HTTP Message Signatures
draft-ietf-httpbis-message-signatures-15
| Document | Type | Active Internet-Draft (httpbis WG) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Annabelle Backman , Justin Richer , Manu Sporny | ||
| Last updated | 2023-01-09 (Latest revision 2022-11-21) | ||
| Replaces | draft-richanna-http-message-signatures, draft-cavage-http-signatures | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Intended RFC status | Proposed Standard | ||
| Formats | |||
| Reviews |
SECDIR Early review
(of
-05)
Has Issues
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||
| Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
| Stream | WG state | Submitted to IESG for Publication | |
| Associated WG milestone |
|
||
| Document shepherd | Tommy Pauly | ||
| Shepherd write-up | Show Last changed 2022-11-21 | ||
| IESG | IESG state | AD Evaluation::AD Followup | |
| Action Holder | |||
| Consensus boilerplate | Yes | ||
| Telechat date | (None) | ||
| Responsible AD | Francesca Palombini | ||
| Send notices to | tpauly@apple.com |
draft-ietf-httpbis-message-signatures-15
HTTP A. Backman, Ed.
Internet-Draft Amazon
Intended status: Standards Track J. Richer, Ed.
Expires: 25 May 2023 Bespoke Engineering
M. Sporny
Digital Bazaar
21 November 2022
HTTP Message Signatures
draft-ietf-httpbis-message-signatures-15
Abstract
This document describes a mechanism for creating, encoding, and
verifying digital signatures or message authentication codes over
components of an HTTP message. This mechanism supports use cases
where the full HTTP message may not be known to the signer, and where
the message may be transformed (e.g., by intermediaries) before
reaching the verifier. This document also describes a means for
requesting that a signature be applied to a subsequent HTTP message
in an ongoing HTTP exchange.
About This Document
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
Status information for this document may be found at
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-httpbis-message-
signatures/.
Discussion of this document takes place on the HTTP Working Group
mailing list (mailto:ietf-http-wg@w3.org), which is archived at
https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-http-wg/. Working Group
information can be found at https://httpwg.org/.
Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/labels/signatures.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 25 May 2023.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1. Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3. HTTP Message Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4. Application of HTTP Message Signatures . . . . . . . . . 10
2. HTTP Message Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1. HTTP Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1. Strict Serialization of HTTP Structured Fields . . . 16
2.1.2. Dictionary Structured Field Members . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.3. Binary-wrapped HTTP Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.4. Trailer Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2. Derived Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.1. Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.2. Target URI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.3. Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.4. Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.5. Request Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.6. Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.7. Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.8. Query Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.9. Status Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3. Signature Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4. Request-Response Signature Binding . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5. Creating the Signature Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3. HTTP Message Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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3.1. Creating a Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2. Verifying a Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2.1. Enforcing Application Requirements . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3. Signature Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3.1. RSASSA-PSS using SHA-512 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3.2. RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 using SHA-256 . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3.3. HMAC using SHA-256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3.4. ECDSA using curve P-256 DSS and SHA-256 . . . . . . . 45
3.3.5. ECDSA using curve P-384 DSS and SHA-384 . . . . . . . 46
3.3.6. EdDSA using curve edwards25519 . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.7. JSON Web Signature (JWS) algorithms . . . . . . . . . 47
4. Including a Message Signature in a Message . . . . . . . . . 47
4.1. The Signature-Input HTTP Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2. The Signature HTTP Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3. Multiple Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5. Requesting Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.1. The Accept-Signature Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2. Processing an Accept-Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.1. HTTP Field Name Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.2. HTTP Signature Algorithms Registry . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.2.1. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.2.2. Initial Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.3. HTTP Signature Metadata Parameters Registry . . . . . . . 57
6.3.1. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.3.2. Initial Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.4. HTTP Signature Derived Component Names Registry . . . . . 58
6.4.1. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.2. Initial Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.5. HTTP Signature Component Parameters Registry . . . . . . 60
6.5.1. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.5.2. Initial Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.1. General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.1.1. Skipping Signature Verification . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.1.2. Use of TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.2. Message Processing and Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.2.1. Insufficient Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.2.2. Signature Replay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.2.3. Choosing Message Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.2.4. Choosing Signature Parameters and Derived Components
over HTTP Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.2.5. Signature Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.2.6. Multiple Signature Confusion . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.2.7. Collision of Application-Specific Signature Tag . . . 67
7.2.8. Message Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.3. Cryptographic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7.3.1. Cryptography and Signature Collision . . . . . . . . 68
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7.3.2. Key Theft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.3.3. Symmetric Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.3.4. Key Specification Mix-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.3.5. Non-deterministic Signature Primitives . . . . . . . 70
7.3.6. Key and Algorithm Specification Downgrades . . . . . 70
7.4. Matching Covered Components to Message . . . . . . . . . 71
7.4.1. Modification of Required Message Parameters . . . . . 71
7.4.2. Mismatch of Signature Parameters from Message . . . . 71
7.4.3. Message Component Source and Context . . . . . . . . 72
7.4.4. Multiple Message Component Contexts . . . . . . . . . 73
7.5. HTTP Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.5.1. Confusing HTTP Field Names for Derived Component
Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.5.2. Semantically Equivalent Field Values . . . . . . . . 74
7.5.3. Parsing Structured Field Values . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.5.4. HTTP Versions and Component Ambiguity . . . . . . . . 75
7.5.5. Canonicalization Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7.5.6. Non-List Field Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7.5.7. Padding Attacks with Multiple Field Values . . . . . 77
8. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
8.1. Identification through Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
8.2. Signatures do not provide confidentiality . . . . . . . . 78
8.3. Oracles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.4. Required Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Appendix A. Detecting HTTP Message Signatures . . . . . . . . . 82
Appendix B. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
B.1. Example Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
B.1.1. Example Key RSA test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
B.1.2. Example RSA PSS Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
B.1.3. Example ECC P-256 Test Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
B.1.4. Example Ed25519 Test Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
B.1.5. Example Shared Secret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
B.2. Test Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
B.2.1. Minimal Signature Using rsa-pss-sha512 . . . . . . . 90
B.2.2. Selective Covered Components using rsa-pss-sha512 . . 91
B.2.3. Full Coverage using rsa-pss-sha512 . . . . . . . . . 92
B.2.4. Signing a Response using ecdsa-p256-sha256 . . . . . 93
B.2.5. Signing a Request using hmac-sha256 . . . . . . . . . 93
B.2.6. Signing a Request using ed25519 . . . . . . . . . . . 94
B.3. TLS-Terminating Proxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
B.4. HTTP Message Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Document History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
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1. Introduction
Message integrity and authenticity are security properties that are
critical to the secure operation of many HTTP applications.
Application developers typically rely on the transport layer to
provide these properties, by operating their application over [TLS].
However, TLS only guarantees these properties over a single TLS
connection, and the path between client and application may be
composed of multiple independent TLS connections (for example, if the
application is hosted behind a TLS-terminating gateway or if the
client is behind a TLS Inspection appliance). In such cases, TLS
cannot guarantee end-to-end message integrity or authenticity between
the client and application. Additionally, some operating
environments present obstacles that make it impractical to use TLS,
or to use features necessary to provide message authenticity.
Furthermore, some applications require the binding of an application-
level key to the HTTP message, separate from any TLS certificates in
use. Consequently, while TLS can meet message integrity and
authenticity needs for many HTTP-based applications, it is not a
universal solution.
This document defines a mechanism for providing end-to-end integrity
and authenticity for components of an HTTP message. The mechanism
allows applications to create digital signatures or message
authentication codes (MACs) over only the components of the message
that are meaningful and appropriate for the application. Strict
canonicalization rules ensure that the verifier can verify the
signature even if the message has been transformed in any of the many
ways permitted by HTTP.
The signing mechanism described in this document consists of three
parts:
* A common nomenclature and canonicalization rule set for the
different protocol elements and other components of HTTP messages,
used to create the signature base.
* Algorithms for generating and verifying signatures over HTTP
message components using this signature base through application
of cryptographic primitives.
* A mechanism for attaching a signature and related metadata to an
HTTP message, and for parsing attached signatures and metadata
from HTTP messages. To facilitate this, this document defines the
"Signature-Input" and "Signature" fields.
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This document also provides a mechanism for negotiation the use of
signatures in one or more subsequent messages via the "Accept-
Signature" field. This optional negotiation mechanism can be used
along with opportunistic or application-driven message signatures by
either party.
1.1. Conventions and Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
The terms "HTTP message", "HTTP request", "HTTP response", "target
URI", "gateway", "header field", "intermediary", "request target",
"trailer field", "sender", "method", and "recipient" are used as
defined in [HTTP].
For brevity, the term "signature" on its own is used in this document
to refer to both digital signatures (which use asymmetric
cryptography) and keyed MACs (which use symmetric cryptography).
Similarly, the verb "sign" refers to the generation of either a
digital signature or keyed MAC over a given signature base. The
qualified term "digital signature" refers specifically to the output
of an asymmetric cryptographic signing operation.
This document uses the following terminology from Section 3 of
[STRUCTURED-FIELDS] to specify data types: List, Inner List,
Dictionary, Item, String, Integer, Byte Sequence, and Boolean.
This document defines several string constructions using [ABNF] and
uses the following ABNF rules: VCHAR, SP, DQUOTE, LF. This document
uses the following ABNF rules from [STRUCTURED-FIELDS]: sf-string,
inner-list, parameters. This document uses the following ABNF rules
from [HTTP]: field-content.
In addition to those listed above, this document uses the following
terms:
HTTP Message Signature:
A digital signature or keyed MAC that covers one or more portions
of an HTTP message. Note that a given HTTP Message can contain
multiple HTTP Message Signatures.
Signer:
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The entity that is generating or has generated an HTTP Message
Signature. Note that multiple entities can act as signers and
apply separate HTTP Message Signatures to a given HTTP Message.
Verifier:
An entity that is verifying or has verified an HTTP Message
Signature against an HTTP Message. Note that an HTTP Message
Signature may be verified multiple times, potentially by different
entities.
HTTP Message Component:
A portion of an HTTP message that is capable of being covered by
an HTTP Message Signature.
Derived Component:
An HTTP Message Component derived from the HTTP message through
the use of a specified algorithm or process. See Section 2.2.
HTTP Message Component Name:
A string that identifies an HTTP Message Component's source, such
as a field name or derived component name.
HTTP Message Component Identifier:
The combination of an HTTP Message Component Name and any
parameters that uniquely identifies a specific HTTP Message
Component in respect to a particular HTTP Message Signature and
the HTTP Message it applies to.
HTTP Message Component Value:
The value associated with a given component identifier within the
context of a particular HTTP Message. Component values are
derived from the HTTP Message and are usually subject to a
canonicalization process.
Covered Components:
An ordered set of HTTP message component identifiers for fields
(Section 2.1) and derived components (Section 2.2) that indicates
the set of message components covered by the signature, never
including the @signature-params identifier itself. The order of
this set is preserved and communicated between the signer and
verifier to facilitate reconstruction of the signature base.
Signature Base:
The sequence of bytes generated by the signer and verifier using
the covered components set and the HTTP Message. The signature
base is processed by the cryptographic algorithm to produce or
verify the HTTP Message Signature.
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HTTP Message Signature Algorithm:
A cryptographic algorithm that describes the signing and
verification process for the signature, defined in terms of the
HTTP_SIGN and HTTP_VERIFY primitives described in Section 3.3.
Key Material:
The key material required to create or verify the signature. The
key material is often identified with an explicit key identifier,
allowing the signer to indicate to the verifier which key was
used.
Creation Time:
A timestamp representing the point in time that the signature was
generated, as asserted by the signer.
Expiration Time:
A timestamp representing the point in time after which the
signature should no longer be accepted by the verifier, as
asserted by the signer.
Target Message:
The HTTP message to which an HTTP Message Signature is applied.
Signature Context:
The data source from which the HTTP Message Component Values are
drawn. The context includes the target message and any additional
information the signer or verifier might have, such as the full
target URI of a request or the related request message for a
response.
The term "Unix time" is defined by [POSIX.1], Section 4.16
(http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/
V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16).
This document contains non-normative examples of partial and complete
HTTP messages. Some examples use a single trailing backslash \ to
indicate line wrapping for long values, as per [RFC8792]. The \
character and leading spaces on wrapped lines are not part of the
value.
1.2. Requirements
HTTP permits and sometimes requires intermediaries to transform
messages in a variety of ways. This can result in a recipient
receiving a message that is not bitwise-equivalent to the message
that was originally sent. In such a case, the recipient will be
unable to verify integrity protections over the raw bytes of the
sender's HTTP message, as verifying digital signatures or MACs
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requires both signer and verifier to have the exact same signature
base. Since the exact raw bytes of the message cannot be relied upon
as a reliable source for a signature base, the signer and verifier
have to independently create the signature base from their respective
versions of the message, via a mechanism that is resilient to safe
changes that do not alter the meaning of the message.
For a variety of reasons, it is impractical to strictly define what
constitutes a safe change versus an unsafe one. Applications use
HTTP in a wide variety of ways and may disagree on whether a
particular piece of information in a message (e.g., the message
content, the method, or a particular header field) is relevant.
Thus, a general purpose solution needs to provide signers with some
degree of control over which message components are signed.
HTTP applications may be running in environments that do not provide
complete access to or control over HTTP messages (such as a web
browser's JavaScript environment), or may be using libraries that
abstract away the details of the protocol (such as the Java
HTTPClient library (https://openjdk.java.net/groups/net/httpclient/
intro.html)). These applications need to be able to generate and
verify signatures despite incomplete knowledge of the HTTP message.
1.3. HTTP Message Transformations
As mentioned earlier, HTTP explicitly permits and in some cases
requires implementations to transform messages in a variety of ways.
Implementations are required to tolerate many of these
transformations. What follows is a non-normative and non-exhaustive
list of transformations that could occur under HTTP, provided as
context:
* Re-ordering of fields with different field names (Section 5.3 of
[HTTP]).
* Combination of fields with the same field name (Section 5.2 of
[HTTP]).
* Removal of fields listed in the Connection header field
(Section 7.6.1 of [HTTP]).
* Addition of fields that indicate control options (Section 7.6.1 of
[HTTP]).
* Addition or removal of a transfer coding (Section 7.7 of [HTTP]).
* Addition of fields such as Via (Section 7.6.3 of [HTTP]) and
Forwarded (Section 4 of [RFC7239]).
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* Conversion between different versions of the HTTP protocol (e.g.,
HTTP/1.x to HTTP/2, or vice-versa).
* Changes in casing (e.g., "Origin" to "origin") of any case-
insensitive components such as field names, request URI scheme, or
host.
* Addition or removal of leading or trailing whitespace to a field
value.
* Addition or removal of obs-folds from field values.
* Changes to the request target and authority that when applied
together do not result in a change to the message's target URI, as
defined in Section 7.1 of [HTTP].
We can identify these types of transformations as ones that should
not prevent signature verification, even when performed on message
components covered by the signature. Additionally, all changes to
components not covered by the signature should not prevent signature
verification.
Some examples of these kinds of transformations, and the effect they
have on the message signature, are found in Appendix B.4.
1.4. Application of HTTP Message Signatures
HTTP Message Signatures are designed to be a general-purpose security
mechanism applicable in a wide variety of circumstances and
applications. In order to properly and safely apply HTTP Message
Signatures, an application or profile of this specification MUST
specify all of the following items:
* The set of component identifiers (Section 2) and signature
parameters (Section 2.3) that are expected and required to be
included in the covered components list. For example, an
authorization protocol could mandate that the Authorization field
be covered to protect the authorization credentials and mandate
the signature parameters contain a created parameter, while an API
expecting semantically relevant HTTP message content could require
the Content-Digest field defined in [DIGEST] to be present and
covered as well as mandate a value for tag that is specific to the
API being protected.
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* A means of retrieving the key material used to verify the
signature. An application will usually use the keyid parameter of
the signature parameters (Section 2.3) and define rules for
resolving a key from there, though the appropriate key could be
known from other means such as pre-registration of a signer's key.
* A means of determining the signature algorithm used to verify the
signature is appropriate for the key material. For example, the
process could use the alg parameter of the signature parameters
(Section 2.3) to state the algorithm explicitly, derive the
algorithm from the key material, or use some pre-configured
algorithm agreed upon by the signer and verifier.
* A means of determining that a given key and algorithm presented in
the request are appropriate for the request being made. For
example, a server expecting only ECDSA signatures should know to
reject any RSA signatures, or a server expecting asymmetric
cryptography should know to reject any symmetric cryptography.
* A means of determining the context for derivation of message
components from an HTTP message and its application context.
While this is normally the target HTTP message itself, the context
could include additional information known to the application,
such as an external host name.
When choosing these parameters, an application of HTTP message
signatures has to ensure that the verifier will have access to all
required information needed to re-create the signature base. For
example, a server behind a reverse proxy would need to know the
original request URI to make use of the derived component @target-
uri, even though the apparent target URI would be changed by the
reverse proxy (see also Section 7.4.3). Additionally, an application
using signatures in responses would need to ensure that clients
receiving signed responses have access to all the signed portions of
the message, including any portions of the request that were signed
by the server using the related-response parameter.
The details of this kind of profiling are the purview of the
application and outside the scope of this specification, however some
additional considerations are discussed in Section 7. In particular,
when choosing the required set of component identifiers, care has to
be taken to make sure that the coverage is sufficient for the
application, as discussed in Section 7.2.1 and Section 7.2.8.
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2. HTTP Message Components
In order to allow signers and verifiers to establish which components
are covered by a signature, this document defines component
identifiers for components covered by an HTTP Message Signature, a
set of rules for deriving and canonicalizing the values associated
with these component identifiers from the HTTP Message, and the means
for combining these canonicalized values into a signature base.
The signature context for deriving these values MUST be accessible to
both the signer and the verifier of the message. The context MUST be
the same across all components in a given signature. For example, it
would be an error to use a the raw query string for the @query
derived component but combined query and form parameters for the
@query-param derived component. For more considerations of the
message component context, see Section 7.4.3.
A component identifier is composed of a component name and any
parameters associated with that name. Each component name is either
an HTTP field name (Section 2.1) or a registered derived component
name (Section 2.2). The possible parameters for a component
identifier are dependent on the component identifier, and a registry
cataloging all possible parameters is defined in Section 6.3.
Within a single list of covered components, each component identifier
MUST occur only once. One component identifier is distinct from
another if either the component name or its parameters differ.
Multiple component identifiers having the same component name MAY be
included if they have parameters that make them distinct. The order
of parameters MUST be preserved when processing a component
identifier (such as when parsing during verification), but the order
of parameters is not significant when comparing two component
identifiers for equality. That is to say, "foo";bar;baz cannot be in
the same message as "foo";baz;bar, since these two component
identifiers are equivalent, but a system processing one form is not
allowed to transform it into the other form.
The component value associated with a component identifier is defined
by the identifier itself. Component values MUST NOT contain newline
(\n) characters. Some HTTP message components can undergo
transformations that change the bitwise value without altering the
meaning of the component's value (for example, when combining field
values). Message component values must therefore be canonicalized
before they are signed, to ensure that a signature can be verified
despite such intermediary transformations. This document defines
rules for each component identifier that transform the identifier's
associated component value into such a canonical form.
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The following sections define component identifier names, their
parameters, their associated values, and the canonicalization rules
for their values. The method for combining message components into
the signature base is defined in Section 2.5.
2.1. HTTP Fields
The component name for an HTTP field is the lowercased form of its
field name as defined in Section 5.1 of [HTTP]. While HTTP field
names are case-insensitive, implementations MUST use lowercased field
names (e.g., content-type, date, etag) when using them as component
names.
The component value for an HTTP field is the field value for the
named field as defined in Section 5.5 of [HTTP]. The field value
MUST be taken from the named header field of the target message
unless this behavior is overridden by additional parameters and
rules, such as the req and tr flags, below.
Unless overridden by additional parameters and rules, HTTP field
values MUST be combined into a single value as defined in Section 5.2
of [HTTP] to create the component value. Specifically, HTTP fields
sent as multiple fields MUST be combined using a single comma (",")
and a single space (" ") between each item. Note that intermediaries
are allowed to combine values of HTTP fields with any amount of
whitespace between the commas, and if this behavior is not accounted
for by the verifier, the signature can fail since the signer and
verifier will be see a different component value in their respective
signature bases. For robustness, it is RECOMMENDED that signed
messages include only a single instance of any field covered under
the signature, particularly with the value for any list-based fields
serialized using the algorithm below. This approach increases the
chances of the field value remaining untouched through
intermediaries. Where that approach is not possible and multiple
instances of a field need to be sent separately, it is RECOMMENDED
that signers and verifiers process any list-based fields by parsing
out individual field values and combining them based on the strict
algorithm below, to counter possible intermediary behavior. When the
field in question is a structured field of tyle List or Dictionary,
this effect can be accomplished more directly by using the strict
structured field serialization of the field value, as described in
Section 2.1.1.
Note that some HTTP fields, such as Set-Cookie [COOKIE], do not
follow a syntax that allows for combination of field values in this
manner (such that the combined output is unambiguous from multiple
inputs). Even though the component value is never parsed by the
message signature process and used only as part of the signature base
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in Section 2.5, caution needs to be taken when including such fields
in signatures since the combined value could be ambiguous. The bs
parameter defined in Section 2.1.3 provides a method for wrapping
such problematic fields. See Section 7.5.6 for more discussion of
this issue.
If the correctly combined value is not directly available for a given
field by an implementation, the following algorithm will produce
canonicalized results for list-based fields:
1. Create an ordered list of the field values of each instance of
the field in the message, in the order that they occur (or will
occur) in the message. If necessary, separate individual values
found in a field instance.
2. Strip leading and trailing whitespace from each item in the list.
Note that since HTTP field values are not allowed to contain
leading and trailing whitespace, this will be a no-op in a
compliant implementation.
3. Remove any obsolete line-folding within the line and replace it
with a single space (" "), as discussed in Section 5.2 of
[HTTP1]. Note that this behavior is specific to [HTTP1] and does
not apply to other versions of the HTTP specification which do
not allow internal line folding.
4. Concatenate the list of values together with a single comma (",")
and a single space (" ") between each item.
The resulting string is the component value for the field.
Note that some HTTP fields have values with multiple valid
serializations that have equivalent semantics, such as allow case-
insensitive values that intermediaries could change. Applications
signing and processing such fields MUST consider how to handle the
values of such fields to ensure that the signer and verifier can
derive the same value, as discussed in Section 7.5.2.
Following are non-normative examples of component values for header
fields, given the following example HTTP message fragment:
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Host: www.example.com
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:56 GMT
X-OWS-Header: Leading and trailing whitespace.
X-Obs-Fold-Header: Obsolete
line folding.
Cache-Control: max-age=60
Cache-Control: must-revalidate
Example-Dict: a=1, b=2;x=1;y=2, c=(a b c)
The following example shows the component values for these example
header fields, presented using the signature base format defined in
in Section 2.5:
"host": www.example.com
"date": Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:56 GMT
"x-ows-header": Leading and trailing whitespace.
"x-obs-fold-header": Obsolete line folding.
"cache-control": max-age=60, must-revalidate
"example-dict": a=1, b=2;x=1;y=2, c=(a b c)
Since empty HTTP fields are allowed, they can also be signed when
present in a message. The canonicalized value is the empty string.
This means that the following empty header:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
X-Empty-Header: \
Is serialized by the signature base generation algorithm
(Section 2.5) with an empty string value following the colon and
space added after the content identifier.
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
"x-empty-header": \
Note: the trailing spaces in these values are shown here using the
line wrapping algorithm in [RFC8792] due to limitations in the
document format that strips trailing spaces from diagrams.
Any HTTP field component identifiers MAY have the following
parameters in specific circumstances, each described in detail in
their own sections:
sf A boolean flag indicating that the component value is serialized
using strict encoding of the structured field value.
Section 2.1.1
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key A string parameter used to select a single member value from a
Dictionary structured field. Section 2.1.2
bs A boolean flag indicating that individual field values are
encoded using Byte Sequence data structures before being combined
into the component value. Section 2.1.3
req A boolean flag for signed responses indicating that the
component value is derived from the request that triggered this
response message and not from the response message directly. Note
that this parameter can also be applied to any derived component
identifiers that target the request. Section 2.4
tr A boolean flag indicating that the field value is taken from the
trailers of the message as defined in Section 6.5 of [HTTP]. If
this flag is absent, the field value is taken from the headers of
the message as defined in Section 6.3 of [HTTP]. Section 2.1.4
Multiple parameters MAY be specified together, though some
combinations are redundant or incompatible. For example, the sf
parameter's functionality is already covered when the key parameter
is used on a dictionary item, since key requires strict serialization
of the value. The bs parameter, which requires the raw field values
from the message, is not compatible with use of the sf or key
parameters, which require the parsed data structures of the field
values after combination.
Additional parameters can be defined in the registry established in
Section 6.3.
2.1.1. Strict Serialization of HTTP Structured Fields
If the value of an HTTP field is known by the application to be a
structured field ([STRUCTURED-FIELDS]), and the expected type of the
structured field is known, the signer MAY include the sf parameter in
the component identifier. If this parameter is included with a
component identifier, the HTTP field value MUST be serialized using
the rules specified in Section 4 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS] applicable to
the type of the HTTP field. Note that this process will replace any
optional internal whitespace with a single space character, among
other potential transformations of the value.
If multiple field values occur within a message, these values MUST be
combined into a single List or Dictionary structure before
serialization.
For example, the following dictionary field is a valid serialization:
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Example-Dict: a=1, b=2;x=1;y=2, c=(a b c)
If included in the signature base without parameters, its value would
be:
"example-dict": a=1, b=2;x=1;y=2, c=(a b c)
However, if the sf parameter is added, the value is re-serialized as
follows:
"example-dict";sf: a=1, b=2;x=1;y=2, c=(a b c)
The resulting string is used as the component value in Section 2.1.
2.1.2. Dictionary Structured Field Members
If a given field is known by the application to be a Dictionary
structured field, an individual member in the value of that
Dictionary is identified by using the parameter key and the
Dictionary member key as a String value.
If multiple field values occur within a message, these values MUST be
combined into a single Dictionary structure before serialization.
An individual member value of a Dictionary Structured Field is
canonicalized by applying the serialization algorithm described in
Section 4.1.2 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS] on the member_value and its
parameters, not including the dictionary key itself. Specifically,
the value is serialized as an Item or Inner List (the two possible
values of a Dictionary member).
Each parameterized key for a given field MUST NOT appear more than
once in the signature base. Parameterized keys MAY appear in any
order in the signature base, regardless of the order they occur in
the source Dictionary.
If a Dictionary key is named as a covered component but it does not
occur in the Dictionary, this MUST cause an error in the signature
base generation.
Following are non-normative examples of canonicalized values for
Dictionary structured field members given the following example
header field, whose value is known by the application to be a
Dictionary:
Example-Dict: a=1, b=2;x=1;y=2, c=(a b c), d
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The following example shows canonicalized values for different
component identifiers of this field, presented using the signature
base format discussed in Section 2.5:
"example-dict";key="a": 1
"example-dict";key="d": ?1
"example-dict";key="b": 2;x=1;y=2
"example-dict";key="c": (a b c)
Note that the value for key="c" has been re-serialized according to
the strict member_value algorithm, and the value for key="d" has been
serialized as a Boolean value.
2.1.3. Binary-wrapped HTTP Fields
If the value of the the HTTP field in question is known by the
application to cause problems with serialization, particularly with
the combination of multiple values into a single line as discussed in
Section 7.5.6, the signer SHOULD include the bs parameter in a
component identifier to indicate the values of the fields need to be
wrapped as binary structures before being combined.
If this parameter is included with a component identifier, the
component value MUST be calculated using the following algorithm:
1. Let the input be the ordered set of values for a field, in the
order they appear in the message.
2. Create an empty List for accumulating processed field values.
3. For each field value in the set:
1. Strip leading and trailing whitespace from the field value.
Note that since HTTP field values are not allowed to contain
leading and trailing whitespace, this will be a no-op in a
compliant implementation.
2. Remove any obsolete line-folding within the line and replace
it with a single space (" "), as discussed in Section 5.2 of
[HTTP1]. Note that this behavior is specific to [HTTP1] and
does not apply to other versions of the HTTP specification.
3. Encode the bytes of the resulting field value's ASCII
representation as a Byte Sequence.
4. Add the Byte Sequence to the List accumulator.
4. The intermediate result is a List of Byte Sequence values.
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5. Follow the strict serialization of a List as described in
Section 4.1.1 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS] and return this output.
For example, the following field with internal commas prevents the
distinct field values from being safely combined:
Example-Header: value, with, lots
Example-Header: of, commas
In our example, the same field can be sent with a semantically
different single value:
Example-Header: value, with, lots, of, commas
Both of these versions are treated differently by the application.
however, if included in the signature base without parameters, the
component value would be the same in both cases:
"example-header": value, with, lots, of, commas
However, if the bs parameter is added, the two separate instances are
encoded and serialized as follows:
"example-header";bs: :dmFsdWUsIHdpdGgsIGxvdHM=:, :b2YsIGNvbW1hcw==:
For the single-instance field above, the encoding with the bs
parameter is:
"example-header";bs: :dmFsdWUsIHdpdGgsIGxvdHMsIG9mLCBjb21tYXM=:
This component value is distinct from the multiple-instance field
above, preventing a collision which could potentially be exploited.
2.1.4. Trailer Fields
If the signer wants to include a trailer field in the signature, the
signer MUST include the tr boolean parameter to indicate the value
MUST be taken from the trailer fields and not from the header fields.
For example, given the following message:
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/plain
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Trailer: Expires
4
HTTP
7
Message
a
Signatures
0
Expires: Wed, 9 Nov 2022 07:28:00 GMT
The signer decides to add both the Trailer header field as well as
the Expires trailer to the signature base, along with the status code
derived component:
"@status": 200
"trailer": Expires
"expires";tr: Wed, 9 Nov 2022 07:28:00 GMT
If a field is available as both a header and trailer in a message,
both values MAY be signed, but the values MUST be signed separately.
The values of header fields and trailer fields of the same name MUST
NOT be combined for purposes of the signature.
Since trailer fields could be merged into the header fields or
dropped entirely by intermediaries as per Section 6.5.1 of [HTTP], it
is NOT RECOMMENDED to include trailers in the signature unless the
signer knows that the verifier will have access to the values of the
trailers as sent.
2.2. Derived Components
In addition to HTTP fields, there are a number of different
components that can be derived from the control data, signature
context, or other aspects of the HTTP message being signed. Such
derived components can be included in the signature base by defining
a component name, possible parameters, message target, and the
derivation method for its component value.
Derived component names MUST start with the "at" @ character. This
differentiates derived component names from HTTP field names, which
cannot contain the @ character as per Section 5.1 of [HTTP].
Processors of HTTP Message Signatures MUST treat derived component
names separately from field names, as discussed in Section 7.5.1.
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This specification defines the following derived components:
@method The method used for a request. (Section 2.2.1)
@target-uri The full target URI for a request. (Section 2.2.2)
@authority The authority of the target URI for a request.
(Section 2.2.3)
@scheme The scheme of the target URI for a request. (Section 2.2.4)
@request-target The request target. (Section 2.2.5)
@path The absolute path portion of the target URI for a request.
(Section 2.2.6)
@query The query portion of the target URI for a request.
(Section 2.2.7)
@query-param A parsed query parameter of the target URI for a
request. (Section 2.2.8)
@status The status code for a response. (Section 2.2.9).
Additional derived component names are defined in the HTTP Signatures
Derived Component Name Registry. (Section 6.4)
Derived component values are taken from the context of the target
message for the signature. This context includes information about
the message itself, such as its control data, as well as any
additional state and context held by the signer or verifier. In
particular, when signing a response, the signer can include any
derived components from the originating request by using the
request-response signature binding parameter (Section 2.4).
request: Values derived from and results applied to an HTTP request
message as described in Section 3.4 of [HTTP]. If the target
message of the signature is a response, using the req parameter
allows a request-targeted derived component to be included in the
signature (see Section 2.4).
response: Values derived from and results applied to an HTTP
response message as described in Section 3.4 of [HTTP].
A derived component definition MUST define all target message types
to which it can be applied.
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Derived component values MUST be limited to printable characters and
spaces and MUST NOT contain any newline characters. Derived
component values MUST NOT start or end with whitespace characters.
2.2.1. Method
The @method derived component refers to the HTTP method of a request
message. The component value is canonicalized by taking the value of
the method as a string. Note that the method name is case-sensitive
as per [HTTP], Section 9.1, and conventionally standardized method
names are uppercase US-ASCII.
For example, the following request message:
POST /path?param=value HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Would result in the following @method component value:
POST
And the following signature base line:
"@method": POST
2.2.2. Target URI
The @target-uri derived component refers to the target URI of a
request message. The component value is the full absolute target URI
of the request, potentially assembled from all available parts
including the authority and request target as described in [HTTP],
Section 7.1.
For example, the following message sent over HTTPS:
POST /path?param=value HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Would result in the following @target-uri component value:
https://www.example.com/path?param=value
And the following signature base line:
"@target-uri": https://www.example.com/path?param=value
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2.2.3. Authority
The @authority derived component refers to the authority component of
the target URI of the HTTP request message, as defined in [HTTP],
Section 7.2. In HTTP 1.1, this is usually conveyed using the Host
header, while in HTTP 2 and HTTP 3 it is conveyed using the
:authority pseudo-header. The value is the fully-qualified authority
component of the request, comprised of the host and, optionally, port
of the request target, as a string. The component value MUST be
normalized according to the rules in [HTTP], Section 4.2.3. Namely,
the host name is normalized to lowercase and the default port is
omitted.
For example, the following request message:
POST /path?param=value HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Would result in the following @authority component value:
www.example.com
And the following signature base line:
"@authority": www.example.com
The @authority derived component SHOULD be used instead of signing
the Host header directly, see Section 7.2.4.
2.2.4. Scheme
The @scheme derived component refers to the scheme of the target URL
of the HTTP request message. The component value is the scheme as a
lowercase string as defined in [HTTP], Section 4.2. While the scheme
itself is case-insensitive, it MUST be normalized to lowercase for
inclusion in the signature base.
For example, the following request message requested over plain HTTP:
POST /path?param=value HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Would result in the following @scheme component value:
http
And the following signature base line:
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"@scheme": http
2.2.5. Request Target
The @request-target derived component refers to the full request
target of the HTTP request message, as defined in [HTTP],
Section 7.1. The component value of the request target can take
different forms, depending on the type of request, as described
below.
For HTTP 1.1, the component value is equivalent to the request target
portion of the request line. However, this value is more difficult
to reliably construct in other versions of HTTP. Therefore, it is
NOT RECOMMENDED that this component be used when versions of HTTP
other than 1.1 might be in use.
The origin form value is combination of the absolute path and query
components of the request URL. For example, the following request
message:
POST /path?param=value HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Would result in the following @request-target component value:
/path?param=value
And the following signature base line:
"@request-target": /path?param=value
The following request to an HTTP proxy with the absolute-form value,
containing the fully qualified target URI:
GET https://www.example.com/path?param=value HTTP/1.1
Would result in the following @request-target component value:
https://www.example.com/path?param=value
And the following signature base line:
"@request-target": https://www.example.com/path?param=value
The following CONNECT request with an authority-form value,
containing the host and port of the target:
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CONNECT www.example.com:80 HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Would result in the following @request-target component value:
www.example.com:80
And the following signature base line:
"@request-target": www.example.com:80
The following OPTIONS request message with the asterisk-form value,
containing a single asterisk * character:
OPTIONS * HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Would result in the following @request-target component value:
*
And the following signature base line:
"@request-target": *
2.2.6. Path
The @path derived component refers to the target path of the HTTP
request message. The component value is the absolute path of the
request target defined by [URI], with no query component and no
trailing ? character. The value is normalized according to the rules
in [HTTP], Section 4.2.3. Namely, an empty path string is normalized
as a single slash / character. Path components are represented by
their values before decoding any percent-encoded octets, as described
in the simple string comparison rules in Section 6.2.1 of [URI].
For example, the following request message:
POST /path?param=value HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Would result in the following @path component value:
/path
And the following signature base line:
"@path": /path
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2.2.7. Query
The @query derived component refers to the query component of the
HTTP request message. The component value is the entire normalized
query string defined by [URI], including the leading ? character.
The value is read using the simple string comparison rules in
Section 6.2.1 of [URI]. Namely, percent-encoded octets are not
decoded.
For example, the following request message:
POST /path?param=value&foo=bar&baz=bat%2Dman HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Would result in the following @query component value:
?param=value&foo=bar&baz=bat%2Dman
And the following signature base line:
"@query": ?param=value&foo=bar&baz=bat%2Dman
The following request message:
POST /path?queryString HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Would result in the following @query component value:
?queryString
And the following signature base line:
"@query": ?queryString
If the query string is absent from the request message, the value is
the leading ? character alone:
?
Resulting in the following signature base line:
"@query": ?
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2.2.8. Query Parameters
If a request target URI uses HTML form parameters in the query string
as defined in HTMLURL, Section 5 [HTMLURL], the @query-param derived
component allows addressing of individual query parameters. The
query parameters MUST be parsed according to HTMLURL, Section 5.1
[HTMLURL], resulting in a list of (nameString, valueString) tuples.
The REQUIRED name parameter of each component identifier contains the
nameString of a single query parameter as a String value. Several
different named query parameters MAY be included in the covered
components. Single named parameters MAY occur in any order in the
covered components.
The component value of a single named parameter is the valueString of
the named query parameter defined by HTMLURL, Section 5.1 [HTMLURL],
which is the value after percent-encoded octets are decoded. Note
that this value does not include any leading ? characters, equals
sign =, or separating & characters. Named query parameters with an
empty valueString are included with an empty string as the component
value.
If a query parameter is named as a covered component but it does not
occur in the query parameters, this MUST cause an error in the
signature base generation.
For example for the following request:
POST /path?param=value&foo=bar&baz=batman&qux= HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Indicating the baz, qux and param named query parameters would result
in the following @query-param component values:
_baz_: batman
_qux_: an empty string
_param_: value
And the following signature base lines:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
"@query-param";name="baz": batman
"@query-param";name="qux": \
"@query-param";name="param": value
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If a parameter name occurs multiple times in a request, all parameter
values of that name MUST be included in separate signature base lines
in the order in which the parameters occur in the target URI. Note
that in some implementations, the order of parsed query parameters is
not stable, and this situation could lead to unexpected results. If
multiple parameters are common within an application, it is
RECOMMENDED to sign the entire query string using the @query
component identifier defined in Section 2.2.7.
2.2.9. Status Code
The @status derived component refers to the three-digit numeric HTTP
status code of a response message as defined in [HTTP], Section 15.
The component value is the serialized three-digit integer of the HTTP
status code, with no descriptive text.
For example, the following response message:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 26 Mar 2010 00:05:00 GMT
Would result in the following @status component value:
200
And the following signature base line:
"@status": 200
The @status component identifier MUST NOT be used in a request
message.
2.3. Signature Parameters
HTTP Message Signatures have metadata properties that provide
information regarding the signature's generation and verification,
consisting of the ordered set of covered components and the ordered
set of parameters including a timestamp of signature creation,
identifiers for verification key material, and other utilities. This
metadata is represented by a special derived component for signature
parameters, and it is treated slightly differently from other derived
components. Specifically, the signature parameters message component
is REQUIRED as the last line of the signature base (Section 2.5), and
the component identifier MUST NOT be enumerated within the set of
covered components for any signature, including itself.
The signature parameters component name is @signature-params.
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The signature parameters component value is the serialization of the
signature parameters for this signature, including the covered
components ordered set with all associated parameters. These
parameters include any of the following:
* created: Creation time as an Integer UNIX timestamp value. Sub-
second precision is not supported. Inclusion of this parameter is
RECOMMENDED.
* expires: Expiration time as an Integer UNIX timestamp value. Sub-
second precision is not supported.
* nonce: A random unique value generated for this signature as a
String value.
* alg: The HTTP message signature algorithm from the HTTP Message
Signature Algorithm Registry, as a String value.
* keyid: The identifier for the key material as a String value.
* tag: An application-specific tag for the signature as a String
value. This value is used by applications to help identify
signatures relevant for specific applications or protocols.
Additional parameters can be defined in the HTTP Signature Parameters
Registry (Section 6.3.2). Note that there is no general ordering to
the parameters, but once an ordering is chosen for a given set of
parameters, it cannot be changed without altering the signature
parameters value.
The signature parameters component value is serialized as a
parameterized Inner List using the rules in Section 4 of
[STRUCTURED-FIELDS] as follows:
1. Let the output be an empty string.
2. Determine an order for the component identifiers of the covered
components, not including the @signature-params component
identifier itself. Once this order is chosen, it cannot be
changed. This order MUST be the same order as used in creating
the signature base (Section 2.5).
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3. Serialize the component identifiers of the covered components,
including all parameters, as an ordered Inner List of String
values according to Section 4.1.1.1 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS] and
append this to the output. Note that the component identifiers
can include their own parameters, and these parameters are
ordered sets. Once an order is chosen for a component's
parameters, the order cannot be changed.
4. Determine an order for any signature parameters. Once this order
is chosen, it cannot be changed.
5. Append the parameters to the Inner List in order according to
Section 4.1.1.2 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS], skipping parameters that
are not available or not used for this message signature.
6. The output contains the signature parameters component value.
Note that the Inner List serialization from Section 4.1.1.1 of
[STRUCTURED-FIELDS] is used for the covered component value instead
of the List serialization from Section 4.1.1 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS]
in order to facilitate parallelism with this value's inclusion in the
Signature-Input field, as discussed in Section 4.1.
This example shows the serialized component value for the parameters
of an example message signature:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
("@target-uri" "@authority" "date" "cache-control")\
;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss";alg="rsa-pss-sha512";\
created=1618884475;expires=1618884775
Note that an HTTP message could contain multiple signatures
(Section 4.3), but only the signature parameters used for a single
signature are included in a given signature parameters entry.
2.4. Request-Response Signature Binding
When a request message results in a signed response message, the
signer can include portions of the request message in the signature
base by adding the req parameter to the component identifier.
req A boolean flag indicating that the component value is derived
from the request that triggered this response message and not from
the response message directly.
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This parameter can be applied to both HTTP fields and derived
components that target the request, with the same semantics. The
component value for a message component using this parameter is
calculated in the same manner as it is normally, but data is pulled
from the request message instead of the target response message to
which the signature is applied.
Note that the same component name MAY be included with and without
the req parameter in a single signature base, indicating the same
named component from both the request and response message.
The req parameter MAY be combined with other parameters as
appropriate for the component identifier, such as the key parameter
for a dictionary field.
For example, when serving a response for this signed request:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
POST /foo?param=Value&Pet=dog HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:55 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Digest: sha-512=:WZDPaVn/7XgHaAy8pmojAkGWoRx2UFChF41A2svX+T\
aPm+AbwAgBWnrIiYllu7BNNyealdVLvRwEmTHWXvJwew==:
Content-Length: 18
Signature-Input: sig1=("@method" "@authority" "@path" \
"content-digest" "content-length" "content-type")\
;created=1618884475;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss"
Signature: sig1=:LAH8BjcfcOcLojiuOBFWn0P5keD3xAOuJRGziCLuD8r5MW9S0\
RoXXLzLSRfGY/3SF8kVIkHjE13SEFdTo4Af/fJ/Pu9wheqoLVdwXyY/UkBIS1M8Br\
c8IODsn5DFIrG0IrburbLi0uCc+E2ZIIb6HbUJ+o+jP58JelMTe0QE3IpWINTEzpx\
jqDf5/Df+InHCAkQCTuKsamjWXUpyOT1Wkxi7YPVNOjW4MfNuTZ9HdbD2Tr65+BXe\
TG9ZS/9SWuXAc+BZ8WyPz0QRz//ec3uWXd7bYYODSjRAxHqX+S1ag3LZElYyUKaAI\
jZ8MGOt4gXEwCSLDv/zqxZeWLj/PDkn6w==:
{"hello": "world"}
This would result in the following unsigned response message:
HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:56 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 62
{"busy": true, "message": "Your call is very important to us"}
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To cryptographically link the response to the request, the server
signs the response with its own key and includes the method,
authority, and the signature value sig1 from the request in the
covered components of the response. The signature base for this
example is:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
"@status": 503
"content-length": 62
"content-type": application/json
"signature";req;key="sig1": :LAH8BjcfcOcLojiuOBFWn0P5keD3xAOuJRGziC\
LuD8r5MW9S0RoXXLzLSRfGY/3SF8kVIkHjE13SEFdTo4Af/fJ/Pu9wheqoLVdwXyY\
/UkBIS1M8Brc8IODsn5DFIrG0IrburbLi0uCc+E2ZIIb6HbUJ+o+jP58JelMTe0QE\
3IpWINTEzpxjqDf5/Df+InHCAkQCTuKsamjWXUpyOT1Wkxi7YPVNOjW4MfNuTZ9Hd\
bD2Tr65+BXeTG9ZS/9SWuXAc+BZ8WyPz0QRz//ec3uWXd7bYYODSjRAxHqX+S1ag3\
LZElYyUKaAIjZ8MGOt4gXEwCSLDv/zqxZeWLj/PDkn6w==:
"@authority";req: example.com
"@method";req: POST
"@signature-params": ("@status" "content-length" "content-type" \
"signature";req;key="sig1" "@authority";req "@method";req)\
;created=1618884479;keyid="test-key-ecc-p256"
The signed response message is:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:56 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 62
Signature-Input: reqres=("@status" "content-length" "content-type" \
"signature";req;key="sig1" "@authority";req "@method";req)\
;created=1618884479;keyid="test-key-ecc-p256"
Signature: reqres=:mh17P4TbYYBmBwsXPT4nsyVzW4Rp9Fb8WcvnfqKCQLoMvzOB\
LD/n32tL/GPW6XE5GAS5bdsg1khK6lBzV1Cx/Q==:
{"busy": true, "message": "Your call is very important to us"}
Since the request's signature value itself is not repeated in the
response, the requester MUST keep the original signature value around
long enough to validate the signature of the response that uses this
component identifier.
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Note that the ECDSA algorithm in use here is non-deterministic,
meaning a different signature value will be created every time the
algorithm is run. The signature value provided here can be validated
against the given keys, but newly-generated signature values are not
expected to match the example. See Section 7.3.5.
The req parameter MUST NOT be used in a signature that targets a
request message.
2.5. Creating the Signature Base
The signature base is a US-ASCII string containing the canonicalized
HTTP message components covered by the signature. The input to the
signature base creation algorithm is the ordered set of covered
component identifiers and their associated values, along with any
additional signature parameters discussed in Section 2.3.
Component identifiers are serialized using the production grammar
defined by [STRUCTURED-FIELDS], Section 4. The component identifier
has a component name, which is a String Item value serialized using
the sf-string ABNF rule. The component identifier MAY also include
defined parameters which are serialized using the parameters ABNF
rule. The signature parameters line defined in Section 2.3 follows
this same pattern, but the component identifier is a String Item with
a fixed value and no parameters, and the component value is always an
Inner List with optional parameters.
Note that this means the serialization of the component name itself
is encased in double quotes, with parameters following as a
semicolon-separated list, such as "cache-control", "@authority",
"@signature-params", or "example-dictionary";key="foo".
The output is the ordered set of bytes that form the signature base,
which conforms to the following ABNF:
signature-base = *( signature-base-line LF ) signature-params-line
signature-base-line = component-identifier ":" SP
( derived-component-value / field-content ) ; no obs-fold
component-identifier = component-name parameters
component-name = sf-string
derived-component-value = *( VCHAR / SP )
signature-params-line = DQUOTE "@signature-params" DQUOTE
":" SP inner-list
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To create the signature base, the signer or verifier concatenates
together entries for each component identifier in the signature's
covered components (including their parameters) using the following
algorithm. All errors produced as described immediately MUST fail
the algorithm with no signature output base output.
1. Let the output be an empty string.
2. For each message component item in the covered components set (in
order):
1. Append the component identifier for the covered component
serialized according to the component-identifier ABNF rule.
Note that this serialization places the component name in
double quotes and appends any parameters outside of the
quotes.
2. Append a single colon :
3. Append a single space " "
4. Determine the component value for the component identifier.
* If the component identifier has a parameter that is not
understood, produce an error.
* If the component identifier has several incompatible
parameters, such as bs and sf, produce an error.
* If the component identifier contains the req parameter and
the target message is a request, produce an error.
* If the component identifier contains the req parameter and
the target message is a response, the context for the
component value is the related request message of the
target response message. Otherwise, the context for the
component value is the target message.
* If the component name starts with an "at" character (@),
derive the component's value from the message according to
the specific rules defined for the derived component, as
in Section 2.2, including processing of any known valid
parameters. If the derived component name is unknown or
the value cannot be derived, produce an error.
* If the component name does not start with an "at"
character (@), canonicalize the HTTP field value as
described in Section 2.1, including processing of any
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known valid parameters. If the field cannot be found in
the message, or the value cannot be obtained in the
context, produce an error.
5. Append the covered component's canonicalized component value.
6. Append a single newline \n
3. Append the signature parameters component (Section 2.3) according
to the signature-params-line rule as follows:
1. Append the component identifier for the signature parameters
serialized according to the component-identifier rule, i.e.
the exact value "@signature-params" (including double quotes)
2. Append a single colon :
3. Append a single space " "
4. Append the signature parameters' canonicalized component
value as defined in Section 2.3, i.e. an Inner List
structured field value with parameters
4. Return the output string.
If covered components reference a component identifier that cannot be
resolved to a component value in the message, the implementation MUST
produce an error and not create a signature base. Such situations
are included but not limited to:
* The signer or verifier does not understand the derived component
name.
* The component name identifies a field that is not present in the
message or whose value is malformed.
* The component identifier includes a parameter that is unknown or
does not apply to the component identifier to which it is
attached.
* The component identifier indicates that a structured field
serialization is used (via the sf parameter), but the field in
question is known to not be a structured field or the type of
structured field is not known to the implementation.
* The component identifier is a dictionary member identifier that
references a field that is not present in the message, is not a
Dictionary Structured Field, or whose value is malformed.
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* The component identifier is a dictionary member identifier or a
named query parameter identifier that references a member that is
not present in the component value, or whose value is malformed.
E.g., the identifier is "example-dict";key="c" and the value of
the Example-Dict header field is a=1, b=2, which does not have the
c value.
In the following non-normative example, the HTTP message being signed
is the following request:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
POST /foo?param=Value&Pet=dog HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:55 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Digest: sha-512=:WZDPaVn/7XgHaAy8pmojAkGWoRx2UFChF41A2svX+T\
aPm+AbwAgBWnrIiYllu7BNNyealdVLvRwEmTHWXvJwew==:
Content-Length: 18
{"hello": "world"}
The covered components consist of the @method, @authority, and @path
derived components followed by the Content-Digest, Content-Length,
and Content-Type HTTP header fields, in order. The signature
parameters consist of a creation timestamp of 1618884473 and a key
identifier of test-key-rsa-pss. Note that no explicit alg parameter
is given here since the verifier is known by the application to use
the RSA PSS algorithm based on the identified key. The signature
base for this message with these parameters is:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
"@method": POST
"@authority": example.com
"@path": /foo
"content-digest": sha-512=:WZDPaVn/7XgHaAy8pmojAkGWoRx2UFChF41A2svX\
+TaPm+AbwAgBWnrIiYllu7BNNyealdVLvRwEmTHWXvJwew==:
"content-length": 18
"content-type": application/json
"@signature-params": ("@method" "@authority" "@path" \
"content-digest" "content-length" "content-type")\
;created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss"
Figure 1: Non-normative example Signature Base
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Note that the example signature base here, or anywhere else within
this specification, does not include the final newline that ends the
displayed example.
3. HTTP Message Signatures
An HTTP Message Signature is a signature over a string generated from
a subset of the components of an HTTP message in addition to metadata
about the signature itself. When successfully verified against an
HTTP message, an HTTP Message Signature provides cryptographic proof
that the message is semantically equivalent to the message for which
the signature was generated, with respect to the subset of message
components that was signed.
3.1. Creating a Signature
Creation of an HTTP message signature is a process that takes as its
input the signature context (including the target message) and the
requirements for the application. The output is a signature value
and set of signature parameters that can be communicated to the
verifier by adding them to the message.
In order to create a signature, a signer MUST follow the following
algorithm:
1. The signer chooses an HTTP signature algorithm and key material
for signing. The signer MUST choose key material that is
appropriate for the signature's algorithm, and that conforms to
any requirements defined by the algorithm, such as key size or
format. The mechanism by which the signer chooses the algorithm
and key material is out of scope for this document.
2. The signer sets the signature's creation time to the current
time.
3. If applicable, the signer sets the signature's expiration time
property to the time at which the signature is to expire. The
expiration is a hint to the verifier, expressing the time at
which the signer is no longer willing to vouch for the safety of
the signature.
4. The signer creates an ordered set of component identifiers
representing the message components to be covered by the
signature, and attaches signature metadata parameters to this
set. The serialized value of this is later used as the value of
the Signature-Input field as described in Section 4.1.
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* Once an order of covered components is chosen, the order MUST
NOT change for the life of the signature.
* Each covered component identifier MUST be either an HTTP field
in the signature context Section 2.1 or a derived component
listed in Section 2.2 or its associated registry.
* Signers of a request SHOULD include some or all of the message
control data in the covered components, such as the @method,
@authority, @target-uri, or some combination thereof.
* Signers SHOULD include the created signature metadata
parameter to indicate when the signature was created.
* The @signature-params derived component identifier MUST NOT be
listed in the list of covered component identifiers. The
derived component is required to always be the last line in
the signature base, ensuring that a signature always covers
its own metadata and the metadata cannot be substituted.
* Further guidance on what to include in this set and in what
order is out of scope for this document.
5. The signer creates the signature base using these parameters and
the signature base creation algorithm. (Section 2.5)
6. The signer uses the HTTP_SIGN primitive function to sign the
signature base with the chosen signing algorithm using the key
material chosen by the signer. The HTTP_SIGN primitive and
several concrete applications of signing algorithms are defined
in in Section 3.3.
7. The byte array output of the signature function is the HTTP
message signature output value to be included in the Signature
field as defined in Section 4.2.
For example, given the HTTP message and signature parameters in the
example in Section 2.5, the example signature base is signed with the
test-key-rsa-pss key in Appendix B.1.2 and the RSA PSS algorithm
described in Section 3.3.1, giving the following message signature
output value, encoded in Base64:
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NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
HIbjHC5rS0BYaa9v4QfD4193TORw7u9edguPh0AW3dMq9WImrlFrCGUDih47vAxi4L2\
YRZ3XMJc1uOKk/J0ZmZ+wcta4nKIgBkKq0rM9hs3CQyxXGxHLMCy8uqK488o+9jrptQ\
+xFPHK7a9sRL1IXNaagCNN3ZxJsYapFj+JXbmaI5rtAdSfSvzPuBCh+ARHBmWuNo1Uz\
VVdHXrl8ePL4cccqlazIJdC4QEjrF+Sn4IxBQzTZsL9y9TP5FsZYzHvDqbInkTNigBc\
E9cKOYNFCn4D/WM7F6TNuZO9EgtzepLWcjTymlHzK7aXq6Am6sfOrpIC49yXjj3ae6H\
RalVc/g==
Figure 2: Non-normative example signature value
Note that the RSA PSS algorithm in use here is non-deterministic,
meaning a different signature value will be created every time the
algorithm is run. The signature value provided here can be validated
against the given keys, but newly-generated signature values are not
expected to match the example. See Section 7.3.5.
3.2. Verifying a Signature
Verification of an HTTP message signature is a process that takes as
its input the signature context (including the target message,
particularly its Signature and Signature-Input fields) and the
requirements for the application. The output of the verification is
either a positive verification or an error.
In order to verify a signature, a verifier MUST follow the following
algorithm:
1. Parse the Signature and Signature-Input fields as described in
Section 4.1 and Section 4.2, and extract the signatures to be
verified.
1. If there is more than one signature value present, determine
which signature should be processed for this message based on
the policy and configuration of the verifier. If an
applicable signature is not found, produce an error.
2. If the chosen Signature value does not have a corresponding
Signature-Input value, produce an error.
2. Parse the values of the chosen Signature-Input field as a
parameterized Inner List to get the ordered list of covered
components and the signature parameters for the signature to be
verified.
3. Parse the value of the corresponding Signature field to get the
byte array value of the signature to be verified.
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4. Examine the signature parameters to confirm that the signature
meets the requirements described in this document, as well as any
additional requirements defined by the application such as which
message components are required to be covered by the signature.
(Section 3.2.1)
5. Determine the verification key material for this signature. If
the key material is known through external means such as static
configuration or external protocol negotiation, the verifier will
use that. If the key is identified in the signature parameters,
the verifier will dereference this to appropriate key material to
use with the signature. The verifier has to determine the
trustworthiness of the key material for the context in which the
signature is presented. If a key is identified that the verifier
does not know, does not trust for this request, or does not match
something preconfigured, the verification MUST fail.
6. Determine the algorithm to apply for verification:
1. If the algorithm is known through external means such as
static configuration or external protocol negotiation, the
verifier will use this algorithm.
2. If the algorithm can be determined from the keying material,
such as through an algorithm field on the key value itself,
the verifier will use this algorithm.
3. If the algorithm is explicitly stated in the signature
parameters using a value from the HTTP Message Signatures
registry, the verifier will use the referenced algorithm.
4. If the algorithm is specified in more than one location, such
as through static configuration and the algorithm signature
parameter, or the algorithm signature parameter and from the
key material itself, the resolved algorithms MUST be the
same. If the algorithms are not the same, the verifier MUST
fail the verification.
7. Use the received HTTP message and the parsed signature parameters
to re-create the signature base, using the algorithm defined in
Section 2.5. The value of the @signature-params input is the
value of the Signature-Input field for this signature serialized
according to the rules described in Section 2.3. Note that this
does not include the signature's label from the Signature-Input
field.
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8. If the key material is appropriate for the algorithm, apply the
appropriate HTTP_VERIFY cryptographic verification algorithm to
the signature, recalculated signature base, key material,
signature value. The HTTP_VERIFY primitive and several concrete
algorithms are defined in Section 3.3.
9. The results of the verification algorithm function are the final
results of the cryptographic verification function.
If any of the above steps fail or produce an error, the signature
validation fails.
For example, verifying the signature with the key sig1 of the
following message with the test-key-rsa-pss key in Appendix B.1.2 and
the RSA PSS algorithm described in Section 3.3.1:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
POST /foo?param=Value&Pet=dog HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:55 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Digest: sha-512=:WZDPaVn/7XgHaAy8pmojAkGWoRx2UFChF41A2svX+T\
aPm+AbwAgBWnrIiYllu7BNNyealdVLvRwEmTHWXvJwew==:
Content-Length: 18
Signature-Input: sig1=("@method" "@authority" "@path" \
"content-digest" "content-length" "content-type")\
;created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss"
Signature: sig1=:HIbjHC5rS0BYaa9v4QfD4193TORw7u9edguPh0AW3dMq9WImrl\
FrCGUDih47vAxi4L2YRZ3XMJc1uOKk/J0ZmZ+wcta4nKIgBkKq0rM9hs3CQyxXGxH\
LMCy8uqK488o+9jrptQ+xFPHK7a9sRL1IXNaagCNN3ZxJsYapFj+JXbmaI5rtAdSf\
SvzPuBCh+ARHBmWuNo1UzVVdHXrl8ePL4cccqlazIJdC4QEjrF+Sn4IxBQzTZsL9y\
9TP5FsZYzHvDqbInkTNigBcE9cKOYNFCn4D/WM7F6TNuZO9EgtzepLWcjTymlHzK7\
aXq6Am6sfOrpIC49yXjj3ae6HRalVc/g==:
{"hello": "world"}
With the additional requirements that at least the method, authority,
path, content-digest, content-length, and content-type be signed, and
that the signature creation timestamp is recent enough at the time of
verification, the verification passes.
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3.2.1. Enforcing Application Requirements
The verification requirements specified in this document are intended
as a baseline set of restrictions that are generally applicable to
all use cases. Applications using HTTP Message Signatures MAY impose
requirements above and beyond those specified by this document, as
appropriate for their use case.
Some non-normative examples of additional requirements an application
might define are:
* Requiring a specific set of header fields to be signed (e.g.,
Authorization, Digest).
* Enforcing a maximum signature age from the time of the created
time stamp.
* Rejection of signatures past the expiration time in the expires
time stamp. Note that the expiration time is a hint from the
signer and that a verifier can always reject a signature ahead of
its expiration time.
* Prohibition of certain signature metadata parameters, such as
runtime algorithm signaling with the alg parameter when the
algorithm is determined from the key information.
* Ensuring successful dereferencing of the keyid parameter to valid
and appropriate key material.
* Prohibiting the use of certain algorithms, or mandating the use of
a specific algorithm.
* Requiring keys to be of a certain size (e.g., 2048 bits vs. 1024
bits).
* Enforcing uniqueness of the nonce parameter.
* Requiring an application-specific value for the tag parameter.
Application-specific requirements are expected and encouraged. When
an application defines additional requirements, it MUST enforce them
during the signature verification process, and signature verification
MUST fail if the signature does not conform to the application's
requirements.
Applications MUST enforce the requirements defined in this document.
Regardless of use case, applications MUST NOT accept signatures that
do not conform to these requirements.
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3.3. Signature Algorithms
An HTTP Message signature MUST use a cryptographic digital signature
or MAC method that is appropriate for the key material, environment,
and needs of the signer and verifier. This specification does not
strictly limit the available signature algorithms, and any signature
algorithm that meets these basic requirements MAY be used by an
application of HTTP message signatures.
Each signing method HTTP_SIGN takes as its input the signature base
defined in Section 2.5 as a byte array (M), the signing key material
(Ks), and outputs the signature output as a byte array (S):
HTTP_SIGN (M, Ks) -> S
Each verification method HTTP_VERIFY takes as its input the re-
generated signature base defined in Section 2.5 as a byte array (M),
the verification key material (Kv), and the presented signature to be
verified as a byte array (S) and outputs the verification result (V)
as a boolean:
HTTP_VERIFY (M, Kv, S) -> V
The following sections contain several common signature algorithms
and demonstrates how these cryptographic primitives map to the
HTTP_SIGN and HTTP_VERIFY definitions here. Which method to use can
be communicated through the explicit algorithm signature parameter
alg defined in Section 2.3, by reference to the key material, or
through mutual agreement between the signer and verifier. Signature
algorithms selected using the alg parameter MUST use values from the
HTTP Message Signature Algorithms Registry (Section 6.2).
3.3.1. RSASSA-PSS using SHA-512
To sign using this algorithm, the signer applies the RSASSA-PSS-SIGN
(K, M) function defined in [RFC8017] with the signer's private
signing key (K) and the signature base (M) (Section 2.5). The mask
generation function is MGF1 as specified in [RFC8017] with a hash
function of SHA-512 [RFC6234]. The salt length (sLen) is 64 bytes.
The hash function (Hash) SHA-512 [RFC6234] is applied to the
signature base to create the digest content to which the digital
signature is applied. The resulting signed content byte array (S) is
the HTTP message signature output used in Section 3.1.
To verify using this algorithm, the verifier applies the RSASSA-PSS-
VERIFY ((n, e), M, S) function [RFC8017] using the public key portion
of the verification key material ((n, e)) and the signature base (M)
re-created as described in Section 3.2. The mask generation function
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is MGF1 as specified in [RFC8017] with a hash function of SHA-512
[RFC6234]. The salt length (sLen) is 64 bytes. The hash function
(Hash) SHA-512 [RFC6234] is applied to the signature base to create
the digest content to which the verification function is applied.
The verifier extracts the HTTP message signature to be verified (S)
as described in Section 3.2. The results of the verification
function indicate if the signature presented is valid.
Note that the output of RSA PSS algorithms are non-deterministic, and
therefore it is not correct to re-calculate a new signature on the
signature base and compare the results to an existing signature.
Instead, the verification algorithm defined here needs to be used.
See Section 7.3.5.
Use of this algorithm can be indicated at runtime using the rsa-pss-
sha512 value for the alg signature parameter.
3.3.2. RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 using SHA-256
To sign using this algorithm, the signer applies the RSASSA-
PKCS1-V1_5-SIGN (K, M) function defined in [RFC8017] with the
signer's private signing key (K) and the signature base (M)
(Section 2.5). The hash SHA-256 [RFC6234] is applied to the
signature base to create the digest content to which the digital
signature is applied. The resulting signed content byte array (S) is
the HTTP message signature output used in Section 3.1.
To verify using this algorithm, the verifier applies the RSASSA-
PKCS1-V1_5-VERIFY ((n, e), M, S) function [RFC8017] using the public
key portion of the verification key material ((n, e)) and the
signature base (M) re-created as described in Section 3.2. The hash
function SHA-256 [RFC6234] is applied to the signature base to create
the digest content to which the verification function is applied.
The verifier extracts the HTTP message signature to be verified (S)
as described in Section 3.2. The results of the verification
function indicate if the signature presented is valid.
Use of this algorithm can be indicated at runtime using the rsa-
v1_5-sha256 value for the alg signature parameter.
3.3.3. HMAC using SHA-256
To sign and verify using this algorithm, the signer applies the HMAC
function [RFC2104] with the shared signing key (K) and the signature
base (text) (Section 2.5). The hash function SHA-256 [RFC6234] is
applied to the signature base to create the digest content to which
the HMAC is applied, giving the signature result.
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For signing, the resulting value is the HTTP message signature output
used in Section 3.1.
For verification, the verifier extracts the HTTP message signature to
be verified (S) as described in Section 3.2. The output of the HMAC
function is compared bytewise to the value of the HTTP message
signature, and the results of the comparison determine the validity
of the signature presented.
Use of this algorithm can be indicated at runtime using the hmac-
sha256 value for the alg signature parameter.
3.3.4. ECDSA using curve P-256 DSS and SHA-256
To sign using this algorithm, the signer applies the ECDSA algorithm
defined in [FIPS186-4] using curve P-256 with the signer's private
signing key and the signature base (Section 2.5). The hash SHA-256
[RFC6234] is applied to the signature base to create the digest
content to which the digital signature is applied, (M). The
signature algorithm returns two integer values, r and s. These are
both encoded as big-endian unsigned integers, zero-padded to
32-octets each. These encoded values are concatenated into a single
64-octet array consisting of the encoded value of r followed by the
encoded value of s. The resulting concatenation of (r, s) is byte
array of the HTTP message signature output used in Section 3.1.
To verify using this algorithm, the verifier applies the ECDSA
algorithm defined in [FIPS186-4] using the public key portion of the
verification key material and the signature base re-created as
described in Section 3.2. The hash function SHA-256 [RFC6234] is
applied to the signature base to create the digest content to which
the signature verification function is applied, (M). The verifier
extracts the HTTP message signature to be verified (S) as described
in Section 3.2. This value is a 64-octet array consisting of the
encoded values of r and s concatenated in order. These are both
encoded in big-endian unsigned integers, zero-padded to 32-octets
each. The resulting signature value (r, s) is used as input to the
signature verification function. The results of the verification
function indicate if the signature presented is valid.
Note that the output of ECDSA algorithms are non-deterministic, and
therefore it is not correct to re-calculate a new signature on the
signature base and compare the results to an existing signature.
Instead, the verification algorithm defined here needs to be used.
See Section 7.3.5.
Use of this algorithm can be indicated at runtime using the ecdsa-
p256-sha256 value for the alg signature parameter.
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3.3.5. ECDSA using curve P-384 DSS and SHA-384
To sign using this algorithm, the signer applies the ECDSA algorithm
defined in [FIPS186-4] using curve P-384 with the signer's private
signing key and the signature base (Section 2.5). The hash SHA-384
[RFC6234] is applied to the signature base to create the digest
content to which the digital signature is applied, (M). The
signature algorithm returns two integer values, r and s. These are
both encoded as big-endian unsigned integers, zero-padded to
48-octets each. These encoded values are concatenated into a single
96-octet array consisting of the encoded value of r followed by the
encoded value of s. The resulting concatenation of (r, s) is byte
array of the HTTP message signature output used in Section 3.1.
To verify using this algorithm, the verifier applies the ECDSA
algorithm defined in [FIPS186-4] using the public key portion of the
verification key material and the signature base re-created as
described in Section 3.2. The hash function SHA-384 [RFC6234] is
applied to the signature base to create the digest content to which
the signature verification function is applied, (M). The verifier
extracts the HTTP message signature to be verified (S) as described
in Section 3.2. This value is a 96-octet array consisting of the
encoded values of r and s concatenated in order. These are both
encoded in big-endian unsigned integers, zero-padded to 48-octets
each. The resulting signature value (r, s) is used as input to the
signature verification function. The results of the verification
function indicate if the signature presented is valid.
Note that the output of ECDSA algorithms are non-deterministic, and
therefore it is not correct to re-calculate a new signature on the
signature base and compare the results to an existing signature.
Instead, the verification algorithm defined here needs to be used.
See Section 7.3.5.
Use of this algorithm can be indicated at runtime using the ecdsa-
p384-sha384 value for the alg signature parameter.
3.3.6. EdDSA using curve edwards25519
To sign using this algorithm, the signer applies the Ed25519
algorithm defined in Section 5.1.6 of [RFC8032] with the signer's
private signing key and the signature base (Section 2.5). The
signature base is taken as the input message (M) with no pre-hash
function. The signature is a 64-octet concatenation of R and S as
specified in Section 5.1.6 of [RFC8032], and this is taken as a byte
array for the HTTP message signature output used in Section 3.1.
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To verify using this algorithm, the signer applies the Ed25519
algorithm defined in Section 5.1.7 of [RFC8032] using the public key
portion of the verification key material (A) and the signature base
re-created as described in Section 3.2. The signature base is taken
as the input message (M) with no pre-hash function. The signature to
be verified is processed as the 64-octet concatenation of R and S as
specified in Section 5.1.7 of [RFC8032]. The results of the
verification function indicate if the signature presented is valid.
Use of this algorithm can be indicated at runtime using the ed25519
value for the alg signature parameter.
3.3.7. JSON Web Signature (JWS) algorithms
If the signing algorithm is a JOSE signing algorithm from the JSON
Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms Registry established by
[RFC7518], the JWS algorithm definition determines the signature and
hashing algorithms to apply for both signing and verification.
For both signing and verification, the HTTP messages signature base
(Section 2.5) is used as the entire "JWS Signing Input". The JOSE
Header defined in [RFC7517] is not used, and the signature base is
not first encoded in Base64 before applying the algorithm. The
output of the JWS signature is taken as a byte array prior to the
Base64url encoding used in JOSE.
The JWS algorithm MUST NOT be none and MUST NOT be any algorithm with
a JOSE Implementation Requirement of Prohibited.
JWA algorithm values from the JSON Web Signature and Encryption
Algorithms Registry are not included as signature parameters.
Typically, the JWS algorithm can be signaled using JSON Web Keys or
other mechanisms common to JOSE implementations. In fact, and JWA
algorithm values are not registered in the HTTP Message Signature
Algorithms Registry (Section 6.2), and so the explicit alg signature
parameter is not used at all when using JOSE signing algorithms.
4. Including a Message Signature in a Message
HTTP message signatures can be included within an HTTP message via
the Signature-Input and Signature fields, both defined within this
specification.
The Signature-Input field identifies the covered components and
parameters that describe how the signature was generated, while the
Signature field contains the signature value. Each field MAY contain
multiple labeled values.
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An HTTP message signature is identified by a label within an HTTP
message. This label MUST be unique within a given HTTP message and
MUST be used in both the Signature-Input and Signature fields. The
label is chosen by the signer, except where a specific label is
dictated by protocol negotiations such as described in Section 5.
An HTTP message signature MUST use both Signature-Input and Signature
fields and each field MUST contain the same labels. The presence of
a label in one field but not in the other is an error.
4.1. The Signature-Input HTTP Field
The Signature-Input field is a Dictionary structured field defined in
Section 3.2 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS] containing the metadata for one or
more message signatures generated from components within the HTTP
message. Each member describes a single message signature. The
member's key is the label that uniquely identifies the message
signature within the context of the HTTP message. The member's value
is the serialization of the covered components Inner List plus all
signature metadata parameters identified by the label.
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
Signature-Input: sig1=("@method" "@target-uri" "@authority" \
"content-digest" "cache-control");\
created=1618884475;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss"
To facilitate signature validation, the Signature-Input field value
MUST contain the same serialized value used in generating the
signature base's @signature-params value defined in Section 2.3.
Note that in a structured field value, list order and parameter order
have to be preserved.
The signer MAY include the Signature-Input field as a trailer to
facilitate signing a message after its content has been processed by
the signer. However, since intermediaries are allowed to drop
trailers as per [HTTP], it is RECOMMENDED that the Signature-Input
field be included only as a header to avoid signatures being
inadvertently stripped from a message.
Multiple Signature-Input fields MAY be included in a single HTTP
message. The signature labels MUST be unique across all field
values.
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4.2. The Signature HTTP Field
The Signature field is a Dictionary structured field defined in
Section 3.2 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS] containing one or more message
signatures generated from components and context of the HTTP message.
The member's key is the label that uniquely identifies the message
signature within the context of the HTTP message. The member's value
is a Byte Sequence containing the signature value for the message
signature identified by the label.
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
Signature: sig1=:P0wLUszWQjoi54udOtydf9IWTfNhy+r53jGFj9XZuP4uKwxyJo\
1RSHi+oEF1FuX6O29d+lbxwwBao1BAgadijW+7O/PyezlTnqAOVPWx9GlyntiCiHz\
C87qmSQjvu1CFyFuWSjdGa3qLYYlNm7pVaJFalQiKWnUaqfT4LyttaXyoyZW84jS8\
gyarxAiWI97mPXU+OVM64+HVBHmnEsS+lTeIsEQo36T3NFf2CujWARPQg53r58Rmp\
Z+J9eKR2CD6IJQvacn5A4Ix5BUAVGqlyp8JYm+S/CWJi31PNUjRRCusCVRj05NrxA\
BNFv3r5S9IXf2fYJK+eyW4AiGVMvMcOg==:
The signer MAY include the Signature field as a trailer to facilitate
signing a message after its content has been processed by the signer.
However, since intermediaries are allowed to drop trailers as per
[HTTP], it is RECOMMENDED that the Signature field be included only
as a header to avoid signatures being inadvertently stripped from a
message.
Multiple Signature fields MAY be included in a single HTTP message.
The signature labels MUST be unique across all field values.
4.3. Multiple Signatures
Multiple distinct signatures MAY be included in a single message.
Each distinct signature MUST have a unique label. These multiple
signatures could be added all by the same signer or could come from
several different signers. For example, a signer may include
multiple signatures signing the same message components with
different keys or algorithms to support verifiers with different
capabilities, or a reverse proxy may include information about the
client in fields when forwarding the request to a service host,
including a signature over the client's original signature values.
The following non-normative example starts with a signed request from
the client. A reverse proxy takes this request validates the
client's signature.
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NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
POST /foo?param=Value&Pet=dog HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:55 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Digest: sha-512=:WZDPaVn/7XgHaAy8pmojAkGWoRx2UFChF41A2svX+T\
aPm+AbwAgBWnrIiYllu7BNNyealdVLvRwEmTHWXvJwew==:
Content-Length: 18
Signature-Input: sig1=("@method" "@authority" "@path" \
"content-digest" "content-length" "content-type")\
;created=1618884475;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss"
Signature: sig1=:LAH8BjcfcOcLojiuOBFWn0P5keD3xAOuJRGziCLuD8r5MW9S0\
RoXXLzLSRfGY/3SF8kVIkHjE13SEFdTo4Af/fJ/Pu9wheqoLVdwXyY/UkBIS1M8Br\
c8IODsn5DFIrG0IrburbLi0uCc+E2ZIIb6HbUJ+o+jP58JelMTe0QE3IpWINTEzpx\
jqDf5/Df+InHCAkQCTuKsamjWXUpyOT1Wkxi7YPVNOjW4MfNuTZ9HdbD2Tr65+BXe\
TG9ZS/9SWuXAc+BZ8WyPz0QRz//ec3uWXd7bYYODSjRAxHqX+S1ag3LZElYyUKaAI\
jZ8MGOt4gXEwCSLDv/zqxZeWLj/PDkn6w==:
{"hello": "world"}
The proxy then alters the message before forwarding it on to the
origin server, changing the target host and adding the Forwarded
header field defined in [RFC7239].
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
POST /foo?param=Value&Pet=dog HTTP/1.1
Host: origin.host.internal.example
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:56 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Digest: sha-512=:WZDPaVn/7XgHaAy8pmojAkGWoRx2UFChF41A2svX+T\
aPm+AbwAgBWnrIiYllu7BNNyealdVLvRwEmTHWXvJwew==:
Content-Length: 18
Forwarded: for=192.0.2.123
Signature-Input: sig1=("@method" "@authority" "@path" \
"content-digest" "content-length" "content-type")\
;created=1618884475;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss"
Signature: sig1=:LAH8BjcfcOcLojiuOBFWn0P5keD3xAOuJRGziCLuD8r5MW9S0\
RoXXLzLSRfGY/3SF8kVIkHjE13SEFdTo4Af/fJ/Pu9wheqoLVdwXyY/UkBIS1M8Br\
c8IODsn5DFIrG0IrburbLi0uCc+E2ZIIb6HbUJ+o+jP58JelMTe0QE3IpWINTEzpx\
jqDf5/Df+InHCAkQCTuKsamjWXUpyOT1Wkxi7YPVNOjW4MfNuTZ9HdbD2Tr65+BXe\
TG9ZS/9SWuXAc+BZ8WyPz0QRz//ec3uWXd7bYYODSjRAxHqX+S1ag3LZElYyUKaAI\
jZ8MGOt4gXEwCSLDv/zqxZeWLj/PDkn6w==:
{"hello": "world"}
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The proxy includes the client's signature value under the label sig1,
which the proxy signs in addition to the Forwarded field. Note that
since the client's signature already covers the client's Signature-
Input value for sig1, this value is transitively covered by the
proxy's signature and need not be added explicitly. The proxy
identifies its own key and algorithm and, in this example, includes
an expiration for the signature to indicate to downstream systems
that the proxy will not vouch for this signed message past this short
time window. This results in a signature base of:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
"signature";key="sig1": :LAH8BjcfcOcLojiuOBFWn0P5keD3xAOuJRGziCLuD8\
r5MW9S0RoXXLzLSRfGY/3SF8kVIkHjE13SEFdTo4Af/fJ/Pu9wheqoLVdwXyY/UkB\
IS1M8Brc8IODsn5DFIrG0IrburbLi0uCc+E2ZIIb6HbUJ+o+jP58JelMTe0QE3IpW\
INTEzpxjqDf5/Df+InHCAkQCTuKsamjWXUpyOT1Wkxi7YPVNOjW4MfNuTZ9HdbD2T\
r65+BXeTG9ZS/9SWuXAc+BZ8WyPz0QRz//ec3uWXd7bYYODSjRAxHqX+S1ag3LZEl\
YyUKaAIjZ8MGOt4gXEwCSLDv/zqxZeWLj/PDkn6w==:
"forwarded": for=192.0.2.123
"@signature-params": ("signature";key="sig1" "forwarded")\
;created=1618884480;expires=1618884540;keyid="test-key-rsa"\
;alg="rsa-v1_5-sha256"
And a signature output value of:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
G1WLTL4/9PGSKEQbSAMypZNk+I2dpLJ6qvl2JISahlP31OO/QEUd8/HdO2O7vYLi5k3\
JIiAK3UPK4U+kvJZyIUidsiXlzRI+Y2se3SGo0D8dLfhG95bKr6ukYXl60QHpsGRTfS\
iwdtvYKXGpKNrMlISJYd+oGrGRyI9gbCy0aFhc6I/okIMLeK4g9PgzpC3YTwhUQ98KI\
BNLWHgREfBgJxjPbxFlsgJ9ykPviLj8GKJ81HwsK3XM9P7WaS7fMGOt8h1kSqgkZQB9\
YqiIo+WhHvJa7iPy8QrYFKzx9BBEY6AwfStZAsXXz3LobZseyxsYcLJLs8rY0wVA9NP\
sxKrHGA==
These values are added to the HTTP request message by the proxy. The
original signature is included under the identifier sig1, and the
reverse proxy's signature is included under the label proxy_sig. The
proxy uses the key test-key-rsa to create its signature using the
rsa-v1_5-sha256 signature algorithm, while the client's original
signature was made using the key id of test-key-rsa-pss and an RSA
PSS signature algorithm.
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NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
POST /foo?param=Value&Pet=dog HTTP/1.1
Host: origin.host.internal.example
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:56 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Digest: sha-512=:WZDPaVn/7XgHaAy8pmojAkGWoRx2UFChF41A2svX+T\
aPm+AbwAgBWnrIiYllu7BNNyealdVLvRwEmTHWXvJwew==:
Content-Length: 18
Forwarded: for=192.0.2.123
Signature-Input: sig1=("@method" "@authority" "@path" \
"content-digest" "content-length" "content-type")\
;created=1618884475;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss", \
proxy_sig=("signature";key="sig1" "forwarded")\
;created=1618884480;expires=1618884540;keyid="test-key-rsa"\
;alg="rsa-v1_5-sha256"
Signature: sig1=:LAH8BjcfcOcLojiuOBFWn0P5keD3xAOuJRGziCLuD8r5MW9S0\
RoXXLzLSRfGY/3SF8kVIkHjE13SEFdTo4Af/fJ/Pu9wheqoLVdwXyY/UkBIS1M8\
Brc8IODsn5DFIrG0IrburbLi0uCc+E2ZIIb6HbUJ+o+jP58JelMTe0QE3IpWINT\
EzpxjqDf5/Df+InHCAkQCTuKsamjWXUpyOT1Wkxi7YPVNOjW4MfNuTZ9HdbD2Tr\
65+BXeTG9ZS/9SWuXAc+BZ8WyPz0QRz//ec3uWXd7bYYODSjRAxHqX+S1ag3LZE\
lYyUKaAIjZ8MGOt4gXEwCSLDv/zqxZeWLj/PDkn6w==:, \
proxy_sig=:G1WLTL4/9PGSKEQbSAMypZNk+I2dpLJ6qvl2JISahlP31OO/QEUd8/\
HdO2O7vYLi5k3JIiAK3UPK4U+kvJZyIUidsiXlzRI+Y2se3SGo0D8dLfhG95bKr\
6ukYXl60QHpsGRTfSiwdtvYKXGpKNrMlISJYd+oGrGRyI9gbCy0aFhc6I/okIML\
eK4g9PgzpC3YTwhUQ98KIBNLWHgREfBgJxjPbxFlsgJ9ykPviLj8GKJ81HwsK3X\
M9P7WaS7fMGOt8h1kSqgkZQB9YqiIo+WhHvJa7iPy8QrYFKzx9BBEY6AwfStZAs\
XXz3LobZseyxsYcLJLs8rY0wVA9NPsxKrHGA==:
{"hello": "world"}
The proxy's signature and the client's original signature can be
verified independently for the same message, based on the needs of
the application. Since the proxy's signature covers the client
signature, the backend service fronted by the proxy can trust that
the proxy has validated the incoming signature.
5. Requesting Signatures
While a signer is free to attach a signature to a request or response
without prompting, it is often desirable for a potential verifier to
signal that it expects a signature from a potential signer using the
Accept-Signature field.
When the Accept-Signature field is sent in an HTTP request message,
the field indicates that the client desires the server to sign the
response using the identified parameters, and the target message is
the response to this request. All responses from resources that
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support such signature negotiation SHOULD either be uncacheable or
contain a Vary header field that lists Accept-Signature, in order to
prevent a cache from returning a response with a signature intended
for a different request.
When the Accept-Signature field is used in an HTTP response message,
the field indicates that the server desires the client to sign its
next request to the server with the identified parameters, and the
target message is the client's next request. The client can choose
to also continue signing future requests to the same server in the
same way.
The target message of an Accept-Signature field MUST include all
labeled signatures indicated in the Accept-Header signature, each
covering the same identified components of the Accept-Signature
field.
The sender of an Accept-Signature field MUST include only identifiers
that are appropriate for the type of the target message. For
example, if the target message is a request, the covered components
can not include the @status component identifier.
5.1. The Accept-Signature Field
The Accept-Signature field is a Dictionary structured field defined
in Section 3.2 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS] containing the metadata for one
or more requested message signatures to be generated from message
components of the target HTTP message. Each member describes a
single message signature. The member's name is label that uniquely
identifies the requested message signature within the context of the
target HTTP message. The member's value is the serialization of the
desired covered components of the target message, including any
allowed signature metadata parameters, using the serialization
process defined in Section 2.3.
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
Accept-Signature: sig1=("@method" "@target-uri" "@authority" \
"content-digest" "cache-control");\
keyid="test-key-rsa-pss"
The requested signature MAY include parameters, such as a desired
algorithm or key identifier. These parameters MUST NOT include
parameters that the signer is expected to generate, such as the
created parameter.
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5.2. Processing an Accept-Signature
The receiver of an Accept-Signature field fulfills that header as
follows:
1. Parse the field value as a Dictionary
2. For each member of the dictionary:
1. The key is taken as the label of the output signature as
specified in Section 4.1
2. Parse the value of the member to obtain the set of covered
component identifiers
3. Determine that the covered components are applicable to the
target message. If not, the process fails and returns an
error.
4. Process the requested parameters, such as the signing
algorithm and key material. If any requested parameters
cannot be fulfilled, or if the requested parameters conflict
with those deemed appropriate to the target message, the
process fails and returns an error.
5. Select and generate any additional parameters necessary for
completing the signature
6. Create the HTTP message signature over the target message
7. Create the Signature-Input and Signature values and associate
them with the label
3. Optionally create any additional Signature-Input and Signature
values, with unique labels not found in the Accept-Signature
field
4. Combine all labeled Signature-Input and Signature values and
attach both fields to the target message
Note that by this process, a signature applied to a target message
MUST have the same label, MUST have the same set of covered
component, and MAY have additional parameters. Also note that the
target message MAY include additional signatures not specified by the
Accept-Signature field.
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6. IANA Considerations
IANA is asked to update one registry and create four new registries,
according to the following sections.
6.1. HTTP Field Name Registration
IANA is asked to update the "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Field
Name Registry" registry ([HTTP]) according to the table below:
+==================+===========+=========================+
| Field Name | Status | Reference |
+==================+===========+=========================+
| Signature-Input | permanent | Section 4.1 of RFC nnnn |
+------------------+-----------+-------------------------+
| Signature | permanent | Section 4.2 of RFC nnnn |
+------------------+-----------+-------------------------+
| Accept-Signature | permanent | Section 5.1 of RFC nnnn |
+------------------+-----------+-------------------------+
Table 1
6.2. HTTP Signature Algorithms Registry
This document defines HTTP Signature Algorithms, for which IANA is
asked to create and maintain a new registry titled "HTTP Signature
Algorithms". Initial values for this registry are given in
Section 6.2.2. Future assignments and modifications to existing
assignment are to be made through the Expert Review registration
policy [RFC8126] and shall follow the template presented in
Section 6.2.1.
Algorithms referenced by algorithm identifiers have to be fully
defined with all parameters fixed. Algorithm identifiers in this
registry are to be interpreted as whole string values and not as a
combination of parts. That is to say, it is expected that
implementors understand rsa-pss-sha512 as referring to one specific
algorithm with its hash, mask, and salt values set as defined here.
Implementors do not parse out the rsa, pss, and sha512 portions of
the identifier to determine parameters of the signing algorithm from
the string, and the registry of one combination of parameters does
not imply the registration of other combinations.
Algorithms added to this registry MUST NOT be aliases for other
entries in the registry.
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6.2.1. Registration Template
Algorithm Name:
An identifier for the HTTP Signature Algorithm. The name MUST be
an ASCII string consisting only of lower-case characters ("a" -
"z"), digits ("0" - "9"), and hyphens ("-"), and SHOULD NOT exceed
20 characters in length. The identifier MUST be unique within the
context of the registry.
Description:
A brief description of the algorithm used to sign the signature
base.
Status:
A brief text description of the status of the algorithm. The
description MUST begin with one of "Active" or "Deprecated", and
MAY provide further context or explanation as to the reason for
the status.
Specification document(s):
Reference to the document(s) that specify the algorithm,
preferably including a URI that can be used to retrieve a copy of
the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also
be included but is not required.
6.2.2. Initial Contents
+===================+===================+========+===============+
| Algorithm Name | Description | Status | Specification |
| | | | document(s) |
+===================+===================+========+===============+
| rsa-pss-sha512 | RSASSA-PSS using | Active | Section 3.3.1 |
| | SHA-512 | | of RFC nnnn |
+-------------------+-------------------+--------+---------------+
| rsa-v1_5-sha256 | RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 | Active | Section 3.3.2 |
| | using SHA-256 | | of RFC nnnn |
+-------------------+-------------------+--------+---------------+
| hmac-sha256 | HMAC using | Active | Section 3.3.3 |
| | SHA-256 | | of RFC nnnn |
+-------------------+-------------------+--------+---------------+
| ecdsa-p256-sha256 | ECDSA using curve | Active | Section 3.3.4 |
| | P-256 DSS and | | of RFC nnnn |
| | SHA-256 | | |
+-------------------+-------------------+--------+---------------+
| ecdsa-p384-sha384 | ECDSA using curve | Active | Section 3.3.5 |
| | P-384 DSS and | | of RFC nnnn |
| | SHA-384 | | |
+-------------------+-------------------+--------+---------------+
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| ed25519 | Edwards Curve DSA | Active | Section 3.3.6 |
| | using curve | | of RFC nnnn |
| | edwards25519 | | |
+-------------------+-------------------+--------+---------------+
Table 2: Initial contents of the HTTP Signature Algorithms
Registry.
6.3. HTTP Signature Metadata Parameters Registry
This document defines the signature parameters structure in
Section 2.3, which may have parameters containing metadata about a
message signature. IANA is asked to create and maintain a new
registry titled "HTTP Signature Metadata Parameters" to record and
maintain the set of parameters defined for use with member values in
the signature parameters structure. Initial values for this registry
are given in Section 6.3.2. Future assignments and modifications to
existing assignments are to be made through the Expert Review
registration policy [RFC8126] and shall follow the template presented
in Section 6.3.1.
6.3.1. Registration Template
Name:
An identifier for the HTTP signature metadata parameter. The name
MUST be an ASCII string that conforms to the key ABNF rule defined
in Section 3.1.2 of [STRUCTURED-FIELDS] and SHOULD NOT exceed 20
characters in length. The identifier MUST be unique within the
context of the registry.
Description:
A brief description of the metadata parameter and what it
represents.
Specification document(s):
Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter,
preferably including a URI that can be used to retrieve a copy of
the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also
be included but is not required.
6.3.2. Initial Contents
The table below contains the initial contents of the HTTP Signature
Metadata Parameters Registry. Each row in the table represents a
distinct entry in the registry.
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+=========+===============================+===============+
| Name | Description | Specification |
| | | document(s) |
+=========+===============================+===============+
| alg | Explicitly declared signature | Section 2.3 |
| | algorithm | of RFC nnnn |
+---------+-------------------------------+---------------+
| created | Timestamp of signature | Section 2.3 |
| | creation | of RFC nnnn |
+---------+-------------------------------+---------------+
| expires | Timestamp of proposed | Section 2.3 |
| | signature expiration | of RFC nnnn |
+---------+-------------------------------+---------------+
| keyid | Key identifier for the | Section 2.3 |
| | signing and verification keys | of RFC nnnn |
| | used to create this signature | |
+---------+-------------------------------+---------------+
| nonce | A single-use nonce value | Section 2.3 |
| | | of RFC nnnn |
+---------+-------------------------------+---------------+
| tag | An application-specific tag | Section 2.3 |
| | for a signature | of RFC nnnn |
+---------+-------------------------------+---------------+
Table 3: Initial contents of the HTTP Signature
Metadata Parameters Registry.
6.4. HTTP Signature Derived Component Names Registry
This document defines a method for canonicalizing HTTP message
components, including components that can be derived from the context
of the HTTP message outside of the HTTP fields. These derived
components are identified by a unique string, known as the component
name. Component names for derived components always start with the
"@" (at) symbol to distinguish them from HTTP header fields. IANA is
asked to create and maintain a new registry typed "HTTP Signature
Derived Component Names" to record and maintain the set of non-field
component names and the methods to produce their associated component
values. Initial values for this registry are given in Section 6.4.2.
Future assignments and modifications to existing assignments are to
be made through the Expert Review registration policy [RFC8126] and
shall follow the template presented in Section 6.4.1.
6.4.1. Registration Template
Name:
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A name for the HTTP derived component. The name MUST begin with
the "@" character followed by an ASCII string consisting only of
lower-case characters ("a" - "z"), digits ("0" - "9"), and hyphens
("-"), and SHOULD NOT exceed 20 characters in length. The name
MUST be unique within the context of the registry.
Description:
A description of the derived component.
Status:
A brief text description of the status of the algorithm. The
description MUST begin with one of "Active" or "Deprecated", and
MAY provide further context or explanation as to the reason for
the status.
Target:
The valid message targets for the derived parameter. MUST be one
of the values "Request", "Response", or "Request, Response". The
semantics of these are defined in Section 2.2.
Specification document(s):
Reference to the document(s) that specify the derived component,
preferably including a URI that can be used to retrieve a copy of
the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also
be included but is not required.
6.4.2. Initial Contents
The table below contains the initial contents of the HTTP Signature
Derived Component Names Registry.
+===================+==============+======+========+===============+
| Name | Description |Status|Target | Specification |
| | | | | document(s) |
+===================+==============+======+========+===============+
| @signature-params | Reserved for |Active|Request,| Section 2.3 |
| | signature | |Response| of RFC nnnn |
| | parameters | | | |
| | line in | | | |
| | signature | | | |
| | base | | | |
+-------------------+--------------+------+--------+---------------+
| @method | The HTTP |Active|Request | Section 2.2.1 |
| | request | | | of RFC nnnn |
| | method | | | |
+-------------------+--------------+------+--------+---------------+
| @authority | The HTTP |Active|Request | Section 2.2.3 |
| | authority, | | | of RFC nnnn |
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| | or target | | | |
| | host | | | |
+-------------------+--------------+------+--------+---------------+
| @scheme | The URI |Active|Request | Section 2.2.4 |
| | scheme of | | | of RFC nnnn |
| | the request | | | |
| | URI | | | |
+-------------------+--------------+------+--------+---------------+
| @target-uri | The full |Active|Request | Section 2.2.2 |
| | target URI | | | of RFC nnnn |
| | of the | | | |
| | request | | | |
+-------------------+--------------+------+--------+---------------+
| @request-target | The request |Active|Request | Section 2.2.5 |
| | target of | | | of RFC nnnn |
| | the request | | | |
+-------------------+--------------+------+--------+---------------+
| @path | The full |Active|Request | Section 2.2.6 |
| | path of the | | | of RFC nnnn |
| | request URI | | | |
+-------------------+--------------+------+--------+---------------+
| @query | The full |Active|Request | Section 2.2.7 |
| | query of the | | | of RFC nnnn |
| | request URI | | | |
+-------------------+--------------+------+--------+---------------+
| @query-param | A single |Active|Request | Section 2.2.8 |
| | named query | | | of RFC nnnn |
| | parameter | | | |
+-------------------+--------------+------+--------+---------------+
| @status | The status |Active|Response| Section 2.2.9 |
| | code of the | | | of RFC nnnn |
| | response | | | |
+-------------------+--------------+------+--------+---------------+
Table 4: Initial contents of the HTTP Signature Derived
Component Names Registry.
6.5. HTTP Signature Component Parameters Registry
This document defines several kinds of component identifiers, some of
which can be parameterized in specific circumstances to provide
unique modified behavior. IANA is asked to create and maintain a new
registry typed "HTTP Signature Component Parameters" to record and
maintain the set of parameters names, the component identifiers they
are associated with, and the modifications these parameters make to
the component value. Definitions of parameters MUST define the
targets to which they apply (such as specific field types, derived
components, or contexts) and any incompatibilities with other
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parameters known at the time of definition. Initial values for this
registry are given in Section 6.5.2. Future assignments and
modifications to existing assignments are to be made through the
Expert Review registration policy [RFC8126] and shall follow the
template presented in Section 6.5.1.
6.5.1. Registration Template
Name:
A name for the parameter. The name MUST be an ASCII string that
conforms to the key ABNF rule defined in Section 3.1.2 of
[STRUCTURED-FIELDS] and SHOULD NOT exceed 20 characters in length.
The name MUST be unique within the context of the registry.
Description:
A description of the parameter's function.
Status:
A brief text description of the status of the parameter. The
description MUST begin with one of "Active" or "Deprecated", and
MAY provide further context or explanation as to the reason for
the status.
Specification document(s):
Reference to the document(s) that specify the derived component,
preferably including a URI that can be used to retrieve a copy of
the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also
be included but is not required.
6.5.2. Initial Contents
The table below contains the initial contents of the HTTP Signature
Derived Component Names Registry.
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+======+==============================+========+===============+
| Name | Description | Status | Specification |
| | | | document(s) |
+======+==============================+========+===============+
| sf | Strict structured field | Active | Section 2.1.1 |
| | serialization | | of RFC nnnn |
+------+------------------------------+--------+---------------+
| key | Single key value of | Active | Section 2.1.2 |
| | dictionary structured fields | | of RFC nnnn |
+------+------------------------------+--------+---------------+
| bs | Byte Sequence wrapping | Active | Section 2.1.3 |
| | indicator | | of RFC nnnn |
+------+------------------------------+--------+---------------+
| tr | Trailer | Active | Section 2.1.4 |
| | | | of RFC nnnn |
+------+------------------------------+--------+---------------+
| req | Related request indicator | Active | Section 2.2.4 |
| | | | of RFC nnnn |
+------+------------------------------+--------+---------------+
| name | Single named query parameter | Active | Section 2.2.8 |
| | | | of RFC nnnn |
+------+------------------------------+--------+---------------+
Table 5: Initial contents of the HTTP Signature Component
Parameters Registry.
7. Security Considerations
In order for an HTTP message to be considered _covered_ by a
signature, all of the following conditions have to be true:
* a signature is expected or allowed on the message by the verifier
* the signature exists on the message
* the signature is verified against the identified key material and
algorithm
* the key material and algorithm are appropriate for the context of
the message
* the signature is within expected time boundaries
* the signature covers the expected content, including any critical
components
* the list of covered components is applicable to the context of the
message
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In addition to the application requirement definitions listed in
Section 1.4, the following security considerations provide discussion
and context to the requirements of creating and verifying signatures
on HTTP messages.
7.1. General Considerations
7.1.1. Skipping Signature Verification
HTTP Message Signatures only provide security if the signature is
verified by the verifier. Since the message to which the signature
is attached remains a valid HTTP message without the signature
fields, it is possible for a verifier to ignore the output of the
verification function and still process the message. Common reasons
for this could be relaxed requirements in a development environment
or a temporary suspension of enforcing verification during debugging
an overall system. Such temporary suspensions are difficult to
detect under positive-example testing since a good signature will
always trigger a valid response whether or not it has been checked.
To detect this, verifiers should be tested using both valid and
invalid signatures, ensuring that the invalid signature fails as
expected.
7.1.2. Use of TLS
The use of HTTP Message Signatures does not negate the need for TLS
or its equivalent to protect information in transit. Message
signatures provide message integrity over the covered message
components but do not provide any confidentiality for the
communication between parties.
TLS provides such confidentiality between the TLS endpoints. As part
of this, TLS also protects the signature data itself from being
captured by an attacker, which is an important step in preventing
signature replay (Section 7.2.2).
When TLS is used, it needs to be deployed according to the
recommendations in [BCP195].
7.2. Message Processing and Selection
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7.2.1. Insufficient Coverage
Any portions of the message not covered by the signature are
susceptible to modification by an attacker without affecting the
signature. An attacker can take advantage of this by introducing or
modifying a header field or other message component that will change
the processing of the message but will not be covered by the
signature. Such an altered message would still pass signature
verification, but when the verifier processes the message as a whole,
the unsigned content injected by the attacker would subvert the trust
conveyed by the valid signature and change the outcome of processing
the message.
To combat this, an application of this specification should require
as much of the message as possible to be signed, within the limits of
the application and deployment. The verifier should only trust
message components that have been signed. Verifiers could also strip
out any sensitive unsigned portions of the message before processing
of the message continues.
7.2.2. Signature Replay
Since HTTP Message Signatures allows sub-portions of the HTTP message
to be signed, it is possible for two different HTTP messages to
validate against the same signature. The most extreme form of this
would be a signature over no message components. If such a signature
were intercepted, it could be replayed at will by an attacker,
attached to any HTTP message. Even with sufficient component
coverage, a given signature could be applied to two similar HTTP
messages, allowing a message to be replayed by an attacker with the
signature intact.
To counteract these kinds of attacks, it's first important for the
signer to cover sufficient portions of the message to differentiate
it from other messages. In addition, the signature can use the nonce
signature parameter to provide a per-message unique value to allow
the verifier to detect replay of the signature itself if a nonce
value is repeated. Furthermore, the signer can provide a timestamp
for when the signature was created and a time at which the signer
considers the signature to be expired, limiting the utility of a
captured signature value.
If a verifier wants to trigger a new signature from a signer, it can
send the Accept-Signature header field with a new nonce parameter.
An attacker that is simply replaying a signature would not be able to
generate a new signature with the chosen nonce value.
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7.2.3. Choosing Message Components
Applications of HTTP Message Signatures need to decide which message
components will be covered by the signature. Depending on the
application, some components could be expected to be changed by
intermediaries prior to the signature's verification. If these
components are covered, such changes would, by design, break the
signature.
However, the HTTP Message Signature standard allows for flexibility
in determining which components are signed precisely so that a given
application can choose the appropriate portions of the message that
need to be signed, avoiding problematic components. For example, a
web application framework that relies on rewriting query parameters
might avoid use of the @query derived component in favor of sub-
indexing the query value using @query-param derived components
instead.
Some components are expected to be changed by intermediaries and
ought not to be signed under most circumstance. The Via and
Forwarded header fields, for example, are expected to be manipulated
by proxies and other middle-boxes, including replacing or entirely
dropping existing values. These fields should not be covered by the
signature except in very limited and tightly-coupled scenarios.
Additional considerations for choosing signature aspects are
discussed in Section 1.4.
7.2.4. Choosing Signature Parameters and Derived Components over HTTP
Fields
Some HTTP fields have values and interpretations that are similar to
HTTP signature parameters or derived components. In most cases, it
is more desirable to sign the non-field alternative. In particular,
the following fields should usually not be included in the signature
unless the application specifically requires it:
"date" The "date" field value represents the timestamp of the HTTP
message. However, the creation time of the signature itself is
encoded in the created signature parameter. These two values can
be different, depending on how the signature and the HTTP message
are created and serialized. Applications processing signatures
for valid time windows should use the created signature parameter
for such calculations. An application could also put limits on
how much skew there is between the "date" field and the created
signature parameter, in order to limit the application of a
generated signature to different HTTP messages. See also
Section 7.2.2 and Section 7.2.1.
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"host" The "host" header field is specific to HTTP 1.1, and its
functionality is subsumed by the "@authority" derived component,
defined in Section 2.2.3. In order to preserve the value across
different HTTP versions, applications should always use the
"@authority" derived component. See also Section 7.5.4.
7.2.5. Signature Labels
HTTP Message Signature values are identified in the Signature and
Signature-Input field values by unique labels. These labels are
chosen only when attaching the signature values to the message and
are not accounted for in the signing process. An intermediary is
allowed to re-label an existing signature when processing the
message.
Therefore, applications should not rely on specific labels being
present, and applications should not put semantic meaning on the
labels themselves. Instead, additional signature parameters can be
used to convey whatever additional meaning is required to be attached
to and covered by the signature. In particular, the tag parameter
can be used to define an application-specific value as described in
Section 7.2.7.
7.2.6. Multiple Signature Confusion
Since multiple signatures can be applied to one message
(Section 4.3), it is possible for an attacker to attach their own
signature to a captured message without modifying existing
signatures. This new signature could be completely valid based on
the attacker's key, or it could be an invalid signature for any
number of reasons. Each of these situations need to be accounted
for.
A verifier processing a set of valid signatures needs to account for
all of the signers, identified by the signing keys. Only signatures
from expected signers should be accepted, regardless of the
cryptographic validity of the signature itself.
A verifier processing a set of signatures on a message also needs to
determine what to do when one or more of the signatures are not
valid. If a message is accepted when at least one signature is
valid, then a verifier could drop all invalid signatures from the
request before processing the message further. Alternatively, if the
verifier rejects a message for a single invalid signature, an
attacker could use this to deny service to otherwise valid messages
by injecting invalid signatures alongside the valid ones.
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7.2.7. Collision of Application-Specific Signature Tag
Multiple applications and protocols could apply HTTP signatures on
the same message simultaneously. In fact, this is a desired feature
in many circumstances as described in Section 4.3. A naive verifier
could become confused in processing multiple signatures, either
accepting or rejecting a message based on an unrelated or irrelevant
signature. In order to help an application select which signatures
apply to its own processing, the application can declare a specific
value for the tag signature parameter as defined in Section 2.3. For
example, a signature targeting an application gateway could require
tag="app-gateway" as part of the signature parameters for that
application.
The use of the tag parameter does not prevent an attacker from also
using the same value as a target application, since the parameter's
value is public and otherwise unrestricted. As a consequence, a
verifier should only use value of the tag parameter to limit which
signatures to check. Each signature still needs to be examined by
the verifier to ensure that sufficient coverage is provided, as
discussed in Section 7.2.1.
7.2.8. Message Content
On its own, this specification does not provide coverage for the
content of an HTTP message under the signature, either in request or
response. However, [DIGEST] defines a set of fields that allow a
cryptographic digest of the content to be represented in a field.
Once this field is created, it can be included just like any other
field as defined in Section 2.1.
For example, in the following response message:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
{"hello": "world"}
The digest of the content can be added to the Content-Digest field as
follows:
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NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Digest: \
sha-256=:X48E9qOokqqrvdts8nOJRJN3OWDUoyWxBf7kbu9DBPE=:
{"hello": "world"}
This field can be included in a signature base just like any other
field along with the basic signature parameters:
"@status": 200
"content-digest": \
sha-256=:X48E9qOokqqrvdts8nOJRJN3OWDUoyWxBf7kbu9DBPE=:
"@signature-input": ("@status" "content-digest")
From here, the signing process proceeds as usual.
Upon verification, it is important that the verifier validate not
only the signature but also the value of the Content-Digest field
itself against the actual received content. Unless the verifier
performs this step, it would be possible for an attacker to
substitute the message content but leave the Content-Digest field
value untouched to pass the signature. Since only the field value is
covered by the signature directly, checking only the signature is not
sufficient protection against such a substitution attack.
As discussed in [DIGEST], the value of the Content-Digest field is
dependent on the content encoding of the message. If an intermediary
changes the content encoding, the resulting Content-Digest value
would change, which would in turn invalidate the signature. Any
intermediary performing such an action would need to apply a new
signature with the updated Content-Digest field value, similar to the
reverse proxy use case discussed in Section 4.3.
7.3. Cryptographic Considerations
7.3.1. Cryptography and Signature Collision
The HTTP Message Signatures specification does not define any of its
own cryptographic primitives, and instead relies on other
specifications to define such elements. If the signature algorithm
or key used to process the signature base is vulnerable to any
attacks, the resulting signature will also be susceptible to these
same attacks.
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A common attack against signature systems is to force a signature
collision, where the same signature value successfully verifies
against multiple different inputs. Since this specification relies
on reconstruction of the signature base from an HTTP message, and the
list of components signed is fixed in the signature, it is difficult
but not impossible for an attacker to effect such a collision. An
attacker would need to manipulate the HTTP message and its covered
message components in order to make the collision effective.
To counter this, only vetted keys and signature algorithms should be
used to sign HTTP messages. The HTTP Message Signatures Algorithm
Registry is one source of trusted signature algorithms for
applications to apply to their messages.
While it is possible for an attacker to substitute the signature
parameters value or the signature value separately, the signature
base generation algorithm (Section 2.5) always covers the signature
parameters as the final value in the signature base using a
deterministic serialization method. This step strongly binds the
signature base with the signature value in a way that makes it much
more difficult for an attacker to perform a partial substitution on
the signature bases.
7.3.2. Key Theft
A foundational assumption of signature-based cryptographic systems is
that the signing key is not compromised by an attacker. If the keys
used to sign the message are exfiltrated or stolen, the attacker will
be able to generate their own signatures using those keys. As a
consequence, signers have to protect any signing key material from
exfiltration, capture, and use by an attacker.
To combat this, signers can rotate keys over time to limit the amount
of time stolen keys are useful. Signers can also use key escrow and
storage systems to limit the attack surface against keys.
Furthermore, the use of asymmetric signing algorithms exposes key
material less than the use of symmetric signing algorithms
(Section 7.3.3).
7.3.3. Symmetric Cryptography
The HTTP Message Signatures specification allows for both asymmetric
and symmetric cryptography to be applied to HTTP messages. By its
nature, symmetric cryptographic methods require the same key material
to be known by both the signer and verifier. This effectively means
that a verifier is capable of generating a valid signature, since
they have access to the same key material. An attacker that is able
to compromise a verifier would be able to then impersonate a signer.
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Where possible, asymmetric methods or secure key agreement mechanisms
should be used in order to avoid this type of attack. When symmetric
methods are used, distribution of the key material needs to be
protected by the overall system. One technique for this is the use
of separate cryptographic modules that separate the verification
process (and therefore the key material) from other code, minimizing
the vulnerable attack surface. Another technique is the use of key
derivation functions that allow the signer and verifier to agree on
unique keys for each message without having to share the key values
directly.
Additionally, if symmetric algorithms are allowed within a system,
special care must be taken to avoid key downgrade attacks
(Section 7.3.6).
7.3.4. Key Specification Mix-Up
The existence of a valid signature on an HTTP message is not
sufficient to prove that the message has been signed by the
appropriate party. It is up to the verifier to ensure that a given
key and algorithm are appropriate for the message in question. If
the verifier does not perform such a step, an attacker could
substitute their own signature using their own key on a message and
force a verifier to accept and process it. To combat this, the
verifier needs to ensure that not only does the signature validate
for a message, but that the key and algorithm used are appropriate.
7.3.5. Non-deterministic Signature Primitives
Some cryptographic primitives such as RSA PSS and ECDSA have non-
deterministic outputs, which include some amount of entropy within
the algorithm. For such algorithms, multiple signatures generated in
succession will not match. A lazy implementation of a verifier could
ignore this distinction and simply check for the same value being
created by re-signing the signature base. Such an implementation
would work for deterministic algorithms such as HMAC and EdDSA but
fail to verify valid signatures made using non-deterministic
algorithms. It is therefore important that a verifier always use the
correctly-defined verification function for the algorithm in question
and not do a simple comparison.
7.3.6. Key and Algorithm Specification Downgrades
Applications of this specification need to protect against key
specification downgrade attacks. For example, the same RSA key can
be used for both RSA-PSS and RSA v1.5 signatures. If an application
expects a key to only be used with RSA-PSS, it needs to reject
signatures for that key using the weaker RSA 1.5 specification.
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Another example of a downgrade attack occurs when an asymmetric
algorithm is expected, such as RSA-PSS, but an attacker substitutes a
signature using symmetric algorithm, such as HMAC. A naive verifier
implementation could use the value of the public RSA key as the input
to the HMAC verification function. Since the public key is known to
the attacker, this would allow the attacker to create a valid HMAC
signature against this known key. To prevent this, the verifier
needs to ensure that both the key material and the algorithm are
appropriate for the usage in question. Additionally, while this
specification does allow runtime specification of the algorithm using
the alg signature parameter, applications are encouraged to use other
mechanisms such as static configuration or higher protocol-level
algorithm specification instead, preventing an attacker from
substituting the algorithm specified.
7.4. Matching Covered Components to Message
7.4.1. Modification of Required Message Parameters
An attacker could effectively deny a service by modifying an
otherwise benign signature parameter or signed message component.
While rejecting a modified message is the desired behavior,
consistently failing signatures could lead to the verifier turning
off signature checking in order to make systems work again (see
Section 7.1.1), or to the application minimizing the signed component
requirements.
If such failures are common within an application, the signer and
verifier should compare their generated signature bases with each
other to determine which part of the message is being modified. If
an expected modification is found, the signer and verifier can agree
on an alternative set of requirements that will pass. However, the
signer and verifier should not remove the requirement to sign the
modified component when it is suspected an attacker is modifying the
component.
7.4.2. Mismatch of Signature Parameters from Message
The verifier needs to make sure that the signed message components
match those in the message itself. For example, the @method derived
component requires that the value within the signature base be the
same as the HTTP method used when presenting this message. This
specification encourages this by requiring the verifier to derive the
signature base from the message, but lazy cacheing or conveyance of a
raw signature base to a processing subsystem could lead to downstream
verifiers accepting a message that does not match the presented
signature.
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To counter this, the component that generates the signature base
needs to be trusted by both the signer and verifier within a system.
7.4.3. Message Component Source and Context
The context for deriving message component values includes the HTTP
Message itself, any associated messages (such as the request that
triggered a response), and additional information that the signer or
verifier has access to. Both signers and verifiers need to take
carefully consider the source of all information when creating
component values for the signature base and take care not to take
information from untrusted sources. Otherwise, an attacker could
leverage such a loosely-defined message context to inject their own
values into the signature base string, overriding or corrupting the
intended values.
For example, in most situations, the target URI of the message is
defined in [HTTP], Section 7.1. However, let's say that there is an
application that requires signing of the @authority of the incoming
request, but the application doing the processing is behind a reverse
proxy. Such an application would expect a change in the @authority
value, and it could be configured to know the external target URI as
seen by the client on the other side of the proxy. This application
would use this configured value as its target URI for the purposes of
deriving message component values such as @authority instead of using
the target URI of the incoming message.
This approach is not without problems, as a misconfigured system
could accept signed requests intended for different components in the
system. For this scenario, an intermediary could instead add its own
signature to be verified by the application directly, as demonstrated
in Section 4.3. This alternative approach requires a more active
intermediary but relies less on the target application knowing
external configuration values.
For another example, Section 2.4 defines a method for signing
response messages but including portions of the request message that
triggered the response. In this case, the context for component
value calculation is the combination of the response and request
message, not just the single message to which the signature is
applied. For this feature, the req flag allows both signer to
explicitly signal which part of the context is being sourced for a
component identifier's value. Implementations need to ensure that
only the intended message is being referred to for each component,
otherwise an attacker could attempt to subvert a signature by
manipulating one side or the other.
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7.4.4. Multiple Message Component Contexts
It is possible that the context for deriving message component values
could be distinct for each signature present within a single message.
This is particularly the case when proxies mutate messages and
include signatures over the mutated values, in addition to any
existing signatures. For example, a reverse proxy can replace a
public hostname in a request to a service with the hostname for the
individual service host that it is forwarding the request on to. If
both the client and the reverse proxy add signatures covering
@authority, the service host will see two signatures on the request,
each signing different values for the @authority message component,
reflecting the change to that component as the message made its way
from the client to the service host.
In such a case, it's common for the internal service to verify only
one of the signatures or to use externally-configured information, as
discussed in Section 7.4.3. However, a verifier processing both
signatures has to use a different message component context for each
signature, since the component value for the @authority component
will be different for each signature. Verifiers like this need to be
aware of both the reverse proxy's context for incoming messages as
well as the target service's context for the message coming from the
reverse proxy. The verifier needs to take particular care to apply
the correct context to the correct signature, otherwise an attacker
could use knowledge of this complex setup to confuse the inputs to
the verifier.
Such verifiers also need to ensure that any differences in message
component contexts between signatures are expected and permitted.
For example, in the above scenario, the reverse proxy could include
the original hostname in a Forwarded header field, and sign
@authority, forwarded, and the client's entry in the signature field.
The verifier can use the hostname from the Forwarded header field to
confirm that the hostname was transformed as expected.
7.5. HTTP Processing
7.5.1. Confusing HTTP Field Names for Derived Component Names
The definition of HTTP field names does not allow for the use of the
@ character anywhere in the name. As such, since all derived
component names start with the @ character, these namespaces should
be completely separate. However, some HTTP implementations are not
sufficiently strict about the characters accepted in HTTP field
names. In such implementations, a sender (or attacker) could inject
a header field starting with an @ character and have it passed
through to the application code. These invalid header fields could
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be used to override a portion of the derived message content and
substitute an arbitrary value, providing a potential place for an
attacker to mount a signature collision (Section 7.3.1) attack or
other functional substitution attack (such as using the signature
from a GET request on a crafted POST request).
To combat this, when selecting values for a message component, if the
component name starts with the @ character, it needs to be processed
as a derived component and never taken as a fields. Only if the
component name does not start with the @ character can it be taken
from the fields of the message. The algorithm discussed in
Section 2.5 provides a safe order of operations.
7.5.2. Semantically Equivalent Field Values
The signature base generation algorithm (Section 2.5) uses the value
of an HTTP field as its component value. In the common case, this
amounts to taking the actual bytes of the field value as the
component value for both the signer and verifier. However, some
field values allow for transformation of the values in semantically
equivalent ways that alter the bytes used in the value itself. For
example, a field definition can declare some or all of its value to
be case-insensitive, or to have special handling of internal
whitespace characters. Other fields have expected transformations
from intermediaries, such as the removal of comments in the Via
header field. In such cases, a verifier could be tripped up by using
the equivalent transformed field value, which would differ from the
byte value used by the signer. The verifier would have have a
difficult time finding this class of errors since the value of the
field is still acceptable for the application, but the actual bytes
required by the signature base would not match.
When processing such fields, the signer and verifier have to agree
how to handle such transformations, if at all. One option is to not
sign problematic fields, but care must be taken to ensure that there
is still sufficient signature coverage (Section 7.2.1) for the
application. Another option is to define an application-specific
canonicalization value for the field before it is added to the HTTP
message, such as to always remove internal comments before signing,
or to always transform values to lowercase. Since these
transformations are applied prior to the field being used as input to
the signature base generation algorithm, the signature base will
still simply contain the byte value of the field as it appears within
the message. If the transformations were to be applied after the
value is extracted from the message but before it is added to the
signature base, different attack surfaces such as value substitution
attacks could be launched against the application. All application-
specific additional rules are outside the scope of this
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specification, and by their very nature these transformations would
harm interoperability of the implementation outside of this specific
application. It is recommended that applications avoid the use of
such additional rules wherever possible.
7.5.3. Parsing Structured Field Values
Several parts of this specification rely on the parsing of structured
field values [STRUCTURED-FIELDS]. In particular, normalization of
HTTP structured field values (Section 2.1.1), referencing members of
a dictionary structured field (Section 2.1.2), and processing the
@signature-input value when verifying a signature (Section 3.2).
While structured field values are designed to be relatively simple to
parse, a naive or broken implementation of such a parser could lead
to subtle attack surfaces being exposed in the implementation.
For example, if a buggy parser of the @signature-input value does not
enforce proper closing of quotes around string values within the list
of component identifiers, an attacker could take advantage of this
and inject additional content into the signature base through
manipulating the Signature-Input field value on a message.
To counteract this, implementations should use fully compliant and
trusted parsers for all structured field processing, both on the
signer and verifier side.
7.5.4. HTTP Versions and Component Ambiguity
Some message components are expressed in different ways across HTTP
versions. For example, the authority of the request target is sent
using the Host header field in HTTP 1.1 but with the :authority
pseudo-header in HTTP 2. If a signer sends an HTTP 1.1 message and
signs the Host field, but the message is translated to HTTP 2 before
it reaches the verifier, the signature will not validate as the Host
header field could be dropped.
It is for this reason that HTTP Message Signatures defines a set of
derived components that define a single way to get value in question,
such as the @authority derived component (Section 2.2.3) in lieu of
the Host header field. Applications should therefore prefer derived
components for such options where possible.
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7.5.5. Canonicalization Attacks
Any ambiguity in the generation of the signature base could provide
an attacker with leverage to substitute or break a signature on a
message. Some message component values, particularly HTTP field
values, are potentially susceptible to broken implementations that
could lead to unexpected and insecure behavior. Naive
implementations of this specification might implement HTTP field
processing by taking the single value of a field and using it as the
direct component value without processing it appropriately.
For example, if the handling of obs-fold field values does not remove
the internal line folding and whitespace, additional newlines could
be introduced into the signature base by the signer, providing a
potential place for an attacker to mount a signature collision
(Section 7.3.1) attack. Alternatively, if header fields that appear
multiple times are not joined into a single string value, as is
required by this specification, similar attacks can be mounted as a
signed component value would show up in the signature base more than
once and could be substituted or otherwise attacked in this way.
To counter this, the entire field value processing algorithm needs to
be implemented by all implementations of signers and verifiers.
7.5.6. Non-List Field Values
When an HTTP field occurs multiple times in a single message, these
values need to be combined into a single one-line string value to be
included in the HTTP signature base, as described in Section 2.5.
Not all HTTP fields can be combined into a single value in this way
and still be a valid value for the field. For the purposes of
generating the signature base, the message component value is never
meant to be read back out of the signature base string or used in the
application. Therefore it is considered best practice to treat the
signature base generation algorithm separately from processing the
field values by the application, particularly for fields that are
known to have this property. If the field values that are being
signed do not validate, the signed message should also be rejected.
If an HTTP field allows for unquoted commas within its values,
combining multiple field values can lead to a situation where two
semantically different messages produce the same line in a signature
base. For example, take the following hypothetical header field with
an internal comma in its syntax, here used to define two separate
lists of values:
Example-Header: value, with, lots
Example-Header: of, commas
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For this header field, sending all of these values as a single field
value results in a single list of values:
Example-Header: value, with, lots, of, commas
Both of these messages would create the following line in the
signature base:
"example-header": value, with, lots, of, commas
Since two semantically distinct inputs can create the same output in
the signature base, special care has to be taken when handling such
values.
Specifically, the Set-Cookie field [COOKIE] defines an internal
syntax that does not conform to the List syntax in
[STRUCTURED-FIELDS]. In particular some portions allow unquoted
commas, and the field is typically sent as multiple separate field
lines with distinct values when sending multiple cookies. When
multiple Set-Cookie fields are sent in the same message, it is not
generally possible to combine these into a single line and be able to
parse and use the results, as discussed in [HTTP], Section 5.3.
Therefore, all the cookies need to be processed from their separate
header values, without being combined, while the signature base needs
to be processed from the special combined value generated solely for
this purpose. If the cookie value is invalid, the signed message
ought to be rejected as this is a possible padding attack as
described in Section 7.5.7.
To deal with this, an application can choose to limit signing of
problematic fields like Set-Cookie, such as including the field in a
signature only when a single field value is present and the results
would be unambiguous. Similar caution needs to be taken with all
fields that could have non-deterministic mappings into the signature
base. Signers can also make use of the bs parameter to armor such
fields, as described in Section 2.1.3.
7.5.7. Padding Attacks with Multiple Field Values
Since HTTP field values need to be combined in a single string value
to be included in the HTTP signature base, as described in
Section 2.5, it is possible for an attacker to inject an additional
value for a given field and add this to the signature base of the
verifier.
In most circumstances, this causes the signature validation to fail
as expected, since the new signature base value will not match the
one used by the signer to create the signature. However, it is
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theoretically possible for the attacker to inject both a garbage
value to a field and a desired value to another field in order to
force a particular input. This is a variation of the collision
attack described in Section 7.3.1, where the attacker accomplishes
their change in the message by adding to existing field values.
To counter this, an application needs to validate the content of the
fields covered in the signature in addition to ensuring that the
signature itself validates. With such protections, the attacker's
padding attack would be rejected by the field value processor, even
in the case where the attacker could force a signature collision.
8. Privacy Considerations
8.1. Identification through Keys
If a signer uses the same key with multiple verifiers, or uses the
same key over time with a single verifier, the ongoing use of that
key can be used to track the signer throughout the set of verifiers
that messages are sent to. Since cryptographic keys are meant to be
functionally unique, the use of the same key over time is a strong
indicator that it is the same party signing multiple messages.
In many applications, this is a desirable trait, and it allows HTTP
Message Signatures to be used as part of authenticating the signer to
the verifier. However, it could be unintentional tracking that a
signer might not be aware of. To counter this kind of tracking, a
signer can use a different key for each verifier that it is in
communication with. Sometimes, a signer could also rotate their key
when sending messages to a given verifier. These approaches do not
negate the need for other anti-tracking techniques to be applied as
necessary.
8.2. Signatures do not provide confidentiality
HTTP Message Signatures do not provide confidentiality of any of the
information protected by the signature. The content of the HTTP
message, including the value of all fields and the value of the
signature itself, is presented in plaintext to any party with access
to the message.
To provide confidentiality at the transport level, TLS or its
equivalent can be used as discussed in Section 7.1.2.
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8.3. Oracles
It is important to balance the need for providing useful feedback to
developers on error conditions without providing additional
information to an attacker. For example, a naive but helpful server
implementation might try to indicate the required key identifier
needed for requesting a resource. If someone knows who controls that
key, a correlation can be made between the resource's existence and
the party identified by the key. Access to such information could be
used by an attacker as a means to target the legitimate owner of the
resource for further attacks.
8.4. Required Content
A core design tenet of this specification is that all message
components covered by the signature need to be available to the
verifier in order to recreate the signature base and verify the
signature. As a consequence, if an application of this specification
requires that a particular field be signed, the verifier will need
access to the value of that field.
For example, in some complex systems with intermediary processors
this could cause the surprising behavior of an intermediary not being
able to remove privacy-sensitive information from a message before
forwarding it on for processing, for fear of breaking the signature.
A possible mitigation for this specific situation would be for the
intermediary to verify the signature itself, then modifying the
message to remove the privacy-sensitive information. The
intermediary can add its own signature at this point to signal to the
next destination that the incoming signature was validated, as is
shown in the example in Section 4.3.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[ABNF] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5234>.
[FIPS186-4]
"Digital Signature Standard (DSS)", 2013,
<https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/fips/186/4/
final>.
[HTMLURL] "URL (Living Standard)", 2021,
<https://url.spec.whatwg.org/>.
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[HTTP] Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
Ed., "HTTP Semantics", STD 97, RFC 9110,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9110, June 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110>.
[HTTP1] Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
Ed., "HTTP/1.1", STD 99, RFC 9112, DOI 10.17487/RFC9112,
June 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9112>.
[POSIX.1] "The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018
edition", 2018,
<https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/>.
[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2104>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC6234] Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
(SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6234>.
[RFC7517] Jones, M., "JSON Web Key (JWK)", RFC 7517,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7517, May 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7517>.
[RFC7518] Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", RFC 7518,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7518, May 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518>.
[RFC8017] Moriarty, K., Ed., Kaliski, B., Jonsson, J., and A. Rusch,
"PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.2",
RFC 8017, DOI 10.17487/RFC8017, November 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8017>.
[RFC8032] Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-Curve Digital
Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", RFC 8032,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8032, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8032>.
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[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
[STRUCTURED-FIELDS]
Nottingham, M. and P-H. Kamp, "Structured Field Values for
HTTP", RFC 8941, DOI 10.17487/RFC8941, February 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8941>.
[URI] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986>.
9.2. Informative References
[BCP195] Sheffer, Y., Holz, R., and P. Saint-Andre,
"Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer
Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
(DTLS)", BCP 195, RFC 7525, May 2015.
Moriarty, K. and S. Farrell, "Deprecating TLS 1.0 and TLS
1.1", BCP 195, RFC 8996, March 2021.
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp195>
[CLIENT-CERT]
Campbell, B. and M. Bishop, "Client-Cert HTTP Header
Field", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
httpbis-client-cert-field-03, 19 October 2022,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-
client-cert-field-03>.
[COOKIE] Barth, A., "HTTP State Management Mechanism", RFC 6265,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6265, April 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6265>.
[DIGEST] Polli, R. and L. Pardue, "Digest Fields", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-httpbis-digest-
headers-10, 19 June 2022,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-
digest-headers-10>.
[RFC7239] Petersson, A. and M. Nilsson, "Forwarded HTTP Extension",
RFC 7239, DOI 10.17487/RFC7239, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7239>.
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[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8126>.
[RFC8792] Watsen, K., Auerswald, E., Farrel, A., and Q. Wu,
"Handling Long Lines in Content of Internet-Drafts and
RFCs", RFC 8792, DOI 10.17487/RFC8792, June 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8792>.
[TLS] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8446>.
Appendix A. Detecting HTTP Message Signatures
There have been many attempts to create signed HTTP messages in the
past, including other non-standardized definitions of the Signature
field, which is used within this specification. It is recommended
that developers wishing to support both this specification and other
historical drafts do so carefully and deliberately, as
incompatibilities between this specification and various versions of
other drafts could lead to unexpected problems.
It is recommended that implementers first detect and validate the
Signature-Input field defined in this specification to detect that
this standard is in use and not an alternative. If the Signature-
Input field is present, all Signature fields can be parsed and
interpreted in the context of this specification.
Appendix B. Examples
The following non-normative examples are provided as a means of
testing implementations of HTTP Message Signatures. The signed
messages given can be used to create the signature base with the
stated parameters, creating signatures using the stated algorithms
and keys.
The private keys given can be used to generate signatures, though
since several of the demonstrated algorithms are nondeterministic,
the results of a signature are expected to be different from the
exact bytes of the examples. The public keys given can be used to
validate all signed examples.
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B.1. Example Keys
This section provides cryptographic keys that are referenced in
example signatures throughout this document. These keys MUST NOT be
used for any purpose other than testing.
The key identifiers for each key are used throughout the examples in
this specification. It is assumed for these examples that the signer
and verifier can unambiguously dereference all key identifiers used
here, and that the keys and algorithms used are appropriate for the
context in which the signature is presented.
The components for each private key in PEM format can be displayed by
executing the following OpenSSL command:
openssl pkey -text
This command was tested with all the example keys on OpenSSL version
1.1.1m. Note that some systems cannot produce or use all of these
keys directly, and may require additional processing. All keys are
also made available in JWK format.
B.1.1. Example Key RSA test
The following key is a 2048-bit RSA public and private key pair,
referred to in this document as test-key-rsa. This key is encoded in
PEM Format, with no encryption.
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-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBCgKCAQEAhAKYdtoeoy8zcAcR874L8cnZxKzAGwd7v36APp7Pv6Q2jdsPBRrw
WEBnez6d0UDKDwGbc6nxfEXAy5mbhgajzrw3MOEt8uA5txSKobBpKDeBLOsdJKFq
MGmXCQvEG7YemcxDTRPxAleIAgYYRjTSd/QBwVW9OwNFhekro3RtlinV0a75jfZg
kne/YiktSvLG34lw2zqXBDTC5NHROUqGTlML4PlNZS5Ri2U4aCNx2rUPRcKIlE0P
uKxI4T+HIaFpv8+rdV6eUgOrB2xeI1dSFFn/nnv5OoZJEIB+VmuKn3DCUcCZSFlQ
PSXSfBDiUGhwOw76WuSSsf1D4b/vLoJ10wIDAQAB
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
The same public and private keypair in JWK format:
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{
"kty": "RSA",
"kid": "test-key-rsa",
"p": "sqeUJmqXE3LP8tYoIjMIAKiTm9o6psPlc8CrLI9CH0UbuaA2JCOMcCNq8Sy\
YbTqgnWlB9ZfcAm_cFpA8tYci9m5vYK8HNxQr-8FS3Qo8N9RJ8d0U5CswDzMYfRgh\
AfUGwmlWj5hp1pQzAuhwbOXFtxKHVsMPhz1IBtF9Y8jvgqgYHLbmyiu1mw",
"q": "vSlgXQbvHzWmuUBFRHAejRh_naQTDV3GnH4lcRHuFBFZCSLn82xQS2_7xFO\
qfabqq17kNcvKfzdvWpGxxJ2cILAq0pZS6DmrZlvBU4IkK2ZHCac_XfWVZFh-PrsH\
_EnVkDpfcYR_iw1F40C1q5w8R6WBHaew3SAp",
"d": "b8lm5JZ2hUduLnq-OAKCSODeWQ7Uqs7eet2bqeuAD0_2po-PG4qhZoo7VwF\
CUTWlJan9wqdxiAPlbEQKkCdFRcbakbjN2TMJjMCHWL5zfgvqhmgeyKsrqg1wSce9\
7J1_Mkvn3fh6CbqnwNb6bVFDvTJS3i5FzRhKiv6rUsYm8ZAdF4XRaYkFkeuHPl7rc\
-ruUTSAjC4GovxIxoDJFe0r4kbFmkiZOr40e8RZYK7T1IKrSvzfxx5AjnlK_OZOTC\
q0L7wBPbMW-IxmQpFCjpI-yuoi3FlZG3LaLNrBMXQF_lLZUDHs77q3fAGxDWwum2h\
KBfdBuUQtjlqwjQlgXPsskQ",
"e": "AQAB",
"qi": "PkbARLOwU_LcZrQy9mmfcPoQlAuCyeu1Q9nH7PYSnbHTFzmiud4Hl8bIXU\
9a0_58blDoOl3PctF-b4rAEJYUpCODu5PFyN6uEFYRg-YQwpjBMkXk8Eb39128ctA\
RB40Lx8caDhRdTyaEedIG3cQDXSpAl9EOzXkzfx4bZxjAHU9mkMdJwOcMDQ",
"dp": "aiodZsrWpi8HFfZfeRs8OS_0L5x6WBl3Y9btoZgsIeruc9uZ8NXTIdxaM6\
FdnyNEyOYA1VH94tDYR-xEt1br1ud_dkPslLV_Aac7d7EaYc7cdkb7oC9t6sphVg0\
dqE0UTDlOwBxBYMtGmQbJsFzGpmjzVgKqWqJ3B947li2U7t63HXEvKprY2w",
"dq": "b0DzpSMb5p42dcQgOTU8Mr4S6JOEhRr_YjErMkpaXUEqvZ3jEB9HRmcRi5\
Gtt4NBiBMiY6V9br8a5gjEpiAQoIUcWokBMAYjEeurU8M6JLBd3YaZVVjISaFmdty\
nwLFoQxCh6_EC1rSywwrfDpSwO29S9i8Xbaap",
"n": "hAKYdtoeoy8zcAcR874L8cnZxKzAGwd7v36APp7Pv6Q2jdsPBRrwWEBnez6\
d0UDKDwGbc6nxfEXAy5mbhgajzrw3MOEt8uA5txSKobBpKDeBLOsdJKFqMGmXCQvE\
G7YemcxDTRPxAleIAgYYRjTSd_QBwVW9OwNFhekro3RtlinV0a75jfZgkne_YiktS\
vLG34lw2zqXBDTC5NHROUqGTlML4PlNZS5Ri2U4aCNx2rUPRcKIlE0PuKxI4T-HIa\
Fpv8-rdV6eUgOrB2xeI1dSFFn_nnv5OoZJEIB-VmuKn3DCUcCZSFlQPSXSfBDiUGh\
wOw76WuSSsf1D4b_vLoJ10w"
}
B.1.2. Example RSA PSS Key
The following key is a 2048-bit RSA public and private key pair,
referred to in this document as test-key-rsa-pss. This key is PCKS#8
encoded in PEM format, with no encryption.
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-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAr4tmm3r20Wd/PbqvP1s2
+QEtvpuRaV8Yq40gjUR8y2Rjxa6dpG2GXHbPfvMs8ct+Lh1GH45x28Rw3Ry53mm+
oAXjyQ86OnDkZ5N8lYbggD4O3w6M6pAvLkhk95AndTrifbIFPNU8PPMO7OyrFAHq
gDsznjPFmTOtCEcN2Z1FpWgchwuYLPL+Wokqltd11nqqzi+bJ9cvSKADYdUAAN5W
Utzdpiy6LbTgSxP7ociU4Tn0g5I6aDZJ7A8Lzo0KSyZYoA485mqcO0GVAdVw9lq4
aOT9v6d+nb4bnNkQVklLQ3fVAvJm+xdDOp9LCNCN48V2pnDOkFV6+U9nV5oyc6XI
2wIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
The same public and private keypair in JWK format:
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{
"kty": "RSA",
"kid": "test-key-rsa-pss",
"p": "5V-6ISI5yEaCFXm-fk1EM2xwAWekePVCAyvr9QbTlFOCZwt9WwjUjhtKRus\
i5Uq-IYZ_tq2WRE4As4b_FHEMtp2AER43IcvmXPqKFBoUktVDS7dThIHrsnRi1U7d\
HqVdwiMEMe5jxKNgnsKLpnq-4NyhoS6OeWu1SFozG9J9xQk",
"q": "w-wIde17W5Y0Cphp3ZZ0uM8OUq1AkrV2IKauqYHaDxAT32EM4ci2MMER2nI\
UEo4g_42lW0zYouFFqONwv0-HyOsgPpdSqKRC5WLgn0VXabjaNcy6KhNPXeJ0Agtq\
diDwPeJ2_L_eKwNWQ43RfdQBUquAwSd7SEmmQ8sViqB628M",
"d": "lAfIqfpCYomVShfAKnwf2lD9I0wKjkHsCtZCif4kAlwQqqW6N-tIL3bdOR-\
VWf0Q1ZBIDtpO91UrG7pansyrPERbNrRJlPiYEyPTHkCT1nD-l2isuiyGLNBNnFoK\
fBgA4KAbPJZQatFIV9Cn34JSHnpN5-2ehreGBYHtkwHFtlmzeF3yu5bqRcqOhx8lk\
YmBzDAEUFyyXjknU5-WjAT9DzuG0MpOTkcU1EnjnIjyVBZLUB5Lxm8puyq8hH8B_E\
5LNC-1oc8j-tDy98UvRTTiYvZvs87cGCFxg0LijNhg7CE3g9piNqB6DzMgA9MHSOw\
cElVtfKdYfo4H3OHZXsSmEQ",
"e": "AQAB",
"qi": "jRAqfYi_tKCjhP9eM0N2XaRlNeoYCTx06GlSLD8d0zc4ZZuEePY10LMGWI\
6Y_JC0CvvvQYhNa9sAj4hFjIVLsWeTplVVUezGO1ofLW4kYWVpnMpHgAY1pRM4kyz\
o1p3MKYY8DE1BA4KqhSOfhdGs6Ov3Dfj0migZeE7Fu7yc7Fc",
"dp": "otDolkxtJ7Sk8gmRJqZCGx6GAvlGznWJfibXPv6xgUAl-G83dD84YgcNGn\
oeMxRzEekfDtT5LVMRPF4_AoucsqPqHDyOdfb-dlGBYfOBVxj6w-xF5HE0lV_4J-H\
rI63Od9fTSn4lY5d1JjyCVJIcnBEAyiD6EUZbUBh23vDzRcE",
"dq": "iZE1S6CpqmBoQDxOsXGQmaeBdhoCqkDSJhEDuS_dLhBq88FQa0UkcE1QvO\
K3J2Q21VnfDqGBx7SH1hOFOj-cpz45kNluB832ztxDvnHQ9AIA7h_HY_3VD6YPMNR\
VN4bfSYS3abdLR0Z7jsmInGJ9X0_fA0E2tkZIgXeas5EFU0M",
"n": "r4tmm3r20Wd_PbqvP1s2-QEtvpuRaV8Yq40gjUR8y2Rjxa6dpG2GXHbPfvM\
s8ct-Lh1GH45x28Rw3Ry53mm-oAXjyQ86OnDkZ5N8lYbggD4O3w6M6pAvLkhk95An\
dTrifbIFPNU8PPMO7OyrFAHqgDsznjPFmTOtCEcN2Z1FpWgchwuYLPL-Wokqltd11\
nqqzi-bJ9cvSKADYdUAAN5WUtzdpiy6LbTgSxP7ociU4Tn0g5I6aDZJ7A8Lzo0KSy\
ZYoA485mqcO0GVAdVw9lq4aOT9v6d-nb4bnNkQVklLQ3fVAvJm-xdDOp9LCNCN48V\
2pnDOkFV6-U9nV5oyc6XI2w"
}
B.1.3. Example ECC P-256 Test Key
The following key is a public and private elliptical curve key pair
over the curve P-256, referred to in this document as `test-key-ecc-
p256. This key is encoded in PEM format, with no encryption.
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-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEqIVYZVLCrPZHGHjP17CTW0/+D9Lf
w0EkjqF7xB4FivAxzic30tMM4GF+hR6Dxh71Z50VGGdldkkDXZCnTNnoXQ==
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----
MHcCAQEEIFKbhfNZfpDsW43+0+JjUr9K+bTeuxopu653+hBaXGA7oAoGCCqGSM49
AwEHoUQDQgAEqIVYZVLCrPZHGHjP17CTW0/+D9Lfw0EkjqF7xB4FivAxzic30tMM
4GF+hR6Dxh71Z50VGGdldkkDXZCnTNnoXQ==
-----END EC PRIVATE KEY-----
The same public and private keypair in JWK format:
{
"kty": "EC",
"crv": "P-256",
"kid": "test-key-ecc-p256",
"d": "UpuF81l-kOxbjf7T4mNSv0r5tN67Gim7rnf6EFpcYDs",
"x": "qIVYZVLCrPZHGHjP17CTW0_-D9Lfw0EkjqF7xB4FivA",
"y": "Mc4nN9LTDOBhfoUeg8Ye9WedFRhnZXZJA12Qp0zZ6F0"
}
B.1.4. Example Ed25519 Test Key
The following key is an elliptical curve key over the Edwards curve
ed25519, referred to in this document as test-key-ed25519. This key
is PCKS#8 encoded in PEM format, with no encryption.
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MCowBQYDK2VwAyEAJrQLj5P/89iXES9+vFgrIy29clF9CC/oPPsw3c5D0bs=
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
MC4CAQAwBQYDK2VwBCIEIJ+DYvh6SEqVTm50DFtMDoQikTmiCqirVv9mWG9qfSnF
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
The same public and private keypair in JWK format:
{
"kty": "OKP",
"crv": "Ed25519",
"kid": "test-key-ed25519",
"d": "n4Ni-HpISpVObnQMW0wOhCKROaIKqKtW_2ZYb2p9KcU",
"x": "JrQLj5P_89iXES9-vFgrIy29clF9CC_oPPsw3c5D0bs"
}
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B.1.5. Example Shared Secret
The following shared secret is 64 randomly-generated bytes encoded in
Base64, referred to in this document as test-shared-secret.
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
uzvJfB4u3N0Jy4T7NZ75MDVcr8zSTInedJtkgcu46YW4XByzNJjxBdtjUkdJPBt\
bmHhIDi6pcl8jsasjlTMtDQ==
B.2. Test Cases
This section provides non-normative examples that may be used as test
cases to validate implementation correctness. These examples are
based on the following HTTP messages:
For requests, this test-request message is used:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
POST /foo?param=Value&Pet=dog HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:55 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Digest: sha-512=:WZDPaVn/7XgHaAy8pmojAkGWoRx2UFChF41A2svX+T\
aPm+AbwAgBWnrIiYllu7BNNyealdVLvRwEmTHWXvJwew==:
Content-Length: 18
{"hello": "world"}
For responses, this test-response message is used:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:56 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Digest: sha-512=:JlEy2bfUz7WrWIjc1qV6KVLpdr/7L5/L4h7Sxvh6sN\
HpDQWDCL+GauFQWcZBvVDhiyOnAQsxzZFYwi0wDH+1pw==:
Content-Length: 23
{"message": "good dog"}
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B.2.1. Minimal Signature Using rsa-pss-sha512
This example presents a minimal signature using the rsa-pss-sha512
algorithm over test-request, covering none of the components of the
HTTP message, but providing a timestamped signature proof of
possession of the key with a signer-provided nonce.
The corresponding signature base is:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
"@signature-params": ();created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss"\
;nonce="b3k2pp5k7z-50gnwp.yemd"
This results in the following Signature-Input and Signature header
fields being added to the message under the signature label sig-b21:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
Signature-Input: sig-b21=();created=1618884473\
;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss";nonce="b3k2pp5k7z-50gnwp.yemd"
Signature: sig-b21=:d2pmTvmbncD3xQm8E9ZV2828BjQWGgiwAaw5bAkgibUopem\
LJcWDy/lkbbHAve4cRAtx31Iq786U7it++wgGxbtRxf8Udx7zFZsckzXaJMkA7ChG\
52eSkFxykJeNqsrWH5S+oxNFlD4dzVuwe8DhTSja8xxbR/Z2cOGdCbzR72rgFWhzx\
2VjBqJzsPLMIQKhO4DGezXehhWwE56YCE+O6c0mKZsfxVrogUvA4HELjVKWmAvtl6\
UnCh8jYzuVG5WSb/QEVPnP5TmcAnLH1g+s++v6d4s8m0gCw1fV5/SITLq9mhho8K3\
+7EPYTU8IU1bLhdxO5Nyt8C8ssinQ98Xw9Q==:
Note that since the covered components list is empty, this signature
could be applied by an attacker to an unrelated HTTP message. In
this example, the nonce parameter is included to prevent the same
signature from being replayed more than once, but if an attacker
intercepts the signature and prevents its delivery to the verifier,
the attacker could apply this signature to another message.
Therefore, use of an empty covered components set is discouraged.
See Section 7.2.1 for more discussion.
Note that the RSA PSS algorithm in use here is non-deterministic,
meaning a different signature value will be created every time the
algorithm is run. The signature value provided here can be validated
against the given keys, but newly-generated signature values are not
expected to match the example. See Section 7.3.5.
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B.2.2. Selective Covered Components using rsa-pss-sha512
This example covers additional components (the authority, the
Content-Digest header field, and a single named query parameter) in
test-request using the rsa-pss-sha512 algorithm. This example also
adds a tag parameter with the application-specific value of header-
example.
The corresponding signature base is:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
"@authority": example.com
"content-digest": sha-512=:WZDPaVn/7XgHaAy8pmojAkGWoRx2UFChF41A2svX\
+TaPm+AbwAgBWnrIiYllu7BNNyealdVLvRwEmTHWXvJwew==:
"@query-param";name="Pet": dog
"@signature-params": ("@authority" "content-digest" \
"@query-param";name="Pet")\
;created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss"\
;tag="header-example"
This results in the following Signature-Input and Signature header
fields being added to the message under the label sig-b22:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
Signature-Input: sig-b22=("@authority" "content-digest" \
"@query-param";name="Pet");created=1618884473\
;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss";tag="header-example"
Signature: sig-b22=:LjbtqUbfmvjj5C5kr1Ugj4PmLYvx9wVjZvD9GsTT4F7GrcQ\
EdJzgI9qHxICagShLRiLMlAJjtq6N4CDfKtjvuJyE5qH7KT8UCMkSowOB4+ECxCmT\
8rtAmj/0PIXxi0A0nxKyB09RNrCQibbUjsLS/2YyFYXEu4TRJQzRw1rLEuEfY17SA\
RYhpTlaqwZVtR8NV7+4UKkjqpcAoFqWFQh62s7Cl+H2fjBSpqfZUJcsIk4N6wiKYd\
4je2U/lankenQ99PZfB4jY3I5rSV2DSBVkSFsURIjYErOs0tFTQosMTAoxk//0RoK\
UqiYY8Bh0aaUEb0rQl3/XaVe4bXTugEjHSw==:
Note that the RSA PSS algorithm in use here is non-deterministic,
meaning a different signature value will be created every time the
algorithm is run. The signature value provided here can be validated
against the given keys, but newly-generated signature values are not
expected to match the example. See Section 7.3.5.
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B.2.3. Full Coverage using rsa-pss-sha512
This example covers all applicable message components in test-request
(including the content type and length) plus many derived components,
again using the rsa-pss-sha512 algorithm. Note that the Host header
field is not covered because the @authority derived component is
included instead.
The corresponding signature base is:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
"date": Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:55 GMT
"@method": POST
"@path": /foo
"@query": ?param=Value&Pet=dog
"@authority": example.com
"content-type": application/json
"content-digest": sha-512=:WZDPaVn/7XgHaAy8pmojAkGWoRx2UFChF41A2svX\
+TaPm+AbwAgBWnrIiYllu7BNNyealdVLvRwEmTHWXvJwew==:
"content-length": 18
"@signature-params": ("date" "@method" "@path" "@query" \
"@authority" "content-type" "content-digest" "content-length")\
;created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss"
This results in the following Signature-Input and Signature header
fields being added to the message under the label sig-b23:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
Signature-Input: sig-b23=("date" "@method" "@path" "@query" \
"@authority" "content-type" "content-digest" "content-length")\
;created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-rsa-pss"
Signature: sig-b23=:bbN8oArOxYoyylQQUU6QYwrTuaxLwjAC9fbY2F6SVWvh0yB\
iMIRGOnMYwZ/5MR6fb0Kh1rIRASVxFkeGt683+qRpRRU5p2voTp768ZrCUb38K0fU\
xN0O0iC59DzYx8DFll5GmydPxSmme9v6ULbMFkl+V5B1TP/yPViV7KsLNmvKiLJH1\
pFkh/aYA2HXXZzNBXmIkoQoLd7YfW91kE9o/CCoC1xMy7JA1ipwvKvfrs65ldmlu9\
bpG6A9BmzhuzF8Eim5f8ui9eH8LZH896+QIF61ka39VBrohr9iyMUJpvRX2Zbhl5Z\
JzSRxpJyoEZAFL2FUo5fTIztsDZKEgM4cUA==:
Note in this example that the value of the Date header and the value
of the created signature parameter need not be the same. This is due
to the fact that the Date header is added when creating the HTTP
Message and the created parameter is populated when creating the
signature over that message, and these two times could vary. If the
Date header is covered by the signature, it is up to the verifier to
determine whether its value has to match that of the created
parameter or not. See Section 7.2.4 for more discussion.
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Note that the RSA PSS algorithm in use here is non-deterministic,
meaning a different signature value will be created every time the
algorithm is run. The signature value provided here can be validated
against the given keys, but newly-generated signature values are not
expected to match the example. See Section 7.3.5.
B.2.4. Signing a Response using ecdsa-p256-sha256
This example covers portions of the test-response response message
using the ecdsa-p256-sha256 algorithm and the key test-key-ecc-p256.
The corresponding signature base is:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
"@status": 200
"content-type": application/json
"content-digest": sha-512=:mEWXIS7MaLRuGgxOBdODa3xqM1XdEvxoYhvlCFJ4\
1QJgJc4GTsPp29l5oGX69wWdXymyU0rjJuahq4l5aGgfLQ==:
"content-length": 23
"@signature-params": ("@status" "content-type" "content-digest" \
"content-length");created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-ecc-p256"
This results in the following Signature-Input and Signature header
fields being added to the message under the label sig-b24:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
Signature-Input: sig-b24=("@status" "content-type" \
"content-digest" "content-length");created=1618884473\
;keyid="test-key-ecc-p256"
Signature: sig-b24=:wNmSUAhwb5LxtOtOpNa6W5xj067m5hFrj0XQ4fvpaCLx0NK\
ocgPquLgyahnzDnDAUy5eCdlYUEkLIj+32oiasw==:
Note that the ECDSA algorithm in use here is non-deterministic,
meaning a different signature value will be created every time the
algorithm is run. The signature value provided here can be validated
against the given keys, but newly-generated signature values are not
expected to match the example. See Section 7.3.5.
B.2.5. Signing a Request using hmac-sha256
This example covers portions of the test-request using the hmac-
sha256 algorithm and the secret test-shared-secret.
The corresponding signature base is:
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NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
"date": Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:55 GMT
"@authority": example.com
"content-type": application/json
"@signature-params": ("date" "@authority" "content-type")\
;created=1618884473;keyid="test-shared-secret"
This results in the following Signature-Input and Signature header
fields being added to the message under the label sig-b25:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
Signature-Input: sig-b25=("date" "@authority" "content-type")\
;created=1618884473;keyid="test-shared-secret"
Signature: sig-b25=:pxcQw6G3AjtMBQjwo8XzkZf/bws5LelbaMk5rGIGtE8=:
Before using symmetric signatures in practice, see the discussion of
the security tradeoffs in Section 7.3.3.
B.2.6. Signing a Request using ed25519
This example covers portions of the test-request using the ed25519
algorithm and the key test-key-ed25519.
The corresponding signature base is:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
"date": Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:55 GMT
"@method": POST
"@path": /foo
"@authority": example.com
"content-type": application/json
"content-length": 18
"@signature-params": ("date" "@method" "@path" "@authority" \
"content-type" "content-length");created=1618884473\
;keyid="test-key-ed25519"
This results in the following Signature-Input and Signature header
fields being added to the message under the label sig-b26:
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NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
Signature-Input: sig-b26=("date" "@method" "@path" "@authority" \
"content-type" "content-length");created=1618884473\
;keyid="test-key-ed25519"
Signature: sig-b26=:wqcAqbmYJ2ji2glfAMaRy4gruYYnx2nEFN2HN6jrnDnQCK1\
u02Gb04v9EDgwUPiu4A0w6vuQv5lIp5WPpBKRCw==:
B.3. TLS-Terminating Proxies
In this example, there is a TLS-terminating reverse proxy sitting in
front of the resource. The client does not sign the request but
instead uses mutual TLS to make its call. The terminating proxy
validates the TLS stream and injects a Client-Cert header according
to [CLIENT-CERT], and then applies a signature to this field. By
signing this header field, a reverse proxy can not only attest to its
own validation of the initial request's TLS parameters but also
authenticate itself to the backend system independently of the
client's actions.
The client makes the following request to the TLS terminating proxy
using mutual TLS:
POST /foo?param=Value&Pet=dog HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:55 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 18
{"hello": "world"}
The proxy processes the TLS connection and extracts the client's TLS
certificate to a Client-Cert header field and passes it along to the
internal service hosted at service.internal.example. This results in
the following unsigned request:
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NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
POST /foo?param=Value&Pet=dog HTTP/1.1
Host: service.internal.example
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:55 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 18
Client-Cert: :MIIBqDCCAU6gAwIBAgIBBzAKBggqhkjOPQQDAjA6MRswGQYDVQQKD\
BJMZXQncyBBdXRoZW50aWNhdGUxGzAZBgNVBAMMEkxBIEludGVybWVkaWF0ZSBDQT\
AeFw0yMDAxMTQyMjU1MzNaFw0yMTAxMjMyMjU1MzNaMA0xCzAJBgNVBAMMAkJDMFk\
wEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAE8YnXXfaUgmnMtOXU/IncWalRhebrXmck\
C8vdgJ1p5Be5F/3YC8OthxM4+k1M6aEAEFcGzkJiNy6J84y7uzo9M6NyMHAwCQYDV\
R0TBAIwADAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBRm3WjLa38lbEYCuiCPct0ZaSED2DAOBgNVHQ8BAf\
8EBAMCBsAwEwYDVR0lBAwwCgYIKwYBBQUHAwIwHQYDVR0RAQH/BBMwEYEPYmRjQGV\
4YW1wbGUuY29tMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCA0gAMEUCIBHda/r1vaL6G3VliL4/Di6YK0Q6\
bMjeSkC3dFCOOB8TAiEAx/kHSB4urmiZ0NX5r5XarmPk0wmuydBVoU4hBVZ1yhk=:
{"hello": "world"}
Without a signature, the internal service would need to trust that
the incoming connection has the right information. By signing the
Client-Cert header and other portions of the internal request, the
internal service can be assured that the correct party, the trusted
proxy, has processed the request and presented it to the correct
service. The proxy's signature base consists of the following:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
"@path": /foo
"@query": ?param=Value&Pet=dog
"@method": POST
"@authority": service.internal.example
"client-cert": :MIIBqDCCAU6gAwIBAgIBBzAKBggqhkjOPQQDAjA6MRswGQYDVQQ\
KDBJMZXQncyBBdXRoZW50aWNhdGUxGzAZBgNVBAMMEkxBIEludGVybWVkaWF0ZSBD\
QTAeFw0yMDAxMTQyMjU1MzNaFw0yMTAxMjMyMjU1MzNaMA0xCzAJBgNVBAMMAkJDM\
FkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAE8YnXXfaUgmnMtOXU/IncWalRhebrXm\
ckC8vdgJ1p5Be5F/3YC8OthxM4+k1M6aEAEFcGzkJiNy6J84y7uzo9M6NyMHAwCQY\
DVR0TBAIwADAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBRm3WjLa38lbEYCuiCPct0ZaSED2DAOBgNVHQ8B\
Af8EBAMCBsAwEwYDVR0lBAwwCgYIKwYBBQUHAwIwHQYDVR0RAQH/BBMwEYEPYmRjQ\
GV4YW1wbGUuY29tMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCA0gAMEUCIBHda/r1vaL6G3VliL4/Di6YK0\
Q6bMjeSkC3dFCOOB8TAiEAx/kHSB4urmiZ0NX5r5XarmPk0wmuydBVoU4hBVZ1yhk=:
"@signature-params": ("@path" "@query" "@method" "@authority" \
"client-cert");created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-ecc-p256"
This results in the following signature:
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NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
xVMHVpawaAC/0SbHrKRs9i8I3eOs5RtTMGCWXm/9nvZzoHsIg6Mce9315T6xoklyy0y\
zhD9ah4JHRwMLOgmizw==
Which results in the following signed request sent from the proxy to
the internal service with the proxy's signature under the label ttrp:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
POST /foo?param=Value&Pet=dog HTTP/1.1
Host: service.internal.example
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 02:07:55 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 18
Client-Cert: :MIIBqDCCAU6gAwIBAgIBBzAKBggqhkjOPQQDAjA6MRswGQYDVQQKD\
BJMZXQncyBBdXRoZW50aWNhdGUxGzAZBgNVBAMMEkxBIEludGVybWVkaWF0ZSBDQT\
AeFw0yMDAxMTQyMjU1MzNaFw0yMTAxMjMyMjU1MzNaMA0xCzAJBgNVBAMMAkJDMFk\
wEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAE8YnXXfaUgmnMtOXU/IncWalRhebrXmck\
C8vdgJ1p5Be5F/3YC8OthxM4+k1M6aEAEFcGzkJiNy6J84y7uzo9M6NyMHAwCQYDV\
R0TBAIwADAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBRm3WjLa38lbEYCuiCPct0ZaSED2DAOBgNVHQ8BAf\
8EBAMCBsAwEwYDVR0lBAwwCgYIKwYBBQUHAwIwHQYDVR0RAQH/BBMwEYEPYmRjQGV\
4YW1wbGUuY29tMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCA0gAMEUCIBHda/r1vaL6G3VliL4/Di6YK0Q6\
bMjeSkC3dFCOOB8TAiEAx/kHSB4urmiZ0NX5r5XarmPk0wmuydBVoU4hBVZ1yhk=:
Signature-Input: ttrp=("@path" "@query" "@method" "@authority" \
"client-cert");created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-ecc-p256"
Signature: ttrp=:xVMHVpawaAC/0SbHrKRs9i8I3eOs5RtTMGCWXm/9nvZzoHsIg6\
Mce9315T6xoklyy0yzhD9ah4JHRwMLOgmizw==:
{"hello": "world"}
The internal service can validate the proxy's signature and therefore
be able to trust that the client's certificate has been appropriately
processed.
B.4. HTTP Message Transformations
The HTTP protocol allows intermediaries and applications to transform
an HTTP message without affecting the semantics of the message
itself. HTTP message signatures are designed to be robust against
many of these transformations in different circumstances.
For example, the following HTTP request message has been signed using
the ed25519 algorithm and the key test-key-ed25519.
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NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
GET /demo?name1=Value1&Name2=value2 HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Date: Fri, 15 Jul 2022 14:24:55 GMT
Accept: application/json
Accept: */*
Signature-Input: transform=("@method" "@path" "@authority" \
"accept");created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-ed25519"
Signature: transform=:ZT1kooQsEHpZ0I1IjCqtQppOmIqlJPeo7DHR3SoMn0s5J\
Z1eRGS0A+vyYP9t/LXlh5QMFFQ6cpLt2m0pmj3NDA==:
The signature base string for this message is:
"@method": GET
"@path": /demo
"@authority": example.org
"accept": application/json, */*
"@signature-params": ("@method" "@path" "@authority" "accept")\
;created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-ed25519"
The following message has been altered by adding the Accept-Language
header as well as adding a query parameter. However, since neither
the Accept-Language header nor the query are covered by the
signature, the same signature is still valid:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
GET /demo?name1=Value1&Name2=value2¶m=added HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Date: Fri, 15 Jul 2022 14:24:55 GMT
Accept: application/json
Accept: */*
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Signature-Input: transform=("@method" "@path" "@authority" \
"accept");created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-ed25519"
Signature: transform=:ZT1kooQsEHpZ0I1IjCqtQppOmIqlJPeo7DHR3SoMn0s5J\
Z1eRGS0A+vyYP9t/LXlh5QMFFQ6cpLt2m0pmj3NDA==:
The following message has been altered by removing the Date header,
adding a Referer header, and collapsing the Accept header into a
single line. The Date and Referrer headers are not covered by the
signature, and the collapsing of the Accept header is an allowed
transformation that is already accounted for by the canonicalization
algorithm for HTTP field values. The same signature is still valid:
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NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
GET /demo?name1=Value1&Name2=value2 HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Referer: https://developer.example.org/demo
Accept: application/json, */*
Signature-Input: transform=("@method" "@path" "@authority" \
"accept");created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-ed25519"
Signature: transform=:ZT1kooQsEHpZ0I1IjCqtQppOmIqlJPeo7DHR3SoMn0s5J\
Z1eRGS0A+vyYP9t/LXlh5QMFFQ6cpLt2m0pmj3NDA==:
The following message has been altered by re-ordering the field
values of the original message, but not re-ordering the individual
Accept headers. The same signature is still valid:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
GET /demo?name1=Value1&Name2=value2 HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/json
Accept: */*
Date: Fri, 15 Jul 2022 14:24:55 GMT
Host: example.org
Signature-Input: transform=("@method" "@path" "@authority" \
"accept");created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-ed25519"
Signature: transform=:ZT1kooQsEHpZ0I1IjCqtQppOmIqlJPeo7DHR3SoMn0s5J\
Z1eRGS0A+vyYP9t/LXlh5QMFFQ6cpLt2m0pmj3NDA==:
The following message has been altered by changing the method to POST
and the authority to "example.com" (inside the Host header). Since
both the method and authority are covered by the signature, the same
signature is NOT still valid:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
POST /demo?name1=Value1&Name2=value2 HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Date: Fri, 15 Jul 2022 14:24:55 GMT
Accept: application/json
Accept: */*
Signature-Input: transform=("@method" "@path" "@authority" \
"accept");created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-ed25519"
Signature: transform=:ZT1kooQsEHpZ0I1IjCqtQppOmIqlJPeo7DHR3SoMn0s5J\
Z1eRGS0A+vyYP9t/LXlh5QMFFQ6cpLt2m0pmj3NDA==:
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The following message has been altered by changing the order of the
two instances of the Accept header. Since the order of fields with
the same name is semantically significant in HTTP, this changes the
value used in the signature base, and the same signature is NOT still
valid:
NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792
GET /demo?name1=Value1&Name2=value2 HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Date: Fri, 15 Jul 2022 14:24:55 GMT
Accept: */*
Accept: application/json
Signature-Input: transform=("@method" "@path" "@authority" \
"accept");created=1618884473;keyid="test-key-ed25519"
Signature: transform=:ZT1kooQsEHpZ0I1IjCqtQppOmIqlJPeo7DHR3SoMn0s5J\
Z1eRGS0A+vyYP9t/LXlh5QMFFQ6cpLt2m0pmj3NDA==:
Acknowledgements
This specification was initially based on the draft-cavage-http-
signatures internet draft. The editors would like to thank the
authors of that draft, Mark Cavage and Manu Sporny, for their work on
that draft and their continuing contributions. The specification
also includes contributions from the draft-oauth-signed-http-request
internet draft and other similar efforts.
The editors would also like to thank the following individuals for
feedback, insight, and implementation of this draft and its
predecessors (in alphabetical order): Mark Adamcin, Mark Allen, Paul
Annesley, Karl Böhlmark, Stéphane Bortzmeyer, Sarven Capadisli, Liam
Dennehy, Stephen Farrell, Phillip Hallam-Baker, Tyler Ham, Eric
Holmes, Andrey Kislyuk, Adam Knight, Dave Lehn, Dave Longley, Ilari
Liusvaara, James H. Manger, Kathleen Moriarty, Mark Nottingham, Yoav
Nir, Adrian Palmer, Lucas Pardue, Roberto Polli, Julian Reschke,
Michael Richardson, Wojciech Rygielski, Rich Salz, Adam Scarr, Cory
J. Slep, Dirk Stein, Henry Story, Lukasz Szewc, Chris Webber, and
Jeffrey Yasskin.
Document History
_RFC EDITOR: please remove this section before publication_
* draft-ietf-httpbis-message-signatures
- -14
o Target raw non-decoded values for "@query" and "@path".
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o Add method for signing trailers.
o Call out potential issues of list-based field values.
o Update IANA registry for header fields.
o Call out potential issues with Content-Digest in example.
o Add JWK formats for all keys.
- -13
o Renamed "context" parameter to "tag".
o Added discussion on messages with multiple known contexts.
- -12
o Added "context" parameter.
o Added set of safe transformation examples.
o Added ECDSA over P-384.
o Expanded definiton of message component source context.
o Sorted security considerations into categories.
- -11
o Added ABNF references, coalesced ABNF rules.
o Editorial and formatting fixes.
o Update examples.
o Added Byte Sequence field value wrapping.
- -10
o Removed "related response" and "@request-response" in favor
of generic "req" parameter.
o Editorial fixes to comply with HTTP extension style
guidelines.
o Add security consideration on message content.
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- -09
o Explained key formats better.
o Removed "host" and "date" from most examples.
o Fixed query component generation.
o Renamed "signature input" and "signature input string" to
"signature base".
o Added consideration for semantically equivalent field
values.
- -08
o Editorial fixes.
o Changed "specialty component" to "derived component".
o Expanded signature input generation and ABNF rules.
o Added Ed25519 algorithm.
o Clarified encoding of ECDSA signature.
o Clarified use of non-deterministic algorithms.
- -07
o Added security and privacy considerations.
o Added pointers to algorithm values from definition sections.
o Expanded IANA registry sections.
o Clarified that the signing and verification algorithms take
application requirements as inputs.
o Defined "signature targets" of request, response, and
related-response for specialty components.
- -06
o Updated language for message components, including
identifiers and values.
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o Clarified that Signature-Input and Signature are fields
which can be used as headers or trailers.
o Add "Accept-Signature" field and semantics for signature
negotiation.
o Define new specialty content identifiers, re-defined
request-target identifier.
o Added request-response binding.
- -05
o Remove list prefixes.
o Clarify signature algorithm parameters.
o Update and fix examples.
o Add examples for ECC and HMAC.
- -04
o Moved signature component definitions up to intro.
o Created formal function definitions for algorithms to
fulfill.
o Updated all examples.
o Added nonce parameter field.
- -03
o Clarified signing and verification processes.
o Updated algorithm and key selection method.
o Clearly defined core algorithm set.
o Defined JOSE signature mapping process.
o Removed legacy signature methods.
o Define signature parameters separately from "signature"
object model.
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o Define serialization values for signature-input header based
on signature input.
- -02
o Removed editorial comments on document sources.
o Removed in-document issues list in favor of tracked issues.
o Replaced unstructured Signature header with Signature-Input
and Signature Dictionary Structured Header Fields.
o Defined content identifiers for individual Dictionary
members, e.g., "x-dictionary-field";key=member-name.
o Defined content identifiers for first N members of a List,
e.g., "x-list-field":prefix=4.
o Fixed up examples.
o Updated introduction now that it's adopted.
o Defined specialty content identifiers and a means to extend
them.
o Required signature parameters to be included in signature.
o Added guidance on backwards compatibility, detection, and
use of signature methods.
- -01
o Strengthened requirement for content identifiers for header
fields to be lower-case (changed from SHOULD to MUST).
o Added real example values for Creation Time and Expiration
Time.
o Minor editorial corrections and readability improvements.
- -00
o Initialized from draft-richanna-http-message-signatures-00,
following adoption by the working group.
* draft-richanna-http-message-signatures
- -00
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o Converted to xml2rfc v3 and reformatted to comply with RFC
style guides.
o Removed Signature auth-scheme definition and related
content.
o Removed conflicting normative requirements for use of
algorithm parameter. Now MUST NOT be relied upon.
o Removed Extensions appendix.
o Rewrote abstract and introduction to explain context and
need, and challenges inherent in signing HTTP messages.
o Rewrote and heavily expanded algorithm definition, retaining
normative requirements.
o Added definitions for key terms, referenced RFC 7230 for
HTTP terms.
o Added examples for canonicalization and signature generation
steps.
o Rewrote Signature header definition, retaining normative
requirements.
o Added default values for algorithm and expires parameters.
o Rewrote HTTP Signature Algorithms registry definition.
Added change control policy and registry template. Removed
suggested URI.
o Added IANA HTTP Signature Parameter registry.
o Added additional normative and informative references.
o Added Topics for Working Group Discussion section, to be
removed prior to publication as an RFC.
Authors' Addresses
Annabelle Backman (editor)
Amazon
P.O. Box 81226
Seattle, WA 98108-1226
United States of America
Email: richanna@amazon.com
URI: https://www.amazon.com/
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Justin Richer (editor)
Bespoke Engineering
Email: ietf@justin.richer.org
URI: https://bspk.io/
Manu Sporny
Digital Bazaar
203 Roanoke Street W.
Blacksburg, VA 24060
United States of America
Email: msporny@digitalbazaar.com
URI: https://manu.sporny.org/
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