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Native NAT Traversal Mode for the Host Identity Protocol
draft-ietf-hip-native-nat-traversal-18

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9028.
Authors Ari Keränen , Jan Melen , Miika Komu
Last updated 2017-03-14 (Latest revision 2017-02-15)
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draft-ietf-hip-native-nat-traversal-18
HIP Working Group                                             A. Keranen
Internet-Draft                                                  J. Melen
Intended status: Standards Track                            M. Komu, Ed.
Expires: September 14, 2017                                     Ericsson
                                                          March 13, 2017

        Native NAT Traversal Mode for the Host Identity Protocol
                 draft-ietf-hip-native-nat-traversal-18

Abstract

   This document specifies a new Network Address Translator (NAT)
   traversal mode for the Host Identity Protocol (HIP).  The new mode is
   based on the Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) methodology
   and UDP encapsulation of data and signaling traffic.  The main
   difference from the previously specified modes is the use of HIP
   messages for all NAT traversal procedures.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 14, 2017.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of

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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Overview of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  Protocol Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  Relay Registration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.2.  Transport Address Candidate Gathering . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.3.  NAT Traversal Mode Negotiation  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.4.  Connectivity Check Pacing Negotiation . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.5.  Base Exchange via HIP Relay Server  . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.6.  Connectivity Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.6.1.  Connectivity Check Procedure  . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.6.2.  Rules for Connectivity Checks . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
       4.6.3.  Rules for Concluding Connectivity Checks  . . . . . .  22
     4.7.  NAT Traversal Alternatives  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       4.7.1.  Minimal NAT Traversal Support . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       4.7.2.  Base Exchange without Connectivity Checks . . . . . .  23
       4.7.3.  Initiating a Base Exchange both with and without UDP
               Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     4.8.  Sending Control Packets after the Base Exchange . . . . .  25
     4.9.  Mobility Handover Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     4.10. NAT Keepalives  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     4.11. Closing Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     4.12. Relaying Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       4.12.1.  Forwarding Rules and Permissions . . . . . . . . . .  29
       4.12.2.  HIP Data Relay and Relaying of Control Packets . . .  30
       4.12.3.  Handling Conflicting SPI Values  . . . . . . . . . .  31
   5.  Packet Formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     5.1.  HIP Control Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     5.2.  Connectivity Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     5.3.  Keepalives  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     5.4.  NAT Traversal Mode Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     5.5.  Connectivity Check Transaction Pacing Parameter . . . . .  34
     5.6.  Relay and Registration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     5.7.  LOCATOR_SET Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     5.8.  RELAY_HMAC Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
     5.9.  Registration Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     5.10. Notify Packet Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     5.11. ESP Data Packets  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     5.12. RELAYED_ADDRESS and MAPPED_ADDRESS Parameters . . . . . .  39
     5.13. PEER_PERMISSION Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     5.14. HIP Connectivity Check Packets  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     5.15. NOMINATE parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41

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     6.1.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
     6.2.  Opportunistic Mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
     6.3.  Base Exchange Replay Protection for HIP Relay Server  . .  42
     6.4.  Demultiplexing Different HIP Associations . . . . . . . .  43
     6.5.  Reuse of Ports at the Data Relay  . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     6.6.  Amplification attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     6.7.  Attacks against Connectivity Checks and Candidate
           Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
   8.  Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
   9.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
   Appendix A.  Selecting a Value for Check Pacing . . . . . . . . .  47
   Appendix B.  Base Exchange through a Rendezvous Server  . . . . .  48
   Appendix C.  Differences with respect to ICE  . . . . . . . . . .  48
   Appendix D.  Differences to Base Exchange and UPDATE procedures .  50
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52

1.  Introduction

   The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) [RFC7401] is specified to run
   directly on top of IPv4 or IPv6.  However, many middleboxes found in
   the Internet, such as NATs and firewalls, often allow only UDP or TCP
   traffic to pass [RFC5207].  Also, especially NATs usually require the
   host behind a NAT to create a forwarding state in the NAT before
   other hosts outside of the NAT can contact the host behind the NAT.
   To overcome this problem, different methods, commonly referred to as
   NAT traversal techniques, have been developed.

   The HIP experiment report [RFC6538] mentions that Teredo based NAT
   traversal for HIP and related ESP traffic (with double tunneling
   overhead).  Two HIP specific NAT traversal techniques for HIP are
   specified in [RFC5770].  One of them uses only UDP encapsulation,
   while the other uses also the Interactive Connectivity Establishment
   (ICE) [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis] protocol, which in turn uses Session
   Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) [RFC5389] and Traversal Using
   Relays around NAT (TURN) [RFC5766] protocols to achieve a reliable
   NAT traversal solution.

   The benefit of using ICE and STUN/TURN is that one can re-use the NAT
   traversal infrastructure already available in the Internet, such as
   STUN and TURN servers.  Also, some middleboxes may be STUN-aware and
   may be able to do something "smart" when they see STUN being used for
   NAT traversal.  However, implementing a full ICE/STUN/TURN protocol
   stack results in a considerable amount of effort and code which could
   be avoided by re-using and extending HIP messages and state machines

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   for the same purpose.  Thus, this document specifies an alternative
   NAT traversal mode that uses HIP messages instead of STUN for the
   connectivity check keepalives and data relaying.  This document also
   specifies how mobility management works in the context of NAT
   traversal, which was missing from [RFC5770].

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   This document borrows terminology from [RFC5770], [RFC7401],
   [RFC8046], [RFC4423], [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis], and [RFC5389].  The
   following terms recur in the text:

   HIP relay server:
      A host that forwards any kind of HIP control packets between the
      Initiator and the Responder.

   HIP data relay:
      A host that forwards HIP data packets, such as Encapsulating
      Security Payload (ESP) [RFC7402], between two hosts.

   Registered host:
      A host that has registered for a relaying service with a HIP data
      relay.

   Locator:
      As defined in [RFC8046]: "A name that controls how the packet is
      routed through the network and demultiplexed by the end-host.  It
      may include a concatenation of traditional network addresses such
      as an IPv6 address and end-to-end identifiers such as an ESP SPI.
      It may also include transport port numbers or IPv6 Flow Labels as
      demultiplexing context, or it may simply be a network address."

   LOCATOR_SET (written in capital letters):
      Denotes a HIP control packet parameter that bundles multiple
      locators together.

   ICE offer:
      The Initiator's LOCATOR_SET parameter in a HIP I2 control packet.
      Corresponds to the ICE offer parameter, but is HIP specific.

   ICE answer:
      The Responder's LOCATOR_SET parameter in a HIP R2 control packet.
      Corresponds to the ICE answer parameter, but is HIP specific.

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   HIP connectivity checks:
      In order to obtain a non-relayed communication path, two
      communicating HIP hosts try to "punch holes" through their NAT
      boxes using this mechanism.  Similar to the ICE connectivity
      checks, but implemented using HIP return routability checks.

   Controlling host:
      The controlling host nominates the candidate pair to be used with
      the controlled host.

   Controlled host:
      The controlled host waits for the controlling to nominate an
      address candidate pair.

   Checklist:
      A list of address candidate pairs that need to be tested for
      connectivity.

   Transport address:
      Transport layer port and the corresponding IPv4/v6 address.

   Candidate:
      A transport address that is a potential point of contact for
      receiving data.

   Host candidate:
      A candidate obtained by binding to a specific port from an IP
      address on the host.

   Server reflexive candidate:
      A translated transport address of a host as observed by a HIP
      relay server or a STUN/TURN server.

   Peer reflexive candidate:
      A translated transport address of a host as observed by its peer.

   Relayed candidate:
      A transport address that exists on a HIP data relay.  Packets that
      arrive at this address are relayed towards the registered host.

   Permission:
      In the context of HIP data relay, permission refers to a concept
      similar to TURN's channels.  Before a host can use a relayed
      candidate to forward traffic through a HIP data relay, the host
      must activate the relayed candidate with a specific peer host.

   Base:

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      The base of an candidate is the local source address a host uses
      to send packets for the associated candidate.  For example, the
      base of a server reflexive address is the local address the host
      used for registering itself to the associated HIP relay.  The base
      of a host candidate is equal to the host candidate itself.

3.  Overview of Operation

                                 +-------+
                                 | HIP   |
              +--------+         | Relay |         +--------+
              | Data   |         +-------+         | Data   |
              | Relay  |        /         \        | Relay  |
              +--------+       /           \       +--------+
                              /             \
                             /               \
                            /                 \
                           /  <- Signaling ->  \
                          /                     \
                    +-------+                +-------+
                    |  NAT  |                |  NAT  |
                    +-------+                +-------+
                     /                              \
                    /                                \
               +-------+                           +-------+
               | Init- |                           | Resp- |
               | iator |                           | onder |
               +-------+                           +-------+

                  Figure 1: Example Network Configuration

   In the example configuration depicted in Figure 1, both Initiator and
   Responder are behind one or more NATs, and both private networks are
   connected to the public Internet.  To be contacted from behind a NAT,
   the Responder must be registered with a HIP relay server reachable on
   the public Internet, and we assume, as a starting point, that the
   Initiator knows both the Responder's Host Identity Tag (HIT) and the
   address of one of its relay servers (how the Initiator learns of the
   Responder's relay server is outside of the scope of this document,
   but may be through DNS or another name service).  The Responder may
   have also registered to a data relay that can forward the data plane
   in case NAT penetration fails.  It is worth noting that the HIP relay
   and data relay functionality may be offered by two separate servers
   or the same one.

   The first steps are for both the Initiator and Responder to register
   with a relay server (need not be the same one) and gather a set of
   address candidates.  The hosts may use HIP relay servers (or even

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   STUN or TURN servers) for gathering the candidates.  Next, the HIP
   base exchange is carried out by encapsulating the HIP control packets
   in UDP datagrams and sending them through the Responder's relay
   server.  As part of the base exchange, each HIP host learns of the
   peer's candidate addresses through the HIP offer/answer procedure
   embedded in the base exchange, which follows closely the ICE
   [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis] protocol.

   Once the base exchange is completed, two HIP hosts have established a
   working communication session (for signaling) via a HIP relay server,
   but the hosts still have to find a better path, preferably without a
   HIP data relay, for the ESP data flow.  For this, connectivity checks
   are carried out until a working pair of addresses is discovered.  At
   the end of the procedure, if successful, the hosts will have
   established a UDP-based tunnel that traverses both NATs, with the
   data flowing directly from NAT to NAT or via a HIP data relay server.
   At this point, also the HIP signaling can be sent over the same
   address/port pair, and is demultiplexed from IPsec as described in
   the UDP encapsulation standard for IPsec [RFC3948].  Finally, the two
   hosts send NAT keepalives as needed in order keep their UDP-tunnel
   state active in the associated NAT boxes.

   If either one of the hosts knows that it is not behind a NAT, hosts
   can negotiate during the base exchange a different mode of NAT
   traversal that does not use HIP connectivity checks, but only UDP
   encapsulation of HIP and ESP.  Also, it is possible for the Initiator
   to simultaneously try a base exchange with and without UDP
   encapsulation.  If a base exchange without UDP encapsulation
   succeeds, no HIP connectivity checks or UDP encapsulation of ESP are
   needed.

4.  Protocol Description

   This section describes the normative behavior of the protocol
   extension.  Most of the procedures are similar to what is defined in
   [RFC5770] but with different, or additional, parameter types and
   values.  In addition, a new type of relaying server, HIP data relay,
   is specified.  Also, it should be noted that HIP version 2 [RFC7401]
   (instead of [RFC5201] used in [RFC5770]) is expected to be used with
   this NAT traversal mode.

4.1.  Relay Registration

   In order for two hosts to communicate over NATted environments, they
   need a reliable way to exchange information.  HIP relay servers as
   defined in [RFC5770] support relaying of HIP control plane traffic
   over UDP in NATted environments.  A HIP relay server forwards HIP
   control packets between the Initiator and the Responder.

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   To guarantee also data plane delivery over varying types of NAT
   devices, a host MAY also register for UDP encapsulated ESP relaying
   using Registration Type RELAY_UDP_ESP (value [TBD by IANA: 3]).  This
   service may be coupled with the HIP relay server or offered
   separately on another server.  If the server supports relaying of UDP
   encapsulated ESP, the host is allowed to register for a data relaying
   service using the registration extensions in Section 3.3 of
   [RFC8003]).  If the server has sufficient relaying resources (free
   port numbers, bandwidth, etc.) available, it opens a UDP port on one
   of its addresses and signals the address and port to the registering
   host using the RELAYED_ADDRESS parameter (as defined in Section 5.12
   in this document).  If the relay would accept the data relaying
   request but does not currently have enough resources to provide data
   relaying service, it MUST reject the request with Failure Type
   "Insufficient resources" [RFC8003].

   A HIP relay server MUST silently drop packets to a HIP relay client
   that has not previously registered with the HIP relay.  The
   registration process follows the generic registration extensions
   defined in [RFC8003].  The HIP control plane relaying registration
   follows [RFC5770], but the data plane registration is different.  It
   is worth noting that if the HIP control and data plane relay services
   reside on different hosts, the relay client has to register
   separately to each of them.  In the example shown in Figure 2, the
   two services are coupled on a single host.

     HIP                                                             HIP
     Relay                                                  [Data] Relay
     Client                                                       Server
     |   1. UDP(I1)                                                    |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------->|
     |                                                                 |
     |   2. UDP(R1(REG_INFO(RELAY_UDP_HIP,[RELAY_UDP_ESP])))           |
     |<----------------------------------------------------------------+
     |                                                                 |
     |   3. UDP(I2(REG_REQ(RELAY_UDP_HIP),[RELAY_UDP_ESP])))           |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------->|
     |                                                                 |
     |   4. UDP(R2(REG_RES(RELAY_UDP_HIP,[RELAY_UDP_ESP]), REG_FROM,   |
     |          [RELAYED_ADDRESS]))                                    |
     |<----------------------------------------------------------------+
     |                                                                 |

              Figure 2: Example Registration with a HIP Relay

   In step 1, the relay client (Initiator) starts the registration
   procedure by sending an I1 packet over UDP to the relay.  It is

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   RECOMMENDED that the Initiator select a random port number from the
   ephemeral port range 49152-65535 for initiating a base exchange.
   Alternatively, a host MAY also use a single fixed port for initiating
   all outgoing connections.  However, the allocated port MUST be
   maintained until all of the corresponding HIP Associations are
   closed.  It is RECOMMENDED that the HIP relay server listen to
   incoming connections at UDP port 10500.  If some other port number is
   used, it needs to be known by potential Initiators.

   In step 2, the HIP relay server (Responder) lists the services that
   it supports in the R1 packet.  The support for HIP control plane over
   UDP relaying is denoted by the Registration Type value RELAY_UDP_HIP
   (see Section 5.9).  If the server supports also relaying of ESP
   traffic over UDP, it includes also Registration type value
   RELAY_UDP_ESP.

   In step 3, the Initiator selects the services for which it registers
   and lists them in the REG_REQ parameter.  The Initiator registers for
   HIP relay service by listing the RELAY_UDP_HIP value in the request
   parameter.  If the Initiator requires also ESP relaying over UDP, it
   lists also RELAY_UDP_ESP.

   In step 4, the Responder concludes the registration procedure with an
   R2 packet and acknowledges the registered services in the REG_RES
   parameter.  The Responder denotes unsuccessful registrations (if any)
   in the REG_FAILED parameter of R2.  The Responder also includes a
   REG_FROM parameter that contains the transport address of the client
   as observed by the relay (Server Reflexive candidate).  If the
   Initiator registered to ESP relaying service, the Responder includes
   RELAYED_ADDRESS paramater that describes the UDP port allocated to
   the Initiator for ESP relaying.  It is worth noting that this client
   must first activate this UDP port by sending an UPDATE message to the
   relay server that includes a PEER_PERMISSION parameter as described
   in Section 4.12.1 both after base exchange and handover procedures.

   After the registration, the relay client sends periodically NAT
   keepalives to the relay server in order to keep the NAT bindings
   between the initiator and the relay alive.  The keepalive extensions
   are described in Section 4.10.

   The registered host MUST maintain an active HIP association with the
   data relay as long as it requires the data relaying service.  When
   the HIP association is closed (or times out), or the registration
   lifetime passes without the registered host refreshing the
   registration, the data relay MUST stop relaying packets for that host
   and close the corresponding UDP port (unless other registered hosts
   are still using it).

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   The data relay MAY use the same relayed address and port for multiple
   registered hosts, but since this can cause problems with stateful
   firewalls (see Section 6.5) it is NOT RECOMMENDED.

   When a registered client sends an UPDATE (e.g., due to host movement
   or to renew service registration), the relay server MUST follow the
   general guidelines defined in [RFC8003], with the difference that all
   UPDATE messages are delivered on top of UDP.  In addition to this,
   the relay server MUST include the REG_FROM parameter in all UPDATE
   responses sent to the client.  This applies both renewals of service
   registration but also to host movement, where especially the latter
   requires the client to learn its new server reflexive address
   candidate.

4.2.  Transport Address Candidate Gathering

   A host needs to gather a set of address candidates before contacting
   a non-relay host.  The candidates are needed for connectivity checks
   that allow two hosts to discover a direct, non-relayed path for
   communicating with each other.  One server reflexive candidate can be
   discovered during the registration with the HIP relay server from the
   REG_FROM parameter.

   The candidate gathering can be done at any time, but it needs to be
   done before sending an I2 or R2 in the base exchange if ICE-HIP-UDP
   mode is to be used for the connectivity checks.  It is RECOMMENDED
   that all three types of candidates (host, server reflexive, and
   relayed) are gathered to maximize the probability of successful NAT
   traversal.  However, if no data relay is used, and the host has only
   a single local IP address to use, the host MAY use the local address
   as the only host candidate and the address from the REG_FROM
   parameter discovered during the relay registration as a server
   reflexive candidate.  In this case, no further candidate gathering is
   needed.

   If a host has more than one network interface, additional server
   reflexive candidates can be discovered by sending registration
   requests with Registration Type CANDIDATE_DISCOVERY (value [TBD by
   IANA: 4]) from each of the interfaces to a HIP relay server.  When a
   HIP relay server receives a registration request with
   CANDIDATE_DISCOVERY type, it MUST add a REG_FROM parameter,
   containing the same information as if this were a relay registration,
   to the response.  This request type SHOULD NOT create any state at
   the HIP relay server.

   ICE guidelines for candidate gathering MUST be followed as described
   in section 4.1.1 in [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis].  A number of host
   candidates (loopback, anycast and others) should excluded as

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   described in section 4.1.1.1 of the ICE specification
   [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis].  Relayed candidates SHOULD be gathered in
   order to guarantee successful NAT traversal.  It is RECOMMENDED for
   implementations to support this functionality even if it will not be
   used in deployments in order to enable it by software configuration
   update if needed at some point.  A host SHOULD employ only a relay
   server for gathering the candidates for a single HIP association;
   either a one server providing both HIP and data relay functionality,
   or one HIP relay server and another one for data relaying if the
   functionality is offered by another server.  When the relay service
   is split between two hosts, the server reflexive candidate from the
   HIP relay SHOULD be used instead of the one provided by the data
   relay.  If a relayed candidate is identical to a host candidate, the
   relayed candidate must be discarded.  NAT64 considerations in section
   4.1.1.2 of [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis] apply as well.

   HIP based connectivity can be utilized by IPv4 applications using
   LSIs and by IPv6 based applications using HITs.  The LSIs and HITs of
   the local virtual interfaces MUST be excluded in the candidate
   gathering phase as well to avoid creating unnecessary loopback
   connectivity tests.

   Gathering of candidates MAY also be performed as specified in
   Section 4.2 of [RFC5770] if STUN servers are available, or if the
   host has just a single interface and no STUN or HIP data relay
   servers are available.

   Each local address candidate MUST be assigned a priority.  The
   recommended formula in [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis] SHOULD be used:

      priority = (2^24)*(type preference) + (2^8)*(local preference) +
      (2^0)*(256 - component ID)

   In the formula, type preference follows the ICE specification section
   4.1.2.2 guidelines: the RECOMMENDED values are 126 for host
   candidates, 100 for server reflexive candidates, 110 for peer
   reflexive candidates, and 0 for relayed candidates.  The highest
   value is 126 (the most preferred) and lowest is 0 (last resort).  For
   all candidates of the same type, the preference type value MUST be
   identical, and, correspondingly, the value MUST be different for
   different types.  For peer reflexive values, the type preference
   value MUST be higher than for server reflexive types.  It should be
   noted that peer reflexive values are learned later during
   connectivity checks, so a host cannot employ it during candidate
   gathering stage yet.

   Following the ICE specification, the local preference MUST be an
   integer from 0 (lowest preference) to 65535 (highest preference)

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   inclusive.  In the case the host has only a single address candidate,
   the value SHOULD be 65535.  In the case of multiple candidates, each
   local preference value MUST be unique.  Dual-stack considerations for
   IPv6 in section 4.1.2.2 in ICE apply also here.

   Unlike ICE, this protocol only creates a single UDP flow between the
   two communicating hosts, so only a single component exists.  Hence,
   the component ID value MUST always be set to 1.

   As defined in ICE (in section 11.3), the retransmission timeout (RTO)
   for address gathering from a relay SHOULD be calculated as follows:

      RTO = MAX (500ms, Ta * (Num-Of-Pairs))

   where Ta is the value used for Ta is the value used for the
   connectivity check pacing and Num-Of-Pairs is number of pairs of
   candidates with relay servers (e.g. in the case of a single relay
   server, it would be 1).  A smaller value than 500 ms for the RTO MUST
   NOT be used.

4.3.  NAT Traversal Mode Negotiation

   This section describes the usage of a new non-critical parameter
   type.  The presence of the parameter in a HIP base exchange means
   that the end-host supports NAT traversal extensions described in this
   document.  As the parameter is non-critical (as defined in
   Section 5.2.1 of [RFC7401]), it can be ignored by an end-host, which
   means that the host is not required to support it or may decline to
   use it.

   With registration with a HIP relay, it is usually sufficient to use
   the UDP-ENCAPSULATION mode of NAT traversal since the relay is
   assumed to be in public address space.  Thus, the relay SHOULD
   propose the UDP-ENCAPSULATION mode as the preferred or only mode.
   The NAT traversal mode negotiation in a HIP base exchange is
   illustrated in Figure 3.  It is worth noting that the HIP relay could
   be located between the hosts, but is omitted here for simplicity.

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    Initiator                                                Responder
    | 1. UDP(I1)                                                     |
    +--------------------------------------------------------------->|
    |                                                                |
    | 2. UDP(R1(.., NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE(ICE-HIP-UDP), ..))            |
    |<---------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                                                                |
    | 3. UDP(I2(.., NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE(ICE-HIP-UDP), LOC_SET, ..))   |
    +--------------------------------------------------------------->|
    |                                                                |
    | 4. UDP(R2(.., LOC_SET, ..))                                    |
    |<---------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                                                                |

                Figure 3: Negotiation of NAT Traversal Mode

   In step 1, the Initiator sends an I1 to the Responder.  In step 2,
   the Responder responds with an R1.  As specified in [RFC5770], the
   NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE parameter in R1 contains a list of NAT traversal
   modes the Responder supports.  The mode specified in this document is
   ICE-HIP-UDP (value [TBD by IANA: 3]).

   In step 3, the Initiator sends an I2 that includes a
   NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE parameter.  It contains the mode selected by the
   Initiator from the list of modes offered by the Responder.  If ICE-
   HIP-UDP mode was selected, the I2 also includes the "Transport
   address" locators (as defined in Section 5.7) of the Initiator in a
   LOCATOR_SET parameter (denoted here LOC_SET).  The locators in I2 are
   the "ICE offer".

   In step 4, the Responder concludes the base exchange with an R2
   packet.  If the Initiator chose ICE NAT traversal mode, the Responder
   includes a LOCATOR_SET parameter in the R2 packet.  The locators in
   R2, encoded like the locators in I2, are the "ICE answer".  If the
   NAT traversal mode selected by the Initiator is not supported by the
   Responder, the Responder SHOULD reply with a NOTIFY packet with type
   NO_VALID_NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE_PARAMETER and abort the base exchange.

4.4.  Connectivity Check Pacing Negotiation

   As explained in [RFC5770], when a NAT traversal mode with
   connectivity checks is used, new transactions should not be started
   too fast to avoid congestion and overwhelming the NATs.  For this
   purpose, during the base exchange, hosts can negotiate a transaction
   pacing value, Ta, using a TRANSACTION_PACING parameter in R1 and I2
   packets.  The parameter contains the minimum time (expressed in
   milliseconds) the host would wait between two NAT traversal

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   transactions, such as starting a new connectivity check or retrying a
   previous check.  The value that is used by both of the hosts is the
   higher of the two offered values.

   The minimum Ta value SHOULD be configurable, and if no value is
   configured, a value of 50 ms MUST be used.  Guidelines for selecting
   a Ta value are given in Appendix A.  Hosts SHOULD NOT use values
   smaller than 5 ms for the minimum Ta, since such values may not work
   well with some NATs, as explained in [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis].  The
   Initiator MUST NOT propose a smaller value than what the Responder
   offered.  If a host does not include the TRANSACTION_PACING parameter
   in the base exchange, a Ta value of 50 ms MUST be used as that host's
   minimum value.

4.5.  Base Exchange via HIP Relay Server

   This section describes how the Initiator and Responder perform a base
   exchange through a HIP relay server.  Connectivity pacing (denoted as
   TA_P here) was described in Section 4.4 and is neither repeated here.
   Similarly, the NAT traversal mode negotiation process (denoted as
   NAT_TM in the example) was described in Section 4.3 and is neither
   repeated here.  If a relay receives an R1 or I2 packet without the
   NAT traversal mode parameter, it MUST drop it and SHOULD send a
   NOTIFY error packet with type NO_VALID_NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE_PARAMETER
   to the sender of the R1 or I2.

   It is RECOMMENDED that the Initiator send an I1 packet encapsulated
   in UDP when it is destined to an IPv4 address of the Responder.
   Respectively, the Responder MUST respond to such an I1 packet with a
   UDP-encapsulated R1 packet, and also the rest of the communication
   related to the HIP association MUST also use UDP encapsulation.

   Figure 4 illustrates a base exchange via a HIP relay server.  We
   assume that the Responder (i.e. a HIP relay client) has already
   registered to the HIP relay server.  The Initiator may have also
   registered to another (or the same relay server), but the base
   exchange will traverse always through the relay of the Responder.

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   Initiator                         HIP relay                 Responder
   | 1. UDP(I1)                       |                                |
   +--------------------------------->| 2. UDP(I1(RELAY_FROM))         |
   |                                  +------------------------------->|
   |                                  |                                |
   |                                  | 3. UDP(R1(RELAY_TO, NAT_TM,    |
   |                                  |        TA_P))                  |
   | 4. UDP(R1(RELAY_TO, NAT_TM,      |<-------------------------------+
   |        TA_P))                    |                                |
   |<---------------------------------+                                |
   |                                  |                                |
   | 5. UDP(I2(LOC_SET, NAT_TM,       |                                |
   |        TA_P))                    |                                |
   +--------------------------------->| 6. UDP(I2(LOC_SET, RELAY_FROM, |
   |                                  |           NAT_TM, TA_P))       |
   |                                  +------------------------------->|
   |                                  |                                |
   |                                  | 7. UDP(R2(LOC_SET, RELAY_TO))  |
   | 8. UDP(R2(LOC_SET, RELAY_TO))    |<-------------------------------+
   |<---------------------------------+                                |
   |                                  |                                |

              Figure 4: Base Exchange via a HIP Relay Server

   In step 1 of Figure 4, the Initiator sends an I1 packet over UDP via
   the relay server to the Responder.  In the HIP header, the source HIT
   belongs to the Initiator and the destination HIT to the Responder.
   The initiator sends the I1 packet from its IP address to the IP
   address of the HIP relay over UDP.

   In step 2, the HIP relay server receives the I1 packet.  If the
   destination HIT belongs to a registered Responder, the relay
   processes the packet.  Otherwise, the relay MUST drop the packet
   silently.  The relay appends a RELAY_FROM parameter to the I1 packet,
   which contains the transport source address and port of the I1 as
   observed by the relay.  The relay protects the I1 packet with
   RELAY_HMAC as described in [RFC8004], except that the parameter type
   is different (see Section 5.8).  The relay changes the source and
   destination ports and IP addresses of the packet to match the values
   the Responder used when registering to the relay, i.e., the reverse
   of the R2 used in the registration.  The relay MUST recalculate the
   transport checksum and forward the packet to the Responder.

   In step 3, the Responder receives the I1 packet.  The Responder
   processes it according to the rules in [RFC7401].  In addition, the
   Responder validates the RELAY_HMAC according to [RFC8004] and
   silently drops the packet if the validation fails.  The Responder

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   replies with an R1 packet to which it includes RELAY_TO and NAT
   traversal mode parameters.  The responder MUST include ICE-HIP-UDP in
   the NAT traversal modes.  The RELAY_TO parameter MUST contain the
   same information as the RELAY_FROM parameter, i.e., the Initiator's
   transport address, but the type of the parameter is different.  The
   RELAY_TO parameter is not integrity protected by the signature of the
   R1 to allow pre-created R1 packets at the Responder.

   In step 4, the relay receives the R1 packet.  The relay drops the
   packet silently if the source HIT belongs to an unregistered host.
   The relay MAY verify the signature of the R1 packet and drop it if
   the signature is invalid.  Otherwise, the relay rewrites the source
   address and port, and changes the destination address and port to
   match RELAY_TO information.  Finally, the relay recalculates
   transport checksum and forwards the packet.

   In step 5, the Initiator receives the R1 packet and processes it
   according to [RFC7401].  The Initiator MAY use the address in the
   RELAY_TO parameter as a local peer-reflexive candidate for this HIP
   association if it is different from all known local candidates.  The
   Initiator replies with an I2 packet that uses the destination
   transport address of R1 as the source address and port.  The I2
   packet contains a LOCATOR_SET parameter that lists all the HIP
   candidates (ICE offer) of the Initiator.  The candidates are encoded
   using the format defined in Section 5.7.  The I2 packet MUST also
   contain a NAT traversal mode parameter that includes ICE-HIP-UDP
   mode.

   In step 6, the relay receives the I2 packet.  The relay appends a
   RELAY_FROM and a RELAY_HMAC to the I2 packet similarly as explained
   in step 2, and forwards the packet to the Responder.

   In step 7, the Responder receives the I2 packet and processes it
   according to [RFC7401].  It replies with an R2 packet and includes a
   RELAY_TO parameter as explained in step 3.  The R2 packet includes a
   LOCATOR_SET parameter that lists all the HIP candidates (ICE answer)
   of the Responder.  The RELAY_TO parameter is protected by the HMAC.

   In step 8, the relay processes the R2 as described in step 4.  The
   relay forwards the packet to the Initiator.  After the Initiator has
   received the R2 and processed it successfully, the base exchange is
   completed.

   Hosts MUST include the address of one or more HIP relay servers
   (including the one that is being used for the initial signaling) in
   the LOCATOR_SET parameter in I2 and R2 if they intend to use such
   servers for relaying HIP signaling immediately after the base
   exchange completes.  The traffic type of these addresses MUST be "HIP

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   signaling" and they MUST NOT be used as HIP candidates.  If the HIP
   relay server locator used for relaying the base exchange is not
   included in I2 or R2 LOCATOR_SET parameters, it SHOULD NOT be used
   after the base exchange.  Instead, further HIP signaling SHOULD use
   the same path as the data traffic.

4.6.  Connectivity Checks

   When the Initiator and Responder complete the base exchange through
   the HIP relay, both of them employ the IP address of the relay as the
   destination address for the packets.  This address MUST NOT be used
   as a destination for ESP traffic unless the HIP relay supports also
   ESP data relaying.  When NAT traversal mode with ICE-HIP-UDP was
   successfully negotiated and selected, the Initiator and Responder
   MUST start the connectivity checks in order to attempt to obtain
   direct end-to-end connectivity through NAT devices.  It is worth
   noting that the connectivity checks MUST be completed even though no
   ESP_TRANSFORM would be negotiated and selected.

   The connectivity checks MUST follow the ICE methodology [MMUSIC-ICE],
   but UDP encapsulated HIP control messages are used instead of ICE
   messages.  Only normal nomination MUST be used for the connectivity
   checks, i.e., aggressive nomination MUST NOT be employed.  As stated
   in the ICE specification, the basic procedure for connectivity checks
   has three phases: sorting the candidate pairs according their
   priority, sending checks in the prioritized order and acknowledging
   the checks from the peer host.

   The Initiator MUST take the role of controlling host and the
   Responder acts as the controlled host.  The roles MUST persist
   throughout the HIP associate lifetime (to be reused in the possibly
   mobility UPDATE procedures).  In the case both communicating nodes
   are initiating the communications to each other using an I1 packet,
   the conflict is resolved as defined in section 6.7 in [RFC7401]: the
   host with the "larger" HIT changes to its Role to Responder.  In such
   a case, the host changing its role to Responder MUST also switch to
   controlling role.

   The protocol follows standard HIP UPDATE sending and processing rules
   as defined in section 6.11 and 6.12 in [RFC7401], but some new
   parameters are introduced (CANDIDATE_PRIORITY, MAPPED_ADDRESS and
   NOMINATE).

4.6.1.  Connectivity Check Procedure

   Figure 5 illustrates connectivity checks in a simplified scenario,
   where the Initiator and Responder have only a single candidate pair
   to check.  Typically, NATs drop messages until both sides have sent

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   messages using the same port pair.  In this scenario, the Responder
   sends a connectivity check first but the NAT of the Initiator drops
   it.  However, the connectivity check from the Initiator reaches the
   Responder because it uses the same port pair as the first message.
   It is worth noting that the message flow in this section is
   idealistic, and, in practice, more messages would be dropped,
   especially in the beginning.  For instance, connectivity tests always
   start with the candidates with the highest priority, which would be
   host candidates (which would not reach the recipient in this
   scenario).

   Initiator  NAT1                                 NAT2        Responder
   |             | 1. UDP(UPDATE(SEQ, CAND_PRIO,      |                |
   |             |        ECHO_REQ_SIGN))             |                |
   |             X<-----------------------------------+----------------+
   |             |                                    |                |
   | 2. UDP(UPDATE(SEQ, ECHO_REQ_SIGN, CAND_PRIO))    |                |
   +-------------+------------------------------------+--------------->|
   |             |                                    |                |
   | 3. UDP(UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESP_SIGN, MAPPED_ADDR)) |                |
   |<------------+------------------------------------+----------------+
   |             |                                    |                |
   | 4. UDP(UPDATE(SEQ, ECHO_REQ_SIGN, CAND_PRIO))    |                |
   |<------------+------------------------------------+----------------+
   |             |                                    |                |
   | 5. UDP(UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESP_SIGN, MAPPED_ADDR)) |                |
   +-------------+------------------------------------+--------------->|
   |             |                                    |                |
   | 6. Other connectivity checks using UPDATE over UDP                |
   |<------------+------------------------------------+---------------->
   |             |                                    |                |
   | 7. UDP(UPDATE(SEQ, ECHO_REQ_SIGN, CAND_PRIO, NOMINATE))           |
   +-------------+------------------------------------+--------------->|
   |             |                                    |                |
   | 8. UDP(UPDATE(SEQ, ACK, ECHO_REQ_SIGN, ECHO_RESP_SIGN,            |
   |           NOMINATE))                             |                |
   |<------------+------------------------------------+----------------+
   |             |                                    |                |
   | 9. UDP(UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESP_SIGN))              |                |
   +-------------+------------------------------------+--------------->+
   |             |                                    |                |
   | 10. ESP data traffic over UDP                     |               |
   +<------------+------------------------------------+--------------->+
   |             |                                    |                |

                       Figure 5: Connectivity Checks

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   In step 1, the Responder sends a connectivity check to the Initiator
   that the NAT of the Initiator drops.  The message includes a number
   of parameters.  As specified in [RFC7401]), the SEQ parameter
   includes a running sequence identifier for the connectivity check.
   The candidate priority (denoted "CAND_PRIO" in the figure) describes
   the priority of the address candidate being tested.  The
   ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED (denoted ECHO_REQ_SIGN in the figure) includes a
   nonce that the recipient must sign and echo back as it is.

   In step 2, the Initiator sends a connectivity check, using the same
   address pair candidate as in the previous step, and the message
   traverses successfully the NAT boxes.  The message includes the same
   parameters as in the previous step.  It should be noted that the
   sequence identifier is locally assigned by the Responder, so it can
   be different than in the previous step.

   In step 3, the Responder has successfully received the previous
   connectivity check from the Initiator and starts to build a response
   message.  Since the message from the Initiator included a SEQ, the
   Responder must acknowledge it using an ACK parameter.  Also, the
   nonce contained in the echo request must be echoed back in an
   ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED (denoted ECHO_REQUEST_SIGN) parameter.  The
   Responder includes also a MAPPED_ADDRESS parameter (denoted
   MAPPED_ADDR in the figure) that contains the transport address of the
   Initiator as observed by the Responder (i.e. peer reflexive
   candidate).  This message is successfully delivered to the Initiator,
   and upon reception the Initiator marks the candidate pair as valid.

   In step 4, the Responder retransmits the connectivity check sent in
   the first step since it was not acknowledged yet.

   In step 5, the Initiator responds to the previous connectivity check
   message from the Responder.  The Initiator acknowledges the SEQ
   parameter from the previous message using ACK parameter and the
   ECHO_REQUEST_SIGN parameter with ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED.  In addition,
   it includes MAPPED_ADDR parameter that includes the peer reflexive
   candidate.  This response message is successfully delivered to the
   Responder, and upon reception the Initiator marks the candidate pair
   as valid.

   In step 6, despite the two hosts now having valid address candidates,
   the hosts still test the remaining address candidates in a similar
   way as in the previous steps (due to the use of normal nomination).
   It should be noted that each connectivity check has an unique
   sequence number in the SEQ parameter.

   In step 7, the Initiator has completed testing all address candidates
   and nominates one address candidate to be used.  It sends an UPDATE

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   message using the selected address candidates that includes a number
   of parameters: SEQ, ECHO_REQUEST_SIGN, CANDIDATE_PRIORITY and the
   NOMINATE parameter.

   In step 8, the Responder receives the message with NOMINATE parameter
   from the Initiator.  It sends a response that includes the NOMINATE
   parameter in addition to a number of other parameters.  The ACK and
   ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED parameters acknowledge the SEQ and
   ECHO_REQUEST_SIGN parameters from previous message from the
   Initiator.  The Responder includes SEQ and ECHO_REQUEST_SIGN
   parameters in order to receive an acknowledgment from the Responder.

   In step 9, the Initiator completes the candidate nomination process
   by confirming the message reception to the Responder.  In the
   confirmation message, the ACK and ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED parameters
   correspond to the SEQ and ECHO_REQUEST_SIGN parameters in the message
   sent by the Responder in the previous step.

   In step 10, the Initiator and Responder can start sending application
   payload over the successfully nominated address candidates.

   It is worth noting that if either host has registered a relayed
   address candidate from a data relay, the host MUST activate the
   address before connectivity checks by sending an UPDATE message
   containing PEER_PERMISSION parameter as described in Section 4.12.1.
   Otherwise, the relay drops ESP packets using the relayed address.

4.6.2.  Rules for Connectivity Checks

   The HITs of the two communicating hosts MUST be used as credentials
   in this protocol (in contrast to ICE that employs username-password
   fragments).  A HIT pair uniquely identifies the corresponding HIT
   association, and a SEQ number in an UPDATE message identifies a
   particular connectivity check.

   All of the connectivity check packets MUST be protected with HMACs
   and signatures (even though the illustrations omitted them for
   simplicity).  Each connectivity check sent by a host MUST include a
   SEQ parameter and ECHO_REQUEST_SIGN parameter, and correspondingly
   the peer MUST respond to these using ACK and ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED
   according to the rules specified in [RFC7401].

   The host sending a connectivity check should check that the response
   uses also the same pair of UDP ports.  If the UDP ports do not match,
   the host MUST drop the packet.

   A host may receive a connectivity check before it has received the
   candidates from its peer.  In such a case, the host MUST immediately

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   generate a response, and then continue waiting for the candidates.  A
   host MUST NOT select a candidate pair until it has verified the pair
   using a connectivity check as defined in section Section 4.6.1.

   [RFC7401] states that UPDATE packets have to include either a SEQ or
   ACK parameter (or both).  According to the RFC, each SEQ parameter
   should be acknowledged separately.  In the context of NATs, this
   means that some of the SEQ parameters sent in connectivity checks
   will be lost or arrive out of order.  From the viewpoint of the
   recipient, this is not a problem since the recipient will just
   "blindly" acknowledge the SEQ.  However, the sender needs to be
   prepared for lost sequence identifiers and ACKs parameters that
   arrive out of order.

   As specified in [RFC7401], an ACK parameter may acknowledge multiple
   sequence identifiers.  While the examples in the previous sections do
   not illustrate such functionality, it is also permitted when
   employing ICE-HIP-UDP mode.

   In ICE-HIP-UDP mode, a retransmission of a connectivity check SHOULD
   be sent with the same sequence identifier in the SEQ parameter.  Some
   tested address candidates will never produce a working address pair,
   and thus may cause retransmissions.  Upon successful nomination an
   address pair, a host MAY immediately stop sending such
   retransmissions.

   ICE procedures for prioritizing candidates, eliminating redundant
   candidates and forming check lists (including pruning) MUST be
   followed as specified in [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis], with the
   exception that the foundation, frozen candidates and default
   candidates are not used.  From viewpoint of the ICE specification
   [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis], the protocol specified in this document
   operates using Component ID of 1 on all candidates, and the
   foundation of all candidates is unique.  This specification defines
   only "full ICE" mode, and the "lite ICE" is not supported.  The
   reasoning behind for the missing features is described in Appendix C.

   The connectivity check messages MUST be paced by the Ta value
   negotiated during the base exchange as described in Section 4.4.  If
   neither one of the hosts announced a minimum pacing value, a value of
   20 ms SHOULD be used.

   Both hosts MUST form a priority ordered checklist and start to check
   transactions every Ta milliseconds as long as the checks are running
   and there are candidate pairs whose tests have not started.  The
   retransmission timeout (RTO) for the connectivity check UPDATE
   packets SHOULD be calculated as follows:

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      RTO = MAX (500ms, Ta * (Num-Waiting + Num-In-Progress))

   In the RTO formula, Ta is the value used for the connectivity check
   pacing, Num-Waiting is the number of pairs in the checklist in the
   "Waiting" state, and Num-In-Progress is the number of pairs in the
   "In-Progress" state.  This is identical to the formula in
   [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis] when there is only one checklist.  A
   smaller value than 500 ms for the RTO MUST NOT be used.

   Each connectivity check request packet MUST contain a
   CANDIDATE_PRIORITY parameter (see Section 5.14) with the priority
   value that would be assigned to a peer reflexive candidate if one was
   learned from the corresponding check.  An UPDATE packet that
   acknowledges a connectivity check request MUST be sent from the same
   address that received the check and delivered to the same address
   where the check was received from.  Each acknowledgment UPDATE packet
   MUST contain a MAPPED_ADDRESS parameter with the port, protocol, and
   IP address of the address where the connectivity check request was
   received from.

   Following ICE guidelines [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis], it is RECOMMENDED
   to restrict the total number of connectivity checks to 100 for each
   host association.  This can be achieved by limiting the connectivity
   checks to the 100 candidate pairs with the highest priority.

4.6.3.  Rules for Concluding Connectivity Checks

   The controlling agent may find multiple working candidate pairs.  To
   conclude the connectivity checks, it SHOULD nominate the pair with
   the highest priority.  The controlling agent MUST nominate a
   candidate pair essentially by repeating a connectivity check using an
   UPDATE message that contains a SEQ parameter (with new sequence
   number), a ECHO_REQUEST_SIGN parameter, the priority of the candidate
   in a CANDIDATE_PRIORITY parameter and NOMINATE parameter to signify
   conclusion of the connectivity checks.  Since the nominated address
   pair has already been tested for reachability, the controlled host
   should be able to receive the message.  Upon reception, the
   controlled host SHOULD select the nominated address pair.  The
   response message MUST include a SEQ parameter with a new sequence id,
   acknowledgment of the sequence from the controlling host in an ACK
   parameter, a new ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED parameter, ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED
   parameter corresponding to the ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED parameter from the
   controlling host and the NOMINATE parameter.  After sending this
   packet, the controlled host can create IPsec security associations
   using the nominated address candidate for delivering application
   payload to the controlling host.  Since the message from the
   controlled host included a new sequence id and echo request for
   signature, the controlling host MUST acknowledge this with a new

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   UPDATE message that includes an ACK and ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED
   parameters.  After this final concluding message, the controlling
   host also can create IPsec security associations for delivering
   application payload to the controlled host.

   It is possible that packets are delayed by the network.  Both hosts
   MUST continue to respond to any connectivity checks despite an
   address pair having been nominated.

   If all the connectivity checks have failed, the hosts MUST NOT send
   ESP traffic to each other but MAY continue communicating using HIP
   packets and the locators used for the base exchange.  Also, the hosts
   SHOULD notify each other about the failure with a
   CONNECTIVITY_CHECKS_FAILED NOTIFY packet (see Section 5.10).

4.7.  NAT Traversal Alternatives

4.7.1.  Minimal NAT Traversal Support

   If the Responder has a fixed and publicly reachable IPv4 address and
   does not employ a HIP relay, the explicit NAT traversal mode
   negotiation MAY be omitted, and thus even the UDP-ENCAPSULATION mode
   does not have to be negotiated.  In such a scenario, the Initiator
   sends an I1 message over UDP and the Responder responds with an R1
   message over UDP without including any NAT traversal mode parameter.
   The rest of the base exchange follows the procedures defined in
   [RFC7401], except that the control and data plane use UDP
   encapsulation.  Here, the use of UDP for NAT traversal is agreed
   implicitly.  This way of operation is still subject to NAT timeouts,
   and the hosts MUST employ NAT keepalives as defined in Section 4.10.

4.7.2.  Base Exchange without Connectivity Checks

   It is possible to run a base exchange without any connectivity checks
   as defined in section 4.8 in [RFC5770].  The procedure is applicable
   also in the context of this specification, so it is repeated here for
   completeness.

   In certain network environments, the connectivity checks can be
   omitted to reduce initial connection set-up latency because a base
   exchange acts as an implicit connectivity test itself.  For this to
   work, the Initiator MUST be able to reach the Responder by simply UDP
   encapsulating HIP and ESP packets sent to the Responder's address.
   Detecting and configuring this particular scenario is prone to
   failure unless carefully planned.

   In such a scenario, the Responder MAY include UDP-ENCAPSULATION NAT
   traversal mode as one of the supported modes in the R1 packet.  If

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   the Responder has registered to a HIP relay server, it MUST also
   include a LOCATOR_SET parameter in R1 that contains a preferred
   address where the Responder is able to receive UDP-encapsulated ESP
   and HIP packets.  This locator MUST be of type "Transport address",
   its Traffic type MUST be "both", and it MUST have the "Preferred bit"
   set (see Table 1).  If there is no such locator in R1, the source
   address of R1 is used as the Responder's preferred address.

   The Initiator MAY choose the UDP-ENCAPSULATION mode if the Responder
   listed it in the supported modes and the Initiator does not wish to
   use the connectivity checks defined in this document for searching
   for a more optimal path.  In this case, the Initiator sends the I2
   with UDP-ENCAPSULATION mode in the NAT traversal mode parameter
   directly to the Responder's preferred address (i.e., to the preferred
   locator in R1 or to the address where R1 was received from if there
   was no preferred locator in R1).  The Initiator MAY include locators
   in I2 but they MUST NOT be taken as address candidates, since
   connectivity checks defined in this document will not be used for
   connections with UDP-ENCAPSULATION NAT traversal mode.  Instead, if
   R2 and I2 are received and processed successfully, a security
   association can be created and UDP-encapsulated ESP can be exchanged
   between the hosts after the base exchange completes.  However, the
   Responder SHOULD NOT send any ESP to the Initiator's address before
   it has received data from the Initiator, as specified in Sections
   4.4.3. and 6.9 of [RFC7401] and in Sections 3.2.9 and 5.4 of
   [RFC8046].

   Since an I2 packet with UDP-ENCAPSULATION NAT traversal mode selected
   MUST NOT be sent via a relay, the Responder SHOULD reject such I2
   packets and reply with a NO_VALID_NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE_PARAMETER NOTIFY
   packet (see Section 5.10).

   If there is no answer for the I2 packet sent directly to the
   Responder's preferred address, the Initiator MAY send another I2 via
   the HIP relay server, but it MUST NOT choose UDP-ENCAPSULATION NAT
   traversal mode for that I2.

4.7.3.  Initiating a Base Exchange both with and without UDP
        Encapsulation

   It is possible to run a base exchange in parallel both with and
   without UDP encapsulation as defined in section 4.9 in [RFC5770].
   The procedure is applicable also in the context of this
   specification, so it is repeated here for completeness.

   The Initiator MAY also try to simultaneously perform a base exchange
   with the Responder without UDP encapsulation.  In such a case, the
   Initiator sends two I1 packets, one without and one with UDP

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   encapsulation, to the Responder.  The Initiator MAY wait for a while
   before sending the other I1.  How long to wait and in which order to
   send the I1 packets can be decided based on local policy.  For
   retransmissions, the procedure is repeated.

   The I1 packet without UDP encapsulation may arrive directly, without
   any relays, at the Responder.  When this happens, the procedures in
   [RFC7401] are followed for the rest of the base exchange.  The
   Initiator may receive multiple R1 packets, with and without UDP
   encapsulation, from the Responder.  However, after receiving a valid
   R1 and answering it with an I2, further R1 packets that are not
   retransmissions of the original R1 message MUST be ignored.

   The I1 packet without UDP encapsulation may also arrive at a HIP-
   capable middlebox.  When the middlebox is a HIP rendezvous server and
   the Responder has successfully registered with the rendezvous
   service, the middlebox follows rendezvous procedures in [RFC8004].

   If the Initiator receives a NAT traversal mode parameter in R1
   without UDP encapsulation, the Initiator MAY ignore this parameter
   and send an I2 without UDP encapsulation and without any selected NAT
   traversal mode.  When the Responder receives the I2 without UDP
   encapsulation and without NAT traversal mode, it will assume that no
   NAT traversal mechanism is needed.  The packet processing will be
   done as described in [RFC7401].  The Initiator MAY store the NAT
   traversal modes for future use, e.g., in case of a mobility or
   multihoming event that causes NAT traversal to be used during the
   lifetime of the HIP association.

4.8.  Sending Control Packets after the Base Exchange

   The same considerations of sending control packets after the base
   exchange described in section 5.10 in [RFC5770] apply also here, so
   they are repeated here for completeness.

   After the base exchange, the end-hosts MAY send HIP control packets
   directly to each other using the transport address pair established
   for a data channel without sending the control packets through the
   HIP relay server.  When a host does not get acknowledgments, e.g., to
   an UPDATE or CLOSE packet after a timeout based on local policies,
   the host SHOULD resend the packet through the relay, if it was listed
   in the LOCATOR_SET parameter in the base exchange.

   If control packets are sent through a HIP relay server, the host
   registered with the relay MUST utilize the RELAY_TO parameter as in
   the base exchange.  The HIP relay server SHOULD forward HIP packets
   to the registered hosts and forward packets from a registered host to
   the address in the RELAY_TO parameter.  The relay MUST add a

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   RELAY_FROM parameter to the control packets it relays to the
   registered hosts.

   If the HIP relay server is not willing or able to relay a HIP packet,
   it MAY notify the sender of the packet with MESSAGE_NOT_RELAYED error
   notification (see Section 5.10).

4.9.  Mobility Handover Procedure

   A host may move after base exchange and connectivity checks.
   Mobility extensions for HIP [RFC8046] define handover procedures
   without NATs.  In this section, we define how two hosts interact with
   handover procedures in scenarios involving NATs.  The specified
   extensions define only simple mobility using a pair of security
   associations, and multihoming extensions are left to be defined in
   later specifications.  The procedures in this section offer the same
   functionality as "ICE restart" specified in
   [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis].  The example described in this section
   shows only a relay server for the peer host for the sake of
   simplicity, but also the mobile host may also have a relay server.

   The assumption here is that the two hosts have successfully
   negotiated and chosen the ICE-HIP-UDP mode during the base exchange
   as defined in Section 4.3.  The Initiator of the base exchange MUST
   store information that it was the controlling host during the base
   exchange.  Similarly, the Responder MUST store information that it
   was the controlled host during the base exchange.

   Prior to starting the handover procedures with all peer hosts, the
   mobile host SHOULD first send UPDATE messages to its HIP and data
   relays if it has registered to such.  It SHOULD wait for all of them
   to respond for two minutes and then continue with the handover
   procedure without information from the relays that did not respond.
   As defined in section Section 4.1, a response message from a relay
   includes a REG_FROM parameter that describes the server reflexive
   candidate of the mobile host to be used in the candidate exchange
   during the handover.  Similarly, an UPDATE to a data relay is
   necessary to make sure the data relay can forward data to the correct
   IP address after a handoff.

   The mobility extensions for NAT traversal are illustrated in
   Figure 6.  The mobile host is the host that has changed its locators,
   and the peer host is the host it has a host association with.  The
   mobile host may have multiple peers and it repeats the process with
   all of its peers.  In the figure, the HIP relay belongs to the peer
   host, i.e., the peer host is a relay client for the HIP relay.  Next,
   we describe the procedure in the figure in detail.

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   Mobile Host                       HIP relay                 Peer Host
   | 1. UDP(UPDATE(ESP_INFO,          |                                |
   |          LOC_SET, SEQ))          |                                |
   +--------------------------------->| 2. UDP(UPDATE(ESP_INFO,        |
   |                                  |          LOC_SET, SEQ,         |
   |                                  |          RELAY_FROM))          |
   |                                  +------------------------------->|
   |                                  |                                |
   |                                  | 3. UDP(UPDATE(ESP_INFO, ACK,   |
   |                                  |          ECHO_REQ_SIGN))       |
   | 4. UDP(UPDATE(ESP_INFO, ACK,     |<-------------------------------+
   |          ECHO_REQ_SIGN,          |                                |
   |          RELAY_TO))              |                                |
   |<---------------------------------+                                |
   |                                  |                                |
   |                   5. connectivity checks over UDP                 |
   +<----------------------------------------------------------------->+
   |                                  |                                |
   |                      6. ESP data over UDP                         |
   +<----------------------------------------------------------------->+
   |                                  |                                |

                      Figure 6: HIP UPDATE procedure

   In step 1, the mobile host has changed location and sends a location
   update to its peer through the HIP relay of the peer.  It sends an
   UPDATE packet with source HIT belonging to itself and destination HIT
   belonging to the peer host.  In the packet, the source IP address
   belongs to the mobile host and the destination to the HIP relay.  The
   packet contains an ESP_INFO parameter, where, in this case, the OLD
   SPI and NEW SPI parameters both contain the pre-existing incoming
   SPI.  The packet also contains the locators of the mobile host in a
   LOCATOR_SET parameter.  The packet contains also a SEQ number to be
   acknowledged by the peer.  As specified in [RFC8046], the packet may
   also include a HOST_ID (for middlebox inspection) and DIFFIE_HELLMAN
   parameter for rekeying.

   In step 2, the HIP relay receives the UPDATE packet and forwards it
   to the peer host (i.e. relay client).  The HIP relay rewrites the
   destination IP address and appends a RELAY_FROM parameter to the
   message.

   In step 3, the peer host receives the UPDATE packet, processes it and
   responds with another UPDATE message.  The message is destined to the
   HIT of mobile host and to the IP address of the HIP relay.  The
   message includes an ESP_INFO parameter where, in this case, the OLD
   SPI and NEW SPI parameters both contain the pre-existing incoming

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   SPI.  The peer includes a new SEQ and ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED parameters
   to be acknowledged by the mobile host.  The message acknowledges the
   SEQ parameter of the earlier message with an ACK parameter.  After
   this step, the peer host can initiate the connectivity checks.

   In step 4, the HIP relay receives the message, rewrites the
   destination IP address, appends an RELAY_TO parameter and forwards
   the modified message to the mobile host.  When mobile host has
   processed the message successfully, it can initiate the connectivity
   checks.

   In step 5, the two hosts test for connectivity across NATs according
   to procedures described in Section 4.6.  The original Initiator of
   the communications is the controlling and the original Responder is
   the controlled host.

   In step 6, the connectivity checks are successfully completed and the
   controlling host has nominated one address pair to be used.  The
   hosts set up security associations to deliver the application
   payload.

   If either host has registered a relayed address candidate from a data
   relay, the host MUST reactivate the address before connectivity
   checks by sending an UPDATE message containing PEER_PERMISSION
   parameter as described in Section 4.12.1.  Otherwise, the relay drops
   ESP packets using the relayed address.

4.10.  NAT Keepalives

   To prevent NAT states from expiring, communicating hosts send
   periodic keepalives to other hosts with which they have established a
   host associating.  Both a registered client and relay server SHOULD
   send HIP NOTIFY packets to each other every 15 seconds (the so called
   Tr value in ICE) unless they have exchange some other traffic over
   the used UDP ports.  Other values MAY be used, but a Tr value smaller
   than 15 seconds MUST NOT be used.  Likewise, if a host has not sent
   any data to another host it has established a host association in the
   ICE-HIP_UDP mode within 15 seconds, it MUST send either a HIP NOTIFY
   packet or, alternatively, an ICMPv6 echo request inside the related
   ESP tunnel.  If the base exchange or mobility handover procedure
   occurs during an extremely slow path, a host MAY also send HIP NOTIFY
   packet every 15 seconds to keep the path active with the recipient.

4.11.  Closing Procedure

   The two-way procedure for closing a HIP association and the related
   security associations is defined in [RFC7401].  One host initiates
   the procedure by sending a CLOSE message and the recipient confirms

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   it with CLOSE_ACK.  All packets are protected using HMACs and
   signatures, and the CLOSE messages includes a ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED
   parameter to protect against replay attacks.

   The same procedure for closing HIP associations applies also here,
   but the messaging occurs using the UDP encapsulated tunnel that the
   two hosts employ.  A host sending the CLOSE message SHOULD first send
   the message over a direct link.  After a number of retransmissions,
   it MUST send over a HIP relay of the recipient if one exists.  The
   host receiving the CLOSE message directly without a relay SHOULD
   respond directly.  If CLOSE message came via a relay, the host SHOULD
   respond using the same relay.

4.12.  Relaying Considerations

4.12.1.  Forwarding Rules and Permissions

   The HIP data relay uses a similar permission model as a TURN server:
   before the data relay forwards any ESP data packets from a peer to a
   registered host (or the other direction), the client MUST set a
   permission for the peer's address.  The permissions also install a
   forwarding rule for each direction, similar to TURN's channels, based
   on the Security Parameter Index (SPI) values in the ESP packets.

   Permissions are not required for HIP control packets.  However, if a
   relayed address (as conveyed in the RELAYED_ADDRESS parameter from
   the data relay) is selected to be used for data, the registered host
   MUST send an UPDATE message to the data relay containing a
   PEER_PERMISSION parameter (see Section 5.13) with the address of the
   peer, and the outbound and inbound SPI values the registered host is
   using with this particular peer.  To avoid packet dropping of ESP
   packets, the registered host SHOULD send the PEER_PERMISSION
   parameter before connectivity checks both in the case of base
   exchange and a mobility handover.  It is worth noting that the UPDATE
   message includes a SEQ parameter (as specified in [RFC7401]) that the
   data relay must acknowledge, so that the registered host can resend
   the message with PEER_PERMISSION parameter if it gets lost.

   When a data relay receives an UPDATE with a PEER_PERMISSION
   parameter, it MUST check if the sender of the UPDATE is registered
   for data relaying service, and drop the UPDATE if the host was not
   registered.  If the host was registered, the relay checks if there is
   a permission with matching information (address, protocol, port and
   SPI values).  If there is no such permission, a new permission MUST
   be created and its lifetime MUST be set to 5 minutes.  If an
   identical permission already existed, it MUST be refreshed by setting
   the lifetime to 5 minutes.  A registered host SHOULD refresh

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   permissions 1 minute before the expiration when the permission is
   still needed.

   When a data relay receives an UPDATE from a registered client but
   without a PEER_PERMISSION parameter and with a new locator set, the
   relay can assume that the mobile host has changed its location and,
   thus, is not reachable in its previous location.  In such an event,
   the data relay SHOULD deactivate the permission and stop relaying
   data plane traffic to the client.

   The relayed address MUST be activated with the PEER_PERMISSION
   parameter both after a base exchange and after a handover procedure
   with another ICE-HIP-UDP capable host.  Unless activated, the data
   relay MUST drop all ESP packets.  It is worth noting that a relay
   client does not have to renew its registration upon a change of
   location UPDATE, but only when the lifetime of the registration is
   close to end.

4.12.2.  HIP Data Relay and Relaying of Control Packets

   When a HIP data relay accepts to relay UDP encapsulated ESP between a
   registered host and its peer, the relay opens a UDP port (relayed
   address) for this purpose as described in Section 4.1.  This port can
   be used for delivering also control packets because connectivity
   checks also cover the path through the data relay.  If the data relay
   receives a UDP encapsulated HIP control packet on that port, it MUST
   forward the packet to the registered host and add a RELAY_FROM
   parameter to the packet as if the data relay were acting as a HIP
   relay server.  When the registered host replies to a control packet
   with a RELAY_FROM parameter via its relay, the registered host MUST
   add a RELAY_TO parameter containing the peer's address and use the
   address of its data relay as the destination address.  Further, the
   data relay MUST send this packet to the peer's address from the
   relayed address.

   If the data relay receives a UDP packet that is not a HIP control
   packet to the relayed address, it MUST check if it has a permission
   set for the peer the packet is arriving from (i.e., the sender's
   address and SPI value matches to an installed permission).  If
   permissions are set, the data relay MUST forward the packet to the
   registered host that created the permission.  The data relay MUST
   also implement the similar checks for the reverse direction (i.e.
   ESP packets from the registered host to the peer).  Packets without a
   permission MUST be dropped silently.

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4.12.3.  Handling Conflicting SPI Values

   The inbound SPI values of the registered clients should be unique so
   that a data relay can properly demultiplex incoming packets from peer
   hosts to the correct registered clients.  Likewise, the inbound SPIs
   of the peer hosts should be unique for the same reason.  These two
   cases are discussed in this section separately.

   In first case, the SPI collision problem occurs when two Initiators
   run a base exchange to the same Responder (i.e. registered host), and
   both the Initiators claim the same inbound SPI.  This is not a
   problem for Responder since the two Initiators can be distinguished
   by their transport addresses.  However, it is an issue for the data
   relay because the it cannot demultiplex packets from the Initiator to
   the correct Responder.  Thus, upon receiving an I2 with a colliding
   SPI, the Responder MUST NOT include the relayed address candidate in
   the R2 message because the data relay would not be able demultiplex
   the related ESP packet to the correct Initiator.  The same applies
   also the handover procedure; the registered host MUST NOT include the
   relayed address candidate when sending its new locator set in an
   UPDATE to its peer if it would cause a SPI conflict with another
   peer.  Since the SPI space is 32 bits and the SPI values should be
   random, the probability for a conflicting SPI value is fairly small.
   However, a registered host with many peers MAY proactively decrease
   the odds of a conflict by registering to multiple data relays.  The
   described collision scenario can be avoided if the Responder delivers
   a new relayed address candidate upon SPI collisions.  Each relayed
   address has a separate UDP port reserved to it, so the relay can
   demultiplex properly conflicting SPIs of the Initiators based on the
   SPI and port number towards the correct Responder.

   In the second case, the SPI collision problems occurs if two hosts
   have registered to the same data relay and a third host initiates
   base exchange with both of them.  In this case, the data relay has
   allocated separate UDP ports for the two registered hosts acting now
   as Responders.  When the Responders send identical SPI values in
   their I2 messages via the relay, the relay can properly deliver the
   message to the correct Responder because the UDP ports are different.

5.  Packet Formats

   The following subsections define the parameter and packet encodings
   for the HIP and ESP packets.  All values MUST be in network byte
   order.

   It is worth noting that most of the parameters are shown for the sake
   of completeness even though they are specified already in [RFC5770].
   New parameters are explicitly described as new.

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5.1.  HIP Control Packets

   Figure 7 illustrates the packet format for UDP-encapsulated HIP.  The
   format is identical to [RFC5770].

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |        Source Port            |       Destination Port        |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |           Length              |           Checksum            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                       32 bits of zeroes                       |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     ~                    HIP Header and Parameters                  ~
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

         Figure 7: Format of UDP-Encapsulated HIP Control Packets

   HIP control packets are encapsulated in UDP packets as defined in
   Section 2.2 of [RFC3948], "IKE Header Format for Port 4500", except
   that a different port number is used.  Figure 7 illustrates the
   encapsulation.  The UDP header is followed by 32 zero bits that can
   be used to differentiate HIP control packets from ESP packets.  The
   HIP header and parameters follow the conventions of [RFC7401] with
   the exception that the HIP header checksum MUST be zero.  The HIP
   header checksum is zero for two reasons.  First, the UDP header
   already contains a checksum.  Second, the checksum definition in
   [RFC7401] includes the IP addresses in the checksum calculation.  The
   NATs that are unaware of HIP cannot recompute the HIP checksum after
   changing IP addresses.

   A HIP relay server or a Responder without a relay SHOULD listen at
   UDP port 10500 for incoming UDP-encapsulated HIP control packets.  If
   some other port number is used, it needs to be known by potential
   Initiators.

5.2.  Connectivity Checks

   HIP connectivity checks are HIP UPDATE packets.  The format is
   specified in [RFC7401].

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5.3.  Keepalives

   The keepalives are either HIP NOTIFY packets as specified in
   [RFC7401] or ICMPv6 packets inside the ESP tunnel.

5.4.  NAT Traversal Mode Parameter

   The format of NAT traversal mode parameter is borrowed from
   [RFC5770].  The format of the NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE parameter is similar
   to the format of the ESP_TRANSFORM parameter in [RFC7402] and is
   shown in Figure 8.  This specification defines the traversal mode
   identifier for ICE-HIP-UDP and reuses the UDP-ENCAPSULATION mode from
   [RFC5770].  The identifier named RESERVED is reserved for future use.
   Future specifications may define more traversal modes.

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Type              |             Length            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |           Reserved            |            Mode ID #1         |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |           Mode ID #2          |            Mode ID #3         |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |           Mode ID #n          |             Padding           |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

     Type       608
     Length     length in octets, excluding Type, Length, and padding
     Reserved   zero when sent, ignored when received
     Mode ID    defines the proposed or selected NAT traversal mode(s)

     The following NAT traversal mode IDs are defined:

         ID name            Value
         RESERVED             0
         UDP-ENCAPSULATION    1
         ICE-HIP-UDP          3

           Figure 8: Format of the NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE Parameter

   The sender of a NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE parameter MUST make sure that
   there are no more than six (6) Mode IDs in one NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE
   parameter.  Conversely, a recipient MUST be prepared to handle
   received NAT traversal mode parameters that contain more than six
   Mode IDs by accepting the first six Mode IDs and dropping the rest.
   The limited number of Mode IDs sets the maximum size of the

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   NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE parameter.  The modes MUST be in preference order,
   most preferred mode(s) first.

   Implementations conforming to this specification MUST implement both
   UDP-ENCAPSULATION and ICE-HIP-UDP modes.

5.5.  Connectivity Check Transaction Pacing Parameter

   The TRANSACTION_PACING is a new parameter, and it shown in Figure 9
   contains only the connectivity check pacing value, expressed in
   milliseconds, as a 32-bit unsigned integer.

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Type              |             Length            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                            Min Ta                             |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

     Type     610
     Length   4
     Min Ta   the minimum connectivity check transaction pacing
              value the host would use (in milliseconds)

           Figure 9: Format of the TRANSACTION_PACING Parameter

5.6.  Relay and Registration Parameters

   The format of the REG_FROM, RELAY_FROM, and RELAY_TO parameters is
   shown in Figure 10.  All parameters are identical except for the
   type.  REG_FROM is the only parameter covered with the signature.

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      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Type              |             Length            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Port              |    Protocol   |     Reserved  |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     |                            Address                            |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

     Type       REG_FROM:   950
                RELAY_FROM: 63998
                RELAY_TO:   64002
     Length     20
     Port       transport port number; zero when plain IP is used
     Protocol   IANA assigned, Internet Protocol number.
                17 for UDP, 0 for plain IP
     Reserved   reserved for future use; zero when sent, ignored
                when received
     Address    an IPv6 address or an IPv4 address in "IPv4-Mapped
                IPv6 address" format

        Figure 10: Format of the REG_FROM, RELAY_FROM, and RELAY_TO
                                Parameters

   REG_FROM contains the transport address and protocol from which the
   HIP relay server sees the registration coming.  RELAY_FROM contains
   the address from which the relayed packet was received by the relay
   server and the protocol that was used.  RELAY_TO contains the same
   information about the address to which a packet should be forwarded.

5.7.  LOCATOR_SET Parameter

   This specification reuses the format for UDP-based locators specified
   in [RFC5770] to be used for communicating the address candidates
   between two hosts.  The generic and NAT-traversal-specific locator
   parameters are illustrated in Figure 11.

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      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Type              |            Length             |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     | Traffic Type  |  Locator Type | Locator Length|  Reserved   |P|
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                       Locator Lifetime                        |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                            Locator                            |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     .                                                               .
     .                                                               .
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     | Traffic Type  |  Loc Type = 2 | Locator Length|  Reserved   |P|
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                       Locator Lifetime                        |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |     Transport Port            |  Transp. Proto|     Kind      |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                           Priority                            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                              SPI                              |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                            Address                            |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                     Figure 11: LOCATOR_SET Parameter

   The individual fields in the LOCATOR_SET parameter are described in
   Table 1.

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   +-----------+----------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Field     | Value(s) | Purpose                                    |
   +-----------+----------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Type      | 193      | Parameter type                             |
   | Length    | Variable | Length in octets, excluding Type and       |
   |           |          | Length fields and padding                  |
   | Traffic   | 0-2      | Is the locator for HIP signaling (1), for  |
   | Type      |          | ESP (2), or for both (0)                   |
   | Locator   | 2        | "Transport address" locator type           |
   | Type      |          |                                            |
   | Locator   | 7        | Length of the fields after Locator         |
   | Length    |          | Lifetime in 4-octet units                  |
   | Reserved  | 0        | Reserved for future extensions             |
   | Preferred | 0 or 1   | Set to 1 for a Locator in R1 if the        |
   | (P) bit   |          | Responder can use it for the rest of the   |
   |           |          | base exchange, otherwise set to zero       |
   | Locator   | Variable | Locator lifetime in seconds                |
   | Lifetime  |          |                                            |
   | Transport | Variable | Transport layer port number                |
   | Port      |          |                                            |
   | Transport | Variable | IANA assigned, transport layer Internet    |
   | Protocol  |          | Protocol number.  Currently only UDP (17)  |
   |           |          | is supported.                              |
   | Kind      | Variable | 0 for host, 1 for server reflexive, 2 for  |
   |           |          | peer reflexive or 3 for relayed address    |
   | Priority  | Variable | Locator's priority as described in         |
   |           |          | [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis]. It is worth     |
   |           |          | noting that while the priority of a single |
   |           |          | locator candidate is 32-bits, but an       |
   |           |          | implementation should use a 64-bit integer |
   |           |          | to calculate the priority of a candidate   |
   |           |          | pair for the ICE priority algorithm.       |
   | SPI       | Variable | Security Parameter Index (SPI) value that  |
   |           |          | the host expects to see in incoming ESP    |
   |           |          | packets that use this locator              |
   | Address   | Variable | IPv6 address or an "IPv4-Mapped IPv6       |
   |           |          | address" format IPv4 address [RFC4291]     |
   +-----------+----------+--------------------------------------------+

               Table 1: Fields of the LOCATOR_SET Parameter

5.8.  RELAY_HMAC Parameter

   As specified in [RFC5770], the RELAY_HMAC parameter value has the TLV
   type 65520.  It has the same semantics as RVS_HMAC [RFC8004].

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5.9.  Registration Types

   The REG_INFO, REG_REQ, REG_RESP, and REG_FAILED parameters contain
   Registration Type [RFC8003] values for HIP relay server registration.
   The value for RELAY_UDP_HIP is 2 as specified in [RFC5770].

5.10.  Notify Packet Types

   A HIP relay server and end-hosts can use NOTIFY packets to signal
   different error conditions.  The NOTIFY packet types are the same as
   in [RFC5770].

   The Notify Packet Types [RFC7401] are shown below.  The Notification
   Data field for the error notifications SHOULD contain the HIP header
   of the rejected packet and SHOULD be empty for the
   CONNECTIVITY_CHECKS_FAILED type.

   NOTIFICATION PARAMETER - ERROR TYPES     Value
   ------------------------------------     -----

   NO_VALID_NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE_PARAMETER      60

      If a HIP relay server does not forward a base exchange packet due
      to missing NAT traversal mode parameter, or the Initiator selects
      a NAT traversal mode that the Responder did not expect, the relay
      or the Responder may send back a NOTIFY error packet with this
      type.

   CONNECTIVITY_CHECKS_FAILED                 61

      Used by the end-hosts to signal that NAT traversal connectivity
      checks failed and did not produce a working path.

   MESSAGE_NOT_RELAYED                        62

      Used by a HIP relay server to signal that is was not able or
      willing to relay a HIP packet.

5.11.  ESP Data Packets

   The format for ESP data packets is identical to [RFC5770].

   [RFC3948] describes the UDP encapsulation of the IPsec ESP transport
   and tunnel mode.  On the wire, the HIP ESP packets do not differ from
   the transport mode ESP, and thus the encapsulation of the HIP ESP
   packets is same as the UDP encapsulation transport mode ESP.
   However, the (semantic) difference to Bound End-to-End Tunnel (BEET)

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   mode ESP packets used by HIP is that IP header is not used in BEET
   integrity protection calculation.

   During the HIP base exchange, the two peers exchange parameters that
   enable them to define a pair of IPsec ESP security associations (SAs)
   as described in [RFC7402].  When two peers perform a UDP-encapsulated
   base exchange, they MUST define a pair of IPsec SAs that produces
   UDP-encapsulated ESP data traffic.

   The management of encryption/authentication protocols and SPIs is
   defined in [RFC7402].  The UDP encapsulation format and processing of
   HIP ESP traffic is described in Section 6.1 of [RFC7402].

5.12.  RELAYED_ADDRESS and MAPPED_ADDRESS Parameters

   While the type values are new, the format of the RELAYED_ADDRESS and
   MAPPED_ADDRESS parameters (Figure 12) is identical to REG_FROM,
   RELAY_FROM and RELAY_TO parameters.  This document specifies only the
   use of UDP relaying, and, thus, only protocol 17 is allowed.
   However, future documents may specify support for other protocols.

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Type              |             Length            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Port              |    Protocol   |    Reserved   |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     |                            Address                            |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

     Type      [TBD by IANA;
               RELAYED_ADDRESS: 4650
               MAPPED_ADDRESS:  4660]
     Length    20
     Port      the UDP port number
     Protocol  IANA assigned, Internet Protocol number (17 for UDP)
     Reserved  reserved for future use; zero when sent, ignored
               when received
     Address   an IPv6 address or an IPv4 address in "IPv4-Mapped
               IPv6 address" format

        Figure 12: Format of the RELAYED_ADDRESS and MAPPED_ADDRESS
                                Parameters

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5.13.  PEER_PERMISSION Parameter

   The format of the new PEER_PERMISSION parameter is shown in
   Figure 13.  The parameter is used for setting up and refreshing
   forwarding rules and the permissions for data packets at the data
   relay.  The parameter contains one or more sets of Port, Protocol,
   Address, Outbound SPI (OSPI), and Inbound SPI (ISPI) values.  One set
   defines a rule for one peer address.

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Type              |             Length            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Port              |    Protocol   |    Reserved   |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     |                             Address                           |
     |                                                               |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                              OSPI                             |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                              ISPI                             |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     |                              ...                              |
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

     Type      [TBD by IANA; 4680]
     Length    length in octets, excluding Type and Length
     Port      the transport layer (UDP) port number of the peer
     Protocol  IANA assigned, Internet Protocol number (17 for UDP)
     Reserved  reserved for future use; zero when sent, ignored
               when received
     Address   an IPv6 address, or an IPv4 address in "IPv4-Mapped
               IPv6 address" format, of the peer
     OSPI      the outbound SPI value the registered host is using for
               the peer with the Address and Port
     ISPI      the inbound SPI value the registered host is using for
               the peer with the Address and Port

            Figure 13: Format of the PEER_PERMISSION Parameter

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5.14.  HIP Connectivity Check Packets

   The connectivity request messages are HIP UPDATE packets containing a
   new CANDIDATE_PRIORITY parameter (Figure 14).  Response UPDATE
   packets contain a MAPPED_ADDRESS parameter (Figure 12).

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Type              |             Length            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                            Priority                           |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

     Type      [TBD by IANA; 4700]
     Length    4
     Priority  the priority of a (potential) peer reflexive candidate

           Figure 14: Format of the CANDIDATE_PRIORITY Parameter

5.15.  NOMINATE parameter

   Figure 15 shows the NOMINATE parameter that is used to conclude the
   candidate nomination process.

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |             Type              |             Length            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                           Reserved                            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

     Type      [TBD by IANA; 4710]
     Length    4
     Reserved  Reserved for future extension purposes

                Figure 15: Format of the NOMINATE Parameter

6.  Security Considerations

   The security considerations are the same as in [RFC5770], but are
   repeated here for the sake of completeness.

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6.1.  Privacy Considerations

   The locators are in plain text format in favor of inspection at HIP-
   aware middleboxes in the future.  The current document does not
   specify encrypted versions of LOCATOR_SETs, even though it could be
   beneficial for privacy reasons to avoid disclosing them to
   middleboxes.

   It is also possible that end-users may not want to reveal all
   locators to each other.  For example, tracking the physical location
   of a multihoming end-host may become easier if it reveals all
   locators to its peer during a base exchange.  Also, revealing host
   addresses exposes information about the local topology that may not
   be allowed in all corporate environments.  For these two reasons, an
   end-host may exclude certain host addresses from its LOCATOR_SET
   parameter.  However, such behavior creates non-optimal paths when the
   hosts are located behind the same NAT.  Especially, this could be
   problematic with a legacy NAT that does not support routing from the
   private address realm back to itself through the outer address of the
   NAT.  This scenario is referred to as the hairpin problem [RFC5128].
   With such a legacy NAT, the only option left would be to use a
   relayed transport address from a TURN server.

   The use of HIP and data relays can be also useful for privacy
   purposes.  For example, a privacy concerned Responder may reveal only
   its HIP relay server and Relayed candidates to Initiators.  This same
   mechanism also protects the Responder against Denial-of-Service (DoS)
   attacks by allowing the Responder to initiate new connections even if
   its relays would be unavailable due to a DoS attack.

6.2.  Opportunistic Mode

   A HIP relay server should have one address per relay client when a
   HIP relay is serving more than one relay client and supports
   opportunistic mode.  Otherwise, it cannot be guaranteed that the HIP
   relay server can deliver the I1 packet to the intended recipient.

6.3.  Base Exchange Replay Protection for HIP Relay Server

   In certain scenarios, it is possible that an attacker, or two
   attackers, can replay an earlier base exchange through a HIP relay
   server by masquerading as the original Initiator and Responder.  The
   attack does not require the attacker(s) to compromise the private
   key(s) of the attacked host(s).  However, for this attack to succeed,
   the Responder has to be disconnected from the HIP relay server.

   The relay can protect itself against replay attacks by becoming
   involved in the base exchange by introducing nonces that the end-

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   hosts (Initiator and Responder) are required to sign.  One way to do
   this is to add ECHO_REQUEST_M parameters to the R1 and I2 packets as
   described in [HIP-MIDDLE] and drop the I2 or R2 packets if the
   corresponding ECHO_RESPONSE_M parameters are not present.

6.4.  Demultiplexing Different HIP Associations

   Section 5.1 of [RFC3948] describes a security issue for the UDP
   encapsulation in the standard IP tunnel mode when two hosts behind
   different NATs have the same private IP address and initiate
   communication to the same Responder in the public Internet.  The
   Responder cannot distinguish between two hosts, because security
   associations are based on the same inner IP addresses.

   This issue does not exist with the UDP encapsulation of HIP ESP
   transport format because the Responder uses HITs to distinguish
   between different Initiators.

6.5.  Reuse of Ports at the Data Relay

   If the data relay uses the same relayed address and port (as conveyed
   in the RELAYED_ADDRESS parameter) for multiple registered hosts, it
   appears to all the peers, and their firewalls, that all the
   registered hosts using the relay are at the same address.  Thus, a
   stateful firewall may allow packets pass from hosts that would not
   normally be able to send packets to a peer behind the firewall.
   Therefore, a HIP data relay SHOULD NOT re-use the port numbers.  If
   port numbers need to be re-used, the relay SHOULD have a sufficiently
   large pool of port numbers and select ports from the pool randomly to
   decrease the chances of a registered host obtaining the same address
   that a another host behind the same firewall is using.

6.6.  Amplification attacks

   A malicious host may send an invalid list of candidates for its peer
   that are used for targeting a victim host by flooding it with
   connectivity checks.  To mitigate the attack, this protocol adopts
   the ICE mechanism to cap the total amount of connectivity checks as
   defined in section Section 4.7.

6.7.  Attacks against Connectivity Checks and Candidate Gathering

   Section 13.1 in [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis] discusses about attacks
   against ICE connectivity checks.  HIP bases its control plane
   security on Diffie-Hellman key exchange, public keys and Hashed
   Message Authentication codes, meaning that the mentioned security
   concerns do not apply to HIP either.  The mentioned section discusses
   also of man-in-the-middle replay attacks that are difficult to

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   prevent.  The connectivity checks in this protocol are immune against
   replay attacks because a connectivity request includes a random nonce
   that the recipient must sign and send back as a response.

   Section 13.2 in [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis] discusses attacks on server
   reflexive address gathering.  Similarly here, if the DNS, a HIP relay
   or a HIP data relay server has been compromised, not much can be
   done.  However, the case where attacker can inject fake messages
   (located on a shared network segment like Wifi) does not apply here.
   HIP messages are integrity and replay protected, so it is not
   possible inject fake server reflexive address candidates.

   Section 13.3 in [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis] discusses attacks on
   relayed candidate gathering.  Similarly to ICE TURN servers, data
   relays require an authenticated base exchange that protects relayed
   address gathering against fake requests and responses.  Further,
   replay attacks are not possible because the HIP base exchange (and
   also UPDATE procedure) is protected against replay attacks.

7.  IANA Considerations

   This section is to be interpreted according to [RFC5226].

   This document updates the IANA Registry for HIP Parameter Types
   [RFC7401] by assigning new HIP Parameter Type values for the new HIP
   Parameters: RELAYED_ADDRESS, MAPPED_ADDRESS (defined in
   Section 5.12), and PEER_PERMISSION (defined in Section 5.13).

   This document also updates the IANA Registry for HIP NAT traversal
   modes [RFC5770] by assigning value for the NAT traversal mode ICE-
   HIP-UDP (defined in Section 5.4).

   This document defines additional registration types for the HIP
   Registration Extension [RFC8003] that allow registering with a HIP
   relay server for ESP relaying service: RELAY_UDP_ESP (defined in
   Section 4.1; and performing server reflexive candidate discovery:
   CANDIDATE_DISCOVERY (defined in Section 4.2).

   ICE specifications discuss "Unilateral Self-Address Fixing" in
   section 17 in [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis].  This protocol is based on
   ICE, and thus the same considerations apply also here with one
   exception: this protocol does not hide binary IP addresses from
   application-level gateways.

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8.  Contributors

   Marcelo Bagnulo, Philip Matthews and Hannes Tschofenig have
   contributed to [RFC5770].  This document leans heavily on the work in
   the RFC.

9.  Acknowledgments

   Thanks to Jonathan Rosenberg and the rest of the MMUSIC WG folks for
   the excellent work on ICE.  In addition, the authors would like to
   thank Andrei Gurtov, Simon Schuetz, Martin Stiemerling, Lars Eggert,
   Vivien Schmitt, and Abhinav Pathak for their contributions and Tobias
   Heer, Teemu Koponen, Juhana Mattila, Jeffrey M.  Ahrenholz, Kristian
   Slavov, Janne Lindqvist, Pekka Nikander, Lauri Silvennoinen, Jukka
   Ylitalo, Juha Heinanen, Joakim Koskela, Samu Varjonen, Dan Wing, Tom
   Henderson, and Jani Hautakorpi for their comments to [RFC5770], which
   is the basis for this document.

   This work has been partially funded by CyberTrust programme by
   Digile/Tekes in Finland.

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7401]  Moskowitz, R., Ed., Heer, T., Jokela, P., and T.
              Henderson, "Host Identity Protocol Version 2 (HIPv2)",
              RFC 7401, DOI 10.17487/RFC7401, April 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7401>.

   [RFC8003]  Laganier, J. and L. Eggert, "Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
              Registration Extension", RFC 8003, DOI 10.17487/RFC8003,
              October 2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8003>.

   [RFC8004]  Laganier, J. and L. Eggert, "Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
              Rendezvous Extension", RFC 8004, DOI 10.17487/RFC8004,
              October 2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8004>.

   [RFC8046]  Henderson, T., Ed., Vogt, C., and J. Arkko, "Host Mobility
              with the Host Identity Protocol", RFC 8046,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8046, February 2017,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8046>.

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   [RFC5770]  Komu, M., Henderson, T., Tschofenig, H., Melen, J., and A.
              Keranen, Ed., "Basic Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
              Extensions for Traversal of Network Address Translators",
              RFC 5770, DOI 10.17487/RFC5770, April 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5770>.

   [RFC5389]  Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., Matthews, P., and D. Wing,
              "Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)", RFC 5389,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5389, October 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5389>.

   [RFC7402]  Jokela, P., Moskowitz, R., and J. Melen, "Using the
              Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Transport Format with
              the Host Identity Protocol (HIP)", RFC 7402,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7402, April 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7402>.

   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
              2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5226, May 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5226>.

   [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis]
              Keranen, A., Holmberg, C., and J. Rosenberg, "Interactive
              Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network
              Address Translator (NAT) Traversal", draft-ietf-ice-
              rfc5245bis-08 (work in progress), December 2016.

10.2.  Informative References

   [RFC4423]  Moskowitz, R. and P. Nikander, "Host Identity Protocol
              (HIP) Architecture", RFC 4423, DOI 10.17487/RFC4423, May
              2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4423>.

   [RFC5201]  Moskowitz, R., Nikander, P., Jokela, P., Ed., and T.
              Henderson, "Host Identity Protocol", RFC 5201,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5201, April 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5201>.

   [RFC5207]  Stiemerling, M., Quittek, J., and L. Eggert, "NAT and
              Firewall Traversal Issues of Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
              Communication", RFC 5207, DOI 10.17487/RFC5207, April
              2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5207>.

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   [RFC5766]  Mahy, R., Matthews, P., and J. Rosenberg, "Traversal Using
              Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session
              Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)", RFC 5766,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5766, April 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5766>.

   [RFC6538]  Henderson, T. and A. Gurtov, "The Host Identity Protocol
              (HIP) Experiment Report", RFC 6538, DOI 10.17487/RFC6538,
              March 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6538>.

   [MMUSIC-ICE]
              Rosenberg, J., "Guidelines for Usage of Interactive
              Connectivity Establishment (ICE) by non Session Initiation
              Protocol (SIP) Protocols", Work in Progress, July 2008.

   [RFC5128]  Srisuresh, P., Ford, B., and D. Kegel, "State of Peer-to-
              Peer (P2P) Communication across Network Address
              Translators (NATs)", RFC 5128, DOI 10.17487/RFC5128, March
              2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5128>.

   [HIP-MIDDLE]
              Heer, T., Wehrle, K., and M. Komu, "End-Host
              Authentication for HIP Middleboxes", Work in Progress,
              February 2009.

   [RFC3948]  Huttunen, A., Swander, B., Volpe, V., DiBurro, L., and M.
              Stenberg, "UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets",
              RFC 3948, DOI 10.17487/RFC3948, January 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3948>.

Appendix A.  Selecting a Value for Check Pacing

   Selecting a suitable value for the connectivity check transaction
   pacing is essential for the performance of connectivity check-based
   NAT traversal.  The value should not be so small that the checks
   cause network congestion or overwhelm the NATs.  On the other hand, a
   pacing value that is too high makes the checks last for a long time,
   thus increasing the connection setup delay.

   The Ta value may be configured by the user in environments where the
   network characteristics are known beforehand.  However, if the
   characteristics are not known, it is recommended that the value is
   adjusted dynamically.  In this case, it is recommended that the hosts
   estimate the round-trip time (RTT) between them and set the minimum
   Ta value so that only two connectivity check messages are sent on
   every RTT.

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   One way to estimate the RTT is to use the time that it takes for the
   HIP relay server registration exchange to complete; this would give
   an estimate on the registering host's access link's RTT.  Also, the
   I1/R1 exchange could be used for estimating the RTT, but since the R1
   can be cached in the network, or the relaying service can increase
   the delay notably, this is not recommended.

Appendix B.  Base Exchange through a Rendezvous Server

   When the Initiator looks up the information of the Responder from
   DNS, it is possible that it discovers a rendezvous server (RVS)
   record [RFC8004].  In this case, if the Initiator uses NAT traversal
   methods described in this document, it MAY use its own HIP relay
   server to forward HIP traffic to the rendezvous server.  The
   Initiator will send the I1 packet using its HIP relay server, which
   will then forward it to the RVS server of the Responder.  In this
   case, the value of the protocol field in the RELAY_TO parameter MUST
   be IP since RVS does not support UDP-encapsulated base exchange
   packets.  The Responder will send the R1 packet directly to the
   Initiator's HIP relay server and the following I2 and R2 packets are
   also sent directly using the relay.

   In case the Initiator is not able to distinguish which records are
   RVS address records and which are Responder's address records (e.g.,
   if the DNS server did not support HIP extensions), the Initiator
   SHOULD first try to contact the Responder directly, without using a
   HIP relay server.  If none of the addresses are reachable, it MAY try
   them out using its own HIP relay server as described above.

Appendix C.  Differences with respect to ICE

   The protocol specified in this document follows the semantics of ICE
   as close as possible, and most of the differences are syntactical due
   to the use of a different protocol.  In this section, we describe the
   differences to the ICE protocol.

   o  ICE operates at the application layer, whereas this protocol
      operates between transport and network layers, thus hiding the
      protocol details from the application.

   o  The STUN protocol is not employed.  Instead, this protocol reuses
      the HIP control plane format in order simplify demultiplexing of
      different protocols.  For example, the STUN binding response is
      replaced with a HIP UPDATE message containing an ECHO_REQUEST_SIGN
      parameter and the STUN binding response with a HIP UPDATE message
      containing an ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED parameter as defined in section
      Section 4.6.

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   o  The TURN protocol is not utilized.  Instead, this protocol reuses
      HIP relay servers for the same purpose.

   o  ICMP errors may be used in ICE to signal failure.  In this
      protocol, HIP NOTIFY messages are used instead.

   o  Instead of the ICE username fragment and password mechanism for
      credentials, this protocol uses the HIT, derived from a public
      key, for the same purpose.  The username fragments are "transient
      host identifiers, bound to a particular session established as
      part of the candidate exchange" [I-D.ietf-ice-rfc5245bis].  In
      HIP, a local public key and the derived HIT are considered long-
      term identifiers, and invariant across different host associations
      and different transport-layer flows.

   o  In ICE, the conflict when two communicating end-points take the
      same controlling role is solved using random values (so called
      tie-breaker value).  In this protocol, the conflict is solved by
      the standard HIP base exchange procedure, where the host with the
      "larger" HIT switches to Responder role, thus changing also to
      controlled role.

   o  The ICE-CONTROLLED and ICE-CONTROLLING attributes are not included
      in the connectivity checks.

   o  The foundation concept is unnecessary in this protocol because
      only a single UDP flow for the IPsec tunnel will be negotiated.

   o  Frozen candidates are omitted for the same reason as foundation
      concept is excluded.

   o  Components are omitted for the same reason as foundation concept
      is excluded.

   o  This protocol supports only "full ICE" where the two communicating
      hosts participate actively to the connectivity checks, and the
      "lite" mode is not supported.  This design decision follows the
      guidelines of ICE which recommends full ICE implementations.
      However, it should be noted that a publicly reachable Responder
      may refuse to negotiate the ICE mode as described in
      Section 4.7.2.  This would result in a [RFC7401] based HIP base
      exchange tunneled over UDP followed ESP traffic over the same
      tunnel, without the connectivity check procedures defined in this
      document (in some sense, this mode corresponds to the case where
      two ICE lite implementations connect since no connectivity checks
      are sent).

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   o  As the "ICE lite" is not adopted here and both sides are capable
      of ICE-HIP-HIP mode (negotiated during the base exchange), default
      candidates are not employed here.

   o  The considerations on Diffserv Codepoint markings in ICE are not
      applicable to HIP since Diffserv is not used in HIP.

   o  Unlike in ICE, the addresses are not XOR-ed in this protocol in
      order to avoid middlebox tampering.

   o  This protocol does not employ the ICE related address and related
      port attributes (that are used for diagnostic or SIP purposes).

Appendix D.  Differences to Base Exchange and UPDATE procedures

   This section gives some design guidance for implementers how the
   extensions in this protocol extends and differs from [RFC7401] and
   [RFC8046].

   o  Both control and data plane are operated on top of UDP, not
      directly on IP.

   o  A minimal implementation would conform only to Section 4.7.1 or
      Section 4.7.2, thus merely tunneling HIP control and data traffic
      over UDP.  The drawback here is that it works only in the limited
      cases where the Responder has a public address.

   o  It is worth noting that while a rendezvous server [RFC8004] has
      not been designed to be used in NATted scenarios because it just
      relays the first I1 packet and does not employ UDP encapsulation,
      the HIP relay forwards all control traffic and, hence, is more
      suitable in NATted environments.  Further, the data relay concept
      guarantees forwarding of data plane traffic also in the cases when
      the NAT penetration procedures fail.

   o  Registration procedures with a relay server are similar as with
      rendezvous server.  However, a relay has different registration
      parameters than rendezvous because it offers a different service.
      Also, the relay includes also a REG_FROM parameter that informs
      the client about its server reflexive address.  In the case of a
      data relay, it includes also a RELAYED_ADDRESS containing the
      relayed address for the client.

   o  In [RFC7401], the Initiator and Responder can start to exchange
      application payload immediately after the base exchange.  While
      exchanging data immediately after a base exchange via a data relay
      would be possible also here, we follow the ICE methodology to
      establish a direct path between two hosts using connectivity

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      checks.  This means that there will be some additional delay after
      the base exchange before application payload can be transmitted.
      The same applies for the UPDATE procedure as the connectivity
      checks introduce some additional delay.

   o  In HIP without NAT traversal support, the base exchange acts as an
      implicit connectivity check, and the mobility and multihoming
      extensions support explicit connectivity checks.  After a base
      exchange or UPDATE based connectivity checks, a host can use the
      associated address pair for transmitting application payload.  In
      this extension, we follow the ICE methodology, where one end-point
      acting in the controlled role chooses the used address pair also
      on behalf of the other end-point acting in controlled role, which
      is different from HIP without NAT traversal support.  Another
      difference is that the process of choosing an address pair is
      explicitly signaled using the nomination packets.  The nomination
      process in this protocol supports only single address pair, and
      multihoming extensions are left for further study.

   o  The UPDATE procedure resembles the mobility extensions defined in
      [RFC8046].  The first UPDATE message from the mobile host is
      exactly the same as in the mobility extensions.  The second UPDATE
      message from the peer host and third from the mobile host are
      different in the sense that they merely acknowledge and conclude
      the reception of the candidates through the relay.  In other
      words, they do not yet test for connectivity (besides reachability
      through the HIP relay) unlike in the mobility extensions.  The
      idea is that connectivity check procedure follows the ICE
      specification, which is somewhat different from the HIP mobility
      extensions.

   o  The connectivity checks as defined in the mobility extensions
      [RFC8046] are triggered only by the peer of the mobile host.
      Since successful NAT penetration requires that both end-points
      test connectivity, both the mobile host and its peer host have to
      test for connectivity.  In addition, this protocol validates also
      the UDP ports; the ports in the connectivity check must match with
      the response, as required by ICE.

   o  In HIP mobility extensions [RFC8046], an outbound locator has some
      associated state: UNVERIFIED mean that the locator has not been
      tested for reachability, ACTIVE means that the address has been
      verified for reachability and is being used actively, and
      DEPRECATED means that the locator lifetime has expired.  In the
      subset of ICE specifications used by this protocol, an individual
      address candidate has only two properties: type and priority.
      Instead, the actual state in ICE is associated with candidate
      pairs rather than individual addresses.  The subset of ICE

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      specifications utilized by this protocol require the following
      attributes for a candidate pair: valid bit, nominated bit, base
      and the state of connectivity check.  The connectivity checks have
      the following states: Waiting, In-progress, Succeeded and Failed.
      Handling of this state attribute requires some additional logic
      when compared to the mobility extensions since the state is
      associated with a local-remote address pair rather just a remote
      address, and, thus, the mobility and ICE states do not have an
      unambiguous one-to-one mapping.

   o  Credit-based authorization as defined in [RFC8046] could be used
      before candidate nomination has been concluded upon discovering
      working candidate pairs.  However, this may result in the use of
      asymmetric paths for a short time period in the beginning of
      communications (similarly as in aggressive ICE nomination).  Thus,
      support of credit-based authorization is left for further study.

Authors' Addresses

   Ari Keranen
   Ericsson
   Hirsalantie 11
   02420 Jorvas
   Finland

   Email: ari.keranen@ericsson.com

   Jan Melen
   Ericsson
   Hirsalantie 11
   02420 Jorvas
   Finland

   Email: jan.melen@ericsson.com

   Miika Komu (editor)
   Ericsson
   Hirsalantie 11
   02420 Jorvas
   Finland

   Email: miika.komu@ericsson.com

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