | Registration
             |  Observe: 0                       |
             +---------------------------------->|
             |                                   |
             |  2.05 Content                     |
             |  Token: 0x4a                      | Notification of
             |  Observe: 12                      | the current state
             |  status: "mitigation in progress" |
             |                                   |
             |<----------------------------------+
             |  2.05 Content                     |
             |  Token: 0x4a                      | Notification upon
             |  Observe: 44                      | a state change
             |  status: "mitigation complete"    |
             |                                   |
             |<----------------------------------+
             |  2.05 Content                     |
             |  Token: 0x4a                      | Notification upon
             |  Observe: 60                      | a state change
             |  status: "attack stopped"         |
             |<----------------------------------+
             |                                   |

           Figure 13: Notifications of Attack Mitigation Status

4.4.2.1.  DOTS Clients Polling for Mitigation Status

   The DOTS client can send the GET request at frequent intervals
   without the Observe Option to retrieve the configuration data of the
   mitigation request and non-configuration data (i.e., the attack
   status).  The frequency of polling the DOTS server to get the
   mitigation status SHOULD follow the transmission guidelines in
   Section 3.1.3 of [RFC8085].

   If the DOTS server has been able to mitigate the attack and the
   attack has stopped, the DOTS server indicates as such in the status.
   In such case, the DOTS client recalls the mitigation request by
   issuing a DELETE request for this mitigation request (Section 4.4.4).

   A DOTS client SHOULD react to the status of the attack as per the
   information sent by the DOTS server rather than acknowledging by
   itself, using its own means, that the attack has been mitigated.
   This ensures that the DOTS client does not recall a mitigation

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   request prematurely because it is possible that the DOTS client does
   not sense the DDoS attack on its resources, but the DOTS server could
   be actively mitigating the attack because the attack is not
   completely averted.

4.4.3.  Efficacy Update from DOTS Clients

   While DDoS mitigation is in progress, due to the likelihood of packet
   loss, a DOTS client MAY periodically transmit DOTS mitigation
   efficacy updates to the relevant DOTS server.  A PUT request is used
   to convey the mitigation efficacy update to the DOTS server.

   The PUT request used for efficacy update MUST include all the
   parameters used in the PUT request to carry the DOTS mitigation
   request (Section 4.4.1) unchanged apart from the 'lifetime' parameter
   value.  If this is not the case, the DOTS server MUST reject the
   request with a 4.00 (Bad Request).

   The If-Match Option (Section 5.10.8.1 of [RFC7252]) with an empty
   value is used to make the PUT request conditional on the current
   existence of the mitigation request.  If UDP is used as transport,
   CoAP requests may arrive out-of-order.  For example, the DOTS client
   may send a PUT request to convey an efficacy update to the DOTS
   server followed by a DELETE request to withdraw the mitigation
   request, but the DELETE request arrives at the DOTS server before the
   PUT request.  To handle out-of-order delivery of requests, if an If-
   Match Option is present in the PUT request and the 'mid' in the
   request matches a mitigation request from that DOTS client, the
   request is processed by the DOTS server.  If no match is found, the
   PUT request is silently ignored by the DOTS server.

   An example of an efficacy update message, which includes an If-Match
   Option with an empty value, is depicted in Figure 14.

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      Header: PUT (Code=0.03)
      Uri-Host: "host"
      Uri-Path: ".well-known"
      Uri-Path: "dots"
      Uri-Path: "v1"
      Uri-Path: "mitigate"
      Uri-Path: "cuid=dz6pHjaADkaFTbjr0JGBpw"
      Uri-Path: "mid=123"
      Content-Format: "application/cbor"
      If-Match:
      {
       "ietf-dots-signal-channel:mitigation-scope": {
         "scope": [
           {
             "target-prefix": [
                "string"
              ],
             "target-port-range": [
                {
                  "lower-port": integer,
                  "upper-port": integer
                }
              ],
              "target-protocol": [
                integer
              ],
              "target-fqdn": [
                "string"
              ],
              "target-uri": [
                "string"
              ],
              "alias-name": [
                "string"
              ],
             "lifetime": integer,
             "attack-status": integer
           }
         ]
       }
      }

                        Figure 14: Efficacy Update

   The 'attack-status' parameter is a mandatory attribute when
   performing an efficacy update.  The various possible values contained
   in the 'attack-status' parameter are described in Table 3.

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   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   | Parameter | Description                                           |
   |     value |                                                       |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   |         1 | The DOTS client determines that it is still under     |
   |           | attack.                                               |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
   |         2 | The DOTS client determines that the attack is         |
   |           | successfully mitigated (e.g., attack traffic is not   |
   |           | seen).                                                |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+

               Table 3: Values of 'attack-status' Parameter

   The DOTS server indicates the result of processing a PUT request
   using CoAP response codes.  The response code 2.04 (Changed) is
   returned if the DOTS server has accepted the mitigation efficacy
   update.  The error response code 5.03 (Service Unavailable) is
   returned if the DOTS server has erred or is incapable of performing
   the mitigation.

4.4.4.  Withdraw a Mitigation

   DELETE requests are used to withdraw DOTS mitigation requests from
   DOTS servers (Figure 15).

   'cuid' and 'mid' are mandatory Uri-Path parameters for DELETE
   requests.

   The same considerations for manipulating 'cdid' parameter by DOTS
   gateways, as specified in Section 4.4.1, MUST be followed for DELETE
   requests.  Uri-Path parameters with empty values MUST NOT be present
   in a request.

     Header: DELETE (Code=0.04)
     Uri-Host: "host"
     Uri-Path: ".well-known"
     Uri-Path: "dots"
     Uri-Path: "v1"
     Uri-Path: "mitigate"
     Uri-Path: "cuid=dz6pHjaADkaFTbjr0JGBpw"
     Uri-Path: "mid=123"

                   Figure 15: Withdraw a DOTS Mitigation

   If the DELETE request does not include 'cuid' and 'mid' parameters,
   the DOTS server MUST reply with a 4.00 (Bad Request).

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   Once the request is validated, the DOTS server immediately
   acknowledges a DOTS client's request to withdraw the DOTS signal
   using 2.02 (Deleted) response code with no response payload.  A 2.02
   (Deleted) Response Code is returned even if the 'mid' parameter value
   conveyed in the DELETE request does not exist in its configuration
   data before the request.

   If the DOTS server finds the 'mid' parameter value conveyed in the
   DELETE request in its configuration data for the DOTS client, then to
   protect against route or DNS flapping caused by a DOTS client rapidly
   removing a mitigation, and to dampen the effect of oscillating
   attacks, the DOTS server MAY allow mitigation to continue for a
   limited period after acknowledging a DOTS client's withdrawal of a
   mitigation request.  During this period, the DOTS server status
   messages SHOULD indicate that mitigation is active but terminating
   (Section 4.4.2).

   The initial active-but-terminating period SHOULD be sufficiently long
   to absorb latency incurred by route propagation.  The active-but-
   terminating period SHOULD be set by default to 120 seconds.  If the
   client requests mitigation again before the initial active-but-
   terminating period elapses, the DOTS server MAY exponentially
   increase the active-but-terminating period up to a maximum of 300
   seconds (5 minutes).

   Once the active-but-terminating period elapses, the DOTS server MUST
   treat the mitigation as terminated, as the DOTS client is no longer
   responsible for the mitigation.  For example, if there is a financial
   relationship between the DOTS client and server domains, the DOTS
   client stops incurring cost at this point.

4.5.  DOTS Signal Channel Session Configuration

   A DOTS client can negotiate, configure, and retrieve the DOTS signal
   channel session behavior with its DOTS peers.  The DOTS signal
   channel can be used, for example, to configure the following:

   a.  Heartbeat interval (heartbeat-interval): DOTS agents regularly
       send heartbeats (CoAP Ping/Pong) to each other after mutual
       authentication is successfully completed in order to keep the
       DOTS signal channel open.  Heartbeat messages are exchanged
       between DOTS agents every 'heartbeat-interval' seconds to detect
       the current status of the DOTS signal channel session.

   b.  Missing heartbeats allowed (missing-hb-allowed): This variable
       indicates the maximum number of consecutive heartbeat messages
       for which a DOTS agent did not receive a response before
       concluding that the session is disconnected or defunct.

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   c.  Acceptable signal loss ratio: Maximum retransmissions,
       retransmission timeout value, and other message transmission
       parameters for the DOTS signal channel.

   The same or distinct configuration sets may be used during times when
   a mitigation is active ('mitigating-config') and when no mitigation
   is active ('idle-config').  This is particularly useful for DOTS
   servers that might want to reduce heartbeat frequency or cease
   heartbeat exchanges when an active DOTS client has not requested
   mitigation.  If distinct configurations are used, DOTS agents MUST
   follow the appropriate configuration set as a function of the
   mitigation activity (e.g., if no mitigation request is active, 'idle-
   config'-related values must be followed).  Additionally, DOTS agents
   MUST automatically switch to the other configuration upon a change in
   the mitigation activity (e.g., if an attack mitigation is launched
   after a peacetime, the DOTS agent switches from 'idle-config' to
   'mitigating-config'-related values).

   Requests and responses are deemed reliable by marking them as
   Confirmable (CON) messages.  DOTS signal channel session
   configuration requests and responses are marked as Confirmable
   messages.  As explained in Section 2.1 of [RFC7252], a Confirmable
   message is retransmitted using a default timeout and exponential
   back-off between retransmissions, until the DOTS server sends an
   Acknowledgement message (ACK) with the same Message ID conveyed from
   the DOTS client.

   Message transmission parameters are defined in Section 4.8 of
   [RFC7252].  The DOTS server can either piggyback the response in the
   acknowledgement message or, if the DOTS server cannot respond
   immediately to a request carried in a Confirmable message, it simply
   responds with an Empty Acknowledgement message so that the DOTS
   client can stop retransmitting the request.  Empty Acknowledgement
   message is explained in Section 2.2 of [RFC7252].  When the response
   is ready, the server sends it in a new Confirmable message which in
   turn needs to be acknowledged by the DOTS client (see Sections 5.2.1
   and 5.2.2 of [RFC7252]).  Requests and responses exchanged between
   DOTS agents during peacetime are marked as Confirmable messages.

      Implementation Note: A DOTS client that receives a response in a
      CON message may want to clean up the message state right after
      sending the ACK.  If that ACK is lost and the DOTS server
      retransmits the CON, the DOTS client may no longer have any state
      that would help it correlate this response: from the DOTS client's
      standpoint, the retransmission message is unexpected.  The DOTS
      client will send a Reset message so it does not receive any more
      retransmissions.  This behavior is normal and not an indication of
      an error (see Section 5.3.2 of [RFC7252] for more details).

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4.5.1.  Discover Configuration Parameters

   A GET request is used to obtain acceptable (e.g., minimum and maximum
   values) and current configuration parameters on the DOTS server for
   DOTS signal channel session configuration.  This procedure occurs
   between a DOTS client and its immediate peer DOTS server.  As such,
   this GET request MUST NOT be relayed by an on-path DOTS gateway.

   Figure 16 shows how to obtain acceptable configuration parameters for
   the DOTS server.

     Header: GET (Code=0.01)
     Uri-Host: "host"
     Uri-Path: ".well-known"
     Uri-Path: "dots"
     Uri-Path: "v1"
     Uri-Path: "config"

                 Figure 16: GET to Retrieve Configuration

   The DOTS server in the 2.05 (Content) response conveys the current,
   minimum, and maximum attribute values acceptable by the DOTS server
   (Figure 17).

   Content-Format: "application/cbor"
   {
     "ietf-dots-signal-channel:signal-config": {
       "mitigating-config": {
         "heartbeat-interval": {
           "max-value": integer,
           "min-value": integer,
           "current-value": integer
         },
         "missing-hb-allowed": {
           "max-value": integer,
           "min-value": integer,
           "current-value": integer
         },
         "max-retransmit": {
           "max-value": integer,
           "min-value": integer,
           "current-value": integer
         },
         "ack-timeout": {
           "max-value-decimal": number,
           "min-value-decimal": number,
           "current-value-decimal": number
         },

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         "ack-random-factor": {
           "max-value-decimal": number,
           "min-value-decimal": number,
           "current-value-decimal": number
         }
       },
       "idle-config": {
         "heartbeat-interval": {
           "max-value": integer,
           "min-value": integer,
           "current-value": integer
         },
         "missing-hb-allowed": {
           "max-value": integer,
           "min-value": integer,
           "current-value": integer
         },
         "max-retransmit": {
           "max-value": integer,
           "min-value": integer,
           "current-value": integer
         },
         "ack-timeout": {
           "max-value-decimal": number,
           "min-value-decimal": number,
           "current-value-decimal": number
         },
         "ack-random-factor": {
           "max-value-decimal": number,
           "min-value-decimal": number,
           "current-value-decimal": number
         }
       },
       "trigger-mitigation": boolean
     }
   }

                Figure 17: GET Configuration Response Body

   The parameters in Figure 17 are described below:

   mitigating-config:  Set of configuration parameters to use when a
      mitigation is active.  The following parameters may be included:

      heartbeat-interval:   Time interval in seconds between two
         consecutive heartbeat messages.

         '0' is used to disable the heartbeat mechanism.

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         This is an optional attribute.

      missing-hb-allowed:   Maximum number of consecutive heartbeat
         messages for which the DOTS agent did not receive a response
         before concluding that the session is disconnected.

         This is an optional attribute.

      max-retransmit:   Maximum number of retransmissions for a message
         (referred to as MAX_RETRANSMIT parameter in CoAP).

         This is an optional attribute.

      ack-timeout:   Timeout value in seconds used to calculate the
         initial retransmission timeout value (referred to as
         ACK_TIMEOUT parameter in CoAP).

         This is an optional attribute.

      ack-random-factor:   Random factor used to influence the timing of
         retransmissions (referred to as ACK_RANDOM_FACTOR parameter in
         CoAP).

         This is an optional attribute.

   idle-config:   Set of configuration parameters to use when no
      mitigation is active.  This attribute has the same structure as
      'mitigating-config'.

   trigger-mitigation:   If the parameter value is set to 'false', then
      DDoS mitigation is triggered only when the DOTS signal channel
      session is lost.  Automated mitigation on loss of signal is
      discussed in Section 3.3.3 of [I-D.ietf-dots-architecture].

      If the DOTS client ceases to respond to heartbeat messages, the
      DOTS server can detect that the DOTS session is lost.

      The default value of the parameter is 'true'.

      This is an optional attribute.

   Figure 18 shows an example of acceptable and current configuration
   parameters on a DOTS server for DOTS signal channel session
   configuration.  The same acceptable configuration is used during
   attack and peace times.

   Content-Format: "application/cbor"
   {

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     "ietf-dots-signal-channel:signal-config": {
       "mitigating-config": {
         "heartbeat-interval": {
           "max-value": 240,
           "min-value": 15,
           "current-value": 30
         },
         "missing-hb-allowed": {
           "max-value": 9,
           "min-value": 3,
           "current-value": 5
         },
         "max-retransmit": {
           "max-value": 15,
           "min-value": 2,
           "current-value": 3
         },
         "ack-timeout": {
           "max-value-decimal": 30,
           "min-value-decimal": 1,
           "current-value-decimal": 2
         },
         "ack-random-factor": {
           "max-value-decimal": 4.0,
           "min-value-decimal": 1.1,
           "current-value-decimal": 1.5
         }
       },
       "idle-config": {
         "heartbeat-interval": {
           "max-value": 240,
           "min-value": 15,
           "current-value": 30
         },
         "missing-hb-allowed": {
           "max-value": 9,
           "min-value": 3,
           "current-value": 5
         },
         "max-retransmit": {
           "max-value": 15,
           "min-value": 2,
           "current-value": 3
         },
         "ack-timeout": {
           "max-value-decimal": 30,
           "min-value-decimal": 1,
           "current-value-decimal": 2

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         },
         "ack-random-factor": {
           "max-value-decimal": 4.0,
           "min-value-decimal": 1.1,
           "current-value-decimal": 1.5
         }
       },
       "trigger-mitigation": true
     }
   }

            Figure 18: Example of a Configuration Response Body

4.5.2.  Convey DOTS Signal Channel Session Configuration

   A PUT request is used to convey the configuration parameters for the
   signal channel (e.g., heartbeat interval, maximum retransmissions).
   Message transmission parameters for CoAP are defined in Section 4.8
   of [RFC7252].  The RECOMMENDED values of transmission parameter
   values are ack-timeout (2 seconds), max-retransmit (3), ack-random-
   factor (1.5).  In addition to those parameters, the RECOMMENDED
   specific DOTS transmission parameter values are 'heartbeat-interval'
   (30 seconds) and 'missing-hb-allowed' (5).

      Note: heartbeat-interval should be tweaked to also assist DOTS
      messages for NAT traversal (SIG-010 of
      [I-D.ietf-dots-requirements]).  According to [RFC8085], keepalive
      messages must not be sent more frequently than once every 15
      seconds and should use longer intervals when possible.
      Furthermore, [RFC4787] recommends NATs to use a state timeout of 2
      minutes or longer, but experience shows that sending packets every
      15 to 30 seconds is necessary to prevent the majority of
      middleboxes from losing state for UDP flows.  From that
      standpoint, this specification recommends a minimum heartbeat-
      interval of 15 seconds and a maximum heartbeat-interval of 240
      seconds.  The recommended value of 30 seconds is selected to
      anticipate the expiry of NAT state.

      A heartbeat-interval of 30 seconds may be considered as too chatty
      in some deployments.  For such deployments, DOTS agents may
      negotiate longer heartbeat-interval values to prevent any network
      overload with too frequent keepalives.

      Different heartbeat intervals can be defined for 'mitigating-
      config' and 'idle-config' to reduce being too chatty during idle
      times.  If there is an on-path translator between the DOTS client
      (standalone or part of a DOTS gateway) and the DOTS server, the
      'mitigating-config' heartbeat-interval has to be smaller than the

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      translator session timeout.  It is recommended that the 'idle-
      config' heartbeat-interval is also smaller than the translator
      session timeout to prevent translator transversal issues, or set
      to '0'.  Means to discover the lifetime assigned by a translator
      are out of scope.

   When a confirmable "CoAP Ping" is sent, and if there is no response,
   the "CoAP Ping" is retransmitted max-retransmit number of times by
   the CoAP layer using an initial timeout set to a random duration
   between ack-timeout and (ack-timeout*ack-random-factor) and
   exponential back-off between retransmissions.  By choosing the
   recommended transmission parameters, the "CoAP Ping" will timeout
   after 45 seconds.  If the DOTS agent does not receive any response
   from the peer DOTS agent for 'missing-hb-allowed' number of
   consecutive "CoAP Ping" confirmable messages, it concludes that the
   DOTS signal channel session is disconnected.  A DOTS client MUST NOT
   transmit a "CoAP Ping" while waiting for the previous "CoAP Ping"
   response from the same DOTS server.

   If the DOTS agent wishes to change the default values of message
   transmission parameters, it should follow the guidance given in
   Section 4.8.1 of [RFC7252].  The DOTS agents MUST use the negotiated
   values for message transmission parameters and default values for
   non-negotiated message transmission parameters.

   The signal channel session configuration is applicable to a single
   DOTS signal channel session between DOTS agents, so the 'cuid' Uri-
   Path MUST NOT be used.

     Header: PUT (Code=0.03)
     Uri-Host: "host"
     Uri-Path: ".well-known"
     Uri-Path: "dots"
     Uri-Path: "v1"
     Uri-Path: "config"
     Uri-Path: "sid=123"
     Content-Format: "application/cbor"
     {
       "ietf-dots-signal-channel:signal-config": {
         "mitigating-config": {
           "heartbeat-interval": {
             "current-value": integer
           },
           "missing-hb-allowed": {
             "current-value": integer
           },
           "max-retransmit": {
             "current-value": integer

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           },
           "ack-timeout": {
             "current-value-decimal": number
           },
           "ack-random-factor": {
             "current-value-decimal": number
           }
         },
         "idle-config": {
           "heartbeat-interval": {
             "current-value": integer
           },
           "missing-hb-allowed": {
             "current-value": integer
           },
           "max-retransmit": {
             "current-value": integer
           },
           "ack-timeout": {
             "current-value-decimal": number
           },
           "ack-random-factor": {
             "current-value-decimal": number
           }
         },
         "trigger-mitigation": boolean
       }
     }

         Figure 19: PUT to Convey the DOTS Signal Channel Session
                            Configuration Data

   The additional Uri-Path parameter to those defined in Table 1 is as
   follows:

   sid:  Session Identifier is an identifier for the DOTS signal channel
      session configuration data represented as an integer.  This
      identifier MUST be generated by DOTS clients.  'sid' values MUST
      increase monotonically.

      This is a mandatory attribute.

   The meaning of the parameters in the CBOR body is defined in
   Section 4.5.1.

   At least one of the attributes 'heartbeat-interval', 'missing-hb-
   allowed', 'max-retransmit', 'ack-timeout', 'ack-random-factor', and
   'trigger-mitigation' MUST be present in the PUT request.  Note that

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   'heartbeat-interval', 'missing-hb-allowed', 'max-retransmit', 'ack-
   timeout', and 'ack-random-factor', if present, do not need to be
   provided for both 'mitigating-config', and 'idle-config' in a PUT
   request.

   The PUT request with a higher numeric 'sid' value overrides the DOTS
   signal channel session configuration data installed by a PUT request
   with a lower numeric 'sid' value.  To avoid maintaining a long list
   of 'sid' requests from a DOTS client, the lower numeric 'sid' MUST be
   automatically deleted and no longer available at the DOTS server.

   Figure 20 shows a PUT request example to convey the configuration
   parameters for the DOTS signal channel.  In this example, the
   heartbeat mechanism is disabled when no mitigation is active, while
   the heartbeat interval is set to '91' when a mitigation is active.

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     Header: PUT (Code=0.03)
     Uri-Host: "www.example.com"
     Uri-Path: ".well-known"
     Uri-Path: "dots"
     Uri-Path: "v1"
     Uri-Path: "config"
     Uri-Path: "sid=123"
     Content-Format: "application/cbor"
     {
       "ietf-dots-signal-channel:signal-config": {
         "mitigating-config": {
           "heartbeat-interval": {
             "current-value": 91
           },
           "missing-hb-allowed": {
             "current-value": 3
           },
           "max-retransmit": {
             "current-value": 7
           },
           "ack-timeout": {
             "current-value-decimal": 5
           },
           "ack-random-factor": {
             "current-value-decimal": 1.5
           }
         },
         "idle-config": {
           "heartbeat-interval": {
             "current-value": 0
           },
           "max-retransmit": {
             "current-value": 7
           },
           "ack-timeout": {
             "current-value-decimal": 5
           },
           "ack-random-factor": {
             "current-value-decimal": 1.5
           }
         },
         "trigger-mitigation": false
       }
     }

           Figure 20: PUT to Convey the Configuration Parameters

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   The DOTS server indicates the result of processing the PUT request
   using CoAP response codes:

   o  If the request is missing a mandatory attribute, does not include
      a 'sid' Uri-Path, or contains one or more invalid or unknown
      parameters, 4.00 (Bad Request) MUST be returned in the response.

   o  If the DOTS server does not find the 'sid' parameter value
      conveyed in the PUT request in its configuration data and if the
      DOTS server has accepted the configuration parameters, then a
      response code 2.01 (Created) is returned in the response.

   o  If the DOTS server finds the 'sid' parameter value conveyed in the
      PUT request in its configuration data and if the DOTS server has
      accepted the updated configuration parameters, 2.04 (Changed) MUST
      be returned in the response.

   o  If any of the 'heartbeat-interval', 'missing-hb-allowed', 'max-
      retransmit', 'target-protocol', 'ack-timeout', and 'ack-random-
      factor' attribute values are not acceptable to the DOTS server,
      4.22 (Unprocessable Entity) MUST be returned in the response.
      Upon receipt of this error code, the DOTS client SHOULD request
      the maximum and minimum attribute values acceptable to the DOTS
      server (Section 4.5.1).

      The DOTS client may re-try and send the PUT request with updated
      attribute values acceptable to the DOTS server.

4.5.3.  Configuration Freshness and Notifications

   Max-Age Option (Section 5.10.5 of [RFC7252]) SHOULD be returned by a
   DOTS server to associate a validity time with a configuration it
   sends.  This feature allows the update of the configuration data if a
   change occurs at the DOTS server side.  For example, the new
   configuration may instruct a DOTS client to cease heartbeats or
   reduce heartbeat frequency.

   It is NOT RECOMMENDED to return a Max-Age Option set to 0.

   Returning a Max-Age Option set to 2**32-1 is equivalent to
   associating an infinite lifetime with the configuration.

   If a non-zero value of Max-Age Option is received by a DOTS client,
   it MUST issue a PUT request to refresh the configuration parameters
   for the signal channel before the expiry of the value enclosed in the
   Max-Age option.  When a DDoS attack is active, refresh requests MUST
   NOT be sent by DOTS clients and the DOTS server MUST NOT terminate

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   the (D)TLS session after the expiry of the value returned in Max-Age
   Option.

   If Max-Age Option is not returned in a response, DOTS servers should
   expect to receive PUT requests to refresh the configuration
   parameters each 60 seconds (Section 5.10.5 of [RFC7252]).  To prevent
   such overload, it is RECOMMENDED that DOTS servers return a Max-Age
   Option in GET responses.  Considerations related to which value to
   use and how such value is set, are implementation- and deployment-
   specific.

   If an Observe Option set to 0 is included in the configuration
   request, the DOTS server sends notifications of any configuration
   change (Section 4.2 of [RFC7641]).

   If a DOTS server detects that a misbehaving DOTS client does not
   contact the DOTS server after the expiry of Max-Age, in order to
   retrieve the signal channel configuration data, it MAY terminate the
   (D)TLS session.  A (D)TLS session is terminated by the receipt of an
   authenticated message that closes the connection (e.g., a fatal alert
   (Section 7.2 of [RFC5246])).

4.5.4.  Delete DOTS Signal Channel Session Configuration

   A DELETE request is used to delete the installed DOTS signal channel
   session configuration data (Figure 21).

     Header: DELETE (Code=0.04)
     Uri-Host: "host"
     Uri-Path: ".well-known"
     Uri-Path: "dots"
     Uri-Path: "v1"
     Uri-Path: "config"
     Uri-Path: "sid=123"

                      Figure 21: DELETE Configuration

   The DOTS server resets the DOTS signal channel session configuration
   back to the default values and acknowledges a DOTS client's request
   to remove the DOTS signal channel session configuration using 2.02
   (Deleted) response code.

   Upon bootsrapping or reboot, a DOTS client MAY send a DELETE request
   to set the configuration parameters to default values.  Such a
   request does not include any 'sid'.

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4.6.  Redirected Signaling

   Redirected DOTS signaling is discussed in detail in Section 3.2.2 of
   [I-D.ietf-dots-architecture].

   If a DOTS server wants to redirect a DOTS client to an alternative
   DOTS server for a signal session, then the response code 3.00
   (alternate server) will be returned in the response to the DOTS
   client.

   The DOTS server can return the error response code 3.00 in response
   to a PUT request from the DOTS client or convey the error response
   code 3.00 in a unidirectional notification response from the DOTS
   server.

   The DOTS server in the error response conveys the alternate DOTS
   server's FQDN, and the alternate DOTS server's IP address(es) and
   time to live values in the CBOR body (Figure 22).

   {
     "ietf-dots-signal-channel:redirected-signal": {
       "alt-server": "string",
       "alt-server-record": [
         {
           "addr": "string",
           "ttl" : integer
         }
       ]
     }
   }

             Figure 22: Redirected Server Error Response Body

   The parameters are described below:

   alt-server:  FQDN of an alternate DOTS server.

   addr:  IP address of an alternate DOTS server.

   ttl:  Time to live (TTL) represented as an integer number of seconds.

   Figure 23 shows a 3.00 response example to convey the DOTS alternate
   server 'alt-server.example', its IP addresses 2001:db8:6401::1 and
   2001:db8:6401::2, and TTL values 3600 and 1800.

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   {
     "ietf-dots-signal-channel:redirected-signal": {
       "alt-server": "alt-server.example",
       "alt-server-record": [
         {
           "ttl" :  3600,
           "addr": "2001:db8:6401::1"
         },
         {
           "ttl" :  1800,
           "addr": "2001:db8:6401::2"
         }
       ]
     }
   }

        Figure 23: Example of Redirected Server Error Response Body

   When the DOTS client receives 3.00 response, it considers the current
   request as failed, but SHOULD try re-sending the request to the
   alternate DOTS server.  During a DDoS attack, the DNS server may be
   the target of another DDoS attack, alternate DOTS server's IP
   addresses conveyed in the 3.00 response help the DOTS client skip DNS
   lookup of the alternate DOTS server.  The DOTS client can then try to
   establish a UDP or a TCP session with the alternate DOTS server.  The
   DOTS client SHOULD implement a DNS64 function to handle the scenario
   where an IPv6-only DOTS client communicates with an IPv4-only
   alternate DOTS server.

4.7.  Heartbeat Mechanism

   To provide an indication of signal health and distinguish an 'idle'
   signal channel from a 'disconnected' or 'defunct' session, the DOTS
   agent sends a heartbeat over the signal channel to maintain its half
   of the channel.  The DOTS agent similarly expects a heartbeat from
   its peer DOTS agent, and may consider a session terminated in the
   prolonged absence of a peer agent heartbeat.

   While the communication between the DOTS agents is quiescent, the
   DOTS client will probe the DOTS server to ensure it has maintained
   cryptographic state and vice versa.  Such probes can also keep
   firewalls and/or stateful translators bindings alive.  This probing
   reduces the frequency of establishing a new handshake when a DOTS
   signal needs to be conveyed to the DOTS server.

   DOTS servers MAY trigger their heartbeat requests immediately after
   receiving heartbeat probes from peer DOTS clients.  As a reminder, it
   is the responsibility of DOTS clients to ensure that on-path

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   translators/firewalls are maintaining a binding so that the same
   external IP address and/or port number is retained for the DOTS
   session.

   In case of a massive DDoS attack that saturates the incoming link(s)
   to the DOTS client, all traffic from the DOTS server to the DOTS
   client will likely be dropped, although the DOTS server receives
   heartbeat requests in addition to DOTS messages sent by the DOTS
   client.  In this scenario, the DOTS agents MUST behave differently to
   handle message transmission and DOTS session liveliness during link
   saturation:

   o  The DOTS client MUST NOT consider the DOTS session terminated even
      after a maximum 'missing-hb-allowed' threshold is reached.  The
      DOTS client SHOULD keep on using the current DOTS session to send
      heartbeat requests over it, so that the DOTS server knows the DOTS
      client has not disconnected the DOTS session.

      After the maximum 'missing-hb-allowed' threshold is reached, the
      DOTS client SHOULD try to resume the (D)TLS session.  The DOTS
      client SHOULD send mitigation requests over the current DOTS
      session, and in parallel, for example, try to resume the (D)TLS
      session or use 0-RTT mode in DTLS 1.3 to piggyback the mitigation
      request in the ClientHello message.

      As soon as the link is no longer saturated, if traffic from the
      DOTS server reaches the DOTS client over the current DOTS session,
      the DOTS client can stop (D)TLS session resumption or if (D)TLS
      session resumption is successful then disconnect the current DOTS
      session.

   o  If the DOTS server does not receive any traffic from the peer DOTS
      client, then the DOTS server sends heartbeat requests to the DOTS
      client and after maximum 'missing-hb-allowed' threshold is
      reached, the DOTS server concludes the session is disconnected.

   In DOTS over UDP, heartbeat messages MUST be exchanged between the
   DOTS agents using the "CoAP Ping" mechanism defined in Section 4.2 of
   [RFC7252].  Concretely, the DOTS agent sends an Empty Confirmable
   message and the peer DOTS agent will respond by sending a Reset
   message.

   In DOTS over TCP, heartbeat messages MUST be exchanged between the
   DOTS agents using the Ping and Pong messages specified in Section 4.4
   of [RFC8323].  That is, the DOTS agent sends a Ping message and the
   peer DOTS agent would respond by sending a single Pong message.

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5.  DOTS Signal Channel YANG Module

   This document defines a YANG [RFC7950] module for mitigation scope
   and DOTS signal channel session configuration data.

   This YANG module defines the DOTS client interaction with the DOTS
   server as seen by the DOTS client.  A DOTS server is allowed to
   update the non-configurable 'ro' entities in the responses.  This
   YANG module is not intended to be used for DOTS server management
   purposes.  Such module is out of the scope of this document.

5.1.  Tree Structure

   This document defines the YANG module "ietf-dots-signal-channel"
   (Section 5.2), which has the following tree structure.  A DOTS signal
   message can either be a mitigation or a configuration message.

 module: ietf-dots-signal-channel
     +--rw dots-signal
        +--rw (message-type)?
           +--:(mitigation-scope)
           |  +--rw scope* [cuid mid]
           |     +--rw cdid?                   string
           |     +--rw cuid                    string
           |     +--rw mid                     uint32
           |     +--rw target-prefix*          inet:ip-prefix
           |     +--rw target-port-range* [lower-port upper-port]
           |     |  +--rw lower-port    inet:port-number
           |     |  +--rw upper-port    inet:port-number
           |     +--rw target-protocol*        uint8
           |     +--rw target-fqdn*            inet:domain-name
           |     +--rw target-uri*             inet:uri
           |     +--rw alias-name*             string
           |     +--rw lifetime?               int32
           |     +--ro mitigation-start?       uint64
           |     +--ro status?                 enumeration
           |     +--ro conflict-information
           |     |  +--ro conflict-status?   enumeration
           |     |  +--ro conflict-cause?    enumeration
           |     |  +--ro retry-timer?       uint32
           |     |  +--ro conflict-scope
           |     |     +--ro target-prefix*       inet:ip-prefix
           |     |     +--ro target-port-range* [lower-port upper-port]
           |     |     |  +--ro lower-port    inet:port-number
           |     |     |  +--ro upper-port    inet:port-number
           |     |     +--ro target-protocol*     uint8
           |     |     +--ro target-fqdn*         inet:domain-name
           |     |     +--ro target-uri*          inet:uri

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           |     |     +--ro alias-name*          string
           |     |     +--ro acl-list* [acl-name]
           |     |        +--ro acl-name
           |     |        |       -> /ietf-acl:acls/acl/name
           |     |        +--ro acl-type?
           |     |                -> /ietf-acl:acls/acl/type
           |     +--ro bytes-dropped?          yang:zero-based-counter64
           |     +--ro bps-dropped?            yang:zero-based-counter64
           |     +--ro pkts-dropped?           yang:zero-based-counter64
           |     +--ro pps-dropped?            yang:zero-based-counter64
           |     +--rw attack-status?          enumeration
           +--:(signal-config)
           |  +--rw sid                   uint32
           |  +--rw mitigating-config
           |  |  +--rw heartbeat-interval
           |  |  |  +--ro max-value?       uint16
           |  |  |  +--ro min-value?       uint16
           |  |  |  +--rw current-value?   uint16
           |  |  +--rw missing-hb-allowed
           |  |  |  +--ro max-value?       uint16
           |  |  |  +--ro min-value?       uint16
           |  |  |  +--rw current-value?   uint16
           |  |  +--rw max-retransmit
           |  |  |  +--ro max-value?       uint16
           |  |  |  +--ro min-value?       uint16
           |  |  |  +--rw current-value?   uint16
           |  |  +--rw ack-timeout
           |  |  |  +--ro max-value-decimal?       decimal64
           |  |  |  +--ro min-value-decimal?       decimal64
           |  |  |  +--rw current-value-decimal?   decimal64
           |  |  +--rw ack-random-factor
           |  |     +--ro max-value-decimal?       decimal64
           |  |     +--ro min-value-decimal?       decimal64
           |  |     +--rw current-value-decimal?   decimal64
           |  +--rw idle-config
           |  |  +--rw heartbeat-interval
           |  |  |  +--ro max-value?       uint16
           |  |  |  +--ro min-value?       uint16
           |  |  |  +--rw current-value?   uint16
           |  |  +--rw missing-hb-allowed
           |  |  |  +--ro max-value?       uint16
           |  |  |  +--ro min-value?       uint16
           |  |  |  +--rw current-value?   uint16
           |  |  +--rw max-retransmit
           |  |  |  +--ro max-value?       uint16
           |  |  |  +--ro min-value?       uint16
           |  |  |  +--rw current-value?   uint16
           |  |  +--rw ack-timeout

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           |  |  |  +--ro max-value-decimal?       decimal64
           |  |  |  +--ro min-value-decimal?       decimal64
           |  |  |  +--rw current-value-decimal?   decimal64
           |  |  +--rw ack-random-factor
           |  |     +--ro max-value-decimal?       decimal64
           |  |     +--ro min-value-decimal?       decimal64
           |  |     +--rw current-value-decimal?   decimal64
           |  +--rw trigger-mitigation?   boolean
           +--:(redirected-signal)
              +--ro alt-server            string
              +--ro alt-server-record* [addr]
                 +--ro addr    inet:ip-address
                 +--ro ttl?    uint32

5.2.  YANG Module

   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-dots-signal-channel@2018-03-15.yang"

   module ietf-dots-signal-channel {
     yang-version 1.1;
     namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-dots-signal-channel";
     prefix signal;

     import ietf-inet-types {
       prefix inet;
     }
     import ietf-yang-types {
       prefix yang;
     }
     import ietf-access-control-list {
       prefix ietf-acl;
     }

     organization
       "IETF DDoS Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Working Group";
     contact
       "WG Web:   <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/dots/>
        WG List:  <mailto:dots@ietf.org>

        Editor:  Konda, Tirumaleswar Reddy
                 <mailto:TirumaleswarReddy_Konda@McAfee.com>

        Editor:  Mohamed Boucadair
                 <mailto:mohamed.boucadair@orange.com>

        Author:  Prashanth Patil
                 <mailto:praspati@cisco.com>

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        Author:  Andrew Mortensen
                 <mailto:amortensen@arbor.net>

        Author:  Nik Teague
                 <mailto:nteague@verisign.com>";
     description
       "This module contains YANG definition for the signaling
        messages exchanged between a DOTS client and a DOTS server.

        Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
        authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
        to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
        set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see
        the RFC itself for full legal notices.";

     revision 2018-03-15 {
       description
         "Initial revision.";
       reference
         "RFC XXXX: Distributed Denial-of-Service Open Threat
                    Signaling (DOTS) Signal Channel Specification";
     }

    /*
     * Groupings
     */

     grouping target {
       description
         "Specifies the targets of the mitigation request.";
       leaf-list target-prefix {
         type inet:ip-prefix;
         description
           "IPv4 or IPv6 prefix identifying the target.";
       }
       list target-port-range {
         key "lower-port upper-port";
         description
           "Port range. When only lower-port is
            present, it represents a single port number.";
         leaf lower-port {

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           type inet:port-number;
           mandatory true;
           description
             "Lower port number of the port range.";
         }
         leaf upper-port {
           type inet:port-number;
           must ". >= ../lower-port" {
             error-message
               "The upper port number must be greater than
                or equal to lower port number.";
           }
           description
             "Upper port number of the port range.";
         }
       }
       leaf-list target-protocol {
         type uint8;
         description
           "Identifies the target protocol number.

            The value '0' means 'all protocols'.

            Values are taken from the IANA protocol registry:
            https://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers/
            protocol-numbers.xhtml

            For example, 6 for TCP or 17 for UDP.";
       }
       leaf-list target-fqdn {
         type inet:domain-name;
         description
           "FQDN identifying the target.";
       }
       leaf-list target-uri {
         type inet:uri;
         description
           "URI identifying the target.";
       }
     }

     grouping mitigation-scope {
       description
         "Specifies the scope of the mitigation request.";
       list scope {
         key "cuid mid";
         description
           "The scope of the request.";

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         leaf cdid {
           type string;
           description
             "The cdid should be included by a server-domain
              DOTS gateway to propagate the client domain
              identification information from the
              gateway's client-facing-side to the gateway's
              server-facing-side, and from the gateway's
              server-facing-side to the DOTS server.

              It may be used by the final DOTS server
              for policy enforcement purposes.";
         }
         leaf cuid {
           type string;
           description
             "A unique identifier that is randomly
              generated by a DOTS client to prevent
              request collisions.  It is expected that the
              cuid will remain consistent throughout the
              lifetime of the DOTS client.";
         }
         leaf mid {
           type uint32;
           description
             "Mitigation request identifier.

              This identifier must be unique for each mitigation
              request bound to the DOTS client.";
         }
         uses target;
         leaf-list alias-name {
           type string;
           description
             "An alias name that points to a resource.";
         }
         leaf lifetime {
           type int32;
           units "seconds";
           default "3600";
           description
             "Indicates the lifetime of the mitigation request.

              A lifetime of '0' in a mitigation request is an
              invalid value.

              A lifetime of negative one (-1) indicates indefinite
              lifetime for the mitigation request.";

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         }
         leaf mitigation-start {
           type uint64;
           config false;
           description
             "Mitigation start time is represented in seconds
              relative to 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z in UTC time.";
         }
         leaf status {
           type enumeration {
             enum "attack-mitigation-in-progress" {
               value 1;
               description
                 "Attack mitigation is in progress (e.g., changing
                  the network path to re-route the inbound traffic
                  to DOTS mitigator).";
             }
             enum "attack-successfully-mitigated" {
               value 2;
               description
                 "Attack is successfully mitigated (e.g., traffic
                  is redirected to a DDoS mitigator and attack
                  traffic is dropped or blackholed).";
             }
             enum "attack-stopped" {
               value 3;
               description
                 "Attack has stopped and the DOTS client can
                  withdraw the mitigation request.";
             }
             enum "attack-exceeded-capability" {
               value 4;
               description
                 "Attack has exceeded the mitigation provider
                  capability.";
             }
             enum "dots-client-withdrawn-mitigation" {
               value 5;
               description
                 "DOTS client has withdrawn the mitigation
                  request and the mitigation is active but
                  terminating.";
             }
             enum "attack-mitigation-terminated" {
               value 6;
               description
                 "Attack mitigation is now terminated.";
             }

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             enum "attack-mitigation-withdrawn" {
               value 7;
               description
                 "Attack mitigation is withdrawn.";
             }
             enum "attack-mitigation-rejected" {
               value 8;
               description
                 "Attack mitigation is rejected.";
             }
           }
           config false;
           description
             "Indicates the status of a mitigation request.
              It must be included in responses only.";
         }
         container conflict-information {
           config false;
           description
             "Indicates that a conflict is detected.
              Must only be used for responses.";
           leaf conflict-status {
             type enumeration {
               enum "request-inactive-other-active" {
                 value 1;
                 description
                   "DOTS Server has detected conflicting mitigation
                    requests from different DOTS clients.
                    This mitigation request is currently inactive
                    until the conflicts are resolved. Another
                    mitigation request is active.";
               }
               enum "request-active" {
                 value 2;
                 description
                   "DOTS Server has detected conflicting mitigation
                    requests from different DOTS clients.
                    This mitigation request is currently active.";
               }
               enum "all-requests-inactive" {
                 value 3;
                 description
                   "DOTS Server has detected conflicting mitigation
                    requests from different DOTS clients.  All
                    conflicting mitigation requests are inactive.";
               }
             }
             description

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               "Indicates the conflict status.";
           }
           leaf conflict-cause {
             type enumeration {
               enum "overlapping-targets" {
                 value 1;
                 description
                   "Overlapping targets. conflict-scope provides
                    more details about the exact conflict.";
               }
               enum "conflict-with-whitelist" {
                 value 2;
                 description
                   "Conflicts with an existing white list.

                    This code is returned when the DDoS mitigation
                    detects that some of the source addresses/prefixes
                    listed in the white list ACLs are actually
                    attacking the target.";
               }
               enum "cuid-collision" {
                 value 3;
                 description
                   "Conflicts with the cuid used by another
                    DOTS client.";
               }
             }
             description
               "Indicates the cause of the conflict.";
           }
           leaf retry-timer {
             type uint32;
             units "seconds";
             description
               "The DOTS client must not re-send the
                same request that has a conflict before the expiry of
                this timer.";
           }
           container conflict-scope {
             description
               "Provides more information about the conflict scope.";
             uses target {
               when "../conflict-cause = 'overlapping-targets'";
             }
             leaf-list alias-name {
               when "../../conflict-cause = 'overlapping-targets'";
               type string;
               description

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                 "Conflicting alias-name.";
             }
             list acl-list {
               when "../../conflict-cause = 'conflict-with-whitelist'";
               key "acl-name";
               description
                 "List of conflicting ACLs as defined in the DOTS data
                  channel.  These ACLs are uniquely defined by
                  cuid and acl-name.";
               leaf acl-name {
                 type leafref {
                   path "/ietf-acl:acls/ietf-acl:acl/" +
                        "ietf-acl:name";
                 }
                 description
                   "Reference to the conflicting ACL name bound to
                    a DOTS client.";
               }
               leaf acl-type {
                 type leafref {
                   path "/ietf-acl:acls/ietf-acl:acl/" +
                        "ietf-acl:type";
                 }
                 description
                   "Reference to the conflicting ACL type bound to
                    a DOTS client.";
               }
             }
           }
         }
         leaf bytes-dropped {
           type yang:zero-based-counter64;
           units "bytes";
           config false;
           description
             "The total dropped byte count for the mitigation
              request since the attack mitigation is triggered.
              The count wraps around when it reaches the maximum value
              of counter64 for dropped bytes.";
         }
         leaf bps-dropped {
           type yang:zero-based-counter64;
           config false;
           description
             "The average number of dropped bits per second for
              the mitigation request since the attack
              mitigation is triggered.  This should be a
              five-minute average.";

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         }
         leaf pkts-dropped {
           type yang:zero-based-counter64;
           config false;
           description
             "The total number of dropped packet count for the
              mitigation request since the attack mitigation is
              triggered.  The count wraps around when it reaches
              the maximum value of counter64 for dropped packets.";
         }
         leaf pps-dropped {
           type yang:zero-based-counter64;
           config false;
           description
             "The average number of dropped packets per second
              for the mitigation request since the attack
              mitigation is triggered.  This should be a
              five-minute average.";
         }
         leaf attack-status {
           type enumeration {
             enum "under-attack" {
               value 1;
               description
                 "The DOTS client determines that it is still under
                  attack.";
             }
             enum "attack-successfully-mitigated" {
               value 2;
               description
                 "The DOTS client determines that the attack is
                  successfully mitigated.";
             }
           }
           description
             "Indicates the status of an attack as seen by the
              DOTS client.";
         }
       }
     }

     grouping config-parameters {
       description
         "Subset of DOTS signal channel session configuration.";
       container heartbeat-interval {
         description
           "DOTS agents regularly send heartbeats to each other
            after mutual authentication is successfully

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            completed in order to keep the DOTS signal channel
            open.";
         leaf max-value {
           type uint16;
           units "seconds";
           config false;
           description
             "Maximum acceptable heartbeat-interval value.";
         }
         leaf min-value {
           type uint16;
           units "seconds";
           config false;
           description
             "Minimum acceptable heartbeat-interval value.";
         }
         leaf current-value {
           type uint16;
           units "seconds";
           default "30";
           description
             "Current heartbeat-interval value.

              '0' means that heartbeat mechanism is deactivated.";
         }
       }
       container missing-hb-allowed {
         description
           "Maximum number of missing heartbeats allowed.";
         leaf max-value {
           type uint16;
           config false;
           description
             "Maximum acceptable missing-hb-allowed value.";
         }
         leaf min-value {
           type uint16;
           config false;
           description
             "Minimum acceptable missing-hb-allowed value.";
         }
         leaf current-value {
           type uint16;
           default "5";
           description
             "Current missing-hb-allowed value.";
         }
       }

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       container max-retransmit {
         description
           "Maximum number of retransmissions of a Confirmable
            message.";
         leaf max-value {
           type uint16;
           config false;
           description
             "Maximum acceptable max-retransmit value.";
         }
         leaf min-value {
           type uint16;
           config false;
           description
             "Minimum acceptable max-retransmit value.";
         }
         leaf current-value {
           type uint16;
           default "3";
           description
             "Current max-retransmit value.";
         }
       }
       container ack-timeout {
         description
           "Initial retransmission timeout value.";
         leaf max-value-decimal {
           type decimal64 {
             fraction-digits 2;
           }
           units "seconds";
           config false;
           description
             "Maximum ack-timeout value.";
         }
         leaf min-value-decimal {
           type decimal64 {
             fraction-digits 2;
           }
           units "seconds";
           config false;
           description
             "Minimum ack-timeout value.";
         }
         leaf current-value-decimal {
           type decimal64 {
             fraction-digits 2;
           }

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           units "seconds";
           default "2";
           description
             "Current ack-timeout value.";
         }
       }
       container ack-random-factor {
         description
           "Random factor used to influence the timing of
            retransmissions.";
         leaf max-value-decimal {
           type decimal64 {
             fraction-digits 2;
           }
           config false;
           description
             "Maximum acceptable ack-random-factor value.";
         }
         leaf min-value-decimal {
           type decimal64 {
             fraction-digits 2;
           }
           config false;
           description
             "Minimum acceptable ack-random-factor value.";
         }
         leaf current-value-decimal {
           type decimal64 {
             fraction-digits 2;
           }
           default "1.5";
           description
             "Current ack-random-factor value.";
         }
       }
     }

     grouping signal-config {
       description
         "DOTS signal channel session configuration.";
       leaf sid {
         type uint32;
         mandatory true;
         description
           "An identifier for the DOTS signal channel
            session configuration data.";
       }
       container mitigating-config {

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         description
           "Configuration parameters to use when a mitigation
            is active.";
         uses config-parameters;
       }
       container idle-config {
         description
           "Configuration parameters to use when no mitigation
            is active.";
         uses config-parameters;
       }
       leaf trigger-mitigation {
         type boolean;
         default "true";
         description
           "If false, then mitigation is triggered
            only when the DOTS server channel session is lost.";
       }
     }

     grouping redirected-signal {
       description
         "Grouping for the redirected signaling.";
       leaf alt-server {
         type string;
         config false;
         mandatory true;
         description
           "FQDN of an alternate server.";
       }
       list alt-server-record {
         key "addr";
         config false;
         description
           "List of records for the alternate server.";
         leaf addr {
           type inet:ip-address;
           description
             "An IPv4 or IPv6 address identifying the server.";
         }
         leaf ttl {
           type uint32;
           description
             "TTL associated with this record.";
         }
       }
     }

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    /*
     * Main Container for DOTS Signal Channel
     */

     container dots-signal {
       description
         "Main container for DOTS signal message.

          A DOTS signal message can be a mitigation, a configuration,
          or a redirected signal message.";
       choice message-type {
         description
           "Can be a mitigation, a configuration, or a redirect
            message.";
         case mitigation-scope {
           description
             "Mitigation scope of a mitigation message.";
           uses mitigation-scope;
         }
         case signal-config {
           description
             "Configuration message.";
           uses signal-config;
         }
         case redirected-signal {
           description
             "Redirected signaling.";
           uses redirected-signal;
         }
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>

6.  Mapping Parameters to CBOR

   All parameters in the payload of the DOTS signal channel MUST be
   mapped to CBOR types as shown in Table 4 and are assigned an integer
   key to save space.  The recipient of the payload MAY reject the
   information if it is not suitably mapped.

   +----------------------+-------------+-----+---------------+--------+
   | Parameter Name       | YANG        | CBOR| CBOR Major    | JSON   |
   |                      | Type        | Key |    Type &     | Type   |
   |                      |             |     | Information   |        |
   +----------------------+-------------+-----+---------------+--------+
   | ietf-dots-signal-cha |             |     |               |        |
   | nnel:mitigation-scope| container   |   1 | 5 map         | Object |

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   | scope                | list        |   2 | 4 array       | Array  |
   | cdid                 | string      |   3 | 3 text string | String |
   | cuid                 | string      |   4 | 3 text string | String |
   | mid                  | uint32      |   5 | 0 unsigned    | Number |
   | target-prefix        | leaf-list   |   6 | 4 array       | Array  |
   |                      | inet:       |     |               |        |
   |                      |  ip-prefix  |     | 3 text string | String |
   | target-port-range    | list        |   7 | 4 array       | Array  |
   | lower-port           | inet:       |     |               |        |
   |                      |  port-number|   8 | 0 unsigned    | Number |
   | upper-port           | inet:       |     |               |        |
   |                      |  port-number|   9 | 0 unsigned    | Number |
   | target-protocol      | leaf-list   |  10 | 4 array       | Array  |
   |                      | uint8       |     | 0 unsigned    | Number |
   | target-fqdn          | leaf-list   |  11 | 4 array       | Array  |
   |                      | inet:       |     |               |        |
   |                      |  domain-name|     | 3 text string | String |
   | target-uri           | leaf-list   |  12 | 4 array       | Array  |
   |                      | inet:uri    |     | 3 text string | String |
   | alias-name           | leaf-list   |  13 | 4 array       | Array  |
   |                      | string      |     | 3 text string | String |
   | lifetime             | int32       |  14 | 0 unsigned    | Number |
   |                      |             |     | 1 negative    | Number |
   | mitigation-start     | uint64      |  15 | 0 unsigned    | String |
   | status               | enumeration |  16 | 0 unsigned    | String |
   | conflict-information | container   |  17 | 5 map         | Object |
   | conflict-status      | enumeration |  18 | 0 unsigned    | String |
   | conflict-cause       | enumeration |  19 | 0 unsigned    | String |
   | retry-timer          | uint32      |  20 | 0 unsigned    | Number |
   | conflict-scope       | container   |  21 | 5 map         | Object |
   | acl-list             | list        |  22 | 4 array       | Array  |
   | acl-name             | leafref     |  23 | 3 text string | String |
   | acl-type             | leafref     |  24 | 3 text string | String |
   | bytes-dropped        | yang:zero-  |     |               |        |
   |                      |  based-     |     |               |        |
   |                      |  counter64  |  25 | 0 unsigned    | String |
   | bps-dropped          | yang:zero-  |     |               |        |
   |                      |  based-     |     |               |        |
   |                      |  counter64  |  26 | 0 unsigned    | String |
   | pkts-dropped         | yang:zero-  |     |               |        |
   |                      |  based-     |     |               |        |
   |                      |  counter64  |  27 | 0 unsigned    | String |
   | pps-dropped          | yang:zero-  |     |               |        |
   |                      |  based-     |     |               |        |
   |                      |  counter64  |  28 | 0 unsigned    | String |
   | attack-status        | enumeration |  29 | 0 unsigned    | String |
   | ietf-dots-signal-    |             |     |               |        |
   | channel:signal-config| container   |  30 | 5 map         | Object |

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   | sid                  | uint32      |  31 | 0 unsigned    | Number |
   | mitigating-config    | container   |  32 | 5 map         | Object |
   | heartbeat-interval   | container   |  33 | 5 map         | Object |
   | max-value            | uint16      |  34 | 0 unsigned    | Number |
   | min-value            | uint16      |  35 | 0 unsigned    | Number |
   | current-value        | uint16      |  36 | 0 unsigned    | Number |
   | missing-hb-allowed   | container   |  37 | 5 map         | Object |
   | max-retransmit       | container   |  38 | 5 map         | Object |
   | ack-timeout          | container   |  39 | 5 map         | Object |
   | ack-random-factor    | container   |  40 | 5 map         | Object |
   | max-value-decimal    | decimal64   |  41 | 6 tag 4       |        |
   |                      |             |     |  [-2, integer]| String |
   | min-value-decimal    | decimal64   |  42 | 6 tag 4       |        |
   |                      |             |     |  [-2, integer]| String |
   | current-value-decimal| decimal64   |  43 | 6 tag 4       |        |
   |                      |             |     |  [-2, integer]| String |
   | idle-config          | container   |  44 | 5 map         | Object |
   | trigger-mitigation   | boolean     |  45 | 7 bits 20     | False  |
   |                      |             |     | 7 bits 21     | True   |
   | ietf-dots-signal-cha |             |     |               |        |
   |nnel:redirected-signal| container   |  46 | 5 map         | Object |
   | alt-server           | string      |  47 | 3 text string | String |
   | alt-server-record    | list        |  48 | 4 array       | Array  |
   | addr                 | inet:       |     |               |        |
   |                      |  ip-address |  49 | 3 text string | String |
   | ttl                  | uint32      |  50 | 0 unsigned    | Number |
   +----------------------+-------------+-----+---------------+--------+

    Table 4: CBOR Mappings Used in DOTS Signal Channel Messages

7.  (D)TLS Protocol Profile and Performance Considerations

7.1.  (D)TLS Protocol Profile

   This section defines the (D)TLS protocol profile of DOTS signal
   channel over (D)TLS and DOTS data channel over TLS.

   There are known attacks on (D)TLS, such as man-in-the-middle and
   protocol downgrade attacks.  These are general attacks on (D)TLS and,
   as such, they are not specific to DOTS over (D)TLS; refer to the
   (D)TLS RFCs for discussion of these security issues.  DOTS agents
   MUST adhere to the (D)TLS implementation recommendations and security
   considerations of [RFC7525] except with respect to (D)TLS version.
   Since DOTS signal channel encryption relies upon (D)TLS is virtually
   a green-field deployment, DOTS agents MUST implement only (D)TLS 1.2
   or later.

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   When a DOTS client is configured with a domain name of the DOTS
   server, and connects to its configured DOTS server, the server may
   present it with a PKIX certificate.  In order to ensure proper
   authentication, a DOTS client MUST verify the entire certification
   path per [RFC5280].  The DOTS client additionally uses [RFC6125]
   validation techniques to compare the domain name with the certificate
   provided.

   A key challenge to deploying DOTS is the provisioning of DOTS
   clients, including the distribution of keying material to DOTS
   clients to enable the required mutual authentication of DOTS agents.
   EST defines a method of certificate enrollment by which domains
   operating DOTS servers may provide DOTS clients with all the
   necessary cryptographic keying material, including a private key and
   a certificate to authenticate themselves.  One deployment option is
   DOTS clients behave as EST clients for certificate enrollment from an
   EST server provisioned by the mitigation provider.  This document
   does not specify which EST mechanism the DOTS client uses to achieve
   initial enrollment.

   The Server Name Indication (SNI) extension [RFC6066] defines a
   mechanism for a client to tell a (D)TLS server the name of the server
   it wants to contact.  This is a useful extension for hosting
   environments where multiple virtual servers are reachable over a
   single IP address.  The DOTS client may or may not know if it is
   interacting with a DOTS server in a virtual server hosting
   environment, so the DOTS client SHOULD include the DOTS server FQDN
   in the SNI extension.

   Implementations compliant with this profile MUST implement all of the
   following items:

   o  DTLS record replay detection (Section 3.3 of [RFC6347]) to protect
      against replay attacks.

   o  (D)TLS session resumption without server-side state [RFC5077] to
      resume session and convey the DOTS signal.

   o  Raw public keys [RFC7250] or PSK handshake [RFC4279] which reduces
      the size of the ServerHello, and can be used by DOTS agents that
      cannot obtain certificates.

   Implementations compliant with this profile SHOULD implement all of
   the following items to reduce the delay required to deliver a DOTS
   signal channel message:

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   o  TLS False Start [RFC7918] which reduces round-trips by allowing
      the TLS second flight of messages (ChangeCipherSpec) to also
      contain the DOTS signal.

   o  Cached Information Extension [RFC7924] which avoids transmitting
      the server's certificate and certificate chain if the client has
      cached that information from a previous TLS handshake.

   o  TCP Fast Open [RFC7413] can reduce the number of round-trips to
      convey DOTS signal channel message.

7.2.  (D)TLS 1.3 Considerations

   TLS 1.3 [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] provides critical latency improvements
   for connection establishment over TLS 1.2.  The DTLS 1.3 protocol
   [I-D.ietf-tls-dtls13] is based upon the TLS 1.3 protocol and provides
   equivalent security guarantees.  (D)TLS 1.3 provides two basic
   handshake modes the DOTS signal channel can take advantage of:

   o  A full handshake mode in which a DOTS client can send a DOTS
      mitigation request message after one round trip and the DOTS
      server immediately responds with a DOTS mitigation response.  This
      assumes no packet loss is experienced.

   o  0-RTT mode in which the DOTS client can authenticate itself and
      send DOTS mitigation request messages in the first message, thus
      reducing handshake latency. 0-RTT only works if the DOTS client
      has previously communicated with that DOTS server, which is very
      likely with the DOTS signal channel.

      The DOTS client has to establish a (D)TLS session with the DOTS
      server during peacetime and share a PSK.

      During a DDoS attack, the DOTS client can use the (D)TLS session
      to convey the DOTS mitigation request message and, if there is no
      response from the server after multiple retries, the DOTS client
      can resume the (D)TLS session in 0-RTT mode using PSK.

      Section 8 of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] discusses some mechanisms to
      implement to limit the impact of replay attacks on 0-RTT data.  If
      TLS1.3 is used, DOTS servers must implement one of these
      mechanisms.

      A simplified TLS 1.3 handshake with 0-RTT DOTS mitigation request
      message exchange is shown in Figure 24.

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          DOTS Client                                    DOTS Server

         ClientHello
         (Finished)
         (0-RTT DOTS signal message)
         (end_of_early_data)        -------->
                                                        ServerHello
                                               {EncryptedExtensions}
                                               {ServerConfiguration}
                                                       {Certificate}
                                                 {CertificateVerify}
                                                          {Finished}
                                   <--------   [DOTS signal message]
         {Finished}                -------->

         [DOTS signal message]     <------->   [DOTS signal message]

                  Figure 24: TLS 1.3 handshake with 0-RTT

7.3.  MTU and Fragmentation

   To avoid DOTS signal message fragmentation and the subsequent
   decreased probability of message delivery, DOTS agents MUST ensure
   that the DTLS record MUST fit within a single datagram.  If the path
   MTU is not known to the DOTS server, an IP MTU of 1280 bytes SHOULD
   be assumed.  If UDP is used to convey the DOTS signal messages then
   the DOTS client must consider the amount of record expansion expected
   by the DTLS processing when calculating the size of CoAP message that
   fits within the path MTU.  Path MTU MUST be greater than or equal to
   [CoAP message size + DTLS overhead of 13 octets + authentication
   overhead of the negotiated DTLS cipher suite + block padding
   (Section 4.1.1.1 of [RFC6347]).  If the request size exceeds the path
   MTU then the DOTS client MUST split the DOTS signal into separate
   messages, for example the list of addresses in the 'target-prefix'
   parameter could be split into multiple lists and each list conveyed
   in a new PUT request.

   Implementation Note: DOTS choice of message size parameters works
   well with IPv6 and with most of today's IPv4 paths.  However, with
   IPv4, it is harder to safely make sure that there is no IP
   fragmentation.  If IPv4 path MTU is unknown, implementations may want
   to limit themselves to more conservative IPv4 datagram sizes such as
   576 bytes, as per [RFC0791].  IP packets whose size does not exceed
   576 bytes should never need to be fragmented: therefore, sending a
   maximum of 500 bytes of DOTS signal over a UDP datagram will
   generally avoid IP fragmentation.

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8.  Mutual Authentication of DOTS Agents & Authorization of DOTS Clients

   (D)TLS based upon client certificate can be used for mutual
   authentication between DOTS agents.  If a DOTS gateway is involved,
   DOTS clients and DOTS gateways MUST perform mutual authentication;
   only authorized DOTS clients are allowed to send DOTS signals to a
   DOTS gateway.  The DOTS gateway and the DOTS server MUST perform
   mutual authentication; a DOTS server only allows DOTS signal channel
   messages from an authorized DOTS gateway, thereby creating a two-link
   chain of transitive authentication between the DOTS client and the
   DOTS server.

   The DOTS server SHOULD support certificate-based client
   authentication.  The DOTS client SHOULD respond to the DOTS server's
   TLS certificate request message with the PKIX certificate held by the
   DOTS client.  DOTS client certificate validation MUST be performed as
   per [RFC5280] and the DOTS client certificate MUST conform to the
   [RFC5280] certificate profile.  If a DOTS client does not support TLS
   client certificate authentication, it MUST support pre-shared key
   based or raw public key based client authentication.

 +-----------------------------------------------+
 |       example.com domain         +---------+  |
 |                                  | AAA     |  |
 | +---------------+                | Server  |  |
 | | Application   |                +------+--+  |
 | | server        +<-----------------+    ^     |
 | | (DOTS client) |                  |    |     |
 | +---------------+                  |    |     |
 |                                    V    V     |    example.net domain
 |                              +-----+----+--+  |     +---------------+
 | +--------------+             |             |  |     |               |
 | |   Guest      +<-----x----->+    DOTS     +<------>+    DOTS       |
 | | (DOTS client)|             |    gateway  |  |     |    server     |
 | +--------------+             |             |  |     |               |
 |                              +----+--------+  |     +---------------+
 |                                   ^           |
 |                                   |           |
 | +----------------+                |           |
 | | DDoS detector  |                |           |
 | | (DOTS client)  +<---------------+           |
 | +----------------+                            |
 +-----------------------------------------------+

   Figure 25: Example of Authentication and Authorization of DOTS Agents

   In the example depicted in Figure 25, the DOTS gateway and DOTS
   clients within the 'example.com' domain mutually authenticate.  After

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   the DOTS gateway validates the identity of a DOTS client, it
   communicates with the AAA server in the 'example.com' domain to
   determine if the DOTS client is authorized to request DDoS
   mitigation.  If the DOTS client is not authorized, a 4.01
   (Unauthorized) is returned in the response to the DOTS client.  In
   this example, the DOTS gateway only allows the application server and
   DDoS attack detector to request DDoS mitigation, but does not permit
   the user of type 'guest' to request DDoS mitigation.

   Also, DOTS gateways and servers located in different domains MUST
   perform mutual authentication (e.g., using certificates).  A DOTS
   server will only allow a DOTS gateway with a certificate for a
   particular domain to request mitigation for that domain.  In
   reference to Figure 25, the DOTS server only allows the DOTS gateway
   to request mitigation for 'example.com' domain and not for other
   domains.

9.  IANA Considerations

   This specification registers a service port (Section 9.1), a URI
   suffix in the Well-Known URIs registry (Section 9.2), a CoAP response
   code (Section 9.3), a YANG module (Section 9.6).  It also creates a
   registry for mappings to CBOR (Section 9.5).

9.1.  DOTS Signal Channel UDP and TCP Port Number

   IANA is requested to assign the port number TBD to the DOTS signal
   channel protocol for both UDP and TCP from the "Service Name and
   Transport Protocol Port Number Registry" available at
   https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-
   names-port-numbers.xhtml.

   The assignment of port number 4646 is strongly suggested, as 4646 is
   the ASCII decimal value for ".." (DOTS).

9.2.  Well-Known 'dots' URI

   This document requests IANA to register the 'dots' well-known URI in
   the Well-Known URIs registry (https://www.iana.org/assignments/well-
   known-uris/well-known-uris.xhtml) as defined by [RFC5785]:

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   +----------+----------------+---------------------+-----------------+
   | URI      | Change         | Specification       | Related         |
   | suffix   | controller     | document(s)         | information     |
   +----------+----------------+---------------------+-----------------+
   | dots     | IETF           | [RFCXXXX]           | None            |
   +----------+----------------+---------------------+-----------------+

                        Table 5: 'dots' well-known URI

9.3.  CoAP Response Code

   IANA is requested to add the following entries to the "CoAP Response
   Codes" sub-registry available at https://www.iana.org/assignments/
   core-parameters/core-parameters.xhtml#response-codes:

                     +------+------------------+-----------+
                     | Code | Description      | Reference |
                     +------+------------------+-----------+
                     | 3.00 | Alternate Server | [RFCXXXX] |
                     | 5.06 | Hop Limit Reached| [RFCXXXX] |
                     +------+------------------+-----------+

                           Table 6: CoAP Response Codes

9.4.  CoAP Option Number

   IANA is requested to add the following entry to the "CoAP Option
   Numbers" sub-registry available at https://www.iana.org/assignments/
   core-parameters/core-parameters.xhtml#option-numbers:

                     +--------+------------------+-----------+
                     | Number | Name             | Reference |
                     +--------+------------------+-----------+
                     |    2   | Hop-Limit        | [RFCXXXX] |
                     +--------+------------------+-----------+

                           Table 7: CoAP Option Number

9.5.  DOTS Signal Channel CBOR Mappings Registry

   The document requests IANA to create a new registry, entitled "DOTS
   Signal Channel CBOR Mappings Registry".  The structure of this
   registry is provided in Section 9.5.1.

   The registry is initially populated with the values in Section 9.5.2.

   Values from that registry MUST be assigned via Expert Review
   [RFC8126].

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9.5.1.  Registration Template

   Parameter name:
      Parameter name as used in the DOTS signal channel.

   CBOR Key Value:
      Key value for the parameter.  The key value MUST be an integer in
      the 1-65535 range.  The key values in the 32768-65535 range are
      assigned to Vendor-Specific parameters.

   CBOR Major Type:
      CBOR Major type and optional tag for the claim.

   Change Controller:
      For Standards Track RFCs, list the "IESG".  For others, give the
      name of the responsible party.  Other details (e.g., postal
      address, email address, home page URI) may also be included.

   Specification Document(s):
      Reference to the document or documents that specify the parameter,
      preferably including URIs that can be used to retrieve copies of
      the documents.  An indication of the relevant sections may also be
      included but is not required.

9.5.2.  Initial Registry Content

   +----------------------+-------+-------+------------+---------------+
   | Parameter Name       | CBOR  | CBOR  | Change     | Specification |
   |                      | Key   | Major | Controller | Document(s)   |
   |                      | Value | Type  |            |               |
   +----------------------+-------+-------+------------+---------------+
   | ietf-dots-signal-chan|    1  |   5   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | nel:mitigation-scope |       |       |            |               |
   | scope                |    2  |   4   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | cdid                 |    3  |   3   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | cuid                 |    4  |   3   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | mid                  |    5  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | target-prefix        |    6  |   4   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | target-port-range    |    7  |   4   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | lower-port           |    8  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | upper-port           |    9  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | target-protocol      |   10  |   4   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | target-fqdn          |   11  |   4   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | target-uri           |   12  |   4   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | alias-name           |   13  |   4   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | lifetime             |   14  |  0/1  |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | mitigation-start     |   15  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | status               |   16  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |

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   | conflict-information |   17  |   5   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | conflict-status      |   18  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | conflict-cause       |   19  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | retry-timer          |   20  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | conflict-scope       |   21  |   5   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | acl-list             |   22  |   4   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | acl-name             |   23  |   3   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | acl-type             |   24  |   3   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | bytes-dropped        |   25  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | bps-dropped          |   26  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | pkts-dropped         |   27  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | pps-dropped          |   28  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | attack-status        |   29  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | ietf-dots-signal-    |   30  |   5   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | channel:signal-config|       |       |            |               |
   | sid                  |   31  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | mitigating-config    |   32  |   5   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | heartbeat-interval   |   33  |   5   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | min-value            |   34  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | max-value            |   35  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | current-value        |   36  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | missing-hb-allowed   |   37  |   5   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | max-retransmit       |   38  |   5   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | ack-timeout          |   39  |   5   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | ack-random-factor    |   40  |   5   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | min-value-decimal    |   41  | 6tag4 |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | max-value-decimal    |   42  | 6tag4 |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | current-value-       |   43  | 6tag4 |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   |  decimal             |       |       |            |               |
   | idle-config          |   44  |   5   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | trigger-mitigation   |   45  |   7   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | ietf-dots-signal-chan|   46  |   5   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | nel:redirected-signal|       |       |            |               |
   | alt-server           |   47  |   3   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | alt-server-record    |   48  |   4   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | addr                 |   49  |   3   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   | ttl                  |   50  |   0   |    IESG    |   [RFCXXXX]   |
   +----------------------+-------+-------+------------+---------------+

        Table 8: Initial DOTS Signal Channel CBOR Mappings Registry

9.6.  DOTS Signal Channel YANG Module

   This document requests IANA to register the following URI in the
   "IETF XML Registry" [RFC3688]:

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            URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-dots-signal-channel
            Registrant Contact: The IESG.
            XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.

   This document requests IANA to register the following YANG module in
   the "YANG Module Names" registry [RFC7950].

         name: ietf-signal
         namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-dots-signal-channel
         prefix: signal
         reference: RFC XXXX

10.  Security Considerations

   Authenticated encryption MUST be used for data confidentiality and
   message integrity.  The interaction between the DOTS agents requires
   Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) and Transport Layer Security
   (TLS) with a cipher suite offering confidentiality protection and the
   guidance given in [RFC7525] MUST be followed to avoid attacks on
   (D)TLS.  The (D)TLS protocol profile for DOTS signal channel is
   specified in Section 7.

   A single DOTS signal channel between DOTS agents can be used to
   exchange multiple DOTS signal messages.  To reduce DOTS client and
   DOTS server workload, DOTS clients SHOULD re-use the (D)TLS session.

   If TCP is used between DOTS agents, an attacker may be able to inject
   RST packets, bogus application segments, etc., regardless of whether
   TLS authentication is used.  Because the application data is TLS
   protected, this will not result in the application receiving bogus
   data, but it will constitute a DoS on the connection.  This attack
   can be countered by using TCP-AO [RFC5925].  If TCP-AO is used, then
   any bogus packets injected by an attacker will be rejected by the
   TCP-AO integrity check and therefore will never reach the TLS layer.

   Rate-limiting DOTS requests, including those with new 'cuid' values,
   from the same DOTS client defends against DoS attacks that would
   result in varying the 'cuid' to exhaust DOTS server resources.  Rate-
   limit policies SHOULD be enforced on DOTS gateways (if deployed) and
   DOTS servers.

   In order to prevent leaking internal information outside a client-
   domain, DOTS gateways located in the client-domain SHOULD NOT reveal
   the identification information that pertains to internal DOTS clients
   (e.g., source IP address, client's hostname) unless explicitly
   configured to do so.

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   DOTS servers MUST verify that requesting DOTS clients are entitled to
   trigger actions on a given IP prefix.  That is, only actions on IP
   resources that belong to the DOTS client' domain MUST be authorized
   by a DOTS server.  The exact mechanism for the DOTS servers to
   validate that the target prefixes are within the scope of the DOTS
   client's domain is deployment-specific.

11.  Contributors

   The following individuals have contributed to this document:

   o  Mike Geller, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3250 Florida 33309 USA, Email:
      mgeller@cisco.com

   o  Robert Moskowitz, HTT Consulting Oak Park, MI 42837 United States,
      Email: rgm@htt-consult.com

   o  Dan Wing, Email: dwing-ietf@fuggles.com

   o  Jon Shallow, NCC Group, Email: jon.shallow@nccgroup.trust

12.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Christian Jacquenet, Roland Dobbins, Roman D.  Danyliw,
   Michael Richardson, Ehud Doron, Kaname Nishizuka, Dave Dolson, Liang
   Xia, Gilbert Clark, and Nesredien Suleiman for the discussion and
   comments.

   Special thanks to Jon Shallow for the careful reviews and inputs that
   enhanced this specification.

13.  References

13.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.

   [RFC4279]  Eronen, P., Ed. and H. Tschofenig, Ed., "Pre-Shared Key
              Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
              RFC 4279, DOI 10.17487/RFC4279, December 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4279>.

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   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

   [RFC5785]  Nottingham, M. and E. Hammer-Lahav, "Defining Well-Known
              Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)", RFC 5785,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5785, April 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5785>.

   [RFC6066]  Eastlake 3rd, D., "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Extensions: Extension Definitions", RFC 6066,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6066, January 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6066>.

   [RFC6125]  Saint-Andre, P. and J. Hodges, "Representation and
              Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity
              within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509
              (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer
              Security (TLS)", RFC 6125, DOI 10.17487/RFC6125, March
              2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6125>.

   [RFC6234]  Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.

   [RFC6347]  Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
              January 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.

   [RFC7250]  Wouters, P., Ed., Tschofenig, H., Ed., Gilmore, J.,
              Weiler, S., and T. Kivinen, "Using Raw Public Keys in
              Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport
              Layer Security (DTLS)", RFC 7250, DOI 10.17487/RFC7250,
              June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7250>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

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   [RFC7525]  Sheffer, Y., Holz, R., and P. Saint-Andre,
              "Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer
              Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
              (DTLS)", BCP 195, RFC 7525, DOI 10.17487/RFC7525, May
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7525>.

   [RFC7641]  Hartke, K., "Observing Resources in the Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7641,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7641, September 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7641>.

   [RFC7950]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
              RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

   [RFC8132]  van der Stok, P., Bormann, C., and A. Sehgal, "PATCH and
              FETCH Methods for the Constrained Application Protocol
              (CoAP)", RFC 8132, DOI 10.17487/RFC8132, April 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8132>.

   [RFC8323]  Bormann, C., Lemay, S., Tschofenig, H., Hartke, K.,
              Silverajan, B., and B. Raymor, Ed., "CoAP (Constrained
              Application Protocol) over TCP, TLS, and WebSockets",
              RFC 8323, DOI 10.17487/RFC8323, February 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8323>.

13.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-core-comi]
              Veillette, M., Stok, P., Pelov, A., and A. Bierman, "CoAP
              Management Interface", draft-ietf-core-comi-02 (work in
              progress), December 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-core-yang-cbor]
              Veillette, M., Pelov, A., Somaraju, A., Turner, R., and A.
              Minaburo, "CBOR Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG",
              draft-ietf-core-yang-cbor-06 (work in progress), February
              2018.

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   [I-D.ietf-dots-architecture]
              Mortensen, A., Andreasen, F., Reddy, T.,
              christopher_gray3@cable.comcast.com, c., Compton, R., and
              N. Teague, "Distributed-Denial-of-Service Open Threat
              Signaling (DOTS) Architecture", draft-ietf-dots-
              architecture-06 (work in progress), March 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-dots-data-channel]
              Reddy, T., Boucadair, M., Nishizuka, K., Xia, L., Patil,
              P., Mortensen, A., and N. Teague, "Distributed Denial-of-
              Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Data Channel
              Specification", draft-ietf-dots-data-channel-13 (work in
              progress), January 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-dots-requirements]
              Mortensen, A., Moskowitz, R., and T. Reddy, "Distributed
              Denial of Service (DDoS) Open Threat Signaling
              Requirements", draft-ietf-dots-requirements-14 (work in
              progress), February 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-dots-use-cases]
              Dobbins, R., Migault, D., Fouant, S., Moskowitz, R.,
              Teague, N., Xia, L., and K. Nishizuka, "Use cases for DDoS
              Open Threat Signaling", draft-ietf-dots-use-cases-09 (work
              in progress), November 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-dtls13]
              Rescorla, E., Tschofenig, H., and N. Modadugu, "The
              Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Protocol Version
              1.3", draft-ietf-tls-dtls13-26 (work in progress), March
              2018.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]
              Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", draft-ietf-tls-tls13-27 (work in progress),
              March 2018.

   [proto_numbers]
              "IANA, "Protocol Numbers"", 2011,
              <http://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers>.

   [RFC0791]  Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC0791, September 1981,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.

   [RFC1983]  Malkin, G., Ed., "Internet Users' Glossary", FYI 18,
              RFC 1983, DOI 10.17487/RFC1983, August 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1983>.

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   [RFC3022]  Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
              Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3022, January 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3022>.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

   [RFC4340]  Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, "Datagram
              Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)", RFC 4340,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4340, March 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4340>.

   [RFC4632]  Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing
              (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation
              Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, DOI 10.17487/RFC4632, August
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4632>.

   [RFC4732]  Handley, M., Ed., Rescorla, E., Ed., and IAB, "Internet
              Denial-of-Service Considerations", RFC 4732,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4732, December 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4732>.

   [RFC4787]  Audet, F., Ed. and C. Jennings, "Network Address
              Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast
              UDP", BCP 127, RFC 4787, DOI 10.17487/RFC4787, January
              2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4787>.

   [RFC4960]  Stewart, R., Ed., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol",
              RFC 4960, DOI 10.17487/RFC4960, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4960>.

   [RFC4987]  Eddy, W., "TCP SYN Flooding Attacks and Common
              Mitigations", RFC 4987, DOI 10.17487/RFC4987, August 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4987>.

   [RFC5077]  Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Eronen, P., and H. Tschofenig,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without
              Server-Side State", RFC 5077, DOI 10.17487/RFC5077,
              January 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5077>.

   [RFC5389]  Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., Matthews, P., and D. Wing,
              "Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)", RFC 5389,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5389, October 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5389>.

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   [RFC5925]  Touch, J., Mankin, A., and R. Bonica, "The TCP
              Authentication Option", RFC 5925, DOI 10.17487/RFC5925,
              June 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5925>.

   [RFC6146]  Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
              NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
              Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, DOI 10.17487/RFC6146,
              April 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6146>.

   [RFC6296]  Wasserman, M. and F. Baker, "IPv6-to-IPv6 Network Prefix
              Translation", RFC 6296, DOI 10.17487/RFC6296, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6296>.

   [RFC6724]  Thaler, D., Ed., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A., and T. Chown,
              "Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6
              (IPv6)", RFC 6724, DOI 10.17487/RFC6724, September 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6724>.

   [RFC6887]  Wing, D., Ed., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and
              P. Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)", RFC 6887,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6887, April 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6887>.

   [RFC6888]  Perreault, S., Ed., Yamagata, I., Miyakawa, S., Nakagawa,
              A., and H. Ashida, "Common Requirements for Carrier-Grade
              NATs (CGNs)", BCP 127, RFC 6888, DOI 10.17487/RFC6888,
              April 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6888>.

   [RFC7049]  Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
              Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049,
              October 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7049>.

   [RFC7413]  Cheng, Y., Chu, J., Radhakrishnan, S., and A. Jain, "TCP
              Fast Open", RFC 7413, DOI 10.17487/RFC7413, December 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7413>.

   [RFC7452]  Tschofenig, H., Arkko, J., Thaler, D., and D. McPherson,
              "Architectural Considerations in Smart Object Networking",
              RFC 7452, DOI 10.17487/RFC7452, March 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7452>.

   [RFC7589]  Badra, M., Luchuk, A., and J. Schoenwaelder, "Using the
              NETCONF Protocol over Transport Layer Security (TLS) with
              Mutual X.509 Authentication", RFC 7589,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7589, June 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7589>.

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   [RFC7918]  Langley, A., Modadugu, N., and B. Moeller, "Transport
              Layer Security (TLS) False Start", RFC 7918,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7918, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7918>.

   [RFC7924]  Santesson, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Cached Information Extension", RFC 7924,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7924, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7924>.

   [RFC7942]  Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running
              Code: The Implementation Status Section", BCP 205,
              RFC 7942, DOI 10.17487/RFC7942, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7942>.

   [RFC7951]  Lhotka, L., "JSON Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG",
              RFC 7951, DOI 10.17487/RFC7951, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7951>.

   [RFC8085]  Eggert, L., Fairhurst, G., and G. Shepherd, "UDP Usage
              Guidelines", BCP 145, RFC 8085, DOI 10.17487/RFC8085,
              March 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8085>.

   [RFC8305]  Schinazi, D. and T. Pauly, "Happy Eyeballs Version 2:
              Better Connectivity Using Concurrency", RFC 8305,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8305, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8305>.

   [RFC8340]  Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams",
              BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8340>.

Authors' Addresses

   Tirumaleswar Reddy (editor)
   McAfee, Inc.
   Embassy Golf Link Business Park
   Bangalore, Karnataka  560071
   India

   Email: kondtir@gmail.com

Reddy, et al.          Expires September 21, 2018              [Page 85]
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   Mohamed Boucadair (editor)
   Orange
   Rennes  35000
   France

   Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com

   Prashanth Patil
   Cisco Systems, Inc.

   Email: praspati@cisco.com

   Andrew Mortensen
   Arbor Networks, Inc.
   2727 S. State St
   Ann Arbor, MI  48104
   United States

   Email: amortensen@arbor.net

   Nik Teague
   Verisign, Inc.
   United States

   Email: nteague@verisign.com

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