The eap.arpa domain and EAP provisioning
draft-ietf-emu-eap-arpa-00

EMU Working Group                                               A. DeKok
Internet-Draft                                                FreeRADIUS
Updates: 9140 (if approved)                                 13 June 2024
Intended status: Standards Track                                        
Expires: 15 December 2024

                The eap.arpa domain and EAP provisioning
                       draft-ietf-emu-eap-arpa-00

Abstract

      This document defines the eap.arpa domain as a way for EAP peers
      to signal to EAP servers that they wish to obtain limited, and
      unauthenticated, network access.  EAP peers signal which kind of
      access is required via certain pre-defined identifiers which use
      the Network Access Identifier (NAI) format of RFC7542.  A table of
      identifiers and meanings is defined.

About This Document

   This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

   Status information for this document may be found at
   https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-emu-eap-arpa/.

   Discussion of this document takes place on the EMU Working Group
   mailing list (mailto:emut@ietf.org), which is archived at
   https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/emut/.  Subscribe at
   https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/emut/.

   Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
   https://github.com/freeradius/eap-arpa.git.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 15 December 2024.

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   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Concepts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  The eap.arpa realm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  The realm field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.3.  The username field  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  Taxonomy of Provisioning Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       4.1.1.  Rationale for Provisioning over EAP . . . . . . . . .   6
   5.  Interaction with existing EAP types . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     5.1.  EAP-TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.2.  TLS-based EAP methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.3.  EAP-NOOB  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     6.1.  .arpa updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       6.1.1.  Domain Name Reservation Considerations  . . . . . . .   9
     6.2.  EAP Provisioning Identifiers Registry . . . . . . . . . .  10
       6.2.1.  Initial Values  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     6.3.  Guidelines for Designated Experts . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       6.3.1.  NAIs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     6.4.  Method Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     6.5.  Designated Experts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     6.6.  Vendor Self Assignment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   7.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   9.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   10. Changelog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

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   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16

1.  Introduction

   In most uses, EAP [RFC3748] requires that the EAP peer have a known
   identity.  However, when the peer does not already have an identity,
   this requirement creates a bootstrapping problem.  It may not be
   possible for the device to obtain network access without credentials.
   However, credentials are usually required in order to obtain network
   access.  As a result, the device is unprovisioned, and unable to be
   provisioned.

   This specification addresses that problem.  It creates a framework by
   which clients can submit predefined credentials to a server in order
   to obtain limited network access.  At the same time, servers can know
   in advance that these credentials are only to be used for
   provisioning, and that unrestricted network access should not be
   granted.

   The device can either use the EAP channel itself for provisioning, as
   with TEAP [RFC7170], or the EAP server can give the device access to
   a limited captive portal such as with [RFC8952].  Once the device is
   provisioned, it can use those provisioned credentials to obtain full
   network access.

   The identifiers used here are generically referred to as "EAP
   Provisioning Identifiers" (EPI).  The choice of "Provisioning
   Identifiers for EAP" (PIE) was considered and rejected.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Concepts

   A device which has no device-specific credentials can use a
   predefined identifier in Network Access Identifier (NAI) format
   [RFC7542].  The NAI is composed of two portions, the utf8-username,
   and the utf8-realm domain.  For simplicity here, we refer to these as
   the "username" and "realm" fields.

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   The realm is chosen to be non-routable, so that the EAP packet
   exchange is not normally sent across an Authentication,
   Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) proxy framework as defined in
   [RFC7542] Section 3.  Instead, the packets generally remains local to
   the EAP server.

   This specification does not, however, forbid routing of realms in the
   "eap.arpa" domain.  The use of "eap.arpa" means that any such routing
   does not happen automatically.  Instead, it routing of that domain
   must be explicitly configured locally, and be done with full consent
   of all parties which need to authenticate NAIs in that domain.

   If the EAP server implements this standard, then it can proceed with
   the full EAP conversation.  If the EAP server does not implement this
   standard, then it MUST reply with an EAP Failure, as per [RFC3748]
   Section 4.2.  We note that this specification is fully compatible
   with all existing EAP implementations, so its is fail-safe.  When
   presented with a peer wishing to use this specification, existing
   implementations will return EAP Failure, and will not otherwise
   misbehave.

   We now discuss the NAI format in more detail.  We first discuss the
   eap.arpa realm, and second the use and purpose of the username field.

3.1.  The eap.arpa realm

   This document defines the "eap.arpa" domain as being used for
   provisioning within EAP.  A similar domain has previously been used
   for EAP-NOOB [RFC9140], as "eap-noob.arpa".  This document extends
   that concept, and standardizes the practices surrounding it,

   NOTE: the "arpa" domain is controlled by the IAB.  Allocation of
   "eap.arpa" requires agreement from the IAB.

3.2.  The realm field

   The sub-domain in realm is assigned via the EAP Provisioning
   Identifier Registry which is defined in Section 6.2.  The sub-domain
   MUST follow the domain name conventions specified in [RFC1034].

   It is RECOMMENDED that the first sub-domain of "eap.arpa" use the EAP
   method name, as defined in the IANA Extensible Authentication
   Protocol (EAP) Registry, sub-table "Method Types".  However, that
   registry does not follow the domain name conventions specified in
   [RFC1034], so it is not possible to make a "one-to-one" mapping
   between the Method Type name and the subdomain.

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   Where it is not possible to make a direct mapping between the EAP
   Method Type name (e.g.  "TEAP"), and a sub-domain (e.g.
   "teap.eap.arpa"), the name used in the realm registry SHOULD be
   similar enough to allow the average reader to understand which EAP
   Method Type is being used.

   Additional sub-domains are permitted, which permit vendors and
   Service delivery organizations (SDOs) the ability to self-assign a
   delegated range of identifiers which cannot conflict with other
   identifiers.

   Any realm defined in this registry (e.g. "teap.eap.arpa") also
   implicitly defines a subdomain "v." (e.g. "v.teap.eap.arpa").
   Vendors can self-allocate within the "v." subdomain, using domains
   which they own.  For example, 3GPP specifications could self-allocate
   and use the realm "3gpp.org.v.teap.arpa".

3.3.  The username field

   The username field is dependent on the EAP method being used for
   provisioning.  For example, [RFC9140] uses the username "noob".
   Other EAP methods MAY omit the username as RECOMMENDED in [RFC7542].
   The username of "anonymous" is NOT RECOMMENDED for specifications
   using this format, even though it is permitted by [RFC7542].

   The username field is assigned via the EAP Provisioning Identifier
   Registry which is defined in Section 6.2.  The username field MUST be
   either empty, or hold a fixed string such as "provisioning".

   The username field MUST NOT omitted.  That is, "@eap.arpa" is not a
   valid identifier for the purposes of this specification.  [RFC7542]
   recommends omitting the username portion for user privacy.  As the
   names are defined in public specifications, user privacy is not
   needed here, and the username field can be publicly visible.

4.  Overview

   For EAP-TLS, both [RFC5216] Section 2.1.1 and [RFC9190] provide for
   "peer unauthenticated access".  However, those documents define no
   way for a peer to signal that it is requesting such access.  The
   presumption is that the peer connects with some value for the EAP
   Identity, but without using a client certificate.  The EAP server is
   then supposed to determine that the peer is requesting
   unauthenticated access, and take the appropriate steps to limit
   authorization.

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   There appears to be no EAP peer or server implementations which
   support such access, since there is no defined way to perform any of
   the steps required.  i.e. to signal that this access is desired, and
   then limit access.

   The Wi-Fi Alliance has defined an unauthenticated EAP-TLS method,
   using a vendor-specific EAP type as part of HotSpot 2.0r2 [HOTSPOT].
   However, there appears to be little or no deployments of this
   specification.

   EAP-NOOB [RFC9140] takes this process a step further.  It defines
   both a way to signal that provisioning is desired, and also a way to
   exchange provisioning information within EAP-NOOB.  That is, there is
   no need for the device to obtain limited network access, as all of
   the provisioning is done inside of the EAP-NOOB protocol.

   TEAP [RFC7170] provides for provisioning via an unauthenticated TLS
   tunnel.  That document provides for a server unauthenticated
   provisioning mode, but the inner TLS exchange requires that both end
   authenticate each other.  There are ways to provision a certificate,
   but the peer must still authenticate itself to the server.

4.1.  Taxonomy of Provisioning Types

   There are two scenarios where provisioning can be done.  The first is
   where provisioning is done within the EAP type, as with EAP-NOOB
   [RFC9140].  The second is where EAP is used to obtain limited network
   access (e.g. as with a captive portal).  That limited network access
   is then used to run Internet Protocol (IP) based provisioning over
   more complex protocols.

4.1.1.  Rationale for Provisioning over EAP

   It is often useful to do all provisioning inside of EAP, because the
   EAP / AAA admin does not have control over the network.  It is not
   always possible to define a captive portal where provisioning can be
   done.  As a result, we need to be able to perform provisioning via
   EAP, and not via some IP protocol.

5.  Interaction with existing EAP types

   As the provisioning identifier is used within EAP, it necessarily has
   interactions with, and effects on, the various EAP types.  This
   section discusses those effects in more detail.

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   Some EAP methods require shared credentials such as passwords in
   order to succeed.  For example, both EAP-MSCHAPv2 (PEAP) and EAP-PWD
   [RFC5931] perform cryptographic exchanges where both parties knowing
   a shared password.  Where those methods are used, the password MUST
   be the same as the provisioning identifier.

   This requirement also applies to TLS-based EAP methods such as TTLS
   and PEAP.  Where the TLS-based EAP method provides for an inner
   identity and inner authentication method, the credentials used there
   MUST be the provisioning identifier for both the inner identity, and
   any inner password.

   It is RECOMMENDED that provisioning be done via a TLS-based EAP
   methods.  TLS provides for authentication of the EAP server, along
   with security and confidentiality of any provisioning data exchanged
   in the tunnel.  Similarly if provisioning is done in a captive portal
   outside of EAP, EAP-TLS permits the EAP peer to run a full EAP
   authentication session while having nothing more than a few
   certification authorities (CAs) locally configured.

5.1.  EAP-TLS

   This document defines an identifier "portal@tls.eap.arpa", which is
   the first step towards permitted unauthenticated client provisioning
   in EAP-TLS.  The purpose of the identifier is to allow EAP peers to
   signal EAP servers that they wish to obtain a "captive portal" style
   network access.

   This identifier signals the EAP server that the peer wishes to obtain
   "peer unauthenticated access" as per [RFC5216] Section 2.1.1 and
   [RFC9190].

   An EAP server which agrees to authenticate this request MUST ensure
   that the device is placed into a captive portal with limited network
   access.  Implementations SHOULD limit both the total amount of data
   transferred by devices in the captive portal, and SHOULD also limit
   the total amount of time a device spends within the captive portal.

   Further details of the captive portal architecture can be found in
   [RFC8952].

   The remaining question is how the EAP peer verifies the identity of
   the EAP server.  The device SHOULD ignore the EAP server certificate
   entirely, as the servers identity does not matter.  Any verification
   of servers can be done at the HTTPS layer when the device access the
   captive portal.  Where possible the device SHOULD warn the end user
   that the provided certificate is unchecked, and untrusted.

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   However, since the device likely is configured with web CAs
   (otherwise the captive portal would also be unauthenticated), EAP
   peers MAY use the CAs available for the web in order to validate the
   EAP server certificate.  If the presented certificate passes
   validation, the device does not need to warn the end user that the
   provided certificate is untrusted.

5.2.  TLS-based EAP methods

   Other TLS-based EAP methods such as TTLS and PEAP can use the same
   method as defined for EAP-TLS above.  The only difference is that the
   inner identity and password is also the provisioning identifier.

   Is is RECOMMENDED that provisioning methods use EAP-TLS in preference
   to any other TLS-based EAP methods.  As the credentials for other
   methods are predefined and known in advance, those methods offer
   little benefit over EAP-TLS.

5.3.  EAP-NOOB

   It is RECOMMENDED that server implementations of EAP-NOOB accept both
   identities "noob@eap-noob.arpa" and "@noob.eap.arpa" as synonyms.

   It is RECOMMENDED that EAP-NOOB peers use "@noob.eap.arpa" first, and
   if that does not succeed, use "noob@eap-noob.arpa"

6.  IANA Considerations

   Three IANA actions are required.  The first two are registry updates
   for "eap.arpa".  The second is the creation of a new registry.

6.1.  .arpa updates

   IANA is instructed to update the ".ARPA Zone Management" registry
   with the following entry:

   DOMAIN

      eap.arpa

   USAGE

      For provisioning within the Extensible Authentication Protocol
      framework.

   REFERENCE

      THIS-DOCUMENT

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   IANA is instructed to update the "Special-Use Domain Names" registry
   as follows:

   NAME

      eap.arpa

   REFERENCE

      THIS-DOCUMENT

6.1.1.  Domain Name Reservation Considerations

   This section answers the questions which are required by Section 5 of
   [RFC6761].  At a high level, these new domain names are used in
   certain situations in EAP.  The domain names are never seen by users,
   and they do not appear in any networking protocol other than EAP.

   1.  Users:

      User are not expected to recognise these names as special or use
      them differently from other domain names.  The use of these names
      in EAP is invisible to end users.

   1.  Application Software:

      EAP servers and clients are expected to make their software
      recognize these names as special and treat them differently.  This
      document discusses that behavor.

      EAP supplicants should recognize these names as special, and
      should refuse to allow users to enter them in any interface.

   1.  Name Resolution APIs and Libraries:

      Writers of these APIs and libraries are not expected to recognize
      these names or treat them differently.

   1.  Caching DNS Servers:

      Writers of caching DNS servers are not expected to recognize these
      names or treat them differently.

   1.  Authoritative DNS Servers:

      Writers of authoritative DNS servers are not expected to recognize
      these names or treat them differently.

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   1.  DNS Server Operators:

      These domain names have no impact on DNS server operators.  They
      should never be used in DNS, or in any networking protocol outside
      of EAP.

      If they try to configure their authoritative DNS as authoritative
      for this reserved name, compliant name servers do not need to do
      anything special.  They can accept the domain or reject it.
      Either behavior will have no impact on this specification.

   1.  DNS Registries/Registrars:

      DNS Registries/Registrars should deny requests to register this
      reserved domain name.

6.2.  EAP Provisioning Identifiers Registry

   IANA is instructed to add the following new registry to the
   "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Registry" group.

   Assignments in this registry are done via "Expert Review" as
   described in [RFC8126] Section 4.5.  Guidelines for experts is
   provided in Section 6.3.

   The contents of the registry are as follows.

   Title

      EAP Provisioning Identifiers

   Registration Procedure(s)

      Expert review

   Reference

      THIS-DOCUMENT

   Registry

      NAI

         The Network Access Identifier in [RFC7542] format.  Names are
         lowercase, and are listed in sorted order.

      Method Type

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         The EAP method name, taken from the "Description" field of the
         EAP "Method Types" registry.

      Reference

         Reference where this identifier was defined.

6.2.1.  Initial Values

   The following table gives the initial values for this table.

   NAI,Method-Type,Description,Reference

   @noob.eap.arpa,EAP-NOOB,RFC9140 and THIS-DOCUMENT
   portal@tls.eap.arpa,EAP-TLS,RFC9190 and THIS-DOCUMENT

6.3.  Guidelines for Designated Experts

   The following text gives guidelines for Designated Experts who review
   allocation requests for this registry.

6.3.1.  NAIs

   The intent is for the NAI to contain both a reference to the EAP
   Method Type, and a description of the purpose of the NAI.  For
   example, with an EAP Method Type "name", and a purpose "action", the
   NAI SHOULD be of the form "action@foo.eap.arpa".

   The NAI MUST satisfy the requirements of the [RFC7542], Section 2.2
   format.  The utf8-username portion MAY be empty.  The utf8-username
   portion MUST NOT be "anonymous".  The NAI MUST end with "eap.arpa".
   The NAI SHOULD NOT contain more than one subdomain.

   The sub-domain of the NAI field should correspond to the EAP Method
   Type name.  Care should be taken so that the domain name conventions
   specified in [RFC1034] are followed.

   The NAIs in this registry are case-insensitive.  While [RFC7542]
   notes that similar identifiers of different case can be considered to
   be different, for simplicity this registry requires that all entries
   MUST be lowercase.

   Identifiers should be unique when compared in a case-insensitive
   fashion.  While [RFC7542] notes that similar identifiers of different
   case can be considered to be different, this registry is made simpler
   by requiring case-insensitivity.

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   Entries in the registry shuld be short.  NAIs defined here will
   generally be sent in a RADIUS packet in the User-Name attribute
   ([RFC2865] Section 5.1).  That specification recommends that
   implementations should support User-Names of at least 63 octets.  NAI
   length considerations are further discussed in [RFC7542] Section 2.3,
   and any allocations in this registry needs to take those limitations
   into consideration.

   Implementations are likely to support a total NAI length of 63
   octets.  Lengths between 63 and 253 octets may work.  Lengths of 254
   octets or more will not work with RADIUS [RFC2865].

6.4.  Method Type

   Values in "Method Type" field of this registry MUST be taken from the
   IANA EAP Method Types registry or else it MUST be an Expanded Type
   which usually indicates a vendor specific EAP method.

   The EAP Method Type MUST provide an MSK and EMSK as defined in
   [RFC3748].  Failure to provide these keys means that the method will
   not be usable within an authentication framework which requires those
   methods, such as with IEEE 802.1X [IEEE.802-1X.2020].

6.5.  Designated Experts

   For registration requests where a Designated Expert should be
   consulted, the responsible IESG area director should appoint the
   Designated Expert.  But in order to allow for the allocation of
   values prior to the RFC being approved for publication, the
   Designated Expert can approve allocations once it seems clear that an
   RFC will be published.

   The Designated expert will post a request to the EMU WG mailing list
   (or a successor designated by the Area Director) for comment and
   review, including an Internet-Draft or reference to external
   specification.  Before a period of 30 days has passed, the Designated
   Expert will either approve or deny the registration request and
   publish a notice of the decision to the EAP WG mailing list or its
   successor, as well as informing IANA.  A denial notice must be
   justified by an explanation, and in the cases where it is possible,
   concrete suggestions on how the request can be modified so as to
   become acceptable should be provided.

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6.6.  Vendor Self Assignment

   This registry provides for vendor self-assignment within the NAI
   space.  Any NAI defined in this registry also implicitly defines a
   subdomain "v." for vendor or SDO self-allocation.  For example, an
   NAI "action@foo.eap.arpa" uses a realm "foo.eap.arpa".  Vendors and
   SDOs can self-allocate in this space, under the "v." subdomain,
   "v.foo.eap.arpa".

   Any domain name which is registered as a Fully Qualified Domain Name
   (FQDN) within the DNS can use that name within the "v." subdomain.
   For example, 3GPP specifications could self-allocate the realm
   ""@3gpp.org.v.foo.arpa", and then use any utf8-username within that
   realm.

   Note that the right to use a self-allocated name is tied to the
   ownership of the corresponding subdomain.  If an entity loses the
   right to use a domain name, the right to use that domain name within
   the "v." self-allocation space is immediately revoked.

7.  Privacy Considerations

   The EAP Identity field is generally publicly visible to parties who
   can observe the EAP traffic.  As the names given here are in a public
   specification, there is no privacy implication to exposing those
   names within EAP.  The entire goal of this specification is in fact
   to make those names public, so that unknown (and private) parties can
   publicly (and anonymously) declare what kind of network access they
   desire.

   However, there are many additional privacy concerns around this
   specification.  Most EAP traffic is sent over RADIUS [RFC2865].  The
   RADIUS Access-Request packets typically contain large amounts of
   information such as MAC addresses, device location, etc.

   This specification does not change RADIUS or EAP, and as such does
   not change which information is publicly available, or is kept
   private.  Those issues are dealt with in other specifications.

   However, this specification can increase privacy by allowing devices
   to anonymously obtain network access, and then securely obtain
   credentials.

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8.  Security Considerations

   This specification defines a framework which permits unknown,
   anonymous, and unauthenticated devices to request and to obtain
   network access.  As such, it is critical that network operators
   provide limited access to those devices.

   Future specifications which define an NAI within this registry,
   should give detailed descriptions of what kind of network access is
   to be provided.

9.  Acknowledgements

   Mohit Sethi provided valuable insight that using subdomains was
   better and more informative than the original method, which used only
   the utf8-username portion of the NAI.

10.  Changelog

   *  00 - initial version

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [BCP14]    Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

   [RFC1034]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
              STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1034>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3748]  Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H.
              Levkowetz, Ed., "Extensible Authentication Protocol
              (EAP)", RFC 3748, DOI 10.17487/RFC3748, June 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3748>.

   [RFC5216]  Simon, D., Aboba, B., and R. Hurst, "The EAP-TLS
              Authentication Protocol", RFC 5216, DOI 10.17487/RFC5216,
              March 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5216>.

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   [RFC7542]  DeKok, A., "The Network Access Identifier", RFC 7542,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7542, May 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7542>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8126>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

   [RFC9140]  Aura, T., Sethi, M., and A. Peltonen, "Nimble Out-of-Band
              Authentication for EAP (EAP-NOOB)", RFC 9140,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9140, December 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9140>.

11.2.  Informative References

   [HOTSPOT]  Alliance, W.-F., "Passpoint", n.d.,
              <https://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/passpoint>.

   [IEEE.802-1X.2020]
              "*** BROKEN REFERENCE ***".

   [RFC2865]  Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson,
              "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)",
              RFC 2865, DOI 10.17487/RFC2865, June 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2865>.

   [RFC5931]  Harkins, D. and G. Zorn, "Extensible Authentication
              Protocol (EAP) Authentication Using Only a Password",
              RFC 5931, DOI 10.17487/RFC5931, August 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5931>.

   [RFC6761]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Special-Use Domain Names",
              RFC 6761, DOI 10.17487/RFC6761, February 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6761>.

   [RFC7170]  Zhou, H., Cam-Winget, N., Salowey, J., and S. Hanna,
              "Tunnel Extensible Authentication Protocol (TEAP) Version
              1", RFC 7170, DOI 10.17487/RFC7170, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7170>.

   [RFC8952]  Larose, K., Dolson, D., and H. Liu, "Captive Portal
              Architecture", RFC 8952, DOI 10.17487/RFC8952, November
              2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8952>.

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   [RFC9190]  Preuß Mattsson, J. and M. Sethi, "EAP-TLS 1.3: Using the
              Extensible Authentication Protocol with TLS 1.3",
              RFC 9190, DOI 10.17487/RFC9190, February 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9190>.

Author's Address

   Alan DeKok
   FreeRADIUS
   Email: aland@freeradius.org

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