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JSONPath: Query expressions for JSON
draft-ietf-jsonpath-base-01

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Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9535.
Authors Stefan Gössner , Glyn Normington , Carsten Bormann
Last updated 2021-07-08
Replaces draft-normington-jsonpath
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Standards Track document defining JSON Path to the IESG
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draft-ietf-jsonpath-base-01
JSONPath WG                                              S. Gössner, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                   Fachhochschule Dortmund
Intended status: Standards Track                      G. Normington, Ed.
Expires: 9 January 2022                                                 
                                                         C. Bormann, Ed.
                                                  Universität Bremen TZI
                                                             8 July 2021

                  JSONPath: Query expressions for JSON
                      draft-ietf-jsonpath-base-01

Abstract

   JSONPath defines a string syntax for identifying values within a
   JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) document.

Contributing

   This document picks up the popular JSONPath specification dated
   2007-02-21 and provides a normative definition for it.  In its
   current state, it is a strawman document showing what needs to be
   covered.

   Comments and issues may be directed to this document's github
   repository (https://github.com/ietf-wg-jsonpath/draft-ietf-jsonpath-
   jsonpath).

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 9 January 2022.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text
   as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Inspired by XPath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.3.  Overview of JSONPath Expressions  . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   2.  JSONPath Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   3.  JSONPath Syntax and Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.1.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.2.  Processing Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.3.  Syntax  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.4.  Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.5.  Selectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.5.1.  Root Selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.5.2.  Dot Selector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.5.3.  Dot Wild Card Selector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       3.5.4.  Index Selector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       3.5.5.  Index Wild Card Selector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.5.6.  Array Slice Selector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.5.7.  Descendant Selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       3.5.8.  Union Selector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
         3.5.8.1.  Syntax  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
         3.5.8.2.  Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       3.5.9.  Filter Selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
         3.5.9.1.  Syntax  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
         3.5.9.2.  Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   4.  Expression Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29

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   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29

1.  Introduction

   This document picks up the popular JSONPath specification dated
   2007-02-21 [JSONPath-orig] and provides a normative definition for
   it.  In its current state, it is a strawman document showing what
   needs to be covered.

   JSON is defined by [RFC8259].

   JSONPath is not intended as a replacement, but as a more powerful
   companion, to JSON Pointer [RFC6901]. [insert reference to section
   where the relationship is detailed.  The purposes of the two syntaxes
   are different.  Pointer is for isolating a single location within a
   document.  Path is a query syntax that can also be used to pull
   multiple locations.]

1.1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   The grammatical rules in this document are to be interpreted as ABNF,
   as described in [RFC5234].  ABNF terminal values in this document
   define Unicode code points rather than their UTF-8 encoding.  For
   example, the Unicode PLACE OF INTEREST SIGN (U+2318) would be defined
   in ABNF as "%x2318".

   The terminology of [RFC8259] applies except where clarified below.
   The terms "Primitive" and "Structured" are used to group the types as
   in Section 1 of [RFC8259].  Definitions for "Object", "Array",
   "Number", and "String" remain unchanged.  Importantly "object" and
   "array" in particular do not take on a generic meaning, such as they
   would in a general programming context.

   Additional terms used in this specification are defined below.

   Value:  As per [RFC8259], a structure complying to the generic data
      model of JSON, i.e., composed of components such as containers,
      namely JSON objects and arrays, and atomic data, namely null,
      true, false, numbers, and text strings.

   Member:  A name/value pair in an object.  (Not itself a value.)

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   Name:  The name in a name/value pair constituting a member.  (Also
      known as "key", "tag", or "label".)  This is also used in
      [RFC8259], but that specification does not formally define it.  It
      is included here for completeness.

   Element:  A value in an array.  (Also used with a distinct meaning in
      XML context for XML elements.)

   Index:  A non-negative integer that identifies a specific element in
      an array.

   Query:  Short name for JSONPath expression.

   Argument:  Short name for the value a JSONPath expression is applied
      to.

   Node:  The pair of a value along with its location within the
      argument.

   Root Node:  The unique node whose value is the entire argument.

   Nodelist:  A list of nodes.  The output of applying a query to an
      argument is manifested as a list of nodes.  While this list can be
      represented in JSON, e.g. as an array, the nodelist is an abstract
      concept unrelated to JSON values.

   Normalized Path:  A simple form of JSONPath expression that
      identifies a node by providing a query that results in exactly
      that node.  Similar to, but syntactically different from, a JSON
      Pointer [RFC6901].

   For the purposes of this specification, a value as defined by
   [RFC8259] is also viewed as a tree of nodes.  Each node, in turn,
   holds a value.  Further nodes within each value are the elements of
   arrays and the member values of objects and are themselves values.
   (The type of the value held by a node may also be referred to as the
   type of the node.)

   A query is applied to an argument, and the output is a nodelist.

1.2.  Inspired by XPath

   A frequently emphasized advantage of XML is the availability of
   powerful tools to analyse, transform and selectively extract data
   from XML documents.  [XPath] is one of these tools.

   In 2007, the need for something solving the same class of problems
   for the emerging JSON community became apparent, specifically for:

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   *  Finding data interactively and extracting them out of [RFC8259]
      JSON values without special scripting.

   *  Specifying the relevant parts of the JSON data in a request by a
      client, so the server can reduce the amount of data in its
      response, minimizing bandwidth usage.

   So what does such a tool look like for JSON?  When defining a
   JSONPath, how should expressions look?

   The XPath expression

   /store/book[1]/title

   looks like

   x.store.book[0].title

   or

   x['store']['book'][0]['title']

   in popular programming languages such as JavaScript, Python and PHP,
   with a variable x holding the argument.  Here we observe that such
   languages already have a fundamentally XPath-like feature built in.

   The JSONPath tool in question should:

   *  be naturally based on those language characteristics.

   *  cover only essential parts of XPath 1.0.

   *  be lightweight in code size and memory consumption.

   *  be runtime efficient.

1.3.  Overview of JSONPath Expressions

   JSONPath expressions always apply to a value in the same way as XPath
   expressions are used in combination with an XML document.  Since a
   value is anonymous, JSONPath uses the abstract name "$" to refer to
   the root node of the argument.

   JSONPath expressions can use the _dot notation_

   $.store.book[0].title

   or the _bracket notation_

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   $['store']['book'][0]['title']

   for paths input to a JSONPath processor. [1] Where a JSONPath
   processor uses JSONPath expressions as output paths, these will
   always be converted to Output Paths which employ the more general
   _bracket notation_. [2] Bracket notation is more general than dot
   notation and can serve as a canonical form when a JSONPath processor
   uses JSONPath expressions as output paths.

   JSONPath allows the wildcard symbol "*" for member names and array
   indices.  It borrows the descendant operator ".." from [E4X] and the
   array slice syntax proposal "[start:end:step]" [SLICE] from
   ECMASCRIPT 4.

   JSONPath was originally designed to employ an _underlying scripting
   language_ for computing expressions.  The present specification
   defines a simple expression language that is independent from any
   scripting language in use on the platform.

   JSONPath can use expressions, written in parentheses: "(<expr>)", as
   an alternative to explicit names or indices as in:

   $.store.book[(@.length-1)].title

   The symbol "@" is used for the current node.  Filter expressions are
   supported via the syntax "?(<boolean expr>)" as in

   $.store.book[?(@.price < 10)].title

   Here is a complete overview and a side by side comparison of the
   JSONPath syntax elements with their XPath counterparts.

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    +=======+==================+=====================================+
    | XPath | JSONPath         | Description                         |
    +=======+==================+=====================================+
    | /     | $                | the root element/node               |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
    | .     | @                | the current element/node            |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
    | /     | "." or "[]"      | child operator                      |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
    | ..    | n/a              | parent operator                     |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
    | //    | ..               | nested descendants (JSONPath        |
    |       |                  | borrows this syntax from E4X)       |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
    | *     | *                | wildcard: All elements/nodes        |
    |       |                  | regardless of their names           |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
    | @     | n/a              | attribute access: JSON values do    |
    |       |                  | not have attributes                 |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
    | []    | []               | subscript operator: XPath uses it   |
    |       |                  | to iterate over element collections |
    |       |                  | and for predicates; native array    |
    |       |                  | indexing as in JavaScript here      |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
    | |     | [,]              | Union operator in XPath (results in |
    |       |                  | a combination of node sets);        |
    |       |                  | JSONPath allows alternate names or  |
    |       |                  | array indices as a set              |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
    | n/a   | [start:end:step] | array slice operator borrowed from  |
    |       |                  | ES4                                 |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
    | []    | ?()              | applies a filter (script)           |
    |       |                  | expression                          |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
    | n/a   | ()               | expression engine                   |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
    | ()    | n/a              | grouping in Xpath                   |
    +-------+------------------+-------------------------------------+

           Table 1: Overview over JSONPath, comparing to XPath

   XPath has a lot more to offer (location paths in unabbreviated
   syntax, operators and functions) than listed here.  Moreover there is
   a significant difference how the subscript operator works in Xpath
   and JSONPath:

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   *  Square brackets in XPath expressions always operate on the _node
      set_ resulting from the previous path fragment.  Indices always
      start at 1.

   *  With JSONPath, square brackets operate on the _object_ or _array_
      addressed by the previous path fragment.  Array indices always
      start at 0.

2.  JSONPath Examples

   This section provides some more examples for JSONPath expressions.
   The examples are based on the simple JSON value shown in Figure 1,
   which was patterned after a typical XML example representing a
   bookstore (that also has bicycles).

   { "store": {
       "book": [
         { "category": "reference",
           "author": "Nigel Rees",
           "title": "Sayings of the Century",
           "price": 8.95
         },
         { "category": "fiction",
           "author": "Evelyn Waugh",
           "title": "Sword of Honour",
           "price": 12.99
         },
         { "category": "fiction",
           "author": "Herman Melville",
           "title": "Moby Dick",
           "isbn": "0-553-21311-3",
           "price": 8.99
         },
         { "category": "fiction",
           "author": "J. R. R. Tolkien",
           "title": "The Lord of the Rings",
           "isbn": "0-395-19395-8",
           "price": 22.99
         }
       ],
       "bicycle": {
         "color": "red",
         "price": 19.95
       }
     }
   }

                        Figure 1: Example JSON value

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   The examples in Table 2 use the expression mechanism to obtain the
   number of elements in an array, to test for the presence of a member
   in a object, and to perform numeric comparisons of member values with
   a constant.

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   +======================+=========================+=================+
   | XPath                | JSONPath                | Result          |
   +======================+=========================+=================+
   | /store/book/author   | $.store.book[*].author  | the authors of  |
   |                      |                         | all books in    |
   |                      |                         | the store       |
   +----------------------+-------------------------+-----------------+
   | //author             | $..author               | all authors     |
   +----------------------+-------------------------+-----------------+
   | /store/*             | $.store.*               | all things in   |
   |                      |                         | store, which    |
   |                      |                         | are some books  |
   |                      |                         | and a red       |
   |                      |                         | bicycle         |
   +----------------------+-------------------------+-----------------+
   | /store//price        | $.store..price          | the prices of   |
   |                      |                         | everything in   |
   |                      |                         | the store       |
   +----------------------+-------------------------+-----------------+
   | //book[3]            | $..book[2]              | the third book  |
   +----------------------+-------------------------+-----------------+
   | //book[last()]       | "$..book[(@.length-1)]" | the last book   |
   |                      | "$..book[-1]"           | in order        |
   +----------------------+-------------------------+-----------------+
   | //book[position()<3] | "$..book[0,1]"          | the first two   |
   |                      | "$..book[:2]"           | books           |
   +----------------------+-------------------------+-----------------+
   | //book[isbn]         | $..book[?(@.isbn)]      | filter all      |
   |                      |                         | books with isbn |
   |                      |                         | number          |
   +----------------------+-------------------------+-----------------+
   | //book[price<10]     | $..book[?(@.price<10)]  | filter all      |
   |                      |                         | books cheaper   |
   |                      |                         | than 10         |
   +----------------------+-------------------------+-----------------+
   | //*                  | $..*                    | all elements in |
   |                      |                         | XML document;   |
   |                      |                         | all member      |
   |                      |                         | values and      |
   |                      |                         | array elements  |
   |                      |                         | contained in    |
   |                      |                         | input value     |
   +----------------------+-------------------------+-----------------+

       Table 2: Example JSONPath expressions applied to the example
                                JSON value

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3.  JSONPath Syntax and Semantics

3.1.  Overview

   A JSONPath query is a string which selects zero or more nodes of a
   piece of JSON.  A valid query conforms to the ABNF syntax defined by
   this document.

   A query MUST be encoded using UTF-8.  To parse a query according to
   the grammar in this document, its UTF-8 form SHOULD first be decoded
   into Unicode code points as described in [RFC3629].

   A string to be used as a JSONPath query needs to be _well-formed_ and
   _valid_. A string is a well-formed JSONPath query if it conforms to
   the syntax of JSONPath.  A well-formed JSONPath query is valid if it
   also fulfills all semantic requirements posed by this document.

   The well-formedness and the validity of JSONPath queries are
   independent of the value the query is applied to; no further errors
   can be raised during application of the query to a value.

   (Obviously, an implementation can still fail when executing a
   JSONPath query, e.g., because of resource depletion, but this is not
   modeled in the present specification.)

3.2.  Processing Model

   In this specification, the semantics of a JSONPath query are defined
   in terms of a _processing model_.  That model is not prescriptive of
   the internal workings of an implementation: Implementations may wish
   (or need) to design a different process that yields results that
   conform to the model.

   In the processing model, a valid query is executed against a value,
   the _argument_, and produces a list of zero or more nodes of the
   value.

   The query is a sequence of zero or more _selectors_, each of which is
   applied to the result of the previous selector and provides input to
   the next selector.  These results and inputs take the form of a
   _nodelist_, i.e., a sequence of zero or more nodes.

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   The nodelist going into the first selector contains a single node,
   the argument.  The nodelist resulting from the last selector is
   presented as the result of the query; depending on the specific API,
   it might be presented as an array of the JSON values at the nodes, an
   array of Output Paths referencing the nodes, or both -- or some other
   representation as desired by the implementation.  Note that the API
   must be capable of presenting an empty nodelist as the result of the
   query.

   A selector performs its function on each of the nodes in its input
   nodelist, during such a function execution, such a node is referred
   to as the "current node".  Each of these function executions produces
   a nodelist, which are then concatenated into the result of the
   selector.

   The processing within a selector may execute nested queries, which
   are in turn handled with the processing model defined here.
   Typically, the argument to that query will be the current node of the
   selector or a set of nodes subordinate to that current node.

3.3.  Syntax

   Syntactically, a JSONPath query consists of a root selector ("$"),
   which stands for a nodelist that contains the root node of the
   argument, followed by a possibly empty sequence of _selectors_.

   json-path = root-selector *(dot-selector        /
                               dot-wild-selector   /
                               index-selector      /
                               index-wild-selector /
                               union-selector      /
                               slice-selector      /
                               descendant-selector /
                               filter-selector)

   The syntax and semantics of each selector is defined below.

3.4.  Semantics

   The root selector "$" not only selects the root node of the argument,
   but it also produces as output a list consisting of one node: the
   argument itself.

   A selector may select zero or more nodes for further processing.  A
   syntactically valid selector MUST NOT produce errors.  This means
   that some operations which might be considered erroneous, such as
   indexing beyond the end of an array, simply result in fewer nodes
   being selected.

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   But a selector doesn't just act on a single node: a selector acts on
   each of the nodes in its input nodelist and concatenates the
   resultant nodelists to form the result nodelist of the selector.

   For each node in the list, the selector selects zero or more nodes,
   each of which is a descendant of the node or the node itself.

   For instance, with the argument "{"a":[{"b":0},{"b":1},{"c":2}]}",
   the query "$.a[*].b" selects the following list of nodes: "0", "1"
   (denoted here by their value).  Let's walk through this in detail.

   The query consists of "$" followed by three selectors: ".a", "[*]",
   and ".b".

   Firstly, "$" selects the root node which is the argument.  So the
   result is a list consisting of just the root node.

   Next, ".a" selects from any input node of type object and selects the
   node of any member value of the input node corresponding to the
   member name ""a"".  The result is again a list of one node:
   "[{"b":0},{"b":1},{"c":2}]".

   Next, "[*]" selects from any input node which is an array and selects
   all the elements of the input node.  The result is a list of three
   nodes: "{"b":0}", "{"b":1}", and "{"c":2}".

   Finally, ".b" selects from any input node of type object with a
   member name "b" and selects the node of the member value of the input
   node corresponding to that name.  The result is a list containing
   "0", "1".  This is the concatenation of three lists, two of length
   one containing "0", "1", respectively, and one of length zero.

   As a consequence of this approach, if any of the selectors selects no
   nodes, then the whole query selects no nodes.

   In what follows, the semantics of each selector are defined for each
   type of node.

3.5.  Selectors

   A JSONPath query consists of a sequence of selectors.  Valid
   selectors are

   *  Root selector "$"

   *  Dot selector ".<name>", used with object member names exclusively.

   *  Dot wild card selector ".*".

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   *  Index selector "[<index>]", where "<index>" is either an (possibly
      negative) array index or an object member name.

   *  Index wild card selector "[*]".

   *  Array slice selector "[<start>:<end>:<step>]", where "<start>",
      "<end>", "<step>" are integer literals.

   *  Nested descendants selector "..".

   *  Union selector "[<sel1>,<sel2>,...,<selN>]", holding a comma
      delimited list of index, index wild card, array slice, and filter
      selectors.

   *  Filter selector "[?(<expr>)]"

   *  Current item selector "@"

3.5.1.  Root Selector

Syntax

   Every valid JSONPath query MUST begin with the root selector "$".

   root-selector  = "$"

Semantics

   The Argument -- the root JSON value -- becomes the root node, which
   is addressed by the root selector "$".

3.5.2.  Dot Selector

Syntax

   A dot selector starts with a dot "." followed by an object's member
   name.

   dot-selector    = "." dot-member-name
   dot-member-name = name-first *name-char
   name-first =
                         ALPHA /
                         "_"   /           ; _
                         %x80-10FFFF       ; any non-ASCII Unicode character
   name-char = DIGIT / name-first

   DIGIT           =  %x30-39              ; 0-9
   ALPHA           =  %x41-5A / %x61-7A    ; A-Z / a-z

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   Member names containing other characters than allowed by "dot-
   selector" -- such as space ` ` and minus "-" characters -- MUST NOT
   be used with the "dot-selector".  (Such member names can be addressed
   by the "index-selector" instead.)

Semantics

   The "dot-selector" selects the node of the member value corresponding
   to the member name from any JSON object.  It selects no nodes from
   any other JSON value.

   Note that the "dot-selector" follows the philosophy of JSON strings
   and is allowed to contain bit sequences that cannot encode Unicode
   characters (a single unpaired UTF-16 surrogate, for example).  The
   behaviour of an implementation is undefined for member names which do
   not encode Unicode characters.

3.5.3.  Dot Wild Card Selector

Syntax

   The dot wild card selector has the form ".*".

   dot-wild-selector    = "." "*"            ;  dot followed by asterisk

Semantics

   A "dot-wild-selector" acts as a wild card by selecting the nodes of
   all member values of an object as well as all element nodes of an
   array.  Applying the "dot-wild-selector" to a primitive JSON value
   (number, string, or true/false/null) selects no node.

3.5.4.  Index Selector

Syntax

   An index selector "[<index>]" addresses at most one object member
   value or at most one array element value.

   index-selector      = "[" (quoted-member-name / element-index) "]"

   Applying the "index-selector" to an object value, a "quoted-member-
   name" string is required.  JSONPath allows it to be enclosed in
   _single_ or _double_ quotes.

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   quoted-member-name  = string-literal

   string-literal      = %x22 *double-quoted %x22 /       ; "string"
                         %x27 *single-quoted %x27         ; 'string'

   double-quoted       = unescaped /
                         %x27      /                       ; '
                         ESC %x22  /                       ; \"
                         ESC escapable

   single-quoted       = unescaped /
                         %x22      /                       ; "
                         ESC %x27  /                       ; \'
                         ESC escapable

   ESC                 = %x5C                              ; \  backslash

   unescaped           = %x20-21 /                         ; s. RFC 8259
                         %x23-26 /                         ; omit "
                         %x28-5B /                         ; omit '
                         %x5D-10FFFF                       ; omit \

   escapable           = ( %x62 / %x66 / %x6E / %x72 / %x74 / ; \b \f \n \r \t
                             ; b /         ;  BS backspace U+0008
                             ; t /         ;  HT horizontal tab U+0009
                             ; n /         ;  LF line feed U+000A
                             ; f /         ;  FF form feed U+000C
                             ; r /         ;  CR carriage return U+000D
                             "/" /          ;  /  slash (solidus)
                             "\" /          ;  \  backslash (reverse solidus)
                             (%x75 hexchar) ;  uXXXX      U+XXXX
                         )

   hexchar = non-surrogate / (high-surrogate "\" %x75 low-surrogate)
   non-surrogate = ((DIGIT / "A"/"B"/"C" / "E"/"F") 3HEXDIG) /
                    ("D" %x30-37 2HEXDIG )
   high-surrogate = "D" ("8"/"9"/"A"/"B") 2HEXDIG
   low-surrogate = "D" ("C"/"D"/"E"/"F") 2HEXDIG

   HEXDIG = DIGIT / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"

   ; Task from 2021-06-15 interim: update ABNF later

   Applying the "index-selector" to an array, a numerical "element-
   index" is required.  JSONPath allows it to be negative.

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   element-index   = int                             ; decimal integer

   int             = ["-"] ( "0" / (DIGIT1 *DIGIT) ) ; -  optional
   DIGIT1          = %x31-39                         ; 1-9 non-zero digit

   Notes: 1. "double-quoted" strings follow JSON in [RFC8259]; "single-
   quoted" strings follow an analogous pattern. 2.  An "element-index"
   is an integer (in base 10, as in JSON numbers). 3.  As in JSON
   numbers, the syntax does not allow octal-like integers with leading
   zeros such as "01" or "-01".

Semantics

   A "quoted-member-name" string MUST be converted to a member name by
   removing the surrounding quotes and replacing each escape sequence
   with its equivalent Unicode character, as in the table below:

   +=================+===================+=============================+
   | Escape Sequence | Unicode Character | Description                 |
   +=================+===================+=============================+
   |        \b       |       U+0008      | BS backspace                |
   +-----------------+-------------------+-----------------------------+
   |        \t       |       U+0009      | HT horizontal tab           |
   +-----------------+-------------------+-----------------------------+
   |        \n       |       U+000A      | LF line feed                |
   +-----------------+-------------------+-----------------------------+
   |        \f       |       U+000C      | FF form feed                |
   +-----------------+-------------------+-----------------------------+
   |        \r       |       U+000D      | CR carriage return          |
   +-----------------+-------------------+-----------------------------+
   |        \"       |       U+0022      | quotation mark              |
   +-----------------+-------------------+-----------------------------+
   |        \'       |       U+0027      | apostrophe                  |
   +-----------------+-------------------+-----------------------------+
   |        \/       |       U+002F      | slash (solidus)             |
   +-----------------+-------------------+-----------------------------+
   |        \\       |       U+005C      | backslash (reverse          |
   |                 |                   | solidus)                    |
   +-----------------+-------------------+-----------------------------+
   |      \uXXXX     |       U+XXXX      | unicode character           |
   +-----------------+-------------------+-----------------------------+

                   Table 3: Escape Sequence Replacements

   The "index-selector" applied with a "quoted-member-name" to an object
   selects the node of the corresponding member value from it, if and
   only if that object has a member with that name.  Nothing is selected
   from a value which is not a object.

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   Array indexing via "element-index" is a way of selecting a particular
   array element using a zero-based index.  For example, selector "[0]"
   selects the first and selector "[4]" the fifth element of a
   sufficiently long array.

   A negative "element-index" counts from the array end.  For example,
   selector "[-1]" selects the last and selector "[-2]" selects the last
   but one element of an array with at least two elements.

3.5.5.  Index Wild Card Selector

Syntax

   The index wild card selector has the form "[*]".

   index-wild-selector    = "[" "*" "]"  ;  asterisk enclosed by brackets

Semantics

   An "index-wild-selector" selects the nodes of all member values of an
   object as well as of all elements of an array.  Applying the "index-
   wild-selector" to a primitive JSON value (such as a number, string,
   or true/false/null) selects no node.

   The "index-wild-selector" behaves identically to the "dot-wild-
   selector".

3.5.6.  Array Slice Selector

Syntax

   The array slice selector has the form "[<start>:<end>:<step>]".  It
   selects elements starting at index "<start>", ending at -- but not
   including -- "<end>", while incrementing by "step".

   slice-selector = "[" slice-index "]"

   slice-index    = ws [start] ws ":" ws [end] [ws ":" ws [step] ws]

   start          = int       ; included in selection
   end            = int       ; not included in selection
   step           = int       ; default: 1

   ws             = *( %x20 / ; Space
                       %x09 / ; Horizontal tab
                       %x0A / ; Line feed or New line
                       %x0D ) ; Carriage return

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   The "slice-selector" consists of three optional decimal integers
   separated by colons.

Semantics

   The "slice-selector" was inspired by the slice operator of ECMAScript
   4 (ES4), which was deprecated in 2014, and that of Python.

Informal Introduction

   This section is non-normative.

   Array indexing is a way of selecting a particular element of an array
   using a 0-based index.  For example, the expression "[0]" selects the
   first element of a non-empty array.

   Negative indices index from the end of an array.  For example, the
   expression "[-2]" selects the last but one element of an array with
   at least two elements.

   Array slicing is inspired by the behaviour of the
   "Array.prototype.slice" method of the JavaScript language as defined
   by the ECMA-262 standard [ECMA-262], with the addition of the "step"
   parameter, which is inspired by the Python slice expression.

   The array slice expression "[start:end:step]" selects elements at
   indices starting at "start", incrementing by "step", and ending with
   "end" (which is itself excluded).  So, for example, the expression
   "[1:3]" (where "step" defaults to "1") selects elements with indices
   "1" and "2" (in that order) whereas "[1:5:2]" selects elements with
   indices "1" and "3".

   When "step" is negative, elements are selected in reverse order.
   Thus, for example, "[5:1:-2]" selects elements with indices "5" and
   "3", in that order and "[::-1]" selects all the elements of an array
   in reverse order.

   When "step" is "0", no elements are selected.  This is the one case
   which differs from the behaviour of Python, which raises an error in
   this case.

   The following section specifies the behaviour fully, without
   depending on JavaScript or Python behaviour.

Detailed Semantics

   An array selector is either an array slice or an array index, which
   is defined in terms of an array slice.

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   A slice expression selects a subset of the elements of the input
   array, in the same order as the array or the reverse order, depending
   on the sign of the "step" parameter.  It selects no nodes from a node
   which is not an array.

   A slice is defined by the two slice parameters, "start" and "end",
   and an iteration delta, "step".  Each of these parameters is
   optional. "len" is the length of the input array.

   The default value for "step" is "1".  The default values for "start"
   and "end" depend on the sign of "step", as follows:

                    +===========+=========+==========+
                    | Condition | start   | end      |
                    +===========+=========+==========+
                    | step >= 0 | 0       | len      |
                    +-----------+---------+----------+
                    | step < 0  | len - 1 | -len - 1 |
                    +-----------+---------+----------+

                       Table 4: Default array slice
                           start and end values

   Slice expression parameters "start" and "end" are not directly usable
   as slice bounds and must first be normalized.  Normalization for this
   purpose is defined as:

   FUNCTION Normalize(i, len):
     IF i >= 0 THEN
       RETURN i
     ELSE
       RETURN len + i
     END IF

   The result of the array indexing expression "[i]" applied to an array
   of length "len" is defined to be the result of the array slicing
   expression "[i:Normalize(i, len)+1:1]".

   Slice expression parameters "start" and "end" are used to derive
   slice bounds "lower" and "upper".  The direction of the iteration,
   defined by the sign of "step", determines which of the parameters is
   the lower bound and which is the upper bound:

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   FUNCTION Bounds(start, end, step, len):
     n_start = Normalize(start, len)
     n_end = Normalize(end, len)

     IF step >= 0 THEN
       lower = MIN(MAX(n_start, 0), len)
       upper = MIN(MAX(n_end, 0), len)
     ELSE
       upper = MIN(MAX(n_start, -1), len-1)
       lower = MIN(MAX(n_end, -1), len-1)
     END IF

     RETURN (lower, upper)

   The slice expression selects elements with indices between the lower
   and upper bounds.  In the following pseudocode, the "a(i)" construct
   expresses the 0-based indexing operation on the underlying array.

   IF step > 0 THEN

     i = lower
     WHILE i < upper:
       SELECT a(i)
       i = i + step
     END WHILE

   ELSE if step < 0 THEN

     i = upper
     WHILE lower < i:
       SELECT a(i)
       i = i + step
     END WHILE

   END IF

   When "step = 0", no elements are selected and the result array is
   empty.

   An implementation MUST raise an error if any of the slice expression
   parameters does not fit in the implementation's representation of an
   integer.  If a successfully parsed slice expression is evaluated
   against an array whose size doesn't fit in the implementation's
   representation of an integer, the implementation MUST raise an error.

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3.5.7.  Descendant Selector

Syntax

   The descendant selector starts with a double dot ".." and can be
   followed by an object member name (similar to the "dot-selector"), by
   an "index-selector" acting on objects or arrays, or by a wild card.

   descendant-selector = ".." ( dot-member-name      /  ; ..<name>
                                index-selector       /  ; ..[<index>]
                                index-wild-selector  /  ; ..[*]
                                "*"                     ; ..*
                              )

Semantics

   The "descendant-selector" is inspired by ECMAScript for XML (E4X).
   It selects the node and all its descendants.

3.5.8.  Union Selector

3.5.8.1.  Syntax

   The union selector is syntactically related to the "index-selector".
   It contains multiple, comma separated entries.

   union-selector = "[" ws union-entry 1*(ws "," ws union-entry) ws "]"

   union-entry    =  ( quoted-member-name /
                       element-index      /
                       slice-index
                     )

      Task (T1): This, besides slice-index, is currently one of only two
      places in the document that mentions whitespace.  Whitespace needs
      to be handled throughout the ABNF syntax.  Room Consensus at the
      2021-06-15 interim was that JSONPath generally is generous with
      allowing insignificant whitespace throughout.  Minimizing the
      impact of the many whitespace insertion points by choosing a rule
      name such as "S" was mentioned.  Some conventions will probably
      help with minimizing the number of places where S needs to be
      inserted.

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3.5.8.2.  Semantics

   A union selects any node which is selected by at least one of the
   union selectors and selects the concatenation of the lists (in the
   order of the selectors) of nodes selected by the union elements.
   Note that any node selected in more than one of the union selectors
   is kept as many times in the node list.

3.5.9.  Filter Selector

3.5.9.1.  Syntax

   The filter selector has the form "[?<expr>]".  It works via iterating
   over structured values, i.e. arrays and objects.

   filter-selector    = "[?" boolean-expr "]"

   During iteration process each array element or object member is
   visited and its value -- accessible via symbol "@" -- or one of its
   descendants -- uniquely defined by a relative path -- is tested
   against a boolean expression "boolean-expr".

   The current item is selected if and only if the result is "true".

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   boolean-expr = logical-expr
   logical-expr = ([neg-op] primary-expr) / logical-or-expr
   neg-op       = "!"                                  ; not operator
   primary-expr = "(" logical-or-expr ")"
   logical-or-expr = logical-and-expr *["||" logical-and-expr]
   logical-and-expr = comp-expr *["&&" comp-expr]

   comp-expr    = (rel-path-val /
                   json-path) [(comp-op comparable / ; comparison
                               regex-op regex     /  ; RegEx test
                               in-op container )]    ; containment test
   comp-op      = "==" / "!=" /                        ; comparison ...
                  "<"  / ">"  /                        ; operators
                  "<=" / ">="
   regex-op     = "~="                                 ; RegEx match
   in-op        = " in "                               ; in operator
   comparable   = number / string-literal /            ; primitive ...
                  true / false / null /                ; values only
                  rel-path-val /                       ; descendant value
                  json-path                            ; any value

   rel-path-val = "@" *(dot-selector / index-selector)

   container = <TO BE DEFINED>
   regex = <TO BE DEFINED>

   Notes:

   *  Parentheses can be used with "boolean-expr" for grouping.  So
      filter selection syntax in the original proposal "[?(<expr>)]" is
      naturally contained in the current lean syntax "[?<expr>]" as a
      special case.

   *  Comparisons are restricted to primitive values (such as number,
      string, "true", "false", "null").  Comparisons with complex values
      will fail, i.e. no selection occurs.

   *  Types are not implicitly converted in comparisons.  So ""13 ==
      '13'"" selects no node.

   *  A member or element value by itself is _falsy_ only, if it does
      not exist.  Otherwise it is _truthy_, resulting in its value.  To
      be more specific explicit comparisons are necessary.  This
      existence test -- as an exception of the general rule -- also
      works with complex values.

   *  Regular expression tests can be applied to "string" values only.

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   *  Containment tests work with arrays and objects.

   *  Explicit boolean type conversion is done by the not operator "neg-
      op".

   *  The behaviour of operators is consistent with the 'C'-family of
      programming languages.

3.5.9.2.  Semantics

   The "filter-selector" works with arrays and objects exclusively.  Its
   result might be a list of _zero_, _one_, _multiple_ or _all_ of their
   element or member values then.  Applied to other value types, it will
   select nothing.

   Negation operator "neg-op" allows to test _falsiness_ of values.

       +========+==========+========+=============================+
       |  Type  | Negation | Result |           Comment           |
       +========+==========+========+=============================+
       | Number |    !0    |  true  | "false" for non-zero number |
       +--------+----------+--------+-----------------------------+
       | String |  "!"""   |  true  |    "false" for non-empty    |
       |        |  "!''"   |        |            string           |
       +--------+----------+--------+-----------------------------+
       |  null  |  !null   |  true  |              --             |
       +--------+----------+--------+-----------------------------+
       |  true  |  !true   | false  |              --             |
       +--------+----------+--------+-----------------------------+
       | false  |  !false  |  true  |              --             |
       +--------+----------+--------+-----------------------------+
       | Object |  "!{}"   | false  |        always "false"       |
       |        | "!{a:0}" |        |                             |
       +--------+----------+--------+-----------------------------+
       | Array  |  "![]"   | false  |        always "false"       |
       |        |  "![0]"  |        |                             |
       +--------+----------+--------+-----------------------------+

                  Table 5: Test falsiness of JSON values

   Applying negation operator twice "!!" gives us _truthiness_ of
   values.

   Some examples:

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   +===================+=======================+===============+===========+
   |JSON               |         Query         |     Result    |Comment    |
   +===================+=======================+===============+===========+
   |"{"a":1,"b":2}"    |         $[?@]         |    "[1,2]"    |Same as    |
   |"[2,3,4]"          |                       |   "[2,3,4]"   |"$.*" or   |
   |                   |                       |               |"$[*]"     |
   +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+-----------+
   |./.                |        $[?@==2]       |     "[2]"     |Select by  |
   |                   |                       |     "[2]"     |value.     |
   +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+-----------+
   |{"a":{"b":{"c":{}}}|       "$[?@.b]"       |[{"b":{"c":{}}]|Existence  |
   |                   |      "$[?@.b.c]"      |               |           |
   +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+-----------+
   |{"key":false}      | "$[?index(@)=='key']" |   "[false]"   |Select     |
   |                   |   "$[?index(@)==0]"   |      "[]"     |object     |
   |                   |                       |               |member     |
   +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+-----------+
   |[3,4,5]            |   "$[?index(@)==2]"   |     "[5]"     |Select     |
   |                   |   "$[?index(@)==17]"  |      "[]"     |array      |
   |                   |                       |               |element    |
   +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+-----------+
   |{"col":"red"}      |        $[?@ in        |    ["red"]    |Containment|
   |                   |['red','green','blue']]|               |           |
   +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+-----------+
   |{"a":{"b":{5},c:0}}|   $[?@.b==5 && !@.c]  |[{"b":{5},c:0}]|Existence  |
   +-------------------+-----------------------+---------------+-----------+

                                  Table 6

4.  Expression Language

      Task (T2): Separate out expression language.  For now, this
      section is a repository for ABNF taken from [RFC8259].  This needs
      to be deduplicated with definitions above.

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   number = [ minus ] jsint [ frac ] [ exp ]
   decimal-point = %x2E       ; .
   digit1-9 = %x31-39         ; 1-9
   e = %x65 / %x45            ; e E
   exp = e [ minus / plus ] 1*DIGIT
   frac = decimal-point 1*DIGIT
   jsint = zero / ( digit1-9 *DIGIT )
   minus = %x2D               ; -
   plus = %x2B                ; +
   zero = %x30                ; 0

   false = %x66.61.6c.73.65   ; false
   null  = %x6e.75.6c.6c      ; null
   true  = %x74.72.75.65      ; true

5.  IANA Considerations

   TBD: Define a media type for JSONPath expressions.

6.  Security Considerations

   This section gives security considerations, as required by [RFC3552].

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
              2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.

   [RFC5234]  Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
              Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

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   [RFC8259]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.

7.2.  Informative References

   [E4X]      ISO, "Information technology — ECMAScript for XML (E4X)
              specification", ISO/IEC 22537:2006 , 2006.

   [E4X-overview]
              Adobe Systems Inc., The Mozilla Foundation, Opera Software
              ASA, and others, "Proposed ECMAScript 4 Edition — Language
              Overview", 2007.

   [ECMA-262] Ecma International, "ECMAScript Language Specification,
              Standard ECMA-262, Third Edition", December 1999,
              <http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/
              ECMA-ST-ARCH/ECMA-
              262,%203rd%20edition,%20December%201999.pdf>.

   [JSONPath-orig]
              Gössner, S., "JSONPath — XPath for JSON", 21 February
              2007, <https://goessner.net/articles/JsonPath/>.

   [RFC3552]  Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
              Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3552, July 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3552>.

   [RFC6901]  Bryan, P., Ed., Zyp, K., and M. Nottingham, Ed.,
              "JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Pointer", RFC 6901,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6901, April 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6901>.

   [SLICE]    "Slice notation", n.d.,
              <https://github.com/tc39/proposal-slice-notation>.

   [XPath]    Berglund, A., Boag, S., Chamberlin, D., Fernandez, M.,
              Kay, M., Robie, J., and J. Simeon, "XML Path Language
              (XPath) 2.0 (Second Edition)", World Wide Web Consortium
              Recommendation REC-xpath20-20101214, 14 December 2010,
              <https://www.w3.org/TR/2010/REC-xpath20-20101214>.

Acknowledgements

   This specification is based on Stefan Gössner's original online
   article defining JSONPath [JSONPath-orig].

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   The books example was taken from http://coli.lili.uni-
   bielefeld.de/~andreas/Seminare/sommer02/books.xml -- a dead link now.

Contributors

   Marko Mikulicic
   InfluxData, Inc.
   Pisa
   Italy

   Email: mmikulicic@gmail.com

   Edward Surov
   TheSoul Publishing Ltd.
   Limassol
   Cyprus

   Email: esurov.tsp@gmail.com

Authors' Addresses

   Stefan Gössner (editor)
   Fachhochschule Dortmund
   Sonnenstraße 96
   D-44139 Dortmund
   Germany

   Email: stefan.goessner@fh-dortmund.de

   Glyn Normington (editor)
   Winchester
   United Kingdom

   Email: glyn.normington@gmail.com

   Carsten Bormann (editor)
   Universität Bremen TZI
   Postfach 330440
   D-28359 Bremen
   Germany

   Phone: +49-421-218-63921
   Email: cabo@tzi.org

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