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The Keying and Authentication for Routing Protocol (KARP) IS-IS Security Analysis
draft-ietf-karp-isis-analysis-07

The information below is for an old version of the document that is already published as an RFC.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7645.
Authors Uma Chunduri , Albert Tian , Wenhu Lu
Last updated 2015-10-14 (Latest revision 2015-07-06)
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Intended RFC status Informational
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Stream WG state WG Document
Document shepherd Russ White
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2015-05-11
IESG IESG state Became RFC 7645 (Informational)
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draft-ietf-karp-isis-analysis-07
Routing Working Group                                        U. Chunduri
Internet-Draft                                                   A. Tian
Intended status: Informational                                     W. Lu
Expires: January 7, 2016                                   Ericsson Inc.
                                                            July 6, 2015

                      KARP IS-IS security analysis
                    draft-ietf-karp-isis-analysis-07

Abstract

   This document analyzes the threats applicable for Intermediate system
   to Intermediate system (IS-IS) routing protocol and security gaps
   according to the KARP Design Guide.  This document also provides
   specific requirements to address the gaps with both manual and auto
   key management protocols.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 7, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of

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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Acronyms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Current State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.1.  Key Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       2.1.1.  Sub network Independent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       2.1.2.  Sub network dependent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.2.  Key Agility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.3.  Security Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.3.1.  Replay Attacks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
         2.3.1.1.  Current Recovery mechanism for LSPs . . . . . . .   6
       2.3.2.  Spoofing Attacks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       2.3.3.  DoS Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   3.  Gap Analysis and Security Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.1.  Manual Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.2.  Key Management Protocols  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   6.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12

1.  Introduction

   This document analyzes the current state of Intermediate system to
   Intermediate system (IS-IS) protocol according to the requirements
   set forth in [RFC6518] for both manual and auto key management
   protocols.

   With currently published work, IS-IS meets some of the requirements
   expected from a manually keyed routing protocol.  Integrity
   protection is expanded with more cryptographic algorithms and also
   limited algorithm agility (HMAC-SHA family) is provided with
   [RFC5310].  Basic form of Intra-connection re-keying capability is
   provided by the specification [RFC5310] with some gaps as explained
   in Section 3.

   This draft summarizes the current state of cryptographic key usage in
   the IS-IS protocol and several previous efforts to analyze IS-IS
   security.  This includes the base IS-IS specification [RFC1195],
   [RFC5304], [RFC5310] and [RFC6039].

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   This document also analyzes applicability of various threats to IS-IS
   (as described in [RFC6862]), lists gaps and provide specific
   recommendations to thwart the applicable threats for both manual
   keying and for auto key management mechanisms.

1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

1.2.  Acronyms

   DoS     -  Denial of Service.

   GDOI    -  Group Domain of Interpretation

   IGP     -  Interior Gateway Protocol.

   IIH     -  IS-IS HELLO PDU.

   IPv4    -  Internet Protocol version 4.

   KMP     -  Key Management Protocol (auto key management).

   LSP     -  IS-IS Link State PDU.

   MKM     -  Manual Key management Protocols.

   NONCE   -  Number Once.

   PDU     -  Protocol Data Unit.

   SA      -  Security Association.

   SNP     -  Sequence number PDU.

2.  Current State

   IS-IS is specified in International Standards Organization (ISO)
   10589, with extensions to support Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
   described in [RFC1195].  The specification includes an authentication
   mechanism that allows for any authentication algorithm and also
   specifies the algorithm for clear text passwords.  Further [RFC5304]
   extends the authentication mechanism to work with HMAC-MD5 and also
   modifies the base protocol for more effectiveness.  [RFC5310]
   provides algorithm agility, with new generic crypto authentication
   mechanism (CRYPTO_AUTH) for IS-IS.  The CRYPTO_AUTH also introduces

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   Key ID mechanism that map to unique IS-IS Security Associations
   (SAs).

   The following sections describe the current authentication key usage
   for various IS-IS messages, current key change methodologies and the
   various potential security threats.

2.1.  Key Usage

   IS-IS can be provisioned with a per interface, peer-to-peer key for
   IS-IS HELLO (IIH) PDUs and a group key for Link State PDUs (LSPs) and
   Sequence number PDUs (SNPs).  If provisioned, IIH packets potentially
   can use the same group key used for LSPs and SNPs.

2.1.1.  Sub network Independent

   Link State PDUs, Complete and partial Sequence Number PDUs come under
   Sub network Independent messages.  For protecting Level-1 SNPs and
   Level-1 LSPs, provisioned Area Authentication key is used.  Level-2
   SNPs as well as Level-2 LSPs use the provisioned domain
   authentication key.

   Since authentication is performed on the LSPs transmitted by an IS,
   rather than on the LSP packets transmitted to a specific neighbor, it
   is implied that all the ISes within a single flooding domain must be
   configured with the same key in order for authentication to work
   correctly.  This is also true for SNP packets, though they are
   limited to link local scope in broadcast networks.

   If multiple instances share the circuits as specified in [RFC6822],
   instance specific authentication credentials can be used to protect
   the LSPs and SNPs within an area or domain.  It is important to note,
   [RFC6822] also allows usage of topology specific authentication
   credentials within an instance for the LSPs and SNPs.

2.1.2.  Sub network dependent

   IS-IS HELLO PDUs use the Link Level Authentication key, which may be
   different from that of LSPs and SNPs.  This could be particularly
   true for point-to-point links.  In broadcast networks it is possible
   to provision the same common key used for LSPs and SNPs, to protect
   IIH messages.  This allows neighbor discovery and adjacency formation
   with more than one neighbor on the same physical interface.  If
   multiple instances share the circuits as specified in [RFC6822],
   instance specific authentication credentials can be used to protect
   Hello messages.

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2.2.  Key Agility

   Key roll over without effecting the routing protocols operation in
   general and IS-IS in particular, is necessary for effective key
   management protocol integration.

   Current HMAC-MD5 crypto authentication as defined in [RFC5304],
   suggests a transition mode, so that ISes use a set of keys when
   verifying the authentication value, to allow key changes.  This
   approach will allow changing the authentication key manually without
   bringing down the adjacency and without dropping any control packet.
   But, this can increase the load on control plane for the key
   transition duration as each control packet may have to be verified by
   more than one key and also allows to mount a potential Denial of
   Service (DoS) attack in the transition duration.

   The above situation is improved with the introduction of Key ID
   mechanism as defined in [RFC5310].  With this, the receiver
   determines the active security association (SA) by looking at the Key
   ID field in the incoming PDU and need not try with other keys, when
   the integrity check or digest verification fails.  But, neither Key
   co-ordination across the group nor exact key change mechanism is
   clearly defined.  [RFC5310] says: " Normally, an implementation would
   allow the network operator to configure a set of keys in a key chain,
   with each key in the chain having a fixed lifetime.  The actual
   operation of these mechanisms is outside the scope of this document."

2.3.  Security Issues

   The following section analyzes various security threats possible, in
   the current state for IS-IS protocol.

2.3.1.  Replay Attacks

   Replaying a captured protocol packet to cause damage is a common
   threat for any protocol.  Securing the packet with cryptographic
   authentication information alone cannot mitigate this threat
   completely.  Though this problem is more prevalent in broadcast
   networks it is important to note, most of the IGP deployments use
   P2P-over-lan [RFC5309], which makes an adversary replay 'easier' than
   the traditional P2P networks

   In intra-session replay attacks a secured protocol packet of the
   current session is replayed, can cause damage, if there is no other
   mechanism to confirm this is a replay packet.  In inter-session
   replay attacks, captured packet from one of the previous session can
   be replayed to cause the damage.  IS-IS packets are vulnerable to
   both these attacks, as there is no sequence number verification for

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   IIH packets and SNP packets.  Also with current manual key management
   periodic key changes across the group are done rarely.  Thus the
   intra-connection and inter-connection replay requirements are not
   met.

   IS-IS specifies the use of the HMAC-MD5 [RFC5304] and HMAC-SHA-1
   family in [RFC5310], to protect IS-IS packets.  An adversary could
   replay old IIHs or replay old SNPs that would cause churn in the
   network or bring down the adjacencies.

   1.  At the time of adjacency bring up an IS sends IIH packet with
       empty neighbor list (TLV 6) and with the authentication
       information as per provisioned authentication mechanism.  If this
       packet is replayed later on the broadcast network, all ISes in
       the broadcast network can bounce the adjacency to create a huge
       churn in the network.

   2.  Today LSPs have intra-session replay protection as LSP header
       contains 32-bit sequence number which is verified for every
       received packet against the local LSP database.  But, if a node
       in the network is out of service (is undergoing some sort of high
       availability condition, or an upgrade) for more than LSP refresh
       time and the rest of the network ages out the LSPs of the node
       under consideration, an adversary can potentially plunge in
       inter-session replay attacks in the network.  If the key is not
       changed in the above circumstances, attack can be launched by
       replaying an old LSP with higher sequence number and fewer
       prefixes or fewer adjacencies.  This may force the receiver to
       accept and remove the routes from the routing table, which
       eventually causes traffic disruption to those prefixes.  However,
       as per the IS-IS specification there is a built-in recovery
       mechanism for LSPs from inter-session replay attacks and it is
       further discussed in Section 2.3.1.1.

   3.  In any IS-IS network (broadcast or otherwise), if an old and an
       empty Complete Sequence Number packet (CSNP) is replayed this can
       cause LSP flood in the network.  Similarly a replayed Partial
       Sequence Number Packet (PSNP) can cause LSP flood in the
       broadcast network.

2.3.1.1.  Current Recovery mechanism for LSPs

   In the event of inter-session replay attack by an adversary, as LSP
   with higher sequence number gets accepted, it also gets propagated
   until it reaches the originating node of the LSP.  The originator
   recognizes the LSP is "newer" than in the local database and this
   prompts the originator to flood a newer version of the LSP with
   higher sequence number than the received.  This newer version can

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   potentially replace any versions of the replayed LSP which may exist
   in the network.

   But in the above process, depending on where in the network the
   replay is initiated, how quick the nodes in the network react to the
   replayed LSP and also how different the content in the accepted LSP
   determines the damage caused by the replayed LSP.

2.3.2.  Spoofing Attacks

   IS-IS shares the same key between all neighbors in an area or in a
   domain to protect the LSP, SNP packets and in broadcast networks even
   IIH packets.  False advertisement by a router is not within scope of
   the KARP work.  However, given the wide sharing of keys as described
   above, there is a significant risk that an attacker can compromise a
   key from one device, and use it to falsely participate in the
   routing, possibly even in a very separate part of the network.

   If the same underlying topology is shared across multiple instances
   to transport routing/application information as defined in [RFC6822],
   it is necessary to use different authentication credentials for
   different instances.  In this connection, based on the deployment
   considerations, if certain topologies in a particular IS-IS instance
   require more protection from spoofing attacks and less exposure,
   topology specific authentication credentials can be used for LSPs and
   SNPs as facilitated in [RFC6822].

   Currently possession of the key itself is used as authentication
   check and there is no identity check done separately.  Spoofing
   occurs when an illegitimate device assumes the identity of a
   legitimate one.  An attacker can use spoofing as a means for
   launching various types of attacks.  For example:

   1.  The attacker can send out unrealistic routing information that
       might cause the disruption of network services such as block
       holes.

   2.  A rogue system having access to the common key used to protect
       the LSP, can send an LSP, setting the Remaining Lifetime field to
       zero, and flooding it thereby initiating a purge.  Subsequently,
       this also can cause the sequence number of all the LSPs to
       increase quickly to max out the sequence number space, which can
       cause an IS to shut down for MaxAge + ZeroAgeLifetime period to
       allow the old LSPs to age out in other ISes of the same flooding
       domain.

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2.3.3.  DoS Attacks

   Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks using the authentication mechanism is
   possible and an attacker can send packets which can overwhelm the
   security mechanism itself.  An example is initiating an overwhelming
   load of spoofed but integrity protected protocol packets, so that the
   receiver needs to process the integrity check, only to discard the
   packet.  This can cause significant CPU usage.  DoS attacks are not
   generally preventable within the routing protocol.  As the attackers
   are often remote, the DoS attacks are more damaging to area-scoped or
   domain-scoped packet receivers than link-local scoped packet
   receivers.

3.  Gap Analysis and Security Requirements

   This section outlines the differences between the current state of
   the IS-IS routing protocol and the desired state as specified in KARP
   Design Guidelines [RFC6518].  The section focuses on where IS-IS
   protocol fails to meet general requirements as specified in the
   threats and requirements document.

   This section also describes security requirements that should be met
   by IS-IS implementations that are secured by manual as well as auto
   key management protocols.

3.1.  Manual Key Management

   1.  With CRYPTO_AUTH specification [RFC5310], IS-IS packets can be
       protected with HMAC-SHA family of cryptographic algorithms.  The
       specification provides the limited algorithm agility (SHA
       family).  By using Key IDs, it also conceals the algorithm
       information from the protected control messages.

   2.  Even though both intra and inter session replay attacks are best
       prevented by deploying key management protocols with frequent key
       change capability, basic constructs for sequence number should be
       there in the protocol messages.  So, some basic or extended
       sequence number mechanism should be in place to protect IIH
       packets and SNP packets.  The sequence number should be increased
       for each protocol packet.  This allows mitigation of some of the
       replay threats as mentioned in Section 2.3.1.

   3.  Any common key mechanism with keys shared across a group of
       routers is susceptible to spoofing attacks caused by a malicious
       router.  Separate authentication check (apart from the integrity
       check to verify the digest) with digital signatures as described
       in [RFC2154], can effectively nullify this attack.  But this
       approach was never deployed and one can only assume due to

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       operational considerations at that time.  The alternative
       approach to thwart this threat would be by using the keys from
       the group key management protocol.  As the group key(s) are
       generated by authenticating the member ISes in the group first,
       and then periodically rekeyed, per packet identity or
       authentication check may not be needed.

   4.  In general DoS attacks may not be preventable with mechanism from
       routing protocols itself.  But some form of Admin controlled
       lists (ACLs) at the forwarding plane can reduce the damage.
       There are some other forms the DoS attacks common to any protocol
       are not in scope as per the section 3.3 in [RFC6862].

   As discussed in Section 2.2, though Key ID mechanism in [RFC5310]
   helps, better key co-ordination mechanism for key roll over is
   desirable even with manual key management.  But, it fell short of
   specifying exact mechanism other than using key chains.  The specific
   requirements:

   a.  Keys SHOULD be able to change without affecting the established
       adjacency and even better without any control packet loss.

   b.  Keys SHOULD be able to change without effecting the protocol
       operations, for example, LSP flooding should not be held for a
       specific Key ID availability.

   c.  Any proposed mechanism SHOULD also be further incrementally
       deployable with key management protocols.

3.2.  Key Management Protocols

   In broadcast deployments, the keys used for protecting IS-IS
   protocols messages can, in particular, be group keys.  A mechanism is
   needed to distribute group keys to a group of ISes in a Level-1 area
   or Level-2 domain, using the Group Domain of Interpretation (GDOI)
   protocol as specified in [RFC6407].  An example policy and payload
   format was described in [I-D.weis-gdoi-mac-tek].

   If a group key is used, the authentication granularity becomes group
   membership of devices, not peer authentication between devices.
   Group key management protocol deployed SHOULD be capable of
   supporting rekeying support.

   In some deployments, where IS-IS point-to-point (P2P) mode is used
   for adjacency bring-up, sub network dependent messages (IIHs) can use
   a different key shared between the two point-to-point peers, while
   all other messages use a group key.  When group keying mechanism is
   deployed, even the P2P IIHs can be protected with the common group

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   keys.  This approach facilitates one key management mechanism instead
   of both pair-wise keying and group keying protocols to be deployed
   together.  If same circuits are shared across multiple instances, the
   granularity of the group can become per instance for IIHs and per
   instance/topology for LSPs and SNPs as specified in the [RFC6822].

   Effective key change capability within the routing protocol which
   allows key roll over without impacting the routing protocol
   operation, is one of the requirements for deploying any group key
   mechanism.  Once such mechanism is in place with deployment of group
   key management protocol, IS-IS can be protected from various threats
   not limited to intra and inter session replay attacks and spoofing
   attacks.

   Specific use of crypto tables [RFC7210] should be defined for IS-IS
   protocol.

4.  IANA Considerations

   This document defines no new namespaces.

5.  Security Considerations

   This document is mostly about security considerations of IS-IS
   protocol, lists potential threats and security requirements for
   solving those threats.  This document does not introduce any new
   security threats for IS-IS protocol.  In view of openly published
   attack vectors, as noted in Section 1 of [RFC5310] on HMAC-MD5
   cryptographic authentication mechanism, IS-IS deployments SHOULD use
   HMAC-SHA family [RFC5310] instead of HMAC-MD5 [RFC5304] for
   protecting IS-IS PDUs.  For more detailed security considerations
   please refer the Security Considerations section of the IS-IS Generic
   Cryptographic Authentication [RFC5310], KARP Design Guide [RFC6518]
   document as well as KARP threat document [RFC6862].

6.  Acknowledgements

   Authors would like to thank Joel Halpern for initial discussions on
   this document and giving valuable review comments.  Authors would
   like to acknowledge Naiming Shen for reviewing and providing feedback
   on this document.  Thanks to Russ White, Brian Carpenter and Amanda
   Barber for reviewing the document during IESG review process.

7.  References

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7.1.  Normative References

   [RFC1195]  Callon, R., "Use of OSI IS-IS for routing in TCP/IP and
              dual environments", RFC 1195, December 1990.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC5304]  Li, T. and R. Atkinson, "IS-IS Cryptographic
              Authentication", RFC 5304, October 2008.

   [RFC5310]  Bhatia, M., Manral, V., Li, T., Atkinson, R., White, R.,
              and M. Fanto, "IS-IS Generic Cryptographic
              Authentication", RFC 5310, February 2009.

7.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.weis-gdoi-mac-tek]
              Weis, B. and S. Rowles, "GDOI Generic Message
              Authentication Code Policy", draft-weis-gdoi-mac-tek-03
              (work in progress), September 2011.

   [RFC2154]  Murphy, S., Badger, M., and B. Wellington, "OSPF with
              Digital Signatures", RFC 2154, June 1997.

   [RFC5309]  Shen, N. and A. Zinin, "Point-to-Point Operation over LAN
              in Link State Routing Protocols", RFC 5309, October 2008.

   [RFC6039]  Manral, V., Bhatia, M., Jaeggli, J., and R. White, "Issues
              with Existing Cryptographic Protection Methods for Routing
              Protocols", RFC 6039, October 2010.

   [RFC6407]  Weis, B., Rowles, S., and T. Hardjono, "The Group Domain
              of Interpretation", RFC 6407, October 2011.

   [RFC6518]  Lebovitz, G. and M. Bhatia, "Keying and Authentication for
              Routing Protocols (KARP) Design Guidelines", RFC 6518,
              February 2012.

   [RFC6822]  Previdi, S., Ginsberg, L., Shand, M., Roy, A., and D.
              Ward, "IS-IS Multi-Instance", RFC 6822, December 2012.

   [RFC6862]  Lebovitz, G., Bhatia, M., and B. Weis, "Keying and
              Authentication for Routing Protocols (KARP) Overview,
              Threats, and Requirements", RFC 6862, March 2013.

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   [RFC7210]  Housley, R., Polk, T., Hartman, S., and D. Zhang,
              "Database of Long-Lived Symmetric Cryptographic Keys", RFC
              7210, April 2014.

Authors' Addresses

   Uma Chunduri
   Ericsson Inc.
   300 Holger Way,
   San Jose, California  95134
   USA

   Phone: 408 750-5678
   Email: uma.chunduri@ericsson.com

   Albert Tian
   Ericsson Inc.
   300 Holger Way,
   San Jose, California  95134
   USA

   Phone: 408 750-5210
   Email: albert.tian@ericsson.com

   Wenhu Lu
   Ericsson Inc.
   300 Holger Way,
   San Jose, California  95134
   USA

   Email: wenhu.lu@ericsson.com

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