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Algorithm Implementation Requirements and Usage Guidance for IKEv2
draft-ietf-ipsecme-rfc4307bis-16

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8247.
Authors Yoav Nir , Tero Kivinen , Paul Wouters , Daniel Migault
Last updated 2017-02-16
Replaces draft-nir-ipsecme-rfc4307bis
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IESG IESG state Became RFC 8247 (Proposed Standard)
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Send notices to "David Waltermire" <david.waltermire@nist.gov>
IANA IANA review state Version Changed - Review Needed
draft-ietf-ipsecme-rfc4307bis-16
Network Working Group                                             Y. Nir
Internet-Draft                                               Check Point
Obsoletes: 4307 (if approved)                                 T. Kivinen
Updates: 7296 (if approved)                                INSIDE Secure
Intended status: Standards Track                              P. Wouters
Expires: August 20, 2017                                         Red Hat
                                                              D. Migault
                                                                Ericsson
                                                       February 16, 2017

   Algorithm Implementation Requirements and Usage Guidance for IKEv2
                    draft-ietf-ipsecme-rfc4307bis-16

Abstract

   The IPsec series of protocols makes use of various cryptographic
   algorithms in order to provide security services.  The Internet Key
   Exchange (IKE) protocol is used to negotiate the IPsec Security
   Association (IPsec SA) parameters, such as which algorithms should be
   used.  To ensure interoperability between different implementations,
   it is necessary to specify a set of algorithm implementation
   requirements and usage guidance to ensure that there is at least one
   algorithm that all implementations support.  This document updates
   RFC 7296 and obsoletes RFC 4307 in defining the current algorithm
   implementation requirements and usage guidance for IKEv2, and does
   minor cleaning up of the IKEv2 IANA registry.  This document does not
   update the algorithms used for packet encryption using IPsec
   Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP).

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on August 20, 2017.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Updating Algorithm Implementation Requirements and Usage
           Guidance  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Updating Algorithm Requirement Levels . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.3.  Document Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  Algorithm Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.1.  Type 1 - IKEv2 Encryption Algorithm Transforms  . . . . .   5
     3.2.  Type 2 - IKEv2 Pseudo-random Function Transforms  . . . .   7
     3.3.  Type 3 - IKEv2 Integrity Algorithm Transforms . . . . . .   8
     3.4.  Type 4 - IKEv2 Diffie-Hellman Group Transforms  . . . . .   9
     3.5.  Summary of Changes from RFC 4307  . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   4.  IKEv2 Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.1.  IKEv2 Authentication Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.1.1.  Recommendations for RSA key length  . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.2.  Digital Signature Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   5.  Algorithms for Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   8.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17

1.  Introduction

   The Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol [RFC7296] is used to
   negotiate the parameters of the IPsec SA, such as the encryption and
   authentication algorithms and the keys for the protected
   communications between the two endpoints.  The IKE protocol itself is

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   also protected by cryptographic algorithms which are negotiated
   between the two endpoints using IKE.  Different implementations of
   IKE may negotiate different algorithms based on their individual
   local policy.  To ensure interoperability, a set of "mandatory-to-
   implement" IKE cryptographic algorithms is defined.

   This document describes the parameters of the IKE protocol and
   updates the IKEv2 specification because it changes the mandatory to
   implement authentication algorithms of the section 4 of the RFC7296
   by saying RSA key lengths of less than 2048 are SHOULD NOT.  It does
   not describe the cryptographic parameters of the AH or ESP protocols.

1.1.  Updating Algorithm Implementation Requirements and Usage Guidance

   The field of cryptography evolves continuously.  New stronger
   algorithms appear and existing algorithms are found to be less secure
   then originally thought.  Therefore, algorithm implementation
   requirements and usage guidance need to be updated from time to time
   to reflect the new reality.  The choices for algorithms must be
   conservative to minimize the risk of algorithm compromise.
   Algorithms need to be suitable for a wide variety of CPU
   architectures and device deployments ranging from high end bulk
   encryption devices to small low-power IoT devices.

   The algorithm implementation requirements and usage guidance may need
   to change over time to adapt to the changing world.  For this reason,
   the selection of mandatory-to-implement algorithms was removed from
   the main IKEv2 specification and placed in a separate document.

1.2.  Updating Algorithm Requirement Levels

   The mandatory-to-implement algorithm of tomorrow should already be
   available in most implementations of IKE by the time it is made
   mandatory.  This document attempts to identify and introduce those
   algorithms for future mandatory-to-implement status.  There is no
   guarantee that the algorithms in use today may become mandatory in
   the future.  Published algorithms are continuously subjected to
   cryptographic attack and may become too weak or could become
   completely broken before this document is updated.

   This document only provides recommendations for the mandatory-to-
   implement algorithms or algorithms too weak that are recommended not
   to be implemented.  As a result, any algorithm listed at the IKEv2
   IANA registry not mentioned in this document MAY be implemented.  For
   clarification and consistency with [RFC4307] an algorithm will be
   denoted here as MAY only when it has been downgraded.

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   Although this document updates the algorithms to keep the IKEv2
   communication secure over time, it also aims at providing
   recommendations so that IKEv2 implementations remain interoperable.
   IKEv2 interoperability is addressed by an incremental introduction or
   deprecation of algorithms.  In addition, this document also considers
   the new use cases for IKEv2 deployment, such as Internet of Things
   (IoT).

   It is expected that deprecation of an algorithm is performed
   gradually.  This provides time for various implementations to update
   their implemented algorithms while remaining interoperable.  Unless
   there are strong security reasons, an algorithm is expected to be
   downgraded from MUST to MUST- or SHOULD, instead of MUST NOT.
   Similarly, an algorithm that has not been mentioned as mandatory-to-
   implement is expected to be introduced with a SHOULD instead of a
   MUST.

   The current trend toward Internet of Things and its adoption of IKEv2
   requires this specific use case to be taken into account as well.
   IoT devices are resource constrained devices and their choice of
   algorithms are motivated by minimizing the footprint of the code, the
   computation effort and the size of the messages to send.  This
   document indicates "(IoT)" when a specified algorithm is specifically
   listed for IoT devices.  Requirement levels that are marked as "IoT"
   apply to IoT devices and to server-side implementations that might
   presumably need to interoperate with them, including any general-
   purpose VPN gateways.

1.3.  Document Audience

   The recommendations of this document mostly target IKEv2 implementers
   as implementations need to meet both high security expectations as
   well as high interoperability between various vendors and with
   different versions.  Interoperability requires a smooth move to more
   secure cipher suites.  This may differ from a user point of view that
   may deploy and configure IKEv2 with only the safest cipher suite.

   This document does not give any recommendations for the use of
   algorithms, it only gives implementation recommendations for
   implementations.  The use of algorithms by users is dictated by the
   security policy requirements for that specific user, and are outside
   the scope of this document.

   IKEv1 is out of scope of this document.  IKEv1 is deprecated and the
   recommendations of this document must not be considered for IKEv1, as
   most IKEv1 implementations have been "frozen" and will not be able to
   update the list of mandatory-to-implement algorithms.

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2.  Conventions Used in This Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   We define some additional terms here:

   SHOULD+   This term means the same as SHOULD. However, it is likely
             that an algorithm marked as SHOULD+ will be promoted at
             some future time to be a MUST.
   SHOULD-   This term means the same as SHOULD. However, an algorithm
             marked as SHOULD- may be deprecated to a MAY in a future
             version of this document.
   MUST-     This term means the same as MUST. However, we expect at
             some point that this algorithm will no longer be a MUST in
             a future document. Although its status will be determined
             at a later time, it is reasonable to expect that if a
             future revision of a document alters the status of a MUST-
             algorithm, it will remain at least a SHOULD or a SHOULD-
             level.
   IoT       stands for Internet of Things.

3.  Algorithm Selection

3.1.  Type 1 - IKEv2 Encryption Algorithm Transforms

   The algorithms in the below table are negotiated in the SA payload
   and used for the Encrypted Payload.  References to the specification
   defining these algorithms and the ones in the following subsections
   are in the IANA registry [IKEV2-IANA].  Some of these algorithms are
   Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD - [RFC5282]).
   Algorithms that are not AEAD MUST be used in conjunction with an
   integrity algorithms in Section 3.3.

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          +------------------------+----------+-------+---------+
          | Name                   | Status   | AEAD? | Comment |
          +------------------------+----------+-------+---------+
          | ENCR_AES_CBC           | MUST     | No    | (1)     |
          | ENCR_CHACHA20_POLY1305 | SHOULD   | Yes   |         |
          | ENCR_AES_GCM_16        | SHOULD   | Yes   | (1)     |
          | ENCR_AES_CCM_8         | SHOULD   | Yes   | (IoT)   |
          | ENCR_3DES              | MAY      | No    |         |
          | ENCR_DES               | MUST NOT | No    |         |
          +------------------------+----------+-------+---------+

       (1) - This requirement level is for 128-bit and 256-bit keys.
    192-bit keys remain at MAY level.  (IoT) - This requirement is for
    interoperability with IoT.  Only 128-bit keys are at SHOULD level.
               192-bit and 256-bit remain at the MAY level.

   ENCR_AES_CBC is raised from SHOULD+ for 128-bit keys and MAY for
   256-bit keys in [RFC4307] to MUST. 192-bit keys remain at the MAY
   level.  ENCR_AES_CBC is the only shared mandatory-to-implement
   algorithm with RFC4307 and as a result it is necessary for
   interoperability with IKEv2 implementation compatible with RFC4307.

   ENCR_CHACHA20_POLY1305 was not ready to be considered at the time of
   RFC4307.  It has been recommended by the CRFG as an alternative to
   AES-CBC and AES-GCM.  It is also being standardized for IPsec for the
   same reasons.  At the time of writing, there were not enough IKEv2
   implementations supporting ENCR_CHACHA20_POLY1305 to be able to
   introduce it at the SHOULD+ level.

   ENCR_AES_GCM_16 was not considered in RFC4307.  At the time RFC4307
   was written, AES-GCM was not defined in an IETF document.  AES-GCM
   was defined for ESP in [RFC4106] and later for IKEv2 in [RFC5282].
   The main motivation for adopting AES-GCM for ESP is encryption
   performance compared to AES-CBC.  This resulted in AES-GCM being
   widely implemented for ESP.  As the computation load of IKEv2 is
   relatively small compared to ESP, many IKEv2 implementations have not
   implemented AES-GCM.  For this reason, AES-GCM is not promoted to a
   greater status than SHOULD.  The reason for promotion from MAY to
   SHOULD is to promote the slightly more secure AEAD method over the
   traditional encrypt+auth method.  Its status is expected to be raised
   once widely implemented.  As the advantage of the shorter (and
   weaker) ICVs is minimal, the 8 and 12 octet ICV's remain at the MAY
   level.

   ENCR_AES_CCM_8 was not considered in RFC4307.  This document
   considers it as SHOULD be implemented in order to be able to interact
   with Internet of Things devices.  As this case is not a general use
   case for non-IoT VPNs, its status is expected to remain as SHOULD.

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   The 8 octet size of the ICV is expected to be sufficient for most use
   cases of IKEv2, as far less packets are exchanged on those cases, and
   IoT devices want to make packets as small as possible.  The SHOULD
   level is for 128-bit keys, 256-bit keys remains at MAY level.

   ENCR_3DES has been downgraded from RFC4307 MUST- to SHOULD NOT.  All
   IKEv2 implementation already implement ENCR_AES_CBC, so there is no
   need to keep support for the much slower ENCR_3DES.  In addition,
   ENCR_CHACHA20_POLY1305 provides a more modern alternative to AES.

   ENCR_DES can be brute-forced using of-the-shelves hardware.  It
   provides no meaningful security whatsoever and therefor MUST NOT be
   implemented.

3.2.  Type 2 - IKEv2 Pseudo-random Function Transforms

   Transform Type 2 algorithms are pseudo-random functions used to
   generate pseudo-random values when needed.

                +-------------------+----------+---------+
                | Name              | Status   | Comment |
                +-------------------+----------+---------+
                | PRF_HMAC_SHA2_256 | MUST     |         |
                | PRF_HMAC_SHA2_512 | SHOULD+  |         |
                | PRF_HMAC_SHA1     | MUST-    |         |
                | PRF_AES128_XCBC   | SHOULD   | (IoT)   |
                | PRF_HMAC_MD5      | MUST NOT |         |
                +-------------------+----------+---------+

         (IoT) - This requirement is for interoperability with IoT

   As no SHA2 based transforms were referenced in RFC4307,
   PRF_HMAC_SHA2_256 was not mentioned in RFC4307.  PRF_HMAC_SHA2_256
   MUST be implemented in order to replace SHA1 and PRF_HMAC_SHA1.

   PRF_HMAC_SHA2_512 SHOULD be implemented as a future replacement for
   PRF_HMAC_SHA2_256 or when stronger security is required.
   PRF_HMAC_SHA2_512 is preferred over PRF_HMAC_SHA2_384, as the
   additional overhead of PRF_HMAC_SHA2_512 is negligible.

   PRF_HMAC_SHA1 has been downgraded from MUST in RFC4307 to MUST- as
   cryptographic attacks against SHA1 are increasing, resulting in an
   industry-wide trend to deprecate its usage

   PRF_AES128_XCBC is only recommended in the scope of IoT, as Internet
   of Things deployments tend to prefer AES based pseudo-random
   functions in order to avoid implementing SHA2.  For the non-IoT VPN

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   deployment it has been downgraded from SHOULD in RFC4307 to MAY as it
   has not seen wide adoption.

   PRF_HMAC_MD5 has been downgraded from MAY in RFC4307 to MUST NOT.
   Cryptographic attacks against MD5, such as collision attacks
   mentioned in [TRANSCRIPTION], are resulting in an industry-wide trend
   to deprecate and remove MD5 (and thus HMAC-MD5) from cryptographic
   libraries.

3.3.  Type 3 - IKEv2 Integrity Algorithm Transforms

   The algorithms in the below table are negotiated in the SA payload
   and used for the Encrypted Payload.  References to the specification
   defining these algorithms are in the IANA registry.  When an AEAD
   algorithm (see Section 3.1) is proposed, this algorithm transform
   type is not in use.

              +------------------------+----------+---------+
              | Name                   | Status   | Comment |
              +------------------------+----------+---------+
              | AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_256_128 | MUST     |         |
              | AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_512_256 | SHOULD   |         |
              | AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_96      | MUST-    |         |
              | AUTH_AES_XCBC_96       | SHOULD   | (IoT)   |
              | AUTH_HMAC_MD5_96       | MUST NOT |         |
              | AUTH_DES_MAC           | MUST NOT |         |
              | AUTH_KPDK_MD5          | MUST NOT |         |
              +------------------------+----------+---------+

         (IoT) - This requirement is for interoperability with IoT

   AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_256_128 was not mentioned in RFC4307, as no SHA2 based
   transforms were mentioned.  AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_256_128 MUST be
   implemented in order to replace AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_96.

   AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_512_256 SHOULD be implemented as a future replacement
   of AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_256_128 or when stronger security is required.
   This value has been preferred over AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_384, as the
   additional overhead of AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_512 is negligible.

   AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_96 has been downgraded from MUST in RFC4307 to MUST-
   as cryptographic attacks against SHA1 are increasing, resulting in an
   industry-wide trend to deprecate its usage

   AUTH_AES_XCBC_96 is only recommended in the scope of IoT, as Internet
   of Things deployments tend to prefer AES based pseudo-random
   functions in order to avoid implementing SHA2.  For the non-IoT VPN

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   deployment, it has been downgraded from SHOULD in RFC4307 to MAY as
   it has not been widely adopted.

   AUTH_DES_MAC, AUTH_HMAC_MD5_96, and AUTH_KPDK_MD5 were not mentioned
   in RFC4307 so their default status ware MAY.  They have been
   downgraded to MUST NOT.  There is an industry-wide trend to deprecate
   DES and MD5.  MD5 support is being removed from cryptographic
   libraries in general because its non-HMAC use is known to be subject
   to collision attacks, for example as mentioned in [TRANSCRIPTION].

3.4.  Type 4 - IKEv2 Diffie-Hellman Group Transforms

   There are several Modular Exponential (MODP) groups and several
   Elliptic Curve groups (ECC) that are defined for use in IKEv2.  These
   groups are defined in both the [RFC7296] base document and in
   extensions documents and are identified by group number.  Note that
   it is critical to enforce a secure Diffie-Hellman exchange as this
   exchange provides keys for the session.  If an attacker can retrieve
   one of the private numbers (a or b) and the complementary public
   value (g**a or g**b), then the attacker can compute the secret and
   the keys used and decrypt the exchange and IPsec SA created inside
   the IKEv2 SA.  Such an attack can be performed off-line on a
   previously recorded communication, years after the communication
   happened.  This differs from attacks that need to be executed during
   the authentication which must be performed online and in near real-
   time.

   +--------+---------------------------------------------+------------+
   | Number | Description                                 | Status     |
   +--------+---------------------------------------------+------------+
   | 14     | 2048-bit MODP Group                         | MUST       |
   | 19     | 256-bit random ECP group                    | SHOULD     |
   | 5      | 1536-bit MODP Group                         | SHOULD NOT |
   | 2      | 1024-bit MODP Group                         | SHOULD NOT |
   | 1      | 768-bit MODP Group                          | MUST NOT   |
   | 22     | 1024-bit MODP Group with 160-bit Prime      | MUST NOT   |
   |        | Order Subgroup                              |            |
   | 23     | 2048-bit MODP Group with 224-bit Prime      | SHOULD NOT |
   |        | Order Subgroup                              |            |
   | 24     | 2048-bit MODP Group with 256-bit Prime      | SHOULD NOT |
   |        | Order Subgroup                              |            |
   +--------+---------------------------------------------+------------+

   Group 14 or 2048-bit MODP Group is raised from SHOULD+ in RFC4307 as
   a replacement for 1024-bit MODP Group.  Group 14 is widely
   implemented and considered secure.

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   Group 19 or 256-bit random ECP group was not specified in RFC4307, as
   this group were not defined at that time.  Group 19 is widely
   implemented and considered secure.

   Group 5 or 1536-bit MODP Group has been downgraded from MAY in
   RFC4307 to SHOULD NOT.  It was specified earlier, but is now
   considered to be vulnerable to be broken within the next few years by
   a nation state level attack, so its security margin is considered too
   narrow.

   Group 2 or 1024-bit MODP Group has been downgraded from MUST- in
   RFC4307 to SHOULD NOT.  It is known to be weak against sufficiently
   funded attackers using commercially available mass-computing
   resources, so its security margin is considered too narrow.  It is
   expected in the near future to be downgraded to MUST NOT.

   Group 1 or 768-bit MODP Group was not mentioned in RFC4307 and so its
   status was MAY.  It can be broken within hours using cheap of-the-
   shelves hardware.  It provides no security whatsoever.

   Group 22, 23 and 24 are MODP Groups with Prime Order Subgroups thater
   are not safe-primes.  The seeds for these groups have not been
   publicly released, resulting in reduced trust in these groups.  These
   groups were proposed as alternatives for group 2 and 14 but never saw
   wide deployment.  It has been shown that Group 22 with 1024-bit MODP
   is too weak and academia have the resources to generate malicious
   values at this size.  This has resulted in Group 22 to be demoted to
   MUST NOT.  Group 23 and 24 have been demoted to SHOULD NOT and are
   expected to be further downgraded in the near future to MUST NOT.
   Since Group 23 and 24 have small subgroups, the checks specified in
   "Additional Diffie-Hellman Test for the IKEv2" [RFC6989] section 2.2
   first bullet point MUST be done when these groups are used.

3.5.  Summary of Changes from RFC 4307

   The following table summarizes the changes from RFC 4307.

   RFC EDITOR: PLEASE REMOVE THIS PARAGRAPH AND REPLACE XXXX IN THE
   TABLE BELOW WITH THE NUMBER OF THIS RFC

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          +---------------------+------------------+------------+
          | Algorithm           |     RFC 4307     |  RFC XXXX  |
          +---------------------+------------------+------------+
          | ENCR_3DES           |      MUST-       |    MAY     |
          | ENCR_NULL           | MUST NOT[errata] |  MUST NOT  |
          | ENCR_AES_CBC        |     SHOULD+      |    MUST    |
          | ENCR_AES_CTR        |      SHOULD      |    (*)     |
          | PRF_HMAC_MD5        |       MAY        |  MUST NOT  |
          | PRF_HMAC_SHA1       |       MUST       |   MUST-    |
          | PRF_AES128_XCBC     |     SHOULD+      |   SHOULD   |
          | AUTH_HMAC_MD5_96    |       MAY        |  MUST NOT  |
          | AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_96   |       MUST       |   MUST-    |
          | AUTH_AES_XCBC_96    |     SHOULD+      |   SHOULD   |
          | Group 2 (1024-bit)  |      MUST-       | SHOULD NOT |
          | Group 14 (2048-bit) |     SHOULD+      |    MUST    |
          +---------------------+------------------+------------+

     (*) This algorithm is not mentioned in the above sections, so it
                             defaults to MAY.

4.  IKEv2 Authentication

   IKEv2 authentication may involve a signatures verification.
   Signatures may be used to validate a certificate or to check the
   signature of the AUTH value.  Cryptographic recommendations regarding
   certificate validation are out of scope of this document.  What is
   mandatory to implement is provided by the PKIX Community.  This
   document is mostly concerned on signature verification and generation
   for the authentication.

4.1.  IKEv2 Authentication Method

      +--------+---------------------------------------+------------+
      | Number | Description                           | Status     |
      +--------+---------------------------------------+------------+
      | 1      | RSA Digital Signature                 | MUST       |
      | 2      | Shared Key Message Integrity Code     | MUST       |
      | 3      | DSS Digital Signature                 | SHOULD NOT |
      | 9      | ECDSA with SHA-256 on the P-256 curve | SHOULD     |
      | 10     | ECDSA with SHA-384 on the P-384 curve | SHOULD     |
      | 11     | ECDSA with SHA-512 on the P-521 curve | SHOULD     |
      | 14     | Digital Signature                     | SHOULD     |
      +--------+---------------------------------------+------------+

   RSA Digital Signature is widely deployed and therefore kept for
   interoperability.  It is expected to be downgraded in the future as
   its signatures are based on the older RSASSA-PKCS1-v1.5 which is no
   longer recommended.  RSA authentication, as well as other specific

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   Authentication Methods, are expected to be replaced with the generic
   Digital Signature method of [RFC7427].  RSA Digital Signature is not
   recommended for keys smaller then 2048, but since these signatures
   only have value in real-time, and need no future protection, smaller
   keys was kept at SHOULD NOT instead of MUST NOT.

   Shared Key Message Integrity Code is widely deployed and mandatory to
   implement in the IKEv2 in the RFC7296.

   ECDSA based Authentication Methods are also expected to be downgraded
   as it does not provide hash function agility.  Instead, ECDSA (like
   RSA) is expected to be performed using the generic Digital Signature
   method.

   DSS Digital Signature is bound to SHA-1 and has the same level of
   security as 1024-bit RSA.  It is expected to be downgraded to MUST
   NOT in the future.

   Digital Signature [RFC7427] is expected to be promoted as it provides
   hash function, signature format and algorithm agility.

4.1.1.  Recommendations for RSA key length

        +-------------------------------------------+------------+
        | Description                               | Status     |
        +-------------------------------------------+------------+
        | RSA with key length 2048                  | MUST       |
        | RSA with key length 3072 and 4096         | SHOULD     |
        | RSA with key length between 2049 and 4095 | MAY        |
        | RSA with key length smaller than 2048     | SHOULD NOT |
        +-------------------------------------------+------------+

   The IKEv2 RFC7296 mandates support for the RSA keys of size 1024 or
   2048 bits, but here we make key sizes less than 2048 SHOULD NOT as
   there is industry-wide trend to deprecate key lengths less than 2048
   bits.

4.2.  Digital Signature Recommendations

   When Digital Signature authentication method is implemented, then the
   following recommendations are applied for hash functions:

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               +--------+-------------+----------+---------+
               | Number | Description | Status   | Comment |
               +--------+-------------+----------+---------+
               | 1      | SHA1        | MUST NOT |         |
               | 2      | SHA2-256    | MUST     |         |
               | 3      | SHA2-384    | MAY      |         |
               | 4      | SHA2-512    | SHOULD   |         |
               +--------+-------------+----------+---------+

   When Digital Signature authentication method is used with RSA
   signature algorithm, then RSASSA-PSS MUST be supported and RSASSA-
   PKCS1-v1.5 MAY be supported.

   The following table lists recommendations for authentication methods
   in RFC7427 [RFC7427] notation.  These recommendations are applied
   only if Digital Signature authentication method is implemented.

        +------------------------------------+----------+---------+
        | Description                        | Status   | Comment |
        +------------------------------------+----------+---------+
        | RSASSA-PSS with SHA-256            | MUST     |         |
        | ecdsa-with-sha256                  | SHOULD   |         |
        | sha1WithRSAEncryption              | MUST NOT |         |
        | dsa-with-sha1                      | MUST NOT |         |
        | ecdsa-with-sha1                    | MUST NOT |         |
        | RSASSA-PSS with Empty Parameters   | MUST NOT | (*)     |
        | RSASSA-PSS with Default Parameters | MUST NOT | (*)     |
        +------------------------------------+----------+---------+

    (*) Empty or Default parameters means it is using SHA1, which is at
                              level MUST NOT.

5.  Algorithms for Internet of Things

   Some algorithms in this document are marked for use with the Internet
   of Things (IoT).  There are several reasons why IoT devices prefer a
   different set of algorithms from regular IKEv2 clients.  IoT devices
   are usually very constrained, meaning the memory size and CPU power
   is so limited, that these clients only have resources to implement
   and run one set of algorithms.  For example, instead of implementing
   AES and SHA, these devices typically use AES_XCBC as integrity
   algorithm so SHA does not need to be implemented.

   For example, IEEE Std 802.15.4 [IEEE-802-15-4] devices have a
   mandatory to implement link level security using AES-CCM with 128 bit
   keys.  The IEEE Recommended Practice for Transport of Key Management
   Protocol (KMP) Datagrams [IEEE-802-15-9] already provide a way to use

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   Minimal IKEv2 [RFC7815] over 802.15.4 to provide link keys for the
   802.15.4 layer.

   These devices might want to use AES-CCM as their IKEv2 algorithm, so
   they can reuse the hardware implementing it.  They cannot use the
   AES-CBC algorithm, as the hardware quite often do not include support
   for AES decryption needed to support the CBC mode.  So despite the
   AES-CCM algorithm requiring AEAD [RFC5282] support, the benefit of
   reusing the crypto hardware makes AES-CCM the preferred algorithm.

   Another important aspect of IoT devices is that their transfer rates
   are usually quite low (in order of tens of kbits/s), and each bit
   they transmit has an energy consumption cost associated with it and
   shortens their battery life.  Therefore, shorter packets are
   preferred.  This is the reason for recommending the 8 octet ICV over
   the 16 octet ICV.

   Because different IoT devices will have different constraints, this
   document cannot specify the one mandatory profile for IoT.  Instead,
   this document points out commonly used algorithms with IoT devices.

6.  Security Considerations

   The security of cryptographic-based systems depends on both the
   strength of the cryptographic algorithms chosen and the strength of
   the keys used with those algorithms.  The security also depends on
   the engineering of the protocol used by the system to ensure that
   there are no non-cryptographic ways to bypass the security of the
   overall system.

   The Diffie-Hellman Group parameter is the most important one to
   choose conservatively.  Any party capturing all IKE and ESP traffic
   that (even years later) can break the selected DH group in IKE, can
   gain access to the symmetric keys used to encrypt all the ESP
   traffic.  Therefore, these groups must be chosen very conservatively.
   However, specifying an extremely large DH group also puts a
   considerable load on the device, especially when this is a large VPN
   gateway or an IoT constrained device.

   This document concerns itself with the selection of cryptographic
   algorithms for the use of IKEv2, specifically with the selection of
   "mandatory-to-implement" algorithms.  The algorithms identified in
   this document as "MUST implement" or "SHOULD implement" are not known
   to be broken at the current time, and cryptographic research so far
   leads us to believe that they will likely remain secure into the
   foreseeable future.  However, this isn't necessarily forever and it
   is expected that new revisions of this document will be issued from
   time to time to reflect the current best practice in this area.

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7.  IANA Considerations

   This document renames some of the names in the "Transform Type 1 -
   Encryption Algorithm Transform IDs" registry of the "Internet Key
   Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2) Parameters".  All the other names have
   ENCR_ prefix except 3, and all other entries use names in format of
   uppercase words separated with underscores except 6.  This document
   changes those names to match others.

   This document requests IANA to rename following entries for the AES-
   GCM cipher [RFC4106] and the Camellia cipher [RFC5529]:

     +---------------------------------------+----------------------+
     | Old name                              | New name             |
     +---------------------------------------+----------------------+
     | AES-GCM with a 8 octet ICV            | ENCR_AES_GCM_8       |
     | AES-GCM with a 12 octet ICV           | ENCR_AES_GCM_12      |
     | AES-GCM with a 16 octet ICV           | ENCR_AES_GCM_16      |
     | ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM with an 8-octet ICV | ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM_8  |
     | ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM with a 12-octet ICV | ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM_12 |
     | ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM with a 16-octet ICV | ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM_16 |
     +---------------------------------------+----------------------+

   In addition to add this RFC as reference to both ESP Reference and
   IKEv2 Reference columns for ENCR_AES_GCM entries, keeping the current
   references there also, and also add this RFC as reference to the ESP
   Reference column for ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM entries, keeping the current
   reference there also.

   The final registry entries should be:

   Number Name                  ESP Reference       IKEv2 Reference
   ...
   18     ENCR_AES_GCM_8        [RFC4106][RFCXXXX]  [RFC5282][RFCXXXX]
   19     ENCR_AES_GCM_12       [RFC4106][RFCXXXX]  [RFC5282][RFCXXXX]
   20     ENCR_AES_GCM_16       [RFC4106][RFCXXXX]  [RFC5282][RFCXXXX]
   ...
   25     ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM_8   [RFC5529][RFCXXXX]  -
   26     ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM_12  [RFC5529][RFCXXXX]  -
   27     ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM_16  [RFC5529][RFCXXXX]  -

8.  Acknowledgements

   The first version of this document was RFC 4307 by Jeffrey I.
   Schiller of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).  Much of
   the original text has been copied verbatim.

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   We would like to thank Paul Hoffman, Yaron Sheffer, John Mattsson and
   Tommy Pauly for their valuable feedback.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4106]  Viega, J. and D. McGrew, "The Use of Galois/Counter Mode
              (GCM) in IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
              RFC 4106, DOI 10.17487/RFC4106, June 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4106>.

   [RFC4307]  Schiller, J., "Cryptographic Algorithms for Use in the
              Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2)", RFC 4307,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4307, December 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4307>.

   [RFC7296]  Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P., and T.
              Kivinen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
              (IKEv2)", STD 79, RFC 7296, DOI 10.17487/RFC7296, October
              2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7296>.

   [RFC5282]  Black, D. and D. McGrew, "Using Authenticated Encryption
              Algorithms with the Encrypted Payload of the Internet Key
              Exchange version 2 (IKEv2) Protocol", RFC 5282,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5282, August 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5282>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [RFC7427]  Kivinen, T. and J. Snyder, "Signature Authentication in
              the Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2)", RFC 7427,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7427, January 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7427>.

   [RFC6989]  Sheffer, Y. and S. Fluhrer, "Additional Diffie-Hellman
              Tests for the Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
              (IKEv2)", RFC 6989, DOI 10.17487/RFC6989, July 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6989>.

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   [RFC7815]  Kivinen, T., "Minimal Internet Key Exchange Version 2
              (IKEv2) Initiator Implementation", RFC 7815,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7815, March 2016,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7815>.

   [RFC5529]  Kato, A., Kanda, M., and S. Kanno, "Modes of Operation for
              Camellia for Use with IPsec", RFC 5529,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5529, April 2009,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5529>.

   [IKEV2-IANA]
              "Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2) Parameters",
              <http://www.iana.org/assignments/ikev2-parameters>.

   [TRANSCRIPTION]
              Bhargavan, K. and G. Leurent, "Transcript Collision
              Attacks: Breaking Authentication in TLS, IKE, and SSH",
              NDSS , feb 2016.

   [IEEE-802-15-4]
              "IEEE Standard for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area
              Networks (WPANs)", IEEE Standard 802.15.4, 2015.

   [IEEE-802-15-9]
              "IEEE Recommended Practice for Transport of Key Management
              Protocol (KMP) Datagrams", IEEE Standard 802.15.9, 2016.

Authors' Addresses

   Yoav Nir
   Check Point Software Technologies Ltd.
   5 Hasolelim st.
   Tel Aviv  6789735
   Israel

   EMail: ynir.ietf@gmail.com

   Tero Kivinen
   INSIDE Secure
   Eerikinkatu 28
   HELSINKI  FI-00180
   FI

   EMail: kivinen@iki.fi

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   Paul Wouters
   Red Hat

   EMail: pwouters@redhat.com

   Daniel Migault
   Ericsson
   8400 boulevard Decarie
   Montreal, QC   H4P 2N2
   Canada

   Phone: +1 514-452-2160
   EMail: daniel.migault@ericsson.com

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