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Operations Model for Router Keying
draft-ietf-karp-ops-model-05

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7211.
Authors Sam Hartman , Dacheng Zhang
Last updated 2013-02-25
Replaces draft-hartman-karp-ops-model
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draft-ietf-karp-ops-model-05
Network Working Group                                         S. Hartman
Internet-Draft                                         Painless Security
Intended status: Informational                                  D. Zhang
Expires: August 29, 2013                                          Huawei
                                                       February 25, 2013

                   Operations Model for Router Keying
                    draft-ietf-karp-ops-model-05.txt

Abstract

   Developing an operational and management model for routing protocol
   security that works across protocols will be critical to the success
   of routing protocol security efforts.  This document discusses issues
   and begins to consider development of these models.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on August 29, 2013.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Requirements notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Breakdown of KARP configuration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.1.  Integrity of the Key Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.2.  Management of Key Table  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.3.  Interactions with Automated Key Management . . . . . . . .  7
     3.4.  Virtual Routing and Forwarding Instances (VRFs)  . . . . .  7
   4.  Credentials and Authorization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.1.  Preshared Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       4.1.1.  Sharing Keys and Zones of Trust  . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       4.1.2.  Key Separation and Protocol Design . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.2.  Asymmetric Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.3.  Public Key Infrastructure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.4.  The role of Central Servers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.  Grouping Peers Together  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   6.  Administrator Involvement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     6.1.  Enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     6.2.  Handling Faults  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   7.  Upgrade Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
   8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   9.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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1.  Introduction

   The KARP working group is designing improvements to the cryptographic
   authentication of IETF routing protocols.  These improvements include
   improvements to how integrity functions are handled within each
   protocol as well as designing an automated key management solution.

   This document discusses issues to consider when thinking about the
   operational and management model for KARP.  Each implementation will
   take its own approach to management; this is one area for vendor
   differentiation.  However, it is desirable to have a common baseline
   for the management objects allowing administrators, security
   architects and protocol designers to understand what management
   capabilities they can depend on in heterogeneous environments.
   Similarly, designing and deploying the protocol will be easier with
   thought paid to a common operational model.  This will also help with
   the design of NetConf schemas or MIBs later.

   This document also gives recommendations for how management and
   operations issues can be approached as protocols are revised and as
   support is added for the key table [I-D.ietf-karp-crypto-key-table]

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2.  Requirements notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

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3.  Breakdown of KARP configuration

   There are multiple ways of structuring configuration information.
   One factor to consider is the scope of the configuration information.
   Several protocols are peer-to-peer routing protocols where a
   different key could potentially be used for each neighbor.  Other
   protocols require the same group key to be used for all nodes in an
   administrative domain or routing area.  In other cases, the same
   group key needs to be used for all routers on an interface, but
   different group keys can be used for each interface.

   Within situations where a per-interface, per-area or per-peer key can
   be used for manually configured long-term keys, that flexibility may
   not be desirable from an operational standpoint.  For example
   consider OSPF [RFC2328].  Each OSPF link needs to use the same
   authentication configuration, including the set of keys used for
   reception and the set of keys used for transmission, but may use
   different keys for different links.  The most general management
   model would be to configure keys per link.  However for deployments
   where the area uses the same key it would be strongly desirable to
   configure the key as a property of the area.  If the keys are
   configured per-link, they can get out of sync.  In order to support
   generality of configuration and common operational situations, it
   would be desirable to have some sort of inheritance where default
   configurations are made per-area unless overridden per-interface.

   As described in [I-D.ietf-karp-crypto-key-table], the cryptographic
   keys are separated from the interface configuration into their own
   configuration store.  Each routing protocol is responsible for
   defining the form of the Peer specification used by that protocol.
   Thus each routing protocol needs to define the scope of keys.  For
   group keying, the Peer specification names the group.  A protocol
   could define a Peer specification indicating the key had a link scope
   and also a Peer specification for scoping a key to a specific area.
   For link-scoped keys it is generally best to define a single Peer
   specification indicating the key has a link scope and to use
   interface restrictions to restrict the key to the appropriate link.

   Operational Requirements: KARP MUST support configuration of keys at
   the most general scope for the underlying protocol; protocols
   supporting per-peer keys MUST permit configuration of per-peer keys,
   protocols supporting per-interface keys MUST support configuration of
   per-interface keys, and so on.  KARP MUST NOT permit configuration of
   an inappropriate key scope.  For example, configuration of separate
   keys per interface MUST NOT be supported for a protocol requiring
   per-area keys.  This restriction can be enforced by rules specified
   by each routing protocol for validating key table entries.

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3.1.  Integrity of the Key Table

   The routing key table [I-D.ietf-karp-crypto-key-table] provides a
   very general mechanism to abstract the storage of keys for routing
   protocols.  To avoid misconfiguration and simplify problem
   determination, the router MUST verify the internal consistency of
   entries added to the table.  Routing protocols describe how their
   protocol interacts with the key table including what validation MUSt
   be performed.  At a minimum, the router MUST verify:

   o  The cryptographic algorithms are valid for the protocol.

   o  The key derivation function is valid for the protocol.

   o  The direction is valid for the protocol; for example protocols
      that require the same session key be used in both directions MUST
      have a direction of both.

   o  The peer specification is consistent with the protocol.

   Other checks are possible.  For example the router could verify that
   if a key is associated with a peer, that peer is a configured peer
   for the specified protocol.  However, this may be undesirable.  It
   may be desirable to load a key table when some peers have not yet
   been configured.  Also, it may be desirable to share portions of a
   key table across devices even when their current configuration does
   not require an adjacency with a particular peer in the interest of
   uniform configuration or preparing for fail-over.

3.2.  Management of Key Table

   Several management operations will be quite common.  For service
   provider deployments the configuration management system can simply
   update the key table.  However, for smaller deployments, efficient
   management operations are important.

   As part of adding a new key it is typically desirable to set an
   expiration time for an old key.  The management interface SHOULD
   provide a mechanism to easily update the expiration time for a
   current key used with a given peer or interface.  Also when adding a
   key it is desirable to push the key out to nodes that will need it,
   allowing use for receiving packets then later enabling transmit.
   This can be accomplished automatically by providing a delay between
   when a key becomes valid for reception and transmission.  However,
   some environments may not be able to predict when all the necessary
   changes will be made.  In these cases having a mechanism to enable a
   key for sending is desirable.  Management interfaces SHOULD provide
   an easy mechanism to update the direction of an existing key or to

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   enable a disabled key.

3.3.  Interactions with Automated Key Management

   Consideration is required for how an automated key management
   protocol will assign key IDs for group keys.  All members of the
   group may need to use the same key ID.  This requires careful
   coordination of global key IDs.  Interactions with the peer key ID
   field may make this easier; this requires additional study.

   Automated key management protocols also assign keys for single peers.
   If the key ID is global and needs to be coordinated between the
   receiver and transmitter, then there is complexity in key management
   protocols.

3.4.  Virtual Routing and Forwarding Instances (VRFs)

   Many core and enterprise routers support multiple routing instances.
   For example a router serving multiple VPNs is likely to have a
   forwarding/routing instance for each of these VPNs.  Each VRF will
   require its own routing key table.

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4.  Credentials and Authorization

   Several methods for authentication have been proposed for KARP.  The
   simplest is preshared keys used directly as traffic keys.  In this
   mode, the traffic integrity keys are directly configured.  This is
   the mode supported by most of today's routing protocols.

   As discussed in [I-D.polk-saag-rtg-auth-keytable], preshared keys can
   be used as the input to a key derivation function (KDF) to generate
   traffic keys.  For example the TCP Authentication Option (TCP-AO)
   [RFC5925] derives keys based on the initial TCP session state.
   Typically a KDF will combine a long-term key with public inputs
   exchanged as part of the protocol to form fresh session keys. a KDF
   could potentially be used with some inputs that are configured along
   with the long-term key.  Also, it's possible that inputs to a KDF
   will be private and exchanged as part of the protocol, although this
   will be uncommon in KARP's uses of KDFs.

   Preshared keys could also be used by an automated key management
   protocol.  In this mode, preshared keys would be used for
   authentication.  However traffic keys would be generated by some key
   agreement mechanism or transported in a key encryption key derived
   from the preshared key.  This mode may provide better replay
   protection.  Also, in the absence of active attackers, key agreement
   strategies such as Diffie-Hellman can be used to produce high-quality
   traffic keys even from relatively weak preshared keys.

   Public keys can be used for authentication.  The design guide
   [I-D.ietf-karp-design-guide] describes a mode in which routers have
   the hashes of peer routers' public keys.  In this mode, a traditional
   public-key infrastructure is not required.  The advantage of this
   mode is that a router only contains its own keying material, limiting
   the scope of a compromise.  The disadvantage is that when a router is
   added or deleted from the set of authorized routers, all routers that
   peer need to be updated.  Note that self-signed certificates are a
   common way of communicating public-keys in this style of
   authentication.

   Certificates signed by a certification authority or some other PKI
   could be used.  The advantage of this approach is that routers may
   not need to be directly updated when peers are added or removed.  The
   disadvantage is that more complexity and cost is required.

   Each of these approaches has a different set of management and
   operational requirements.  Key differences include how authorization
   is handled and how identity works.  This section discusses these
   differences.

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4.1.  Preshared Keys

   In the protocol, manual preshared keys are either unnamed or named by
   a small integer (typically 16 or 32 bits) key ID.  Implementations
   that support multiple keys for protocols that have no names for keys
   need to try all possible keys before deciding a packet cannot be
   validated [RFC4808].  Typically key IDs are names used by one group
   or peer.

   Manual preshared keys are often known by a group of peers rather than
   just oneother peer.  This is an interesting security property: unlike
   with digitally signed messages or protocols where symmetric keys are
   known only to two parties, it is impossible to identify the peer
   sending a message cryptographically.  However, it is possible to show
   that the sender of a message is one of the parties who knows the
   preshared key.  Within the routing threat model the peer sending a
   message can be identified only because peers are trusted and thus can
   be assumed to correctly label the packets they send.  This contrasts
   with a protocol where cryptographic means such as digital signatures
   are used to verify the origin of a message.  As a consequence,
   authorization is typically based on knowing the preshared key rather
   than on being a particular peer.  Note that once an authorization
   decision is made, the peer can assert its identity; this identity is
   trusted just as the routing information from the peer is trusted.
   Doing an additional check for authorization based on the identity
   included in the packet would provide little value: an attacker who
   somehow had the key could claim the identity of an authorized peer
   and an attacker without the key should be unable to claim the
   identity of any peer.  Such a check is not required by the KARP
   threat model: inside attacks are not in scope.

   Preshared keys used with key derivation function similarly to manual
   preshared keys.  However to form the actual traffic keys, session or
   peer specific information is combined with the key.  From an
   authorization standpoint, the derivation key works the same as a
   manual key.  An additional routing protocol step or transport step
   forms the key that is actually used.

   Preshared keys that are used via automatic key management have not
   been specified for KARP.  Their naming and authorization may differ
   from existing uses of preshared keys in routing protocols.  In
   particular, such keys may end up being known only by two peers.
   Alternatively they may also be known by a group of peers.
   Authorization could potentially be based on peer identity, although
   it is likely that knowing the right key will be sufficient.  There
   does not appear to be a compelling reason to decouple the
   authorization of a key for some purpose from authorization of peers
   holding that key to perform the authorized function.

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4.1.1.  Sharing Keys and Zones of Trust

   Care needs to be taken when symmetric keys are used for multiple
   purposes.  Consider the implications of using the same preshared key
   for two interfaces: it becomes impossible to cryptographically
   distinguish a router on one interface from a router on another
   interface.  So, a router that is trusted to participate in a routing
   protocol on one interface becomes implicitly trusted for the other
   interfaces that share the key.  For many cases, such as link-state
   routers in the same routing area, there is no significant advantage
   that an attacker could gain from this trust within the KARP threat
   model.  However, distance-vector protocols, such as BGP and RIP,
   permit routes to be filtered across a trust boundary.  For these
   protocols, participation in one interface might be more advantageous
   than another.  Operationally, when this trust distinction is
   important to a deployment, different keys need to be used on each
   side of the trust boundary.  Key derivation can help prevent this
   problem in cases of accidental misconfiguration.  However, key
   derivation cannot protect against a situation where a system was
   incorrectly trusted to have the key used to perform the derivation.
   This question of trust is important to the KARP threat model because
   it is essential to determining whether a party is an insider for a
   particular routing protocol.  A customer router that is an an insider
   for a BGP peering relationship with a service provider is not
   typically an insider when considering the security of that service
   provider's IGP.  Similarly, To the extent that there are multiple
   zones of trust and a routing protocol is determining whether a
   particular router is within a certain zone, the question of untrusted
   actors is within the scope of the routing threat model.

   Key derivation can be part of a management solution to a desire to
   have multiple keys for different zones of trust.  A master key could
   be combined with peer, link or area identifiers to form a router-
   specific preshared key that is loaded onto routers.  Provided that
   the master key lives only on the management server and not the
   individual routers, trust is preserved.  However in many cases,
   generating independent keys for the routers and storing the result is
   more practical.  If the master key were somehow compromised, all the
   resulting keys would need to be changed.  However if independent keys
   are used, the scope of a compromise may be more limited.

4.1.2.  Key Separation and Protocol Design

   More subtle problems with key separation can appear in protocol
   design.  Two protocols that use the same traffic keys may work
   together in unintended ways permitting one protocol to be used to
   attack the other.  Consider two hypothetical protocols.  Protocol A
   starts its messages with a set of extensions that are ignored if not

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   understood.  Protocol B has a fixed header at the beginning of its
   messages but ends messages with extension information.  It may be
   that the same message is valid both as part of protocol A and
   protocol B. An attacker may be able to gain an advantage by getting a
   router to generate this message with one protocol under situations
   where the other protocol would not generate the message.  This
   hypothetical example is overly simplistic; real-world attacks
   exploiting key separation weaknesses tend to be complicated and
   involve specific properties of the cryptographic functions involved.
   The key point is that whenever the same key is used in multiple
   protocols, attacks may be possible.  All the involved protocols need
   to be analyzed to understand the scope of potential attacks.

   Key separation attacks interact with the KARP operational model in a
   number of ways.  Administrators need to be aware of situations where
   using the same manual traffic key with two different protocols (or
   the same protocol in different contexts) creates attack
   opportunities.  Design teams should consider how their protocol might
   interact with other routing protocols and describe any attacks
   discovered so that administrators can understand the operational
   implications.  When designing automated key management or new
   cryptographic authentication within routing protocols, we need to be
   aware that administrators expect to be able to use the same preshared
   keys in multiple contexts.  As a result, we should use appropriate
   key derivation functions so that different cryptographic keys are
   used even when the same initial input key is used.

4.2.  Asymmetric Keys

   Outside of a PKI, public keys are expected to be known by the hash of
   a key or (potentially self-signed) certificate.  The Session
   Description Protocol provides a standardized mechanism for naming
   keys (in that case certificates) based on hashes (section 5
   [RFC4572]).  KARP SHOULD adopt this approach or another approach
   already standardized within the IETF rather than inventing a new
   mechanism for naming public keys.

   A public key is typically expected to belong to one peer.  As a peer
   generates new keys and retires old keys, its public key may change.
   For this reason, from a management standpoint, peers should be
   thought of as associated with multiple public keys rather than as
   containing a single public key hash as an attribute of the peer
   object.

   Authorization of public keys could be done either by key hash or by
   peer identity.  Performing authorizations by peer identity should
   make it easier to update the key of a peer without risk of losing
   authorizations for that peer.  However management interfaces need to

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   be carefully designed to avoid making this extra level of indirection
   complicated for operators.

4.3.  Public Key Infrastructure

   When a PKI is used, certificates are used.  The certificate binds a
   key to a name of a peer.  The key management protocol is responsible
   for exchanging certificates and validating them to a trust anchor.

   Authorization needs to be done in terms of peer identities not in
   terms of keys.  One reason for this is that when a peer changes its
   key, the new certificate needs to be sufficient for authentication to
   continue functioning even though the key has never been seen before.

   Potentially authorization could be performed in terms of groups of
   peers rather than single peers.  An advantage of this is that it may
   be possible to add a new router with no authentication related
   configuration of the peers of that router.  For example, a domain
   could decide that any router with a particular keyPurposeID signed by
   the organization's certificate authority is permitted to join the
   IGP.  Just as in configurations where cryptographic authentication is
   not used, automatic discovery of this router can establish
   appropriate adjacencies.

   Assuming that self-signed certificates are used by routers that wish
   to use public keys but that do not need a PKI, then PKI and the
   infrastructureless mode of public-key operation described in the
   previous section can work well together.  One router could identify
   its peers based on names and use certificate validation.  Another
   router could use hashes of certificates.  This could be very useful
   for border routers between two organizations.  Smaller organizations
   could use public keys and larger organizations could use PKI.

4.4.  The role of Central Servers

   An area to explore is the role of central servers like RADIUS or
   directories.  As discussed in the design-guide, a system where keys
   are pushed by a central management system is undesirable as an end
   result for KARP.  However central servers may play a role in
   authorization and key rollover.  For example a node could send a hash
   of a public key to a RADIUS server.

   If central servers do play a role it will be critical to make sure
   that they are not required during routine operation or a cold-start
   of a network.  They are more likely to play a role in enrollment of
   new peers or key migration/compromise.

   Another area where central servers may play a role is for group key

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   agreement.  As an example, [I-D.liu-ospfv3-automated-keying-req]
   discusses the potential need for key agreement servers in OSPF.
   Other routing protocols that use multicast or broadcast such as IS-IS
   are likely to need a similar approach.  Multicast key agreement
   protocols need to allow operators to choose which key servers will
   generate traffic keys.  The quality of random numbers [RFC4086] is
   likely to differ between systems.  As a result, operators may have
   preferences for where keys are generated.

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5.  Grouping Peers Together

   One significant management consideration will be the grouping of
   management objects necessary to determine who is authorized to act as
   a peer for a given routing action.  As discussed previously, the
   following objects are potentially required:

   o  Key objects are required.  Symmetric keys may be preshared and
      knowledge of the key used as the decision factor in authorization.
      Knowledge of the private key corresponding to Asymmetric public
      keys may be used directly for authorization as well.  During key
      transitions more than one key may refer to a given peer.  Group
      preshared keys may refer to multiple peers.

   o  A peer is a router that this router might wish to communicate
      with.  Peers may be identified by names or keys.

   o  Groups of peers may be authorized for a given routing protocol.

   Establishing a management model is difficult because of the complex
   relationships between each set of objects.  As discussed there may be
   more than one key for a peer.  However in the preshared key case,
   there may be more than one peer for a key.  This is true both for
   group security association protocols such as an IGP or one-to-one
   protocols where the same key is used administratively.  In some of
   these situations, it may be undesirable to explicitly enumerate the
   peers in the configuration; for example IGP peers are auto-discovered
   for broadcast links but not for non-broadcast multi-access links.

   Peers may be identified either by name or key.  If peers are
   identified by key it is strongly desirable from an operational
   standpoint to consider any peer identifiers or name to be a local
   matter and not require the names or identifiers to be synchronized.
   Obviously if peers are identified by names (for example with
   certificates in a PKI), identifiers need to be synchronized between
   the authorized peer and the peer making the authorization decision.

   In many cases peers will explicitly be identified in routing protocol
   configuration.  In these cases it is possible to attach the
   authorization information (keys or identifiers) to the peer's
   configuration object.  Two cases do not involve enumerating peers.
   The first is the case where preshared keys are shared among a group
   of peers.  It is likely that this case can be treated from a
   management standpoint as a single peer representing all the peers
   that share the keys.  The other case is one where certificates in a
   PKI are used to introduce peers to a router.  In this case, rather
   than configuring peers, , the router needs to be configured with
   information on what certificates represent acceptable peers.

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   Another consideration is what routing protocols share peers.  For
   example it may be common for LDP peers to also be peers of some other
   routing protocol.  Also, RSVP-TE may be associated with some TE-based
   IGP.  In some of these cases it would be desirable to use the same
   authorization information for both routing protocols.

   In order to develop a management model for authorization, the working
   group needs to consider several questions.  What protocols support
   auto-discovery of peers?  What protocols require more configuration
   of a peer than simply the peer's authorization information and
   network address?  What management operations are going to be common
   as security information for peers is configured and updated?  What
   operations will be common while performing key transitions or while
   migrating to new security technologies?

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6.  Administrator Involvement

   One key operational question is what areas will administrator
   involvement be required.  Likely areas where involvement may be
   useful include enrollment of new peers.  Fault recovery should also
   be considered.

6.1.  Enrollment

   One area where the management of routing security needs to be
   optimized is the deployment of a new router.  In some cases a new
   router may be deployed on an existing network where routing to
   management servers is already available.  In other cases, routers may
   be deployed as part of connecting or creating a site.  Here, the
   router and infrastructure may not be available until the router has
   securely authenticated.

   In general, security configuration can be treated as an additional
   configuration item that needs to be set up to establish service.
   There is no significant security value in protecting routing protocol
   keys more than administrative password or Authentication,
   Authorization and Accounting (AAA) secrets that can be used to gain
   login access to a router.  These existing secrets can be used to make
   configuration changes that impact routing protocols as much as
   disclosure of a routing protocol key.  Operators already have
   procedures in place for these items.  So, it is appropriate to use
   similar procedures for routing protocol keys.  It is reasonable to
   improve existing configuration procedures and the routing protocol
   procedures over time.  However it is more desirable to deploy KARP
   with security similar to that used for managing existing secrets than
   to delay deploying KARP.

   Operators MAY develop higher assurance procedures for dealing with
   keys.  For example, asymmetric keys can be generated on a router and
   never exported from the router.  Operators can evaluate the cost vs
   security and availability tradeoffs of these procedures.

6.2.  Handling Faults

   Faults may interact with operational practice in at least two ways.
   First, security solutions may introduce faults.  For example if
   certificates expire in a PKI, previous adjacencies may no longer
   form.  Operational practice will require a way of repairing these
   errors.  This may end up being very similar to repairing other faults
   that can partition a network.

   Notifications will play a critical role in avoiding security faults.
   Implementations SHOULD use appropriate mechanisms to notify operators

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   as security resources are about to expire.  Notifications can include
   messages to consoles, logged events, SNMP traps, or notifications
   within a routing protocol.  One strategy is to have increasing
   escalations of notifications.

   Monitoring will also play an important role in avoiding security
   faults such as certificate expiration.  However, the protocols MUST
   still have adequate operational mechanisms to recover from these
   situations.  Also, some faults, such as those resulting from a
   compromise or actual attack on a facility are inherent and may not be
   prevented.

   A second class of faults is equipment faults that impact security.
   For example if keys are stored on a router and never moved from that
   device, failure of a router implies a need to update security
   provisioning on the replacement router and its peers.

   One approach, recommended by work on securing BGP
   [I-D.ietf-sidr-rtr-keying] is to maintain the router's keying
   material so that when a router is replaced the same keys can be used.
   Router keys can be maintained on a central server.  These approaches
   permit the credentials of a router to be recovered.  This provides
   valuable options in case of hardware fault.  The failing router can
   be recovered without changing credentials on other routers or waiting
   for keys to be certified.  One disadvantage of this approach is that
   even if public-key cryptography is used, the private keys are located
   on more than just the router.; a system in which keys were generated
   on a router and never exported from that router would typically make
   it more difficult for an attacker to obtain the keys.  For most
   environments the ability to quickly replace a router justifies
   maintaining keys centrally.

   More generally keying is another item of configuration that needs to
   be restored to restore service when equipment fails.  Operators
   typically perform the minimal configuration necessary to get a router
   back in contact with the management server.  The same would apply for
   keys.  Operators who do not maintain copies of key material for
   performing key recovery on routers would need to perform a bit more
   work to regain contact with the management server.  It seems
   reasonable to assume that management servers will be able to cause
   keys to be generated or distributed sufficiently to fully restore
   service.

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7.  Upgrade Considerations

   It needs to be possible to deploy automated key management in an
   organization without either having to disable existing security or
   disrupting routing.  As a result, it needs to be possible to perform
   a phased upgrade from manual keying to automated key management.
   This upgrade procedure needs to be easy and have a very low risk of
   disrupting routing.  Today, many operators do not update keys because
   the perceived risk of an attack is lower than the complexity of and
   update and risk of routing disruptions.

   For peer-to-peer protocols such as BGP, this can be relatively easy.
   First, code that supports automated key management needs to be loaded
   on both peers.  Then the adjacency can be upgraded.  The
   configuration can be updated to switch to automated key management
   when the second router reboots.  Alternatively, if the key management
   protocols involved can detect that both peers now support automated
   key management, then a key can potentially be negotiated for an
   existing session.

   The situation is more complex for organizations that have not
   upgraded from TCP MD5 [RFC2385] to the TCP Authentication Option
   [RFC5925].  Today, routers typically need to understand whether a
   given peer supports TCP MD5 or TCP-AO before opening a TCP
   connection.  In addition, many implementations support grouping
   configuration of related peers including security configuration
   together.  Implementations make it challenging to move from TCP-MD5
   to TCP-AO before all peers in the group are ready.  Operators
   perceive it as high risk to update the configuration of a large
   number of peers.  One particularly risky situation is upgrading the
   configuration of iBGP peers.

   The situation is more complicated for multicast protocols.  It's
   typically not desirable to bring down an entire link to reconfigure
   it as using automated key management.  Two approaches should be
   considered.  One is to support key table rows supporting the
   automated key management and manually configured keying for the same
   link at the same time.  Coordinating this may be challenging from an
   operational standpoint.  Another possibility is for the automated key
   management protocol to actually select the same traffic key that is
   being used manually.  This could be accomplished by having an option
   in the key management protocol to export the current manual group key
   through the automated key management protocol.  Then after all nodes
   are configured with automated key management, manual key entries can
   be removed.  The next re-key after all nodes have manual entries
   removed will generate a new fresh key.  Group key management
   protocols are RECOMMENDED to support an option to export existing
   manual keys during initial deployment of automated key management.

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8.  Security Considerations

   This document does not define a protocol.  It does discuss the
   operational and management implications of several security
   technologies.

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9.  Acknowledgments

   Funding for Sam Hartman's work on this memo is provided by Huawei.

   The authors would like to thank Bill Atwood , Randy Bush, Wes George,
   Gregory Lebovitz, and Russ White for valuable reviews.

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10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-karp-crypto-key-table]
              Housley, R., Polk, T., Hartman, S., and D. Zhang,
              "Database of Long-Lived Symmetric Cryptographic Keys",
              draft-ietf-karp-crypto-key-table-06 (work in progress),
              February 2013.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

10.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-karp-design-guide]
              Lebovitz, G. and M. Bhatia, "Keying and Authentication for
              Routing Protocols (KARP) Design Guidelines",
              draft-ietf-karp-design-guide-10 (work in progress),
              December 2011.

   [I-D.ietf-sidr-rtr-keying]
              Turner, S., Patel, K., and R. Bush, "Router Keying for
              BGPsec", draft-ietf-sidr-rtr-keying-01 (work in progress),
              February 2013.

   [I-D.liu-ospfv3-automated-keying-req]
              Liu, Y., "OSPFv3 Automated Group Keying Requirements",
              draft-liu-ospfv3-automated-keying-req-01 (work in
              progress), July 2007.

   [I-D.polk-saag-rtg-auth-keytable]
              Polk, T. and R. Housley, "Routing Authentication Using A
              Database of Long-Lived Cryptographic Keys",
              draft-polk-saag-rtg-auth-keytable-05 (work in progress),
              November 2010.

   [RFC2328]  Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328, April 1998.

   [RFC2385]  Heffernan, A., "Protection of BGP Sessions via the TCP MD5
              Signature Option", RFC 2385, August 1998.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
              Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.

   [RFC4572]  Lennox, J., "Connection-Oriented Media Transport over the
              Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol in the Session
              Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 4572, July 2006.

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   [RFC4808]  Bellovin, S., "Key Change Strategies for TCP-MD5",
              RFC 4808, March 2007.

   [RFC5925]  Touch, J., Mankin, A., and R. Bonica, "The TCP
              Authentication Option", RFC 5925, June 2010.

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Authors' Addresses

   Sam Hartman
   Painless Security

   Email: hartmans-ietf@mit.edu

   Dacheng Zhang
   Huawei

   Email: zhangdacheng@huawei.com

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