Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08
The information below is for an old version of the document that is already published as an RFC.
| Document | Type |
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 3484.
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Richard P. Draves | ||
| Last updated | 2015-10-14 (Latest revision 2002-06-19) | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Intended RFC status | Proposed Standard | ||
| Formats | |||
| Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
| Stream | WG state | (None) | |
| Document shepherd | (None) | ||
| IESG | IESG state | Became RFC 3484 (Proposed Standard) | |
| Action Holders |
(None)
|
||
| Consensus boilerplate | Unknown | ||
| Telechat date | (None) | ||
| Responsible AD | Dr. Thomas Narten | ||
| IESG note | |||
| Send notices to | <mrw@windriver.com> |
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08
IPng Working Group Richard Draves
Internet Draft Microsoft Research
Document: draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08.txt June 17, 2002
Category: Standards Track
Default Address Selection for IPv6
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026 [1].
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
Abstract
This document describes two algorithms, for source address selection
and for destination address selection. The algorithms specify
default behavior for all IPv6 implementations. They do not override
choices made by applications or upper-layer protocols, nor do they
preclude the development of more advanced mechanisms for address
selection. The two algorithms share a common context, including an
optional mechanism for allowing administrators to provide policy
that can override the default behavior. In dual stack
implementations, the destination address selection algorithm can
consider both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses - depending on the available
source addresses, the algorithm might prefer IPv6 addresses over
IPv4 addresses, or vice-versa.
All IPv6 nodes, including both hosts and routers, must implement
default address selection as defined in this specification.
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 1
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................2
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document...........................3
2. Context in Which the Algorithms Operate.....................4
2.1. Policy Table................................................5
2.2. Common Prefix Length........................................6
3. Address Properties..........................................6
3.1. Scope Comparisons...........................................6
3.2. IPv4 Addresses and IPv4-Mapped Addresses....................7
3.3. Other IPv6 Addresses with Embedded IPv4 Addresses...........7
3.4. IPv6 Loopback Address and Other Format Prefixes.............7
4. Candidate Source Addresses..................................7
5. Source Address Selection....................................8
6. Destination Address Selection..............................11
7. Interactions with Routing..................................13
8. Implementation Considerations..............................13
9. Security Considerations....................................14
10. Examples...................................................14
10.1. Default Source Address Selection...........................14
10.2. Default Destination Address Selection......................15
10.3. Configuring Preference for IPv6 or IPv4....................16
10.4. Configuring Preference for Scoped Addresses................17
10.5. Configuring a Multi-Homed Site.............................17
Acknowledgments...................................................20
Author's Address..................................................20
Revision History..................................................20
1. Introduction
The IPv6 addressing architecture [2] allows multiple unicast
addresses to be assigned to interfaces. These addresses may have
different reachability scopes (link-local, site-local, or global).
These addresses may also be "preferred" or "deprecated" [3]. Privacy
considerations have introduced the concepts of "public addresses"
and "temporary addresses" [4]. The mobility architecture introduces
"home addresses" and "care-of addresses" [5]. In addition, multi-
homing situations will result in more addresses per node. For
example, a node may have multiple interfaces, some of them tunnels
or virtual interfaces, or a site may have multiple ISP attachments
with a global prefix per ISP.
The end result is that IPv6 implementations will very often be faced
with multiple possible source and destination addresses when
initiating communication. It is desirable to have default
algorithms, common across all implementations, for selecting source
and destination addresses so that developers and administrators can
reason about and predict the behavior of their systems.
Furthermore, dual or hybrid stack implementations, which support
both IPv6 and IPv4, will very often need to choose between IPv6 and
IPv4 when initiating communication. For example, when DNS name
resolution yields both IPv6 and IPv4 addresses and the network
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 2
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
protocol stack has available both IPv6 and IPv4 source addresses. In
such cases, a simple policy to always prefer IPv6 or always prefer
IPv4 can produce poor behavior. As one example, suppose a DNS name
resolves to a global IPv6 address and a global IPv4 address. If the
node has assigned a global IPv6 address and a 169.254/16 auto-
configured IPv4 address [6], then IPv6 is the best choice for
communication. But if the node has assigned only a link-local IPv6
address and a global IPv4 address, then IPv4 is the best choice for
communication. The destination address selection algorithm solves
this with a unified procedure for choosing among both IPv6 and IPv4
addresses.
The algorithms in this document are specified as a set of rules that
define a partial ordering on the set of addresses that are available
for use. In the case of source address selection, a node typically
has multiple addresses assigned to its interfaces, and the source
address ordering rules in section 5 define which address is the
"best" one to use. In the case of destination address selection, the
DNS may return a set of addresses for a given name, and an
application needs to decide which one to use first, and in what
order to try others should the first one not be reachable. The
destination address ordering rules in section 6, when applied to the
set of addresses returned by the DNS, provide such a recommended
ordering.
This document specifies source address selection and destination
address selection separately, but using a common context so that
together the two algorithms yield useful results. The algorithms
attempt to choose source and destination addresses of appropriate
scope and configuration status (preferred or deprecated in the RFC
2462 sense). Furthermore, this document suggests a preferred method,
longest matching prefix, for choosing among otherwise equivalent
addresses in the absence of better information.
This document also specifies policy hooks to allow administrative
override of the default behavior. For example, using these hooks an
administrator can specify a preferred source prefix for use with a
destination prefix, or prefer destination addresses with one prefix
over addresses with another prefix. These hooks give an
administrator flexibility in dealing with some multi-homing and
transition scenarios, but they are certainly not a panacea.
The selection rules specified in this document MUST NOT be construed
to override an application or upper-layer's explicit choice of a
legal destination or source address.
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in
this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [7].
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 3
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
2. Context in Which the Algorithms Operate
Our context for address selection derives from the most common
implementation architecture, which separates the choice of
destination address from the choice of source address. Consequently,
we have two separate algorithms for these tasks. The algorithms are
designed to work well together and they share a mechanism for
administrative policy override.
In this implementation architecture, applications use APIs [8] like
getaddrinfo() that return a list of addresses to the application.
This list might contain both IPv6 and IPv4 addresses (sometimes
represented as IPv4-mapped addresses). The application then passes a
destination address to the network stack with connect() or sendto().
The application would then typically try the first address in the
list, looping over the list of addresses until it finds a working
address. In any case, the network layer is never in a situation
where it needs to choose a destination address from several
alternatives. The application might also specify a source address
with bind(), but often the source address is left unspecified.
Therefore the network layer does often choose a source address from
several alternatives.
As a consequence, we intend that implementations of getaddrinfo()
will use the destination address selection algorithm specified here
to sort the list of IPv6 and IPv4 addresses that they return.
Separately, the IPv6 network layer will use the source address
selection algorithm when an application or upper-layer has not
specified a source address. Application of this specification to
source address selection in an IPv4 network layer may be possible
but this is not explored further here.
Well-behaved applications SHOULD iterate through the list of
addresses returned from getaddrinfo() until they find a working
address.
The algorithms use several criteria in making their decisions. The
combined effect is to prefer destination/source address pairs for
which the two addresses are of equal scope or type, prefer smaller
scopes over larger scopes for the destination address, prefer non-
deprecated source addresses, avoid the use of transitional addresses
when native addresses are available, and all else being equal prefer
address pairs having the longest possible common prefix. For source
address selection, public addresses [4] are preferred over temporary
addresses. In mobile situations [5], home addresses are preferred
over care-of addresses. If an address is simultaneously a home
address and a care-of address (indicating the mobile node is "at
home" for that address), then the home/care-of address is preferred
over addresses that are solely a home address or solely a care-of
address.
This specification optionally allows for the possibility of
administrative configuration of policy that can override the default
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 4
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
behavior of the algorithms. The policy override takes the form of a
configurable table that specifies precedence values and preferred
source prefixes for destination prefixes. If an implementation is
not configurable, or if an implementation has not been configured,
then the default policy table specified in this document SHOULD be
used.
2.1. Policy Table
The policy table is a longest-matching-prefix lookup table, much
like a routing table. Given an address A, a lookup in the policy
table produces two values: a precedence value Precedence(A) and a
classification or label Label(A).
The precedence value Precedence(A) is used for sorting destination
addresses. If Precedence(A) > Precedence(B), we say that address A
has higher precedence than address B, meaning that our algorithm
will prefer to sort destination address A before destination address
B.
The label value Label(A) allows for policies that prefer a
particular source address prefix for use with a destination address
prefix. The algorithms prefer to use a source address S with a
destination address D if Label(S) = Label(D).
IPv6 implementations SHOULD support configurable address selection
via a mechanism at least as powerful as the policy tables defined
here. Note that at the time of this writing there is only limited
experience with the use of policies that select from a set of
possible IPv6 addresses. As more experience is gained, the
recommended default policies may change. Consequently it is
important that implementations provide a way to change the default
policies as more experience is gained. Sections 10.3 and 10.4
provide examples of the kind of changes that might be needed.
If an implementation is not configurable or has not been configured,
then it SHOULD operate according to the algorithms specified here in
conjunction with the following default policy table:
Prefix Precedence Label
::1/128 50 0
::/0 40 1
2002::/16 30 2
::/96 20 3
::ffff:0:0/96 10 4
One effect of the default policy table is to prefer using native
source addresses with native destination addresses, 6to4 [9] source
addresses with 6to4 destination addresses, and v4-compatible [2]
source addresses with v4-compatible destination addresses. Another
effect of the default policy table is to prefer communication using
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 5
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
IPv6 addresses to communication using IPv4 addresses, if matching
source addresses are available.
Policy table entries for scoped address prefixes MAY be qualified
with an optional zone index. If so, a prefix table entry only
matches against an address during a lookup if the zone index also
matches the address's zone index.
2.2. Common Prefix Length
We define the common prefix length CommonPrefixLen(A, B) of two
addresses A and B as the length of the longest prefix (looking at
the most significant, or leftmost, bits) that the two addresses have
in common. It ranges from 0 to 128.
3. Address Properties
In the rules given in later sections, addresses of different types
(e.g., IPv4, IPv6, multicast and unicast) are compared against each
other. Some of these address types have properties that aren't
directly comparable to each other. For example, IPv6 unicast
addresses can be "preferred" or "deprecated" [3], while IPv4
addresses have no such notion. To compare such addresses using the
ordering rules (e.g., to use "preferred" addresses in preference to
"deprecated" addresses), the following mappings are defined.
3.1. Scope Comparisons
Multicast destination addresses have a 4-bit scope field that
controls the propagation of the multicast packet. The IPv6
addressing architecture defines scope field values for interface-
local (0x1), link-local (0x2), subnet-local (0x3), admin-local
(0x4), site-local (0x5), organization-local (0x8), and global (0xE)
scopes [10].
Use of the source address selection algorithm in the presence of
multicast destination addresses requires the comparison of a unicast
address scope with a multicast address scope. We map unicast link-
local to multicast link-local, unicast site-local to multicast site-
local, and unicast global scope to multicast global scope. For
example, unicast site-local is equal to multicast site-local, which
is smaller than multicast organization-local, which is smaller than
unicast global, which is equal to multicast global.
We write Scope(A) to mean the scope of address A. For example, if A
is a link-local unicast address and B is a site-local multicast
address, then Scope(A) < Scope(B).
This mapping implicitly conflates unicast site boundaries and
multicast site boundaries [10].
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 6
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
3.2. IPv4 Addresses and IPv4-Mapped Addresses
The destination address selection algorithm operates on both IPv6
and IPv4 addresses. For this purpose, IPv4 addresses should be
represented as IPv4-mapped addresses [2]. For example, to lookup the
precedence or other attributes of an IPv4 address in the policy
table, lookup the corresponding IPv4-mapped IPv6 address.
IPv4 addresses are assigned scopes as follows. IPv4 auto-
configuration addresses [6], which have the prefix 169.254/16, are
assigned link-local scope. IPv4 private addresses [11], which have
the prefixes 10/8, 172.16/12, and 192.168/16, are assigned site-
local scope. IPv4 loopback addresses [12, section 4.2.2.11], which
have the prefix 127/8, are assigned link-local scope (analogously to
the treatment of the IPv6 loopback address [10, section 4]). Other
IPv4 addresses are assigned global scope.
IPv4 addresses should be treated as having "preferred" (in the RFC
2462 sense) configuration status.
3.3. Other IPv6 Addresses with Embedded IPv4 Addresses
IPv4-compatible addresses [2], IPv4-mapped [2], IPv4-translatable
[13] and 6to4 addresses [9] contain an embedded IPv4 address. For
the purposes of this document, these addresses should be treated as
having global scope.
IPv4-compatible, IPv4-mapped, and IPv4-translatable addresses should
be treated as having "preferred" (in the RFC 2462 sense)
configuration status.
3.4. IPv6 Loopback Address and Other Format Prefixes
The loopback address should be treated as having link-local
scope [10, section 4] and "preferred" (in the RFC 2462 sense)
configuration status.
NSAP addresses and other addresses with as-yet-undefined format
prefixes should be treated as having global scope and "preferred"
(in the RFC 2462) configuration status. Later standards may
supersede this treatment.
4. Candidate Source Addresses
The source address selection algorithm uses the concept of a
"candidate set" of potential source addresses for a given
destination address. The candidate set is the set of all addresses
that could be used as a source address; the source address selection
algorithm will pick an address out of that set. We write
CandidateSource(A) to denote the candidate set for the address A.
It is RECOMMENDED that the candidate source addresses be the set of
unicast addresses assigned to the interface that will be used to
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 7
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
send to the destination. (The "outgoing" interface.) On routers, the
candidate set MAY include unicast addresses assigned to any
interface that forwards packets, subject to the restrictions
described below.
Discussion: The Neighbor Discovery Redirect mechanism [14]
requires that routers verify that the source address of a packet
identifies a neighbor before generating a Redirect, so it is
advantageous for hosts to choose source addresses assigned to the
outgoing interface. Implementations that wish to support the use
of global source addresses assigned to a loopback interface should
behave as if the loopback interface originates and forwards the
packet.
In some cases the destination address may be qualified with a zone
index or other information that will constrain the candidate set.
For multicast and link-local destination addresses, the set of
candidate source addresses MUST only include addresses assigned to
interfaces belonging to the same link as the outgoing interface.
Discussion: The restriction for multicast destination addresses is
necessary because currently-deployed multicast forwarding
algorithms use Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) checks.
For site-local destination addresses, the set of candidate source
addresses MUST only include addresses assigned to interfaces
belonging to the same site as the outgoing interface.
In any case, anycast addresses, multicast addresses, and the
unspecified address MUST NOT be included in a candidate set.
If an application or upper-layer specifies a source address that is
not in the candidate set for the destination, then the network layer
MUST treat this as an error. The specified source address may
influence the candidate set, by affecting the choice of outgoing
interface. If the application or upper-layer specifies a source
address that is in the candidate set for the destination, then the
network layer MUST respect that choice. If the application or upper-
layer does not specify a source address, then the network layer uses
the source address selection algorithm specified in the next
section.
On IPv6-only nodes that support SIIT [13, especially section 5], if
the destination address is an IPv4-mapped address then the candidate
set MUST contain only IPv4-translatable addresses. If the
destination address is not an IPv4-mapped address, then the
candidate set MUST NOT contain IPv4-translatable addresses.
5. Source Address Selection
The source address selection algorithm produces as output a single
source address for use with a given destination address. This
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 8
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
algorithm only applies to IPv6 destination addresses, not IPv4
addresses.
The algorithm is specified here in terms of a list of pair-wise
comparison rules that (for a given destination address D) imposes a
"greater than" ordering on the addresses in the candidate set
CandidateSource(D). The address at the front of the list after the
algorithm completes is the one the algorithm selects.
Note that conceptually, a sort of the candidate set is being
performed, where a set of rules define the ordering among addresses.
But because the output of the algorithm is a single source address,
an implementation need not actually sort the set; it need only
identify the "maximum" value that ends up at the front of the sorted
list.
The ordering of the addresses in the candidate set is defined by a
list of eight pair-wise comparison rules, with each rule placing a
"greater than," "less than" or "equal to" ordering on two source
addresses with respect to each other (and that rule). In the case
that a given rule produces a tie, i.e., provides an "equal to"
result for the two addresses, the remaining rules are applied (in
order) to just those addresses that are tied to break the tie. Note
that if a rule produces a single clear "winner" (or set of "winners"
in the case of ties), those addresses not in the winning set can be
discarded from further consideration, with subsequent rules applied
only to the remaining addresses. If the eight rules fail to choose a
single address, some unspecified tie-breaker should be used.
When comparing two addresses SA and SB from the candidate set, we
say "prefer SA" to mean that SA is "greater than" SB, and similarly
we say "prefer SB" to mean that SA is "less than" SB.
Rule 1: Prefer same address.
If SA = D, then prefer SA. Similarly, if SB = D, then prefer SB.
Rule 2: Prefer appropriate scope.
If Scope(SA) < Scope(SB): If Scope(SA) < Scope(D), then prefer SB
and otherwise prefer SA.
Similarly, if Scope(SB) < Scope(SA): If Scope(SB) < Scope(D), then
prefer SA and otherwise prefer SB.
Rule 3: Avoid deprecated addresses.
The addresses SA and SB have the same scope. If one of the two
source addresses is "preferred" and one of them is "deprecated" (in
the RFC 2462 sense), then prefer the one that is "preferred."
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 9
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
Rule 4: Prefer home addresses.
If SA is simultaneously a home address and care-of address and SB is
not, then prefer SA. Similarly, if SB is simultaneously a home
address and care-of address and SA is not, then prefer SB.
If SA is just a home address and SB is just a care-of address, then
prefer SA. Similarly, if SB is just a home address and SA is just a
care-of address, then prefer SB.
An implementation may support a per-connection configuration
mechanism (for example, a socket option) to reverse the sense of
this preference and prefer care-of addresses over home addresses.
Rule 5: Prefer outgoing interface.
If SA is assigned to the interface that will be used to send to D
and SB is assigned to a different interface, then prefer SA.
Similarly, if SB is assigned to the interface that will be used to
send to D and SA is assigned to a different interface, then prefer
SB.
Rule 6: Prefer matching label.
If Label(SA) = Label(D) and Label(SB) <> Label(D), then prefer SA.
Similarly, if Label(SB) = Label(D) and Label(SA) <> Label(D), then
prefer SB.
Rule 7: Prefer public addresses.
If SA is a public address and SB is a temporary address, then prefer
SA. Similarly, if SB is a public address and SA is a temporary
address, then prefer SB.
An implementation MUST support a per-connection configuration
mechanism (for example, a socket option) to reverse the sense of
this preference and prefer temporary addresses over public
addresses.
This rule avoids applications potentially failing due to the
relatively short lifetime of temporary addresses or due to the
possibility of the reverse lookup of a temporary address either
failing or returning a randomized name. Implementations for which
privacy considerations outweigh these application compatibility
concerns MAY reverse the sense of this rule and by default prefer
temporary addresses over public addresses.
Rule 8: Use longest matching prefix.
If CommonPrefixLen(SA, D) > CommonPrefixLen(SB, D), then prefer SA.
Similarly, if CommonPrefixLen(SB, D) > CommonPrefixLen(SA, D), then
prefer SB.
Rule 8 may be superseded if the implementation has other means of
choosing among source addresses. For example, if the implementation
somehow knows which source address will result in the "best"
communications performance.
Rule 2 (prefer appropriate scope) MUST be implemented and given high
priority because it can affect interoperability.
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 10
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
6. Destination Address Selection
The destination address selection algorithm takes a list of
destination addresses and sorts the addresses to produce a new list.
It is specified here in terms of the pair-wise comparison of
addresses DA and DB, where DA appears before DB in the original
list.
The algorithm sorts together both IPv6 and IPv4 addresses. To find
the attributes of an IPv4 address in the policy table, the IPv4
address should be represented as an IPv4-mapped address.
We write Source(D) to indicate the selected source address for a
destination D. For IPv6 addresses, the previous section specifies
the source address selection algorithm. Source address selection for
IPv4 addresses is not specified in this document.
We say that Source(D) is undefined if there is no source address
available for destination D. For IPv6 addresses, this is only the
case if CandidateSource(D) is the empty set.
The pair-wise comparison of destination addresses consists of ten
rules, which should be applied in order. If a rule determines a
result, then the remaining rules are not relevant and should be
ignored. Subsequent rules act as tie-breakers for earlier rules. See
the previous section for a lengthier description of how pair-wise
comparison tie-breaker rules can be used to sort a list.
Rule 1: Avoid unusable destinations.
If DB is known to be unreachable or if Source(DB) is undefined, then
prefer DA. Similarly, if DA is known to be unreachable or if
Source(DA) is undefined, then prefer DB.
Discussion: An implementation may know that a particular
destination is unreachable in several ways. For example, the
destination may be reached through a network interface that is
currently unplugged. For example, the implementation may retain
for some period of time information from Neighbor Unreachability
Detection [14]. In any case, the determination of unreachability
for the purposes of this rule is implementation-dependent.
Rule 2: Prefer matching scope.
If Scope(DA) = Scope(Source(DA)) and Scope(DB) <> Scope(Source(DB)),
then prefer DA. Similarly, if Scope(DA) <> Scope(Source(DA)) and
Scope(DB) = Scope(Source(DB)), then prefer DB.
Rule 3: Avoid deprecated addresses.
If Source(DA) is deprecated and Source(DB) is not, then prefer DB.
Similarly, if Source(DA) is not deprecated and Source(DB) is
deprecated, then prefer DA.
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 11
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
Rule 4: Prefer home addresses.
If Source(DA) is simultaneously a home address and care-of address
and Source(DB) is not, then prefer DA. Similarly, if Source(DB) is
simultaneously a home address and care-of address and Source(DA) is
not, then prefer DB.
If Source(DA) is just a home address and Source(DB) is just a care-
of address, then prefer DA. Similarly, if Source(DA) is just a care-
of address and Source(DB) is just a home address, then prefer DB.
Rule 5: Prefer matching label.
If Label(Source(DA)) = Label(DA) and Label(Source(DB)) <> Label(DB),
then prefer DA. Similarly, if Label(Source(DA)) <> Label(DA) and
Label(Source(DB)) = Label(DB), then prefer DB.
Rule 6: Prefer higher precedence.
If Precedence(DA) > Precedence(DB), then prefer DA. Similarly, if
Precedence(DA) < Precedence(DB), then prefer DB.
Rule 7: Prefer native transport.
If DA is reached via an encapsulating transition mechanism (eg, IPv6
in IPv4) and DB is not, then prefer DB. Similarly, if DB is reached
via encapsulation and DA is not, then prefer DA.
Discussion: 6-over-4 [15], ISATAP [16], and configured
tunnels [17] are examples of encapsulating transition mechanisms
for which the destination address does not have a specific prefix
and hence can not be assigned a lower precedence in the policy
table. An implementation MAY generalize this rule by using a
concept of interface preference, and giving virtual interfaces
(like the IPv6-in-IPv4 encapsulating interfaces) a lower
preference than native interfaces (like ethernet interfaces).
Rule 8: Prefer smaller scope.
If Scope(DA) < Scope(DB), then prefer DA. Similarly, if Scope(DA) >
Scope(DB), then prefer DB.
Rule 9: Use longest matching prefix.
When DA and DB belong to the same address family (both are IPv6 or
both are IPv4): If CommonPrefixLen(DA, Source(DA)) >
CommonPrefixLen(DB, Source(DB)), then prefer DA. Similarly, if
CommonPrefixLen(DA, Source(DA)) < CommonPrefixLen(DB, Source(DB)),
then prefer DB.
Rule 10: Otherwise, leave the order unchanged.
If DA preceded DB in the original list, prefer DA. Otherwise prefer
DB.
Rules 9 and 10 may be superseded if the implementation has other
means of sorting destination addresses. For example, if the
implementation somehow knows which destination addresses will result
in the "best" communications performance.
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 12
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
7. Interactions with Routing
This specification of source address selection assumes that routing
(more precisely, selecting an outgoing interface on a node with
multiple interfaces) is done before source address selection.
However, implementations may use source address considerations as a
tiebreaker when choosing among otherwise equivalent routes.
For example, suppose a node has interfaces on two different links,
with both links having a working default router. Both of the
interfaces have preferred (in the RFC 2462 sense) global addresses.
When sending to a global destination address, if there's no routing
reason to prefer one interface over the other, then an
implementation may preferentially choose the outgoing interface that
will allow it to use the source address that shares a longer common
prefix with the destination.
Implementations may also use the choice of router to influence the
choice of source address. For example, suppose a host is on a link
with two routers. One router is advertising a global prefix A and
the other router is advertising global prefix B. Then when sending
via the first router, the host may prefer source addresses with
prefix A and when sending via the second router, prefer source
addresses with prefix B.
8. Implementation Considerations
The destination address selection algorithm needs information about
potential source addresses. One possible implementation strategy is
for getaddrinfo() to call down to the network layer with a list of
destination addresses, sort the list in the network layer with full
current knowledge of available source addresses, and return the
sorted list to getaddrinfo(). This is simple and gives the best
results but it introduces the overhead of another system call. One
way to reduce this overhead is to cache the sorted address list in
the resolver, so that subsequent calls for the same name do not need
to resort the list.
Another implementation strategy is to call down to the network layer
to retrieve source address information and then sort the list of
addresses directly in the context of getaddrinfo(). To reduce
overhead in this approach, the source address information can be
cached, amortizing the overhead of retrieving it across multiple
calls to getaddrinfo(). In this approach, the implementation may not
have knowledge of the outgoing interface for each destination, so it
MAY use a looser definition of the candidate set during destination
address ordering.
In any case, if the implementation uses cached and possibly stale
information in its implementation of destination address selection,
or if the ordering of a cached list of destination addresses is
possibly stale, then it should ensure that the destination address
ordering returned to the application is no more than one second out
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 13
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
of date. For example, an implementation might make a system call to
check if any routing table entries or source address assignments
that might affect these algorithms have changed. Another strategy is
to use an invalidation counter that is incremented whenever any
underlying state is changed. By caching the current invalidation
counter value with derived state and then later comparing against
the current value, the implementation could detect if the derived
state is potentially stale.
9. Security Considerations
This document has no direct impact on Internet infrastructure
security.
Note that most source address selection algorithms, including the
one specified in this document, expose a potential privacy concern.
An unfriendly node can infer correlations among a target node's
addresses by probing the target node with request packets that force
the target host to choose its source address for the reply packets.
(Perhaps because the request packets are sent to an anycast or
multicast address, or perhaps the upper-layer protocol chosen for
the attack does not specify a particular source address for its
reply packets.) By using different addresses for itself, the
unfriendly node can cause the target node to expose the target's own
addresses.
10. Examples
This section contains a number of examples, first of default
behavior and then demonstrating the utility of policy table
configuration. These examples are provided for illustrative
purposes; they should not be construed as normative.
10.1. Default Source Address Selection
The source address selection rules, in conjunction with the default
policy table, produce the following behavior:
Destination: 2001::1
Candidate Source Addresses: 3ffe::1 or fe80::1
Result: 3ffe::1 (prefer appropriate scope)
Destination: 2001::1
Candidate Source Addresses: fe80::1 or fec0::1
Result: fec0::1 (prefer appropriate scope)
Destination: fec0::1
Candidate Source Addresses: fe80::1 or 2001::1
Result: 2001::1 (prefer appropriate scope)
Destination: ff05::1
Candidate Source Addresses: fe80::1 or fec0::1 or 2001::1
Result: fec0::1 (prefer appropriate scope)
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 14
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
Destination: 2001::1
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::1 (deprecated) or 2002::1
Result: 2001::1 (prefer same address)
Destination: fec0::1
Candidate Source Addresses: fec0::2 (deprecated) or 2001::1
Result: fec0::2 (prefer appropriate scope)
Destination: 2001::1
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 or 3ffe::2
Result: 2001::2 (longest-matching-prefix)
Destination: 2001::1
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 (care-of address) or 3ffe::2
(home address)
Result: 3ffe::2 (prefer home address)
Destination: 2002:836b:2179::1
Candidate Source Addresses: 2002:836b:2179::d5e3:7953:13eb:22e8
(temporary) or 2001::2
Result: 2002:836b:2179::d5e3:7953:13eb:22e8 (prefer matching label)
Destination: 2001::d5e3:0:0:1
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 or 2001::d5e3:7953:13eb:22e8
(temporary)
Result: 2001::2 (prefer public address)
10.2. Default Destination Address Selection
The destination address selection rules, in conjunction with the
default policy table and the source address selection rules, produce
the following behavior:
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 or fe80::1 or 169.254.13.78
Destination Address List: 2001::1 or 131.107.65.121
Result: 2001::1 (src 2001::2) then 131.107.65.121 (src
169.254.13.78) (prefer matching scope)
Candidate Source Addresses: fe80::1 or 131.107.65.117
Destination Address List: 2001::1 or 131.107.65.121
Result: 131.107.65.121 (src 131.107.65.117) then 2001::1 (src
fe80::1) (prefer matching scope)
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 or fe80::1 or 10.1.2.4
Destination Address List: 2001::1 or 10.1.2.3
Result: 2001::1 (src 2001::2) then 10.1.2.3 (src 10.1.2.4) (prefer
higher precedence)
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 or fec0::2 or fe80::2
Destination Address List: 2001::1 or fec0::1 or fe80::1
Result: fe80::1 (src fe80::2) then fec0::1 (src fec0::2) then
2001::1 (src 2001::2) (prefer smaller scope)
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 15
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 (care-of address) or 3ffe::1
(home address) or fec0::2 (care-of address) or fe80::2 (care-of
address)
Destination Address List: 2001::1 or fec0::1
Result: 2001:1 (src 3ffe::1) then fec0::1 (src fec0::2) (prefer home
address)
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 or fec0::2 (deprecated) or
fe80::2
Destination Address List: 2001::1 or fec0::1
Result: 2001::1 (src 2001::2) then fec0::1 (src fec0::2) (avoid
deprecated addresses)
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 or 3f44::2 or fe80::2
Destination Address List: 2001::1 or 3ffe::1
Result: 2001::1 (src 2001::2) then 3ffe::1 (src 3f44::2) (longest
matching prefix)
Candidate Source Addresses: 2002:836b:4179::2 or fe80::2
Destination Address List: 2002:836b:4179::1 or 2001::1
Result: 2002:836b:4179::1 (src 2002:836b:4179::2) then 2001::1 (src
2002:836b:4179::2) (prefer matching label)
Candidate Source Addresses: 2002:836b:4179::2 or 2001::2 or fe80::2
Destination Address List: 2002:836b:4179::1 or 2001::1
Result: 2001::1 (src 2001::2) then 2002:836b:4179::1 (src
2002:836b:4179::2) (prefer higher precedence)
10.3. Configuring Preference for IPv6 or IPv4
The default policy table gives IPv6 addresses higher precedence than
IPv4 addresses. This means that applications will use IPv6 in
preference to IPv4 when the two are equally suitable. An
administrator can change the policy table to prefer IPv4 addresses
by giving the ::ffff:0.0.0.0/96 prefix a higher precedence:
Prefix Precedence Label
::1/128 50 0
::/0 40 1
2002::/16 30 2
::/96 20 3
::ffff:0:0/96 100 4
This change to the default policy table produces the following
behavior:
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 or fe80::1 or 169.254.13.78
Destination Address List: 2001::1 or 131.107.65.121
Unchanged Result: 2001::1 (src 2001::2) then 131.107.65.121 (src
169.254.13.78) (prefer matching scope)
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 16
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
Candidate Source Addresses: fe80::1 or 131.107.65.117
Destination Address List: 2001::1 or 131.107.65.121
Unchanged Result: 131.107.65.121 (src 131.107.65.117) then 2001::1
(src fe80::1) (prefer matching scope)
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 or fe80::1 or 10.1.2.4
Destination Address List: 2001::1 or 10.1.2.3
New Result: 10.1.2.3 (src 10.1.2.4) then 2001::1 (src 2001::2)
(prefer higher precedence)
10.4. Configuring Preference for Scoped Addresses
The destination address selection rules give preference to
destinations of smaller scope. For example, a site-local destination
will be sorted before a global scope destination when the two are
otherwise equally suitable. An administrator can change the policy
table to reverse this preference and sort global destinations before
site-local destinations, and site-local destinations before link-
local destinations:
Prefix Precedence Label
::1/128 50 0
::/0 40 1
fec0::/10 37 1
fe80::/10 33 1
2002::/16 30 2
::/96 20 3
::ffff:0:0/96 10 4
This change to the default policy table produces the following
behavior:
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 or fec0::2 or fe80::2
Destination Address List: 2001::1 or fec0::1 or fe80::1
New Result: 2001::1 (src 2001::2) then fec0::1 (src fec0::2) then
fe80::1 (src fe80::2) (prefer higher precedence)
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001::2 (deprecated) or fec0::2 or
fe80::2
Destination Address List: 2001::1 or fec0::1
Unchanged Result: fec0::1 (src fec0::2) then 2001::1 (src 2001::2)
(avoid deprecated addresses)
10.5. Configuring a Multi-Homed Site
Consider a site A that has a business-critical relationship with
another site B. To support their business needs, the two sites have
contracted for service with a special high-performance ISP. This is
in addition to the normal Internet connection that both sites have
with different ISPs. The high-performance ISP is expensive and the
two sites wish to use it only for their business-critical traffic
with each other.
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 17
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
Each site has two global prefixes, one from the high-performance ISP
and one from their normal ISP. Site A has prefix 2001:aaaa:aaaa::/48
from the high-performance ISP and prefix 2007:0:aaaa::/48 from its
normal ISP. Site B has prefix 2001:bbbb:bbbb::/48 from the high-
performance ISP and prefix 2007:0:bbbb::/48 from its normal ISP. All
hosts in both sites register two addresses in the DNS.
The routing within both sites directs most traffic to the egress to
the normal ISP, but the routing directs traffic sent to the other
site's 2001 prefix to the egress to the high-performance ISP. To
prevent unintended use of their high-performance ISP connection, the
two sites implement ingress filtering to discard traffic entering
from the high-performance ISP that is not from the other site.
The default policy table and address selection rules produce the
following behavior:
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001:aaaa:aaaa::a or 2007:0:aaaa::a or
fe80::a
Destination Address List: 2001:bbbb:bbbb::b or 2007:0:bbbb::b
Result: 2007:0:bbbb::b (src 2007:0:aaaa::a) then 2001:bbbb:bbbb::b
(src 2001:aaaa:aaaa::a) (longest matching prefix)
In other words, when a host in site A initiates a connection to a
host in site B, the traffic does not take advantage of their
connections to the high-performance ISP. This is not their desired
behavior.
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001:aaaa:aaaa::a or 2007:0:aaaa::a or
fe80::a
Destination Address List: 2001:cccc:cccc::c or 2006:cccc:cccc::c
Result: 2001:cccc:cccc::c (src 2001:aaaa:aaaa::a) then
2006:cccc:cccc::c (src 2007:0:aaaa::a) (longest matching prefix)
In other words, when a host in site A initiates a connection to a
host in some other site C, the reverse traffic may come back through
the high-performance ISP. Again, this is not their desired behavior.
This predicament demonstrates the limitations of the longest-
matching-prefix heuristic in multi-homed situations.
However, the administrators of sites A and B can achieve their
desired behavior via policy table configuration. For example, they
can use the following policy table:
Prefix Precedence Label
::1 50 0
2001:aaaa:aaaa::/48 45 5
2001:bbbb:bbbb::/48 45 5
::/0 40 1
2002::/16 30 2
::/96 20 3
::ffff:0:0/96 10 4
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 18
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
This policy table produces the following behavior:
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001:aaaa:aaaa::a or 2007:0:aaaa::a or
fe80::a
Destination Address List: 2001:bbbb:bbbb::b or 2007:0:bbbb::b
New Result: 2001:bbbb:bbbb::b (src 2001:aaaa:aaaa::a) then
2007:0:bbbb::b (src 2007:0:aaaa::a) (prefer higher precedence)
In other words, when a host in site A initiates a connection to a
host in site B, the traffic uses the high-performance ISP as
desired.
Candidate Source Addresses: 2001:aaaa:aaaa::a or 2007:0:aaaa::a or
fe80::a
Destination Address List: 2001:cccc:cccc::c or 2006:cccc:cccc::c
New Result: 2006:cccc:cccc::c (src 2007:0:aaaa::a) then
2001:cccc:cccc::c (src 2007:0:aaaa::a) (longest matching prefix)
In other words, when a host in site A initiates a connection to a
host in some other site C, the traffic uses the normal ISP as
desired.
References
1 S. Bradner, "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP
9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
2 R. Hinden, S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture",
RFC 2373, July 1998.
3 S. Thompson, T. Narten, "IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfig-
uration", RFC 2462 , December 1998.
4 T. Narten, R. Draves, "Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration in IPv6", RFC 3041, January 2001.
5 D. Johnson, C. Perkins, "Mobility Support in IPv6", draft-ietf-
mobileip-ipv6-14.txt, July 2001.
6 S. Cheshire, B. Aboba, "Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-local
Addresses", draft-ietf-zeroconf-ipv4-linklocal-04.txt, July 2001.
7 S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
8 R. Gilligan, S. Thomson, J. Bound, W. Stevens, "Basic Socket
Interface Extensions for IPv6", RFC 2553, March 1999.
9 B. Carpenter, K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4
Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001.
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 19
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
10 S. Deering et. al, "IP Version 6 Scoped Address Architecture",
draft-ietf-ipngwg-scoping-arch-03.txt, November 2001.
11 Y. Rekhter et. al, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
RFC 1918, February 1996.
12 F. Baker, Editor, "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers", RFC
1812, June 1995.
13 E. Nordmark, "Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT)",
RFC 2765, February 2000.
14 T. Narten, E. Nordmark, and W. Simpson, "Neighbor Discovery for
IP Version 6", RFC 2461, December 1998.
15 B. Carpenter and C. Jung, "Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4 Domains
without Explicit Tunnels", RFC 2529, March 1999.
16 F. Templin et. al, "Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing
Protocol (ISATAP)", draft-ietf-ngtrans-isatap-03.txt, January
2002.
17 R. Gilligan and E. Nordmark, "Transition Mechanisms for IPv6
Hosts and Routers", RFC 1933, April 1996.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to acknowledge the contributions of the IPng
Working Group, particularly Marc Blanchet, Brian Carpenter, Matt
Crawford, Alain Durand, Steve Deering, Robert Elz, Jun-ichiro itojun
Hagino, Tony Hain, M.T. Hollinger, JINMEI Tatuya, Thomas Narten,
Erik Nordmark, Ken Powell, Markku Savela, Pekka Savola, Hesham
Soliman, Dave Thaler, Mauro Tortonesi, Ole Troan, and Stig Venaas.
In addition, the anonymous IESG reviewers had many great comments
and suggestions for clarification.
Author's Address
Richard Draves
Microsoft Research
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052
Phone: +1 425 706 2268
Email: richdr@microsoft.com
Revision History
This section to be removed by the RFC editor upon publication.
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 20
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
Changes from draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-07
Added definitions and requirements for IPv4-mapped and IPv4-
translatable addresses, in support of SIIT.
Changed the requirement for an API to control temporary vs public
address preference in source address selection, from may to MUST.
Clarifications and editorial changes from the IESG.
Changes from draft-ietf-ipngwg-default-addr-select-06
Added a table of contents.
Modified the longest-matching-prefix destination-address selection
rule, so that it only applies if the two destination addresses
belong to the same address family.
Various great clarifications from Thomas Narten.
Changes from draft-ietf-ipngwg-default-addr-select-05
Clarified the first destination-address selection rule, avoiding
unusable destination addresses.
Added a new destination-address selection rule, to prefer native
transport over transition mechanisms that use encapsulation.
Changes from draft-ietf-ipngwg-default-addr-select-04
Clarified candidate set formation for routers.
Added some explanatory discussion to the candidate set section.
Replaced usages of scope id with zone index.
Augmented the first destination-address selection rule, to avoid
destination addresses for which the current next-hop neighbor is
known to be unreachable.
Changes from draft-ietf-ipngwg-default-addr-select-03
Reversed the treatment of temporary addresses, so that unless an
application specifies otherwise public addresses are preferred over
temporary addresses.
Added text clarifying our expectation that applications should
iterate through the list of possible destination addresses until
finding a working address.
Removed references to getipnodebyname().
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 21
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
Changes from draft-ietf-ipngwg-default-addr-select-02
Changed scope treatment of IPv4-compatible and 6to4 addresses, so
they are always considered to be global. Removed mention of IPX
addresses.
Changed home address rules to favor addresses that are
simultaneously home and care-of addresses, over addresses that are
just home addresses or just care-of addresses.
Combined SrcLabel & DstLabel in the policy table into a single Label
attribute.
Added mention of the invalidation counter technique in the
implementation section.
Changes from draft-ietf-ipngwg-default-addr-select-01
Added Examples section, demonstrating default behavior and some
policy table configuration scenarios.
Removed many uses of MUST. Remaining uses concern the candidate set
of source addresses and the source address selection rule that
prefers source addresses of appropriate scope.
Simplified the default policy table. Reordered the source address
selection rules to reduce the influence of policy labels. Added more
destination address selection rules.
Added scoping of v4-compatible and 6to4 addresses based on the
embedded IPv4 address.
Changed references to anonymous addresses to use the new term,
temporary addresses.
Clarified that a user-level implementation of destination address
ordering, which does not have knowledge of the outgoing interface
for each destination, may use a looser definition of the candidate
set.
Clarified that an implementation should prevent an application or
upper-layer from choosing a source address that is not in the
candidate set and not prevent an application or upper-layer from
choosing a source address that is in the candidate set.
Miscellaneous editorial changes, including adding some missing
references.
Changes from draft-ietf-ipngwg-default-addr-select-00
Changed the candidate set definition so that the strong host model
is recommended but not required. Added a rule to source address
selection to prefer addresses assigned to the outgoing interface.
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 22
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
Simplified the destination address selection algorithm, by having it
use source address selection as a subroutine.
Added a rule to source address selection to handle anonymous/public
addresses.
Added a rule to source address selection to handle home/care-of
addresses.
Changed to allow destination address selection to sort both IPv6 and
IPv4 addresses. Added entries in the default policy table for IPv4-
mapped addresses.
Changed default precedences, so v4-compatible addresses have lower
precedence than 6to4 addresses.
Changes from draft-draves-ipngwg-simple-srcaddr-01
Added framework discussion.
Added algorithm for destination address ordering.
Added mechanism to allow the specification of administrative policy
that can override the default behavior.
Added section on routing interactions and TBD section on mobility
interactions.
Changed the candidate set definition for source address selection,
so that only addresses assigned to the outgoing interface are
allowed.
Changed the loopback address treatment to link-local scope.
Changes from draft-draves-ipngwg-simple-srcaddr-00
Minor wording changes because DHCPv6 also supports "preferred" and
"deprecated" addresses.
Specified treatment of other format prefixes; now they are
considered global scope, "preferred" addresses.
Reiterated that anycast and multicast addresses are not allowed as
source addresses.
Recommended that source addresses be taken from the outgoing
interface. Required this for multicast destinations. Added analogous
requirements for link-local and site-local destinations.
Specified treatment of the loopback address.
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 23
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
Changed the second selection rule so that if both candidate source
addresses have scope greater or equal than the destination address
and only of them is preferred, the preferred address is chosen.
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 24
draft-ietf-ipv6-default-addr-select-08 June 17, 2002
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph
are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Draves Standards Track - Expires January 2003 25