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LPWAN Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) for CoAP
draft-ietf-lpwan-coap-static-context-hc-09

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8824.
Authors Ana Minaburo , Laurent Toutain , Ricardo Andreasen
Last updated 2019-09-27 (Latest revision 2019-07-06)
Replaces draft-toutain-lpwan-coap-static-context-hc
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Formats
Reviews
SECDIR Last Call review (of -12) by Paul Wouters Partially completed Serious Issues
Additional resources Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state WG Document
Document shepherd Pascal Thubert
IESG IESG state Became RFC 8824 (Proposed Standard)
Consensus boilerplate Yes
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD (None)
Send notices to Pascal Thubert <pthubert@cisco.com>
draft-ietf-lpwan-coap-static-context-hc-09
lpwan Working Group                                          A. Minaburo
Internet-Draft                                                    Acklio
Intended status: Standards Track                              L. Toutain
Expires: January 7, 2020          Institut MINES TELECOM; IMT Atlantique
                                                            R. Andreasen
                                             Universidad de Buenos Aires
                                                           July 06, 2019

        LPWAN Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) for CoAP
               draft-ietf-lpwan-coap-static-context-hc-09

Abstract

   This draft defines the way SCHC header compression can be applied to
   CoAP headers.  The CoAP header structure differs from IPv6 and UDP
   protocols since CoAP uses a flexible header with a variable number of
   options, themselves of variable length.  The CoAP protocol is
   asymmetric in its message format: the format of the packet header in
   the request messages is different from that in the response messages.
   Most of the compression mechanisms have been introduced in
   [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc], this document explains how
   to use the SCHC compression for CoAP.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 7, 2020.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents

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   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  SCHC Compression Process  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  CoAP Compression with SCHC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Compression of CoAP header fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.1.  CoAP version field  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.2.  CoAP type field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.3.  CoAP code field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.4.  CoAP Message ID field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.5.  CoAP Token fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   5.  CoAP options  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.1.  CoAP Content and Accept options.  . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.2.  CoAP option Max-Age, Uri-Host and Uri-Port fields . . . .   7
     5.3.  CoAP option Uri-Path and Uri-Query fields . . . . . . . .   8
       5.3.1.  Variable length Uri-Path and Uri-Query  . . . . . . .   8
       5.3.2.  Variable number of path or query elements . . . . . .   9
     5.4.  CoAP option Size1, Size2, Proxy-URI and Proxy-Scheme
           fields  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     5.5.  CoAP option ETag, If-Match, If-None-Match, Location-Path
           and Location-Query fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   6.  Other RFCs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     6.1.  Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     6.2.  Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     6.3.  No-Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     6.4.  OSCORE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   7.  Examples of CoAP header compression . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     7.1.  Mandatory header with CON message . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     7.2.  OSCORE Compression  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     7.3.  Example OSCORE Compression  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   9.  Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   10. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   11. Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27

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1.  Introduction

   CoAP [rfc7252] is an implementation of the REST architecture for
   constrained devices.  Although CoAP was designed for constrained
   devices, the size of a CoAP header may still be too large for the
   constraints of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) and some
   compression may be needed to reduce the header size.

   [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc] defines a header compression
   mechanism for LPWAN network based on a static context.  The context
   is said static since the field description composing the Rules are
   not learned during the packet exchanges but are previously defined.
   The context(s) is(are) known by both ends before transmission.

   A context is composed of a set of rules that are referenced by Rule
   IDs (identifiers).  A rule contains an ordered list of the fields
   descriptions containing a field ID (FID), its length (FL) and its
   position (FP), a direction indicator (DI) (upstream, downstream and
   bidirectional) and some associated Target Values (TV).  Target Value
   indicates the value that can be expected.  TV can also be a list of
   values.  A Matching Operator (MO) is associated to each header field
   description.  The rule is selected if all the MOs fit the TVs for all
   fields of the incoming packet.  In that case, a Compression/
   Decompression Action (CDA) associated to each field defines how the
   compressed and the decompressed values are computed out of each
   other, for each of the header fields.  Compression mainly results in
   one of 4 actions: send the field value, send nothing, send some least
   significant bits of the field or send an index.  Values sent are
   called Compression Residues and follow the rule ID in the transmitted
   message.

   The compression rules define a generic way to compress and decompress
   the fields.  If the device is modified, for example, to introduce new
   functionalities or new CoAP options, the rules must be updated to
   reflect the evolution.  There is no risk to lock a device in a
   particular version of CoAP.

2.  SCHC Compression Process

   The SCHC Compression rules can be applied to CoAP flows.  SCHC
   Compression of the CoAP header MAY be done in conjunction with the
   lower layers (IPv6/UDP) or independently.  The SCHC adaptation layers
   as described in [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc] may be used
   as shown in Figure 1.

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    ^   +------------+    ^  +------------+        ^  +------------+
    |   |    CoAP    |    |  |    CoAP    |  inner |  |    CoAP    |
    |   +------------+    v  +------------+        x  |    OSCORE  |
    |   |    UDP     |       |    DTLS    |  outer |  +------------+
    |   +------------+       +------------+        |  |    UDP     |
    |   |    IPv6    |       |    UDP     |        |  +------------+
    v   +------------+       +------------+        |  |    IPv6    |
                             |    IPv6    |        v  +------------+
                             +------------+

                       Figure 1: rule scope for CoAP

   Figure 1 shows some examples for CoAP architecture and the SCHC
   rule's scope.

   In the first example, a rule compresses all headers from IPv6 to
   CoAP.  In this case, SCHC C/D is performed at the device and at the
   LPWAN boundary.

   In the second example, an end-to-end encryption mechanisms is used
   between the device and the application.  CoAP is compressed
   independently of the other layers.  The rule ID and the compression
   residue are encrypted using a mechanism such as DTLS.  Only the other
   end can decipher the information.
   Layers below may also be compressed using other SCHC rules (this is
   out of the scope of this document).

   In the third example, OSCORE [I-D.ietf-core-object-security] is used.
   2 rulesets are used to compress the CoAP message.  A first ruleset
   focuses on the inner header and is end to end, a second ruleset
   compresses the outer header and the layers below.  SCHC C/D for inner
   header is done by both ends, and SCHC C/D for outer header and other
   headers is done between the device and the LPWAN boundary.

3.  CoAP Compression with SCHC

   CoAP differs from IPv6 and UDP protocols on the following aspects:

   o  IPv6 and UDP are symmetrical protocols.  The same fields are found
      in the request and in the response, with the value of some fields
      being swapped on the return path (e.g. source and destination
      fields).  A CoAP request is intrinsically different from a
      response.  For example, the URI-path option is mandatory in the
      request and is not found in the response, a request may contain an
      Accept option and the response a Content option.

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      [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc] defines the use of a
      message direction (DI) in the Field Description, which allows a
      single Rule to process message headers differently depending of
      the direction.

   o  Even when a field is "symmetric" (i.e. found in both directions)
      the values carried in each direction are different.  Combined with
      a matching list in the TV, this allows reducing the range of
      expected values in a particular direction and therefore reduce the
      size of the compression residue.  For instance, if a client sends
      only CON request, the type can be elided by compression and the
      answer may use one single bit to carry either the ACK or RST type.
      The same behavior can be applied to the CoAP Code field (0.0X code
      are present in the request and Y.ZZ in the answer).  The direction
      allows splitting in two parts the possible values for each
      direction.

   o  In IPv6 and UDP, header fields have a fixed size.  In CoAP, Token
      size may vary from 0 to 8 bytes, the length being given by a field
      in the header.  More systematically, the CoAP options are
      described using the Type-Length-Value.

      [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc] offers the possibility to
      define a function for the Field Length in the Field Description.

   o  In CoAP headers, a field can appear several times.  This is
      typical for elements of a URI (path or queries).
      [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc] allows a Field ID to
      appears several times in the rule, the Field Position (FP)
      identifies the proper instance, thereby removing the ambiguity of
      the matching operation.

   o  Field sizes defined in the CoAP protocol can be too large
      regarding LPWAN traffic constraints.  This is particularly true
      for the message ID field or Token field.  The MSB MO can be used
      to reduce the information carried on LPWANs.

   o  CoAP also obeys the client/server paradigm and the compression
      ratio can be different if the request is issued from an LPWAN
      device or from a non LPWAN device.  For instance a Device (Dev)
      aware of LPWAN constraints can generate a 1 byte token, but a
      regular CoAP client will certainly send a larger token to the Dev.
      The SCHC compression-decompression process does not modify the
      values.  Nevertheless, a proxy placed before the compressor may
      change some field values to allow SCHC achieving a better
      compression ratio, while maintaining the necessary context for
      interoperability with existing CoAP implementations.

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4.  Compression of CoAP header fields

   This section discusses the compression of the different CoAP header
   fields.

4.1.  CoAP version field

   This field is bidirectional and MUST be elided during the SCHC
   compression, since it always contains the same value.  In the future,
   if new versions of CoAP are defined, new rules will be defined to
   avoid ambiguities between versions.

4.2.  CoAP type field

   [rfc7252] defines 4 types of messages: CON, NON, ACK and RST.  The
   last two are a response to the first two.  If the device plays a
   specific client or server role, a rule can exploit these properties
   with the mapping list: [CON, NON] for one direction and [ACK, RST]
   for the other direction.  The compression residue is reduced to 1
   bit.

   The field SHOULD be elided if for instance a client is sending only
   NON or only CON messages.

   In any case, a rule MUST be defined to carry RST to a client.

4.3.  CoAP code field

   The compression of the CoAP code field follows the same principle as
   that of the CoAP type field.  If the device plays a specific role,
   the set of code values can be split in two parts, the request codes
   with the 0 class and the response values.

   If the device only implements a CoAP client, the request code can be
   reduced to the set of requests the client is able to process.

   All the response codes MUST be compressed with a SCHC rule.

4.4.  CoAP Message ID field

   This field is bidirectional and is used to manage acknowledgments.
   The server memorizes the value for a EXCHANGE_LIFETIME period (by
   default 247 seconds) for CON messages and a NON_LIFETIME period (by
   default 145 seconds) for NON messages.  During that period, a server
   receiving the same Message ID value will process the message as a
   retransmission.  After this period, it will be processed as a new
   message.

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   In case the Device is a client, the size of the message ID field may
   be too large regarding the number of messages sent.  The client
   SHOULD use only small message ID values, for instance 4 bit long.
   Therefore, a MSB can be used to limit the size of the compression
   residue.

   In case the Device is a server, the client may be located outside of
   the LPWAN area and view the Device as a regular device connected to
   the internet.  The client will generate Message ID using the 16 bits
   space offered by this field.  A CoAP proxy can be set before the SCHC
   C/D to reduce the value of the Message ID, to allow its compression
   with the MSB matching operator and LSB CDA.

4.5.  CoAP Token fields

   Token is defined through two CoAP fields, Token Length in the
   mandatory header and Token Value directly following the mandatory
   CoAP header.

   Token Length is processed as any protocol field.  If the value
   remains the same during all the transaction, the size can be stored
   in the context and elided during the transmission.  Otherwise, it
   will have to the sent as a compression residue.

   Token Value size cannot be defined directly in the rule in the Field
   Length (FL).  Instead, a specific function designated as "TKL" MUST
   be used and length does not have to the sent with the residue.
   During the decompression, this function returns the value contained
   in the Token Length field.

5.  CoAP options

5.1.  CoAP Content and Accept options.

   These fields are both unidirectional and MUST NOT be set to
   bidirectional in a rule entry.

   If a single value is expected by the client, it can be stored in the
   TV and elided during the transmission.  Otherwise, if several
   possible values are expected by the client, a matching-list SHOULD be
   used to limit the size of the residue.  If is not possible, the value
   has to be sent as a residue (fixed or variable length).

5.2.  CoAP option Max-Age, Uri-Host and Uri-Port fields

   These fields are unidirectional and MUST NOT be set to bidirectional
   in a rule entry.  They are used only by the server to inform of the
   caching duration and is never found in client requests.

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   If the duration is known by both ends, the value can be elided on the
   LPWAN.

   A matching list can be used if some well-known values are defined.

   Otherwise these options SHOULD be sent as a residue (fixed or
   variable length).

5.3.  CoAP option Uri-Path and Uri-Query fields

   These fields are unidirectional and MUST NOT be set to bidirectional
   in a rule entry.  They are used only by the client to access a
   specific resource and are never found in server responses.

   Uri-Path and Uri-Query elements are a repeatable options, the Field
   Position (FP) gives the position in the path.

   A Mapping list can be used to reduce the size of variable Paths or
   Queries.  In that case, to optimize the compression, several elements
   can be regrouped into a single entry.  Numbering of elements do not
   change, MO comparison is set with the first element of the matching.

   FID       FL FP DI    TV         MO        CDA
   URI-Path     1  up  ["/a/b",   equal    not-sent
                        "/c/d"]
   URI-Path     3  up             ignore   value-sent

                      Figure 2: complex path example

   In Figure 2 a single bit residue can be used to code one of the 2
   paths.  If regrouping were not allowed, a 2 bits residue would be
   needed.

5.3.1.  Variable length Uri-Path and Uri-Query

   When the length is not known at the rule creation, the Field Length
   SHOULD be set to variable, and the unit is set to bytes.

   The MSB MO can be applied to a Uri-Path or Uri-Query element.  Since
   MSB value is given in bit, the size MUST always be a multiple of 8
   bits.

   The length sent at the beginning of a variable length residue
   indicates the size of the LSB in bytes.

   For instance for a CORECONF path /c/X6?k="eth0" the rule can be set
   to:

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   FID       FL FP DI    TV       MO        CDA
   URI-Path     1  up    "c"     equal     not-sent
   URI-Path     2  up            ignore    value-sent
   URI-Query    1  up    "k="    MSB (16)  LSB

                    Figure 3: CORECONF URI compression

   Figure 3 shows the parsing and the compression of the URI, where c is
   not sent.  The second element is sent with the length (i.e. 0x2 X 6)
   followed by the query option (i.e. 0x05 "eth0").

5.3.2.  Variable number of path or query elements

   The number of Uri-path or Uri-Query elements in a rule is fixed at
   the rule creation time.  If the number varies, several rules SHOULD
   be created to cover all the possibilities.  Another possibility is to
   define the length of Uri-Path to variable and send a compression
   residue with a length of 0 to indicate that this Uri-Path is empty.
   This adds 4 bits to the compression residue.

5.4.  CoAP option Size1, Size2, Proxy-URI and Proxy-Scheme fields

   These fields are unidirectional and MUST NOT be set to bidirectional
   in a rule entry.  They are used only by the client to access a
   specific resource and are never found in server response.

   If the field value has to be sent, TV is not set, MO is set to
   "ignore" and CDA is set to "value-sent".  A mapping MAY also be used.

   Otherwise, the TV is set to the value, MO is set to "equal" and CDA
   is set to "not-sent".

5.5.  CoAP option ETag, If-Match, If-None-Match, Location-Path and
      Location-Query fields

   These fields are unidirectional.

   These fields values cannot be stored in a rule entry.  They MUST
   always be sent with the compression residues.

6.  Other RFCs

6.1.  Block

   Block [rfc7959] allows a fragmentation at the CoAP level.  SCHC also
   includes a fragmentation protocol.  They are compatible.  If a block
   option is used, its content MUST be sent as a compression residue.

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6.2.  Observe

   [rfc7641] defines the Observe option.  The TV is not set, MO is set
   to "ignore" and the CDA is set to "value-sent".  SCHC does not limit
   the maximum size for this option (3 bytes).  To reduce the
   transmission size, either the device implementation MAY limit the
   delta between two consecutive values, or a proxy can modify the
   increment.

   Since an RST message may be sent to inform a server that the client
   does not require Observe response, a rule MUST allow the transmission
   of this message.

6.3.  No-Response

   [rfc7967] defines a No-Response option limiting the responses made by
   a server to a request.  If the value is known by both ends, then TV
   is set to this value, MO is set to "equal" and CDA is set to "not-
   sent".

   Otherwise, if the value is changing over time, TV is not set, MO is
   set to "ignore" and CDA to "value-sent".  A matching list can also be
   used to reduce the size.

6.4.  OSCORE

   OSCORE [I-D.ietf-core-object-security] defines end-to-end protection
   for CoAP messages.  This section describes how SCHC rules can be
   applied to compress OSCORE-protected messages.

         0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 <--------- n bytes ------------->
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------------------------
        |0 0 0|h|k|  n  |      Partial IV (if any) ...
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------------------------
        |               |                                |
        |<--  CoAP   -->|<------ CoAP OSCORE_piv ------> |
           OSCORE_flags

         <- 1 byte -> <------ s bytes ----->
        +------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
        | s (if any) | kid context (if any) | kid (if any)      ... |
        +------------+----------------------+-----------------------+
        |                                   |                       |
        | <------ CoAP OSCORE_kidctxt ----->|<-- CoAP OSCORE_kid -->|

                          Figure 4: OSCORE Option

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   The encoding of the OSCORE Option Value defined in Section 6.1 of
   [I-D.ietf-core-object-security] is repeated in Figure 4.

   The first byte is used for flags that specify the contents of the
   OSCORE option.  The 3 most significant bits are reserved and always
   set to 0.  Bit h, when set, indicates the presence of the kid context
   field in the option.  Bit k, when set, indicates the presence of a
   kid field.  The 3 least significant bits n indicate the length of the
   piv field in bytes.  When n = 0, no piv is present.

   After the flag byte follow the piv field, kid context field and kid
   field in order and if present; the length of the kid context field is
   encoded in the first byte denoting by s the length of the kid context
   in bytes.

   This draft recommends to implement a parser that is able to identify
   the OSCORE Option and the fields it contains.

   Conceptually, it discerns up to 4 distinct pieces of information
   within the OSCORE option: the flag bits, the piv, the kid context,
   and the kid.  It is thus recommended that the parser split the OSCORE
   option into the 4 subsequent fields:

   o  CoAP OSCORE_flags,

   o  CoAP OSCORE_piv,

   o  CoAP OSCORE_kidctxt,

   o  CoAP OSCORE_kid.

   These fields are shown superimposed on the OSCORE Option format in
   Figure 4, the CoAP OSCORE_kidctxt field including the size bits s.
   Their size SHOULD be reduced using SCHC compression.

7.  Examples of CoAP header compression

7.1.  Mandatory header with CON message

   In this first scenario, the LPWAN compressor at the Network Gateway
   side receives from a client on the Internet a POST message, which is
   immediately acknowledged by the Device.  For this simple scenario,
   the rules are described Figure 5.

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    Rule ID 1
   +-------------+--+--+--+------+---------+-------------++------------+
   | Field       |FL|FP|DI|Target| Match   |     CDA     ||    Sent    |
   |             |  |  |  |Value | Opera.  |             ||   [bits]   |
   +-------------+--+--+--+------+---------+-------------++------------+
   |CoAP version |  |  |bi|  01  |equal    |not-sent     ||            |
   |CoAP Type    |  |  |dw| CON  |equal    |not-sent     ||            |
   |CoAP Type    |  |  |up|[ACK, |         |             ||            |
   |             |  |  |  | RST] |match-map|matching-sent|| T          |
   |CoAP TKL     |  |  |bi| 0    |equal    |not-sent     ||            |
   |CoAP Code    |  |  |bi|[0.00,|         |             ||            |
   |             |  |  |  | ...  |         |             ||            |
   |             |  |  |  | 5.05]|match-map|matching-sent||  CC CCC    |
   |CoAP MID     |  |  |bi| 0000 |MSB(7 )  |LSB          ||        M-ID|
   |CoAP Uri-Path|  |  |dw| path |equal 1  |not-sent     ||            |
   +-------------+--+--+--+------+---------+-------------++------------+

          Figure 5: CoAP Context to compress header without token

   The version and Token Length fields are elided.  The 26 method and
   response codes defined in [rfc7252] has been shrunk to 5 bits using a
   matching list.  Uri-Path contains a single element indicated in the
   matching operator.

   SCHC Compression reduces the header sending only the Type, a mapped
   code and the least significant bits of Message ID (9 bits in the
   example above).

   Note that a request sent by a client located an Application Server to
   a server in the device, may not be compressed through this rule since
   the MID will not start with 7 bits equal to 0.  A CoAP proxy, before
   the core SCHC C/D can rewrite the message ID to a value matched by
   the rule.

7.2.  OSCORE Compression

   OSCORE aims to solve the problem of end-to-end encryption for CoAP
   messages.  The goal, therefore, is to hide as much of the message as
   possible while still enabling proxy operation.

   Conceptually this is achieved by splitting the CoAP message into an
   Inner Plaintext and Outer OSCORE Message.  The Inner Plaintext
   contains sensible information which is not necessary for proxy
   operation.  This, in turn, is the part of the message which can be
   encrypted until it reaches its end destination.  The Outer Message
   acts as a shell matching the format of a regular CoAP message, and

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   includes all Options and information needed for proxy operation and
   caching.  This decomposition is illustrated in Figure 6.

   CoAP options are sorted into one of 3 classes, each granted a
   specific type of protection by the protocol:

   o  Class E: Encrypted options moved to the Inner Plaintext,

   o  Class I: Integrity-protected options included in the AAD for the
      encryption of the Plaintext but otherwise left untouched in the
      Outer Message,

   o  Class U: Unprotected options left untouched in the Outer Message.

   Additionally, the OSCORE Option is added as an Outer option,
   signaling that the message is OSCORE protected.  This option carries
   the information necessary to retrieve the Security Context with which
   the message was encrypted so that it may be correctly decrypted at
   the other end-point.

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                         Original CoAP Message
                      +-+-+---+-------+---------------+
                      |v|t|tkl| code  |  Msg Id.      |
                      +-+-+---+-------+---------------+....+
                      | Token                              |
                      +-------------------------------.....+
                      | Options (IEU)            |
                      .                          .
                      .                          .
                      +------+-------------------+
                      | 0xFF |
                      +------+------------------------+
                      |                               |
                      |     Payload                   |
                      |                               |
                      +-------------------------------+
                             /                \
                            /                  \
                           /                    \
                          /                      \
        Outer Header     v                        v  Plaintext
     +-+-+---+--------+---------------+          +-------+
     |v|t|tkl|new code|  Msg Id.      |          | code  |
     +-+-+---+--------+---------------+....+     +-------+-----......+
     | Token                               |     | Options (E)       |
     +--------------------------------.....+     +-------+------.....+
     | Options (IU)             |                | OxFF  |
     .                          .                +-------+-----------+
     . OSCORE Option            .                |                   |
     +------+-------------------+                | Payload           |
     | 0xFF |                                    |                   |
     +------+                                    +-------------------+

   Figure 6: A CoAP message is split into an OSCORE outer and plaintext

   Figure 6 shows the message format for the OSCORE Message and
   Plaintext.

   In the Outer Header, the original message code is hidden and replaced
   by a default dummy value.  As seen in sections 4.1.3.5 and 4.2 of
   [I-D.ietf-core-object-security], the message code is replaced by POST
   for requests and Changed for responses when Observe is not used.  If
   Observe is used, the message code is replaced by FETCH for requests
   and Content for responses.

   The original message code is put into the first byte of the
   Plaintext.  Following the message code, the class E options comes and

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   if present the original message Payload is preceded by its payload
   marker.

   The Plaintext is now encrypted by an AEAD algorithm which integrity
   protects Security Context parameters and eventually any class I
   options from the Outer Header.  Currently no CoAP options are marked
   class I.  The resulting Ciphertext becomes the new Payload of the
   OSCORE message, as illustrated in Figure 7.

   This Ciphertext is, as defined in RFC 5116, the concatenation of the
   encrypted Plaintext and its authentication tag.  Note that Inner
   Compression only affects the Plaintext before encryption, thus we can
   only aim to reduce this first, variable length component of the
   Ciphertext.  The authentication tag is fixed in length and considered
   part of the cost of protection.

        Outer Header
     +-+-+---+--------+---------------+
     |v|t|tkl|new code|  Msg Id.      |
     +-+-+---+--------+---------------+....+
     | Token                               |
     +--------------------------------.....+
     | Options (IU)             |
     .                          .
     . OSCORE Option            .
     +------+-------------------+
     | 0xFF |
     +------+---------------------------+
     |                                  |
     | Ciphertext: Encrypted Inner      |
     |             Header and Payload   |
     |             + Authentication Tag |
     |                                  |
     +----------------------------------+

                         Figure 7: OSCORE message

   The SCHC Compression scheme consists of compressing both the
   Plaintext before encryption and the resulting OSCORE message after
   encryption, see Figure 8.

   This translates into a segmented process where SCHC compression is
   applied independently in 2 stages, each with its corresponding set of
   rules, with the Inner SCHC Rules and the Outer SCHC Rules.  This way
   compression is applied to all fields of the original CoAP message.

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   Note that since the Inner part of the message can only be decrypted
   by the corresponding end-point, this end-point will also have to
   implement Inner SCHC Compression/Decompression.

        Outer Message                             OSCORE Plaintext
     +-+-+---+--------+---------------+          +-------+
     |v|t|tkl|new code|  Msg Id.      |          | code  |
     +-+-+---+--------+---------------+....+     +-------+-----......+
     | Token                               |     | Options (E)       |
     +--------------------------------.....+     +-------+------.....+
     | Options (IU)             |                | OxFF  |
     .                          .                +-------+-----------+
     . OSCORE Option            .                |                   |
     +------+-------------------+                | Payload           |
     | 0xFF |                                    |                   |
     +------+------------+                       +-------------------+
     |  Ciphertext       |<---------\                      |
     |                   |          |                      v
     +-------------------+          |             +-----------------+
             |                      |             |   Inner SCHC    |
             v                      |             |   Compression   |
       +-----------------+          |             +-----------------+
       |   Outer SCHC    |          |                      |
       |   Compression   |          |                      v
       +-----------------+          |              +-------+
             |                      |              |Rule ID|
             v                      |              +-------+--+
         +--------+           +------------+       | Residue  |
         |Rule ID'|           | Encryption | <---  +----------+--------+
         +--------+--+        +------------+       |                   |
         | Residue'  |                             | Payload           |
         +-----------+-------+                     |                   |
         |  Ciphertext       |                     +-------------------+
         |                   |
         +-------------------+

                   Figure 8: OSCORE Compression Diagram

7.3.  Example OSCORE Compression

   An example is given with a GET Request and its consequent CONTENT
   Response from a device-based CoAP client to a cloud-based CoAP
   server.  A possible set of rules for the Inner and Outer SCHC
   Compression is shown.  A dump of the results and a contrast between
   SCHC + OSCORE performance with SCHC + COAP performance is also
   listed.  This gives an approximation to the cost of security with
   SCHC-OSCORE.

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   Our first example CoAP message is the GET Request in Figure 9

   Original message:
   =================
   0x4101000182bb74656d7065726174757265

   Header:
   0x4101
   01   Ver
     00   CON
       0001   tkl
           00000001   Request Code 1 "GET"

   0x0001 = mid
   0x82 = token

   Options:
   0xbb74656d7065726174757265
   Option 11: URI_PATH
   Value = temperature

   Original msg length:   17 bytes.

                        Figure 9: CoAP GET Request

   Its corresponding response is the CONTENT Response in Figure 10.

   Original message:
   =================
   0x6145000182ff32332043

   Header:
   0x6145
   01   Ver
     10   ACK
       0001   tkl
           01000101   Successful Response Code 69 "2.05 Content"

   0x0001 = mid
   0x82 = token

   0xFF  Payload marker
   Payload:
   0x32332043

   Original msg length:   10

                     Figure 10: CoAP CONTENT Response

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   The SCHC Rules for the Inner Compression include all fields that are
   already present in a regular CoAP message, what is important is the
   order of appearance and inclusion of only those CoAP fields that go
   into the Plaintext, Figure 11.

    Rule ID 0
   +---------------+--+--+-----------+-----------+-----------++------+
   | Field         |FP|DI|  Target   |    MO     |     CDA   || Sent |
   |               |  |  |  Value    |           |           ||[bits]|
   +---------------+--+--+-----------+-----------+-----------++------+
   |CoAP Code      |  |up|   1       |  equal    |not-sent   ||      |
   |CoAP Code      |  |dw|[69,132]   | match-map |match-sent || c    |
   |CoAP Uri-Path  |  |up|temperature|  equal    |not-sent   ||      |
   |COAP Option-End|  |dw| 0xFF      |  equal    |not-sent   ||      |
   +---------------+--+--+-----------+-----------+-----------++------+

                        Figure 11: Inner SCHC Rules

   Figure 12 shows the Plaintext obtained for our example GET Request
   and follows the process of Inner Compression and Encryption until we
   end up with the Payload to be added in the outer OSCORE Message.

   In this case the original message has no payload and its resulting
   Plaintext can be compressed up to only 1 byte (size of the Rule ID).
   The AEAD algorithm preserves this length in its first output, but
   also yields a fixed-size tag which cannot be compressed and has to be
   included in the OSCORE message.  This translates into an overhead in
   total message length, which limits the amount of compression that can
   be achieved and plays into the cost of adding security to the
   exchange.

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      ________________________________________________________
     |                                                        |
     | OSCORE Plaintext                                       |
     |                                                        |
     | 0x01bb74656d7065726174757265  (13 bytes)               |
     |                                                        |
     | 0x01 Request Code GET                                  |
     |                                                        |
     |      bb74656d7065726174757265 Option 11: URI_PATH      |
     |                               Value = temperature      |
     |________________________________________________________|

                                 |
                                 |
                                 | Inner SCHC Compression
                                 |
                                 v
                   _________________________________
                  |                                 |
                  | Compressed Plaintext            |
                  |                                 |
                  | 0x00                            |
                  |                                 |
                  | Rule ID = 0x00 (1 byte)         |
                  | (No residue)                    |
                  |_________________________________|

                                 |
                                 | AEAD Encryption
                                 |  (piv = 0x04)
                                 v
            _________________________________________________
           |                                                 |
           |  encrypted_plaintext = 0xa2 (1 byte)            |
           |  tag = 0xc54fe1b434297b62 (8 bytes)             |
           |                                                 |
           |  ciphertext = 0xa2c54fe1b434297b62 (9 bytes)    |
           |_________________________________________________|

      Figure 12: Plaintext compression and encryption for GET Request

   In Figure 13 we repeat the process for the example CONTENT Response.
   In this case the misalignment produced by the compression residue (1
   bit) makes it so that 7 bits of padding have to be applied after the
   payload, resulting in a compressed Plaintext that is the same size as
   before compression.  This misalignment also causes the hexcode from
   the payload to differ from the original, even though it has not been

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   compressed.  On top of this, the overhead from the tag bytes is
   incurred as before.

      ________________________________________________________
     |                                                        |
     | OSCORE Plaintext                                       |
     |                                                        |
     | 0x45ff32332043  (6 bytes)                              |
     |                                                        |
     | 0x45 Successful Response Code 69 "2.05 Content"        |
     |                                                        |
     |     ff Payload marker                                  |
     |                                                        |
     |       32332043 Payload                                 |
     |________________________________________________________|

                                 |
                                 |
                                 | Inner SCHC Compression
                                 |
                                 v
            __________________________________________
           |                                          |
           | Compressed Plaintext                     |
           |                                          |
           | 0x001919902180 (6 bytes)                 |
           |                                          |
           |   00 Rule ID                             |
           |                                          |
           |    0b0 (1 bit match-map residue)         |
           |       0x32332043 >> 1 (shifted payload)  |
           |                        0b0000000 Padding |
           |__________________________________________|

                                 |
                                 | AEAD Encryption
                                 |  (piv = 0x04)
                                 v
        _________________________________________________________
       |                                                         |
       |  encrypted_plaintext = 0x10c6d7c26cc1 (6 bytes)         |
       |  tag = 0xe9aef3f2461e0c29 (8 bytes)                     |
       |                                                         |
       |  ciphertext = 0x10c6d7c26cc1e9aef3f2461e0c29 (14 bytes) |
       |_________________________________________________________|

   Figure 13: Plaintext compression and encryption for CONTENT Response

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   The Outer SCHC Rules (Figure 16) MUST process the OSCORE Options
   fields.  In Figure 14 and Figure 15 we show a dump of the OSCORE
   Messages generated from our example messages once they have been
   provided with the Inner Compressed Ciphertext in the payload.  These
   are the messages that are to go through Outer SCHC Compression.

   Protected message:
   ==================
   0x4102000182d7080904636c69656e74ffa2c54fe1b434297b62
   (25 bytes)

   Header:
   0x4102
   01   Ver
     00   CON
       0001   tkl
           00000010   Request Code 2 "POST"

   0x0001 = mid
   0x82 = token

   Options:
   0xd8080904636c69656e74 (10 bytes)
   Option 21: OBJECT_SECURITY
   Value = 0x0904636c69656e74
             09 = 000 0 1 001 Flag byte
                      h k  n
               04 piv
                 636c69656e74 kid

   0xFF  Payload marker
   Payload:
   0xa2c54fe1b434297b62 (9 bytes)

        Figure 14: Protected and Inner SCHC Compressed GET Request

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   Protected message:
   ==================
   0x6144000182d008ff10c6d7c26cc1e9aef3f2461e0c29
   (22 bytes)

   Header:
   0x6144
   01   Ver
     10   ACK
       0001   tkl
           01000100   Successful Response Code 68 "2.04 Changed"

   0x0001 = mid
   0x82 = token

   Options:
   0xd008 (2 bytes)
   Option 21: OBJECT_SECURITY
   Value = b''

   0xFF  Payload marker
   Payload:
   0x10c6d7c26cc1e9aef3f2461e0c29 (14 bytes)

      Figure 15: Protected and Inner SCHC Compressed CONTENT Response

   For the flag bits, a number of compression methods could prove to be
   useful depending on the application.  The simplest alternative is to
   provide a fixed value for the flags, combining MO equal and CDA not-
   sent.  This saves most bits but could hinder flexibility.  Otherwise,
   match-mapping could allow to choose from a number of configurations
   of interest to the exchange.  If neither of these alternatives is
   desirable, MSB could be used to mask off the 3 hard-coded most
   significant bits.

   Note that fixing a flag bit will limit the choice of CoAP Options
   that can be used in the exchange, since their values are dependent on
   certain options.

   The piv field lends itself to having a number of bits masked off with
   MO MSB and CDA LSB.  This could prove useful in applications where
   the message frequency is low such as that found in LPWAN
   technologies.  Note that compressing the sequence numbers effectively
   reduces the maximum amount of sequence numbers that can be used in an
   exchange.  Once this amount is exceeded, the SCHC Context would need
   to be re-established.

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   The size s included in the kid context field MAY be masked off with
   CDA MSB.  The rest of the field could have additional bits masked
   off, or have the whole field be fixed with MO equal and CDA not-sent.
   The same holds for the kid field.

   Figure 16 shows a possible set of Outer Rules to compress the Outer
   Header.

   Rule ID 0
   +-------------------+--+--+--------------+--------+---------++------+
   | Field             |FP|DI|    Target    |   MO   |   CDA   || Sent |
   |                   |  |  |    Value     |        |         ||[bits]|
   +-------------------+--+--+--------------+--------+---------++------+
   |CoAP version       |  |bi|      01      |equal   |not-sent ||      |
   |CoAP Type          |  |up|      0       |equal   |not-sent ||      |
   |CoAP Type          |  |dw|      2       |equal   |not-sent ||      |
   |CoAP TKL           |  |bi|      1       |equal   |not-sent ||      |
   |CoAP Code          |  |up|      2       |equal   |not-sent ||      |
   |CoAP Code          |  |dw|      68      |equal   |not-sent ||      |
   |CoAP MID           |  |bi|     0000     |MSB(12) |LSB      ||MMMM  |
   |CoAP Token         |  |bi|     0x80     |MSB(5)  |LSB      ||TTT   |
   |CoAP OSCORE_flags  |  |up|     0x09     |equal   |not-sent ||      |
   |CoAP OSCORE_piv    |  |up|     0x00     |MSB(4)  |LSB      ||PPPP  |
   |COAP OSCORE_kid    |  |up|0x636c69656e70|MSB(52) |LSB      ||KKKK  |
   |COAP OSCORE_kidctxt|  |bi|     b''      |equal   |not-sent ||      |
   |CoAP OSCORE_flags  |  |dw|     b''      |equal   |not-sent ||      |
   |CoAP OSCORE_piv    |  |dw|     b''      |equal   |not-sent ||      |
   |CoAP OSCORE_kid    |  |dw|     b''      |equal   |not-sent ||      |
   |COAP Option-End    |  |dw|     0xFF     |equal   |not-sent ||      |
   +-------------------+--+--+--------------+--------+---------++------+

                        Figure 16: Outer SCHC Rules

   These Outer Rules are applied to the example GET Request and CONTENT
   Response.  The resulting messages are shown in Figure 17 and
   Figure 18.

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   Compressed message:
   ==================
   0x001489458a9fc3686852f6c4 (12 bytes)
   0x00 Rule ID
       1489 Compression Residue
           458a9fc3686852f6c4 Padded payload

   Compression residue:
   0b 0001 010 0100 0100 (15 bits -> 2 bytes with padding)
       mid tkn piv  kid

   Payload
   0xa2c54fe1b434297b62 (9 bytes)

   Compressed message length: 12 bytes

               Figure 17: SCHC-OSCORE Compressed GET Request

   Compressed message:
   ==================
   0x0014218daf84d983d35de7e48c3c1852 (16 bytes)
   0x00 Rule ID
       14 Compression residue
         218daf84d983d35de7e48c3c1852 Padded payload
   Compression residue:
   0b0001 010 (7 bits -> 1 byte with padding)
     mid  tkn

   Payload
   0x10c6d7c26cc1e9aef3f2461e0c29 (14 bytes)

   Compressed msg length: 16 bytes

            Figure 18: SCHC-OSCORE Compressed CONTENT Response

   For contrast, we compare these results with what would be obtained by
   SCHC compressing the original CoAP messages without protecting them
   with OSCORE.  To do this, we compress the CoAP messages according to
   the SCHC rules in Figure 19.

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   Rule ID 1
   +---------------+--+--+-----------+---------+-----------++--------+
   | Field         |FP|DI|  Target   |   MO    |     CDA   ||  Sent  |
   |               |  |  |  Value    |         |           || [bits] |
   +---------------+--+--+-----------+---------+-----------++--------+
   |CoAP version   |  |bi|    01     |equal    |not-sent   ||        |
   |CoAP Type      |  |up|    0      |equal    |not-sent   ||        |
   |CoAP Type      |  |dw|    2      |equal    |not-sent   ||        |
   |CoAP TKL       |  |bi|    1      |equal    |not-sent   ||        |
   |CoAP Code      |  |up|    2      |equal    |not-sent   ||        |
   |CoAP Code      |  |dw| [69,132]  |match-map|map-sent   ||C       |
   |CoAP MID       |  |bi|   0000    |MSB(12)  |LSB        ||MMMM    |
   |CoAP Token     |  |bi|    0x80   |MSB(5)   |LSB        ||TTT     |
   |CoAP Uri-Path  |  |up|temperature|equal    |not-sent   ||        |
   |COAP Option-End|  |dw|   0xFF    |equal    |not-sent   ||        |
   +---------------+--+--+-----------+---------+-----------++--------+

                  Figure 19: SCHC-CoAP Rules (No OSCORE)

   This yields the results in Figure 20 for the Request, and Figure 21
   for the Response.

   Compressed message:
   ==================
   0x0114
   0x01 = Rule ID

   Compression residue:
   0b00010100 (1 byte)

   Compressed msg length: 2

               Figure 20: CoAP GET Compressed without OSCORE

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   Compressed message:
   ==================
   0x010a32332043
   0x01 = Rule ID

   Compression residue:
   0b00001010 (1 byte)

   Payload
   0x32332043

   Compressed msg length: 6

             Figure 21: CoAP CONTENT Compressed without OSCORE

   As can be seen, the difference between applying SCHC + OSCORE as
   compared to regular SCHC + COAP is about 10 bytes of cost.

8.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no request to IANA.

9.  Security considerations

   This document does not have any more Security consideration than the
   ones already raised on [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc]

10.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Dominique Barthel, Carsten Bormann,
   Thomas Fossati, Klaus Hartke, Francesca Palombini, Alexander Pelov,
   Goran Selander.

11.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-core-object-security]
              Selander, G., Mattsson, J., Palombini, F., and L. Seitz,
              "Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments
              (OSCORE)", draft-ietf-core-object-security-16 (work in
              progress), March 2019.

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   [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc]
              Minaburo, A., Toutain, L., Gomez, C., Barthel, D., and J.
              Zuniga, "Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) and
              fragmentation for LPWAN, application to UDP/IPv6", draft-
              ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc-19 (work in progress),
              July 2019.

   [I-D.toutain-core-time-scale]
              Minaburo, A. and L. Toutain, "CoAP Time Scale Option",
              draft-toutain-core-time-scale-00 (work in progress),
              October 2017.

   [rfc7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [rfc7641]  Hartke, K., "Observing Resources in the Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7641,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7641, September 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7641>.

   [rfc7959]  Bormann, C. and Z. Shelby, Ed., "Block-Wise Transfers in
              the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7959,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7959, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7959>.

   [rfc7967]  Bhattacharyya, A., Bandyopadhyay, S., Pal, A., and T.
              Bose, "Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) Option for
              No Server Response", RFC 7967, DOI 10.17487/RFC7967,
              August 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7967>.

Authors' Addresses

   Ana Minaburo
   Acklio
   1137A avenue des Champs Blancs
   35510 Cesson-Sevigne Cedex
   France

   Email: ana@ackl.io

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   Laurent Toutain
   Institut MINES TELECOM; IMT Atlantique
   2 rue de la Chataigneraie
   CS 17607
   35576 Cesson-Sevigne Cedex
   France

   Email: Laurent.Toutain@imt-atlantique.fr

   Ricardo Andreasen
   Universidad de Buenos Aires
   Av. Paseo Colon 850
   C1063ACV Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires
   Argentina

   Email: randreasen@fi.uba.ar

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