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SCHC over Sigfox LPWAN
draft-ietf-lpwan-schc-over-sigfox-15

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9442.
Authors Juan-Carlos Zúñiga , Carles Gomez , Sergio Aguilar , Laurent Toutain , Sandra Cespedes , Diego S. Wistuba La Torre , Julien Boite
Last updated 2022-12-06 (Latest revision 2022-12-05)
Replaces draft-zuniga-lpwan-schc-over-sigfox
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Reviews
Additional resources Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state Submitted to IESG for Publication
Associated WG milestone
Oct 2021
Produce a Standards Track document for SCHC over SigFox
Document shepherd Ana Minaburo
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2022-11-22
IESG IESG state Became RFC 9442 (Proposed Standard)
Consensus boilerplate Yes
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD Éric Vyncke
Send notices to ana@ackl.io, anaminaburo@gmail.com
IANA IANA review state IANA - Review Needed
draft-ietf-lpwan-schc-over-sigfox-15
lpwan Working Group                                           JC. Zuniga
Internet-Draft                                                          
Intended status: Standards Track                                C. Gomez
Expires: 9 June 2023                                          S. Aguilar
                                    Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
                                                              L. Toutain
                                                          IMT-Atlantique
                                                             S. Cespedes
                                                    Concordia University
                                                              D. Wistuba
                                          NIC Labs, Universidad de Chile
                                                                J. Boite
                              Unabiz - Sigfox is now a Unabiz technology
                                                         6 December 2022

                         SCHC over Sigfox LPWAN
                  draft-ietf-lpwan-schc-over-sigfox-15

Abstract

   The Static Context Header Compression and fragmentation (SCHC)
   specification (RFC8724) describes a generic framework for application
   header compression and fragmentation modes designed for Low Power
   Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies.  The present document defines
   a profile of SCHC (RFC8724) over Sigfox LPWAN, and provides optimal
   parameter values and modes of operation.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 9 June 2023.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  SCHC over Sigfox  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Network Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  Uplink  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.3.  Downlink  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.4.  SCHC-ACK on Downlink  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.5.  SCHC Rules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.6.  Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.6.1.  Uplink Fragmentation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.6.2.  Downlink Fragmentation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     3.7.  SCHC-over-Sigfox F/R Message Formats  . . . . . . . . . .  15
       3.7.1.  Uplink No-ACK Mode: Single-byte SCHC Header . . . . .  15
       3.7.2.  Uplink ACK-on-Error Mode: Single-byte SCHC Header . .  16
       3.7.3.  Uplink ACK-on-Error Mode: Two-byte SCHC Header Option
               1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.7.4.  Uplink ACK-on-Error Mode: Two-byte SCHC Header Option
               2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
       3.7.5.  Downlink ACK-Always Mode: Single-byte SCHC Header . .  23
     3.8.  Padding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   4.  Fragmentation Sequence Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     4.1.  Uplink No-ACK Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     4.2.  Uplink ACK-on-Error Examples: Single-byte SCHC Header . .  27
     4.3.  SCHC Abort Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
   5.  Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36

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1.  Introduction

   The Generic Framework for Static Context Header Compression and
   Fragmentation (SCHC) specification [RFC8724] can be used on top of
   all the four LPWAN technologies defined in [RFC8376].  These LPWANs
   have similar characteristics such as star-oriented topologies,
   network architecture, connected devices with built-in applications,
   etc.

   SCHC offers a great level of flexibility to accommodate all these
   LPWAN technologies.  Even though there are a great number of
   similarities between them, some differences exist with respect to the
   transmission characteristics, payload sizes, etc.  Hence, there are
   optimal parameters and modes of operation that can be used when SCHC
   is used on top of a specific LPWAN technology.

   Sigfox is an LPWAN technology that offers energy-efficient
   connectivity for devices at a very low cost.  Sigfox brings a
   worldwide network composed of Base Stations that receive short (12
   bytes) uplink messages sent by devices over the long-range Sigfox
   radio protocol.  Base Stations then forward messages to the Sigfox
   Cloud infrastructure for further processing and final delivery to the
   customer.  With SCHC functionalities, the Sigfox network offers more
   reliable communications (recovery of lost messages) and is able to
   convey extended-size payloads (fragmentation/reassembly).

   This document describes the recommended parameters, settings, and
   modes of operation to be used when SCHC is implemented over a Sigfox
   LPWAN.  This set of parameters are also known as a "SCHC over Sigfox
   profile" or simply "SCHC/Sigfox."

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the terms and
   mechanisms defined in [RFC8376] and in [RFC8724].

3.  SCHC over Sigfox

   The Generic SCHC Framework described in [RFC8724] takes advantage of
   previous knowledge of traffic flows existing in LPWAN applications to
   avoid context synchronization.

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   Contexts need to be stored and pre-configured on both ends.  This can
   be done either by using a provisioning protocol, by out of band
   means, or by pre-provisioning them (e.g., at manufacturing time).
   The way contexts are configured and stored on both ends is out of the
   scope of this document.

3.1.  Network Architecture

   Figure 1 represents the architecture for Compression/Decompression
   (C/D) and Fragmentation/Reassembly (F/R) based on the terminology
   defined in [RFC8376], where the Radio Gateway (RGW) is a Sigfox Base
   Station and the Network Gateway (NGW) is the Sigfox cloud-based
   Network.

   Sigfox Device                                           Application
 +----------------+                                     +--------------+
 | APP1 APP2 APP3 |                                     |APP1 APP2 APP3|
 +----------------+                                     +--------------+
 |   UDP  |       |                                     |     |  UDP   |
 |  IPv6  |       |                                     |     | IPv6   |
 +--------+       |                                     |     +--------+
 | SCHC C/D & F/R |                                     |              |
 |                |                                     |              |
 +-------+--------+                                     +--------+-----+
         $                                                       .
         $   +---------+     +--------------+     +---------+    .
         $   |         |     |              |     | Network |    .
         +~~ |Sigfox BS|     |Sigfox Network|     |  SCHC   |    .
             |  (RGW)  | === |    (NGW)     | === |C/D & F/R|.....
             +---------+     +--------------+     +---------+  IP-based
                                                                 Network

 Legend:
 $, ~ : Radio link
 = : Internal Sigfox Network
 . : External IP-based Network

                     Figure 1: Network Architecture

   In the case of the global Sigfox Network, RGWs (or Base Stations) are
   distributed over multiple countries wherever the Sigfox LPWAN service
   is provided.  The NGW (or cloud-based Sigfox Core Network) is a
   single entity that connects to all RGWs (Sigfox Base Stations) in the
   world, providing hence a global single star network topology.

   The Sigfox Device sends application packets that are compressed and/
   or fragmented by a SCHC C/D + F/R to reduce headers size and/or
   fragment the packet.  The resulting SCHC Message is sent over a layer

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   two (L2) Sigfox frame to the Sigfox Base Stations, which then forward
   the SCHC Message to the Network Gateway (NGW).  The NGW then delivers
   the SCHC Message and associated gathered metadata to the Network SCHC
   C/D + F/R.

   The Sigfox Network (NGW) communicates with the Network SCHC C/D + F/R
   for compression/decompression and/or for fragmentation/reassembly.
   The Network SCHC C/D + F/R shares the same set of rules as the Dev
   SCHC C/D + F/R.  The Network SCHC C/D + F/R can be collocated with
   the NGW or it could be located in a different place, as long as a
   tunnel or secured communication is established between the NGW and
   the SCHC C/D + F/R functions.  After decompression and/or reassembly,
   the packet can be forwarded over the Internet to one (or several)
   LPWAN Application Server(s) (App).

   The SCHC C/D + F/R processes are bidirectional, so the same
   principles are applicable on both Uplink (UL) and Downlink (DL).

3.2.  Uplink

   Uplink Sigfox transmissions occur in repetitions over different times
   and frequencies.  Besides time and frequency diversities, the Sigfox
   network also provides space diversity, as potentially an Uplink
   message will be received by several base stations.

   Since all messages are self-contained and base stations forward all
   these messages back to the same Sigfox Network, multiple input copies
   can be combined at the NGW providing for extra reliability based on
   the triple diversity (i.e., time, space and frequency).

   A detailed description of the Sigfox Radio Protocol can be found in
   [sigfox-spec].

   Messages sent from the Device to the Network are delivered by the
   Sigfox network (NGW) to the Network SCHC C/D + F/R through a
   callback/API with the following information:

   *  Device ID

   *  Message Sequence Number

   *  Message Payload

   *  Message Timestamp

   *  Device Geolocation (optional)

   *  RSSI (optional)

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   *  Device Temperature (optional)

   *  Device Battery Voltage (optional)

   The Device ID is a globally unique identifier assigned to the Device,
   which is included in the Sigfox header of every message.  The Message
   Sequence Number is a monotonically increasing number identifying the
   specific transmission of this Uplink message, and it is also part of
   the Sigfox header.  The Message Payload corresponds to the payload
   that the Device has sent in the Uplink transmission.

   The Message Timestamp, Device Geolocation, RSSI, Device Temperature
   and Device Battery Voltage are metadata parameters provided by the
   Network.

   A detailed description of the Sigfox callbacks/APIs can be found in
   [sigfox-callbacks].

   Only messages that have passed the L2 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
   at network reception are delivered by the Sigfox Network to the
   Network SCHC C/D + F/R.

   The L2 Word Size used by Sigfox is 1 byte (8 bits).

                  | Sigfox Header | Sigfox payload  |
                  +---------------+---------------- +
                                  |   SCHC message  |

                      Figure 2: SCHC Message in Sigfox

   Figure 2 shows a SCHC Message sent over Sigfox, where the SCHC
   Message could be a full SCHC Packet (e.g., compressed) or a SCHC
   Fragment (e.g., a piece of a bigger SCHC Packet).

3.3.  Downlink

   Downlink transmissions are Device-driven and can only take place
   following an Uplink communication that so indicates.  Hence, a Sigfox
   Device explicitly indicates its intention to receive a Downlink
   message using a Downlink request flag when sending the preceding
   Uplink message to the network.  The Downlink request flag is part of
   the Sigfox protocol headers.  After completing the Uplink
   transmission, the Device opens a fixed window for Downlink reception.
   The delay and duration of the reception opportunity window have fixed
   values.  If there is a Downlink message to be sent for this given
   Device (e.g., either a response to the Uplink message or queued
   information waiting to be transmitted), the network transmits this
   message to the Device during the reception window.  If no message is

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   received by the Device after the reception opportunity window has
   elapsed, the Device closes the reception window opportunity and gets
   back to the normal mode (e.g., continue Uplink transmissions, sleep,
   stand-by, etc.)

   When a Downlink message is sent to a Device, a reception
   acknowledgement is generated by the Device and sent back to the
   Network through the Sigfox radio protocol and reported in the Sigfox
   Network backend.

   A detailed description of the Sigfox Radio Protocol can be found in
   [sigfox-spec] and a detailed description of the Sigfox callbacks/APIs
   can be found in [sigfox-callbacks].  Downlink request flag can be
   included in the information exchange between the Sigfox Network and
   Network SCHC.

3.4.  SCHC-ACK on Downlink

   As explained previously, Downlink transmissions are Device-driven and
   can only take place following a specific Uplink transmission that
   indicates and allows a following Downlink opportunity.  For this
   reason, when SCHC bi-directional services are used (e.g., Ack-on-
   Error fragmentation mode) the SCHC protocol implementation needs to
   consider the times when a Downlink message (e.g., SCHC-ACK) can be
   sent and/or received.

   For the Uplink ACK-on-Error fragmentation mode, a Downlink
   opportunity MUST be indicated by the last fragment of every window,
   which is signal by a specific the Fragment Compressed Number (FCN)
   value, i.e., FCN = All-0, or FCN = All-1.  The FCN is the tile index
   in an specific window.  FCN and window number combination allows to
   uniquely identified a SCHC Fragment as explained in [RFC8724].  The
   Device sends the fragments in sequence and, after transmitting the
   FCN = All-0 or FCN = All-1, it opens up a reception opportunity.  The
   Network SCHC can then decide to respond at that opportunity (or wait
   for a further one) with a SCHC-ACK indicating in case there are
   missing fragments from the current or previous windows.  If there is
   no SCHC-ACK to be sent, or if the network decides to wait for a
   further Downlink transmission opportunity, then no Downlink
   transmission takes place at that opportunity and after a timeout the
   Uplink transmissions continue.  Intermediate SCHC fragments with FCN
   different from All-0 or All-1 MUST NOT use the Downlink request flag
   to request a SCHC-ACK.

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3.5.  SCHC Rules

   The RuleID MUST be included in the SCHC header.  The total number of
   rules to be used affects directly the Rule ID field size, and
   therefore the total size of the fragmentation header.  For this
   reason, it is recommended to keep the number of rules that are
   defined for a specific device to the minimum possible.

   RuleIDs can be used to differentiate data traffic classes (e.g., QoS,
   control vs. data, etc.), and data sessions.  They can also be used to
   interleave simultaneous fragmentation sessions between a Device and
   the Network.

3.6.  Fragmentation

   The SCHC specification [RFC8724] defines a generic fragmentation
   functionality that allows sending data packets or files larger than
   the maximum size of a Sigfox payload.  The functionality also defines
   a mechanism to send reliably multiple messages, by allowing to resend
   selectively any lost fragments.

   The SCHC fragmentation supports several modes of operation.  These
   modes have different advantages and disadvantages depending on the
   specifics of the underlying LPWAN technology and application Use
   Case.  This section describes how the SCHC fragmentation
   functionality should optimally be implemented when used over a Sigfox
   LPWAN for the most typical Use Case applications.

   As described in section 8.2.3 of [RFC8724], the integrity of the
   fragmentation-reassembly process of a SCHC Packet MUST be checked at
   the receiver end.  Since only Uplink/Downlink messages/fragments that
   have passed the Sigfox CRC-check are delivered to the Network/Sigfox
   Device SCHC C/D + F/R, integrity can be guaranteed when no
   consecutive messages are missing from the sequence and all FCN
   bitmaps are complete.  With this functionality in mind, and in order
   to save protocol and processing overhead, the use of a Reassembly
   Check Sequence (RCS) as described in Section 3.6.1.5 MUST be used.

3.6.1.  Uplink Fragmentation

   Sigfox Uplink transmissions are completely asynchronous and take
   place in any random frequency of the allowed Uplink bandwidth
   allocation.  In addition, devices may go to deep sleep mode, and then
   wake up and transmit whenever there is a need to send information to
   the network, as there is no need to perform any network attachment,
   synchronization, or other procedure before transmitting a data
   packet.

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   Since Uplink transmissions are asynchronous, a SCHC fragment can be
   transmitted at any given time by the Device.  Sigfox Uplink messages
   are fixed in size, and as described in [RFC8376] they can carry 0-12
   bytes payload.  Hence, a single SCHC Tile size per fragmentation mode
   can be defined so that every Sigfox message always carries one SCHC
   Tile.

   When the ACK-on-Error mode is used for Uplink fragmentation, the SCHC
   Compound ACK defined in [I-D.ietf-lpwan-schc-compound-ack]) MUST be
   used in the Downlink responses.

3.6.1.1.  SCHC-Sender Abort

   As defined in [RFC8724], A SCHC-Sender Abort MUST be sent if the
   number of repeated All-1s sent in sequence without a Compound ACK
   reception inbetween is greater than or equal to MAX_ACK_REQUESTS.  In
   the case of SCHC/Sigfox, a SCHC-Sender Abort MUST be sent if the
   number of repeated All-1s (i.e., with the same bitmap) sent in
   sequence is greater than or equal to MAX_ACK_REQUESTS.

3.6.1.2.  SCHC Receiver-Abort

   As defined in [RFC8724], a SCHC Receiver-Abort is triggered when the
   receiver has no RuleID and DTag pairs available for a new session.
   In the case of SCHC/Sigfox a SCHC Receiver-Abort MUST be sent if, for
   a single device, all the RuleIDs are being processed by the receiver
   (i.e., have an active session) at a certain time and a new one is
   requested, or if the RuleID of the fragment is not valid.

   A SCHC Receiver-Abort MUST be triggered when the Inactivity Timer
   expires.

   MAX_ACK_REQUESTS can be increase when facing high error rates.

   Although a SCHC Receiver-Abort can be triggered at any point in time,
   a SCHC Receiver-Abort Downlink message MUST only be sent when there
   is a Downlink transmission opportunity.

3.6.1.3.  Single-byte SCHC Header for Uplink Fragmentation

3.6.1.3.1.  Uplink No-ACK Mode: Single-byte SCHC Header

   Single-byte SCHC Header No-ACK mode SHOULD be used for transmitting
   short, non-critical packets that require fragmentation and do not
   require full reliability.  This mode can be used by Uplink-only
   devices that do not support Downlink communications, or by
   bidirectional devices when they send non-critical data.  Note that
   sending non-critical data by using a reliable fragmentation mode

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   (which is only possible for bidirectional devices) may incur
   unnecessary overhead.

   Since there are no multiple windows in the No-ACK mode, the W bit is
   not present.  However, it SHOULD use the FCN field to indicate the
   size of the data packet.  In this sense, the data packet would need
   to be splitted into X fragments and, similarly to the other
   fragmentation modes, the first transmitted fragment would need to be
   marked with FCN = X-1.  Consecutive fragments MUST be marked with
   decreasing FCN values, having the last fragment marked with FCN =
   (All-1).  Hence, even though the No-ACK mode does not allow
   recovering missing fragments, it allows indicating implicitly the
   size of the expected packet to the Network and hence detect at the
   receiver side whether all fragments have been received or not.  In
   case the FCN field is not used to indicate the size of the data
   packet, the Network can detect whether all fragments have been
   received or not by using the integrity check.

   When using the Single-byte SCHC Header for Uplink Fragmentation, the
   Fragmentation Header MUST be of 8 bit size, and it is composed as
   follows:

   *  RuleID size: 3 bits

   *  DTag size (T): 0 bit

   *  Fragment Compressed Number (FCN) size (N): 5 bits

   *  As per [RFC8724], in the No-ACK mode the W (window) field is not
      present.

   *  Regular tile size: 11 bytes

   *  All-1 tile size: 0 to 10 bytes

   *  Inactivity Timer: Application-dependent.  The default value is 12
      hours.

   *  RCS size: 5 bits

   The maximum SCHC Packet size is of 340 bytes.

   Section Section 3.7.1 presents SCHC Fragment format examples and
   Section Section 4.1 provides fragmentation examples, using Single-
   byte SCHC Header No-ACK mode.

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3.6.1.3.2.  Uplink ACK-on-Error Mode: Single-byte SCHC Header

   ACK-on-Error with single-byte header SHOULD be used for short to
   medium size packets that need to be sent reliably.  ACK-on-Error is
   optimal for reliable SCHC Packet transmission over Sigfox
   transmissions, since it leads to a reduced number of ACKs in the
   lower capacity Downlink channel.  Also, Downlink messages can be sent
   asynchronously and opportunistically.  In contrast, ACK-Always would
   not minimize the number of ACKs, and No-ACK would not allow reliable
   transmission.

   Allowing transmission of packets/files up to 300 bytes long, the SCHC
   Uplink Fragmentation Header size is of 8 bits in size and is composed
   as follows:

   *  Rule ID size: 3 bits

   *  DTag size (T): 0 bit

   *  Window index (W) size (M): 2 bits

   *  Fragment Compressed Number (FCN) size (N): 3 bits

   *  MAX_ACK_REQUESTS: 5

   *  WINDOW_SIZE: 7 (with a maximum value of FCN=0b110)

   *  Regular tile size: 11 bytes

   *  All-1 tile size: 0 to 10 bytes

   *  Retransmission Timer: Application-dependent.  The default value is
      12 hours.

   *  Inactivity Timer: Application-dependent.  The default value is 12
      hours.

   *  RCS size: 3 bits

   Section Section 3.7.2 presents SCHC Fragment format examples and
   Section Section 4.2 provides fragmentation examples, using ACK-on-
   Error with single-byte header.

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3.6.1.4.  Two-byte SCHC Header for Uplink Fragmentation

   ACK-on-Error with two-byte header SHOULD be used for medium-large
   size packets that need to be sent reliably.  ACK-on-Error is optimal
   for reliable SCHC Packet transmission over Sigfox, since it leads to
   a reduced number of ACKs in the lower capacity Downlink channel.
   Also, Downlink messages can be sent asynchronously and
   opportunistically.  In contrast, ACK-Always would not minimize the
   number of ACKs, and No-ACK would not allow reliable transmission.

3.6.1.4.1.  Uplink ACK-on-Error Mode: Two-byte SCHC Header Option 1

   In order to allow transmission of medium-large packets/files up to
   480 bytes long, the SCHC Uplink Fragmentation Header size is of 16
   bits in size and composed as follows:

   *  Rule ID size is: 6 bits

   *  DTag size (T) is: 0 bit

   *  Window index (W) size (M): 2 bits

   *  Fragment Compressed Number (FCN) size (N): 4 bits.

   *  MAX_ACK_REQUESTS: 5

   *  WINDOW_SIZE: 12 (with a maximum value of FCN=0b1011)

   *  Regular tile size: 10 bytes

   *  All-1 tile size: 1 to 10 bytes

   *  Retransmission Timer: Application-dependent.  The default value is
      12 hours.

   *  Inactivity Timer: Application-dependent.  The default value is 12
      hours.

   *  RCS size: 4 bits

   Note that WINDOW_SIZE is limited to 12.  This because, 4 windows (M =
   2) with bitmaps of size 12 can be fitted in a single SCHC Compound
   ACK.

   Section Section 3.7.3 presents SCHC Fragment format examples, using
   ACK-on-Error with two-byte header Option 1.

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3.6.1.4.2.  Uplink ACK-on-Error Mode: Two-byte SCHC Header Option 2

   In order to allow transmission of very large packets/files up to 2400
   bytes long, the SCHC Uplink Fragmentation Header size is of be 16
   bits in size and composed as follows:

   *  Rule ID size is: 8 bits

   *  DTag size (T) is: 0 bit

   *  Window index (W) size (M): 3 bits

   *  Fragment Compressed Number (FCN) size (N): 5 bits.

   *  MAX_ACK_REQUESTS: 5

   *  WINDOW_SIZE: 31 (with a maximum value of FCN=0b11110)

   *  Regular tile size: 10 bytes

   *  All-1 tile size: 0 to 9 bytes

   *  Retransmission Timer: Application-dependent.  The default value is
      12 hours.

   *  Inactivity Timer: Application-dependent.  The default value is 12
      hours.

   *  RCS size: 5 bits

   Section Section 3.7.4 presents SCHC Fragment format examples, using
   ACK-on-Error with two-byte header Option 1.

3.6.1.5.  All-1 and RCS behaviour

   For ACK-on-Error, as defined in [RFC8724], it is expected that the
   last SCHC fragment of the last window will always be delivered with
   an All-1 FCN.  Since this last window may not be full (i.e., it may
   be comprised of less than WINDOW_SIZE fragments), an All-1 fragment
   may follow a value of FCN higher than 1 (0b01).  In this case, the
   receiver cannot determine from the FCN values alone whether there are
   or not any missing fragments right before the All-1 fragment.

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   For Rules where the number of fragments in the last window is
   unknown, an RCS field MUST be used, indicating the number of
   fragments in the last window, including the All-1.  With this RCS
   value, the receiver can detect if there are missing fragments before
   the All-1 and hence construct the corresponding SCHC ACK Bitmap
   accordingly, and send it in response to the All-1.

3.6.2.  Downlink Fragmentation

   In some LPWAN technologies, as part of energy-saving techniques,
   Downlink transmission is only possible immediately after an Uplink
   transmission.  This allows the device to go in a very deep sleep mode
   and preserve battery, without the need to listen to any information
   from the network.  This is the case for Sigfox-enabled devices, which
   can only listen to Downlink communications after performing an Uplink
   transmission and requesting a Downlink.

   When there are fragments to be transmitted in the Downlink, an Uplink
   message is required to trigger the Downlink communication.  In order
   to avoid potentially high delay for fragmented datagram transmission
   in the Downlink, the fragment receiver MAY perform an Uplink
   transmission as soon as possible after reception of a Downlink
   fragment that is not the last one.  Such Uplink transmission MAY be
   triggered by sending a SCHC message, such as a SCHC ACK.  However,
   other data messages can equally be used to trigger Downlink
   communications.  The fragment receiver SHOULD send an Uplink
   transmission (e.g., empty message) and request a Downlink every 24
   hours when no SCHC session is started.  The use or not of this Uplink
   transmission (and the transmission rate, if used) will depend on
   application specific requirements.

   Sigfox Downlink messages are fixed in size, and as described in
   [RFC8376] they can carry up to 8 bytes payload.  Hence, a single SCHC
   Tile size per mode can be defined so that every Sigfox message always
   carries one SCHC Tile.

   For reliable Downlink fragment transmission, the ACK-Always mode
   SHOULD be used.  Note that ACK-on-Error does not guarantee Uplink
   feedback (since no SCHC ACK will be sent when no errors occur in a
   window), and No-ACK would not allow reliable transmission.

   The SCHC Downlink Fragmentation Header size is of 8 bits in size and
   is composed as follows:

   *  RuleID size: 3 bits

   *  DTag size (T): 0 bit

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   *  Window index (W) size (M) is: 0 bit

   *  Fragment Compressed Number (FCN) size (N): 5 bits

   *  MAX_ACK_REQUESTS: 5

   *  WINDOW_SIZE: 31 (with a maximum value of FCN=0b11110)

   *  Regular tile size: 7 bytes

   *  All-1 tile size: 0 to 6 bytes

   *  Retransmission Timer: Application-dependent.  The default value is
      12 hours.

   *  Inactivity Timer: Application-dependent.  The default value is 12
      hours.

   *  RCS size: 5 bits

3.7.  SCHC-over-Sigfox F/R Message Formats

   This section depicts the different formats of SCHC Fragment, SCHC ACK
   (including the SCHC Compound ACK defined in
   [I-D.ietf-lpwan-schc-compound-ack]), and SCHC Abort used in SCHC over
   Sigfox.

3.7.1.  Uplink No-ACK Mode: Single-byte SCHC Header

3.7.1.1.  Regular SCHC Fragment

   Figure 3 shows an example of a regular SCHC fragment for all
   fragments except the last one.  As tiles are of 11 bytes, padding
   MUST NOT be added.  The penultimate tile of a SCHC Packet is of
   regular size.

              |- SCHC Fragment Header -|
              +------------------------+---------+
              |   RuleID   |    FCN    | Payload |
              +------------+-----------+---------+
              |   3 bits   |  5 bits   | 88 bits |

      Figure 3: Regular SCHC Fragment format for all fragments except
                                the last one

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3.7.1.2.  All-1 SCHC Fragment

   Figure 4 shows an example of the All-1 message.  The All-1 message
   MAY contain the last tile of the SCHC Packet.  Padding MUST NOT be
   added, as the resulting size is L2-word-multiple.

   The All-1 messages Fragment Header includes a 5-bit RCS, and 3 bits
   are added as padding to complete two bytes.  The payload size of the
   All-1 message ranges from 0 to 80 bits.

          |--------  SCHC Fragment Header -------|
          +--------------------------------------+--------------+
          | RuleID | FCN=ALL-1 |  RCS   |  b'000 |   Payload    |
          +--------+-----------+--------+--------+--------------+
          | 3 bits |  5 bits   | 5 bits | 3 bits | 0 to 80 bits |

             Figure 4: All-1 SCHC Message format with last tile

   As per [RFC8724] the All-1 must be distinguishable from a SCHC
   Sender-Abort message (with same Rule ID, and N values).  The All-1
   MAY have the last tile of the SCHC Packet.  The SCHC Sender-Abort
   message header size is of 1 byte, with no padding bits.

   For the All-1 message to be distinguishable from the Sender-Abort
   message, the Sender-Abort message MUST be of 1 byte (only header with
   no padding).  This way, the minimum size of the All-1 is 2 bytes, and
   the Sender-Abort message is 1 byte.

3.7.1.3.  SCHC Sender-Abort Message format

                   Sender-Abort
              |------ Header ------|
              +--------------------+
              | RuleID | FCN=ALL-1 |
              +--------+-----------+
              | 3 bits |  5 bits   |

                 Figure 5: SCHC Sender-Abort message format

3.7.2.  Uplink ACK-on-Error Mode: Single-byte SCHC Header

3.7.2.1.  Regular SCHC Fragment

   Figure 6 shows an example of a regular SCHC fragment for all
   fragments except the last one.  As tiles are of 11 bytes, padding
   MUST NOT be added.

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                |-- SCHC Fragment Header --|
                +--------------------------+---------+
                | RuleID |   W    |  FCN   | Payload |
                +--------+--------+--------+---------+
                | 3 bits | 2 bits | 3 bits | 88 bits |

      Figure 6: Regular SCHC Fragment format for all fragments except
                                the last one

   The SCHC ACK REQ MUST NOT be used, instead the All-1 SCHC Fragment
   MUST be used to request a SCHC ACK from the receiver (Network SCHC).
   As per [RFC8724], the All-0 message is distinguishable from the SCHC
   ACK REQ (All-1 message).  The penultimate tile of a SCHC Packet is of
   regular size.

3.7.2.2.  All-1 SCHC Fragment

   Figure 7 shows an example of the All-1 message.  The All-1 message
   MAY contain the last tile of the SCHC Packet.  Padding MUST NOT be
   added, as the resulting size is L2-word-multiple.

     |-------------  SCHC Fragment Header -----------|
     +-----------------------------------------------+--------------+
     | RuleID |   W    | FCN=ALL-1 |  RCS   |b'00000 |   Payload    |
     +--------+--------+-----------+--------+--------+--------------+
     | 3 bits | 2 bits |  3 bits   | 3 bits | 5 bits | 0 to 80 bits |

             Figure 7: All-1 SCHC Message format with last tile

   As per [RFC8724] the All-1 must be distinguishable from a SCHC
   Sender-Abort message (with same Rule ID, M, and N values).  The All-1
   MAY have the last tile of the SCHC Packet.  The SCHC Sender-Abort
   message header size is of 1 byte, with no padding bits.

   For the All-1 message to be distinguishable from the Sender-Abort
   message, the Sender-Abort message MUST be of 1 byte (only header with
   no padding).  This way, the minimum size of the All-1 is 2 bytes, and
   the Sender-Abort message is 1 byte.

3.7.2.3.  SCHC ACK Format

   Figure 8 shows the SCHC ACK format when all fragments have been
   correctly received (C=1).  Padding MUST be added to complete the
   64-bit Sigfox Downlink frame payload size.

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                  |---- SCHC ACK Header ----|
                  +-------------------------+---------+
                  | RuleID |    W   | C=b'1 | b'0-pad |
                  +--------+--------+-------+---------+
                  | 3 bits | 2 bits | 1 bit | 58 bits |

                 Figure 8: SCHC Success ACK message format

   In case SCHC fragment losses are found in any of the windows of the
   SCHC Packet (C=0), the SCHC Compound ACK defined in
   [I-D.ietf-lpwan-schc-compound-ack] MUST be used.  The SCHC Compound
   ACK message format is shown in Figure 9.

 |--- SCHC ACK Header ---|- W=w1 -|...|----- W=wi ------|
 +------+--------+-------+--------+...+--------+--------+------+-------+
 |RuleID| W=b'w1 | C=b'0 | Bitmap |...| W=b'wi | Bitmap | b'00 |b'0-pad|
 +------+--------+-------+--------+...+--------+--------+------+-------+
 |3 bits| 2 bits | 1 bit | 7 bits |...| 2 bits | 7 bits |2 bits|

      Losses are found in windows W = w1,...,wi; where w1<w2<...<wi

               Figure 9: SCHC Compound ACK message format

3.7.2.4.  SCHC Sender-Abort Message format

                   |---- Sender-Abort Header ----|
                   +-----------------------------+
                   | RuleID | W=b'11 | FCN=ALL-1 |
                   +--------+--------+-----------+
                   | 3 bits | 2 bits |  3 bits   |

                Figure 10: SCHC Sender-Abort message format

3.7.2.5.  SCHC Receiver-Abort Message format

      |- Receiver-Abort Header -|
      +---------------------------------+-----------------+---------+
      | RuleID | W=b'11 | C=b'1 |  b'11 |  0xFF (all 1's) | b'0-pad |
      +--------+--------+-------+-------+-----------------+---------+
      | 3 bits | 2 bits | 1 bit | 2 bit |  8 bit          | 48 bits |
                next L2 Word boundary ->| <-- L2 Word --> |

               Figure 11: SCHC Receiver-Abort message format

3.7.3.  Uplink ACK-on-Error Mode: Two-byte SCHC Header Option 1

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3.7.3.1.  Regular SCHC Fragment

   Figure 12 shows an example of a regular SCHC fragment for all
   fragments except the last one.  The penultimate tile of a SCHC Packet
   is of the regular size.

           |------- SCHC Fragment Header ------|
           +-----------------------------------+---------+
           | RuleID |    W   |  FCN   | b'0000 | Payload |
           +--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+
           | 6 bits | 2 bits | 4 bits | 4 bits | 80 bits |

      Figure 12: Regular SCHC Fragment format for all fragments except
                                the last one

   The SCHC ACK REQ MUST NOT be used, instead the All-1 SCHC Fragment
   MUST be used to request a SCHC ACK from the receiver (Network SCHC).
   As per [RFC8724], the All-0 message is distinguishable from the SCHC
   ACK REQ (All-1 message).

3.7.3.2.  All-1 SCHC Fragment

   Figure 13 shows an example of the All-1 message.  The All-1 message
   MUST contain the last tile of the SCHC Packet.

   The All-1 message Fragment Header contains a RCS of 4 bits to
   complete the two-byte size.  The size of the last tile ranges from 8
   to 80 bits.

           |--------- SCHC Fragment Header -------|
           +--------------------------------------+--------------+
           | RuleID |    W   | FCN=ALL-1 |  RCS   |    Payload   |
           +--------+--------+-----------+--------+--------------+
           | 6 bits | 2 bits |  4 bits   | 4 bits | 8 to 80 bits |

            Figure 13: All-1 SCHC message format with last tile

   As per [RFC8724] the All-1 must be distinguishable from the a SCHC
   Sender-Abort message (with same Rule ID, M and N values).  The All-1
   MUST have the last tile of the SCHC Packet, that MUST be of at least
   1 byte.  The SCHC Sender-Abort message header size is of 2 byte, with
   no padding bits.

   For the All-1 message to be distinguishable from the Sender-Abort
   message, the Sender-Abort message MUST be of 2 byte (only header with
   no padding).  This way, the minimum size of the All-1 is 3 bytes, and
   the Sender-Abort message is 2 bytes.

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3.7.3.3.  SCHC ACK Format

   Figure 14 shows the SCHC ACK format when all fragments have been
   correctly received (C=1).  Padding MUST be added to complete the
   64-bit Sigfox Downlink frame payload size.

             |---- SCHC ACK Header ----|
             +-------------------------+---------+
             | RuleID |    W   | C=b'1 | b'0-pad |
             +--------+--------+-------+---------+
             | 6 bits | 2 bits | 1 bit | 55 bits |

                 Figure 14: SCHC Success ACK message format

   The SCHC Compound ACK message MUST be used in case SCHC fragment
   losses are found in any window of the SCHC Packet (C=0).  The SCHC
   Compound ACK message format is shown in Figure 15.  The SCHC Compound
   ACK can report up to 4 windows with losses. as shown in Figure 16.

   When sent in the Downlink, the SCHC Compound ACK MUST be 0 padded
   (Padding bits must be 0) to complement the 64 bits required by the
   Sigfox payload.

   |--- SCHC ACK Header ---|- W=w1 -|...|---- W=wi -----|
   +--------+------+-------+--------+...+------+--------+------+-------+
   | RuleID |W=b'w1| C=b'0 | Bitmap |...|W=b'wi| Bitmap | b'00 |b'0-pad|
   +--------+------+-------+--------+...+------+--------+------+-------+
   | 6 bits |2 bits| 1 bit | 12 bits|...|2 bits| 12 bits|2 bits|

      Losses are found in windows W = w1,...,wi; where w1<w2<...<wi

                Figure 15: SCHC Compound ACK message format

       |- SCHC ACK Header -|- W=0 -|      |- W=1 -|...
       +------+------+-----+-------+------+-------+...
       |RuleID|W=b'00|C=b'0|Bitmap |W=b'01|Bitmap |...
       +------+------+-----+-------+------+-------+...
       |6 bits|2 bits|1 bit|12 bits|2 bits|12 bits|...

                   ...       |- W=2 -|      |- W=3 -|
                   ...+------+-------+------+-------+---+
                   ...|W=b'10|Bitmap |W=b'11|Bitmap |b'0|
                   ...+------+-------+------+-------+---+
                   ...|2 bits|12 bits|2 bits|12 bits|

       Losses are found in windows W = w1,...,wi; where w1<w2<...<wi

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      Figure 16: SCHC Compound ACK message format example with losses
                               in all windows

3.7.3.4.  SCHC Sender-Abort Messages

           |---- Sender-Abort Header ----|
           +-----------------------------+
           | RuleID |   W    | FCN=ALL-1 |
           +--------+--------+-----------+
           | 6 bits | 2 bits |  4 bits   |

                Figure 17: SCHC Sender-Abort message format

3.7.3.5.  SCHC Receiver-Abort Message

      |- Receiver-Abort Header -|
      +---------------------------------+-----------------+---------+
      | RuleID | W=b'11 | C=b'1 |  0x7F |  0xFF (all 1's) | b'0-pad |
      +--------+--------+-------+-------+-----------------+---------+
      | 6 bits | 2 bits | 1 bit | 7 bit |  8 bit          | 40 bits |
                next L2 Word boundary ->| <-- L2 Word --> |

               Figure 18: SCHC Receiver-Abort message format

3.7.4.  Uplink ACK-on-Error Mode: Two-byte SCHC Header Option 2

3.7.4.1.  Regular SCHC Fragment

   Figure 19 shows an example of a regular SCHC fragment for all
   fragments except the last one.  The penultimate tile of a SCHC Packet
   is of the regular size.

              |-- SCHC Fragment Header --|
              +--------------------------+---------+
              | RuleID |   W    | FCN    | Payload |
              +--------+--------+--------+---------+
              | 8 bits | 3 bits | 5 bits | 80 bits |

      Figure 19: Regular SCHC Fragment format for all fragments except
                                the last one

   The SCHC ACK REQ MUST NOT be used, instead the All-1 SCHC Fragment
   MUST be used to request a SCHC ACK from the receiver (Network SCHC).
   As per [RFC8724], the All-0 message is distinguishable from the SCHC
   ACK REQ (All-1 message).

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3.7.4.2.  All-1 SCHC Fragment

   Figure 20 shows an example of the All-1 message.  The All-1 message
   MAY contain the last tile of the SCHC Packet.

   The All-1 message Fragment Header contains an RCS of 5 bits, and 3
   padding bits to complete a 3-byte Fragment Header.  The size of the
   last tile, if present, ranges from 8 to 72 bits.

    |-------------- SCHC Fragment Header -----------|
    +-----------------------------------------------+--------------+
    | RuleID |    W   | FCN=ALL-1 |  RCS   | b'000  |    Payload   |
    +--------+--------+-----------+--------+--------+--------------+
    | 8 bits | 3 bits |  5 bits   | 5 bits | 3 bits | 8 to 72 bits |

            Figure 20: All-1 SCHC message format with last tile

   As per [RFC8724] the All-1 must be distinguishable from the a SCHC
   Sender-Abort message (with same Rule ID, M and N values).  The SCHC
   Sender-Abort message header size is of 2 byte, with no padding bits.

   For the All-1 message to be distinguishable from the Sender-Abort
   message, the Sender-Abort message MUST be of 2 byte (only header with
   no padding).  This way, the minimum size of the All-1 is 3 bytes, and
   the Sender-Abort message is 2 bytes.

3.7.4.3.  SCHC ACK Format

   Figure 21 shows the SCHC ACK format when all fragments have been
   correctly received (C=1).  Padding MUST be added to complete the
   64-bit Sigfox Downlink frame payload size.

               |---- SCHC ACK Header ----|
               +-------------------------+---------+
               | RuleID |    W   | C=b'1 | b'0-pad |
               +--------+--------+-------+---------+
               | 8 bits | 3 bits | 1 bit | 52 bits |

                 Figure 21: SCHC Success ACK message format

   The SCHC Compound ACK message MUST be used in case SCHC fragment
   losses are found in any window of the SCHC Packet (C=0).  The SCHC
   Compound ACK message format is shown in Figure 22.  The SCHC Compound
   ACK can report up to 3 windows with losses.

   When sent in the Downlink, the SCHC Compound ACK MUST be 0 padded
   (Padding bits must be 0) to complement the 64 bits required by the
   Sigfox payload.

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   |-- SCHC ACK Header --|- W=w1 -|...|---- W=wi -----|
   +------+------+-------+--------+...+------+--------+------+-------+
   |RuleID|W=b'w1| C=b'0 | Bitmap |...|W=b'wi| Bitmap | 000  |b'0-pad|
   +------+------+-------+--------+...+------+--------+------+-------+
   |8 bits|3 bits| 1 bit | 31 bits|...|3 bits| 31 bits|3 bits|

        Losses are found in windows W = w1,...,wi; where w1<w2<...<wi

                Figure 22: SCHC Compound ACK message format

3.7.4.4.  SCHC Sender-Abort Messages

              |---- Sender-Abort Header ----|
              +-----------------------------+
              | RuleID |   W    | FCN=ALL-1 |
              +--------+--------+-----------+
              | 8 bits | 3 bits |  5 bits   |

                Figure 23: SCHC Sender-Abort message format

3.7.4.5.  SCHC Receiver-Abort Message

     |-- Receiver-Abort Header -|
     +-----------------------------------+-----------------+---------+
     | RuleID | W=b'111 | C=b'1 | b'1111 |  0xFF (all 1's) | b'0-pad |
     +--------+---------+-------+--------+-----------------+---------+
     | 8 bits |  3 bits | 1 bit | 4 bit  |  8 bit          | 40 bits |
                 next L2 Word boundary ->| <-- L2 Word --> |

               Figure 24: SCHC Receiver-Abort message format

3.7.5.  Downlink ACK-Always Mode: Single-byte SCHC Header

3.7.5.1.  Regular SCHC Fragment

   Figure 25 shows an example of a regular SCHC fragment for all
   fragments except the last one.  The penultimate tile of a SCHC Packet
   is of the regular size.

                      SCHC Fragment
                   |--    Header   --|
                   +-----------------+---------+
                   | RuleID |  FCN   | Payload |
                   +--------+--------+---------+
                   | 3 bits | 5 bits | 56 bits |

      Figure 25: Regular SCHC Fragment format for all fragments except
                                the last one

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   The SCHC ACK MUST NOT be used, instead the All-1 SCHC Fragment MUST
   be used to request a SCHC ACK from the receiver.  As per [RFC8724],
   the All-0 message is distinguishable from the SCHC ACK REQ (All-1
   message).

3.7.5.2.  All-1 SCHC Fragment

   Figure 26 shows an example of the All-1 message.  The All-1 message
   MAY contain the last tile of the SCHC Packet.

   The All-1 message Fragment Header contains an RCS of 5 bits, and 3
   padding bits to complete a 2-byte Fragment Header.  The size of the
   last tile, if present, ranges from 8 to 48 bits.

    |--------- SCHC Fragment Header -------|
    +--------------------------------------+--------------+
    | RuleID | FCN=ALL-1 |  RCS   | b'000  |    Payload   |
    +--------+-----------+--------+--------+--------------+
    | 3 bits |  5 bits   | 5 bits | 3 bits | 0 to 48 bits |

            Figure 26: All-1 SCHC message format with last tile

   As per [RFC8724] the All-1 must be distinguishable from the a SCHC
   Sender-Abort message (with same Rule ID and N values).  The SCHC
   Sender-Abort message header size is of 1 byte, with no padding bits.

   For the All-1 message to be distinguishable from the Sender-Abort
   message, the Sender-Abort message MUST be of 1 byte (only header with
   no padding).  This way, the minimum size of the All-1 is 2 bytes, and
   the Sender-Abort message is 1 bytes.

3.7.5.3.  SCHC ACK Format

   Figure 27 shows the SCHC ACK format when all fragments have been
   correctly received (C=1).  Padding MUST be added to complete 2 bytes.

                    SCHC ACK
               |--   Header   --|
               +----------------+---------+
               | RuleID | C=b'1 | b'0-pad |
               +--------+-------+---------+
               | 3 bits | 1 bit |  4 bits |

                 Figure 27: SCHC Success ACK message format

   The SCHC ACK message format is shown in Figure 28.

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     |---- SCHC ACK Header ----|
     +--------+-------+--------+---------+
     | RuleID | C=b'0 | Bitmap | b'0-pad |
     +--------+-------+--------+---------+
     | 3 bits | 1 bit | 31 bits|  5 bits |

                Figure 28: SCHC Compound ACK message format

3.7.5.4.  SCHC Sender-Abort Messages

                   Sender-Abort
              |----   Header   ----|
              +--------------------+
              | RuleID | FCN=ALL-1 |
              +--------+-----------+
              | 3 bits |  5 bits   |

                Figure 29: SCHC Sender-Abort message format

3.7.5.5.  SCHC Receiver-Abort Message

         Receiver-Abort
       |---  Header  ---|
       +----------------+--------+-----------------+
       | RuleID | C=b'1 | b'1111 |  0xFF (all 1's) |
       +--------+-------+--------+-----------------+
       | 3 bits | 1 bit | 4 bit  |  8 bit          |

               Figure 30: SCHC Receiver-Abort message format

3.8.  Padding

   The Sigfox payload fields have different characteristics in Uplink
   and Downlink.

   Uplink frames can contain a payload size from 0 to 12 bytes.  The
   Sigfox radio protocol allows sending zero bits, one single bit of
   information for binary applications (e.g., status), or an integer
   number of bytes.  Therefore, for 2 or more bits of payload it is
   required to add padding to the next integer number of bytes.  The
   reason for this flexibility is to optimize transmission time and
   hence save battery consumption at the device.

   Downlink frames on the other hand have a fixed length.  The payload
   length MUST be 64 bits (i.e., 8 bytes).  Hence, if less information
   bits are to be transmitted, padding MUST be used with bits equal to
   0.  The receiver MUST removed the added padding bits before the SCHC
   reassembly process.

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4.  Fragmentation Sequence Examples

   In this section, some sequence diagrams depicting messages exchanges
   for different fragmentation modes and use cases are shown.  In the
   examples, 'Seq' indicates the Sigfox Sequence Number of the frame
   carrying a fragment.

4.1.  Uplink No-ACK Examples

   The FCN field indicates the size of the data packet.  The first
   fragment is marked with FCN = X-1, where X is the number of fragments
   the message is split into.  All fragments are marked with decreasing
   FCN values.  Last packet fragment is marked with the FCN = All-1
   (1111).

   Case No losses - All fragments are sent and received successfully.

           Sender                     Receiver
             |-------FCN=6,Seq=1-------->|
             |-------FCN=5,Seq=2-------->|
             |-------FCN=4,Seq=3-------->|
             |-------FCN=3,Seq=4-------->|
             |-------FCN=2,Seq=5-------->|
             |-------FCN=1,Seq=6-------->|
             |-------FCN=31,Seq=7------->| All fragments received
           (End)

                     Figure 31: Uplink No-ACK No-Losses

   When the first SCHC fragment is received, the Receiver can calculate
   the total number of SCHC fragments that the SCHC Packet is composed
   of.  For example, if the first fragment is numbered with FCN=6, the
   receiver can expect six more messages/fragments (i.e., with FCN going
   from 5 downwards, and the last fragment with a FCN equal to 15).

   Case losses on any fragment except the first.

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   Sender                     Receiver
     |-------FCN=6,Seq=1-------->|
     |-------FCN=5,Seq=2----X    |
     |-------FCN=4,Seq=3-------->|
     |-------FCN=3,Seq=4-------->|
     |-------FCN=2,Seq=5-------->|
     |-------FCN=1,Seq=6-------->|
     |-------FCN=31,Seq=7------->| Missing Fragment Unable to reassemble
   (End)

                Figure 32: Uplink No-ACK Losses (scenario 1)

4.2.  Uplink ACK-on-Error Examples: Single-byte SCHC Header

   The single-byte SCHC header ACK-on-Error mode allows sending up to 28
   fragments and packet sizes up to 300 bytes.  The SCHC fragments may
   be delivered asynchronously and Downlink ACK can be sent
   opportunistically.

   Case No losses

   The Downlink flag must be enabled in the sender Uplink message to
   allow a Downlink message from the receiver.  The Downlink Enable in
   the figures shows where the sender MUST enable the Downlink, and wait
   for an ACK.

           Sender                    Receiver
             |-----W=0,FCN=6,Seq=1----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=2----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=4,Seq=3----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=4----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=2,Seq=5----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=1,Seq=6----->|
   DL Enable |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=7----->|
         (no ACK)
             |-----W=1,FCN=6,Seq=8----->|
             |-----W=1,FCN=5,Seq=9----->|
             |-----W=1,FCN=4,Seq=10---->|
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=11---->| All fragments received
             |<- Compound ACK,W=1,C=1 --| C=1
           (End)

                  Figure 33: Uplink ACK-on-Error No-Losses

   Case Fragment losses in first window

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   In this case, fragments are lost in the first window (W=0).  After
   the first All-0 message arrives, the Receiver leverages the
   opportunity and sends a SCHC ACK with the corresponding bitmap and
   C=0.

   After the loss fragments from the first window (W=0) are resent, the
   sender continues transmitting the fragments of the following window
   (W=1) without opening a reception opportunity.  Finally, the All-1
   fragment is sent, the Downlink is enabled, and the SCHC ACK is
   received with C=1.  Note that the SCHC Compound ACK also uses a
   Sequence Number.

          Sender                    Receiver
            |-----W=0,FCN=6,Seq=1----->|
            |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=2--X   |
            |-----W=0,FCN=4,Seq=3----->|
            |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=4----->|
            |-----W=0,FCN=2,Seq=5--X   |                    __
            |-----W=0,FCN=1,Seq=6----->|                   | W=0
  DL Enable |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=7----->| Missing Fragments<- FCN=5,Seq=2
            |<- Compound ACK,W=0,C=0 --| Bitmap:1011011    | FCN=2,Seq=5
            |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=9----->|                    --
            |-----W=0,FCN=2,Seq=10---->|
            |-----W=1,FCN=6,Seq=11---->|
            |-----W=1,FCN=5,Seq=12---->|
            |-----W=1,FCN=4,Seq=13---->|
  DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=14---->| All fragments received
            |<-Compound ACK,W=1,C=1 ---| C=1
          (End)

          Figure 34: Uplink ACK-on-Error Losses on First Window

   Case Fragment All-0 lost in first window (W=0)

   In this example, the All-0 of the first window (W=0) is lost.
   Therefore, the Receiver waits for the next All-0 message of
   intermediate windows, or All-1 message of last window to generate the
   corresponding SCHC ACK, notifying the absence of the All-0 of window
   0.

   The sender resends the missing All-0 messages (with any other missing
   fragment from window 0) without opening a reception opportunity.

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           Sender                    Receiver
             |-----W=0,FCN=6,Seq=1----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=2----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=4,Seq=3----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=4----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=2,Seq=5----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=1,Seq=6----->| DL Enable
                     |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=7--X   |
         (no ACK)
             |-----W=1,FCN=6,Seq=8----->|
             |-----W=1,FCN=5,Seq=9----->|                    __
             |-----W=1,FCN=4,Seq=10---->|                   |W=0
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=11---->| Missing Fragment<- FCN=0,Seq=7
             |<-Compound ACK,W=0,C=0 ---| Bitmap:1111110    |__
             |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=13---->| All fragments received
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=14---->|
             |<-Compound ACK,W=1,C=1 ---| C=1
           (End)

         Figure 35: Uplink ACK-on-Error All-0 Lost on First Window

   In the following diagram, besides the All-0 there are other fragment
   losses in the first window (W=0).

           Sender                    Receiver
             |-----W=0,FCN=6,Seq=1----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=2--X   |
             |-----W=0,FCN=4,Seq=3----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=4--X   |
             |-----W=0,FCN=2,Seq=5----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=1,Seq=6----->|
   DL Enable |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=7--X   |
         (no ACK)
             |-----W=1,FCN=6,Seq=8----->|
             |-----W=1,FCN=5,Seq=9----->|                    __
             |-----W=1,FCN=4,Seq=10---->|                   |W=0
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=11---->| Missing Fragment<- FCN=5,Seq=2
             |<--Compound ACK,W=0,C=0 --| Bitmap:1010110    |FCN=3,Seq=4
             |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=13---->|                   |FCN=0,Seq=7
             |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=14---->|                    --
             |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=15---->| All fragments received
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=16---->|
             |<-Compound ACK,W=1,C=1 ---| C=1
           (End)

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      Figure 36: Uplink ACK-on-Error All-0 and other Fragments Lost on
                                First Window

   In the next examples, there are fragment losses in both the first
   (W=0) and second (W=1) windows.  The retransmission cycles after the
   All-1 is sent (i.e., not in intermediate windows) MUST always finish
   with an All-1, as it serves as an ACK Request message to confirm the
   correct reception of the retransmitted fragments.

          Sender                    Receiver
            |-----W=0,FCN=6,Seq=1----->|
            |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=2--X   |
            |-----W=0,FCN=4,Seq=3----->|
            |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=4--X   |                    __
            |-----W=0,FCN=2,Seq=5----->|                   |W=0
            |-----W=0,FCN=1,Seq=6----->|                   |FCN=5,Seq=2
  DL enable |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=7--X   |                   |FCN=3,Seq=4
       (no ACK)                                            |FCN=0,Seq=7
            |-----W=1,FCN=6,Seq=8--X   |                   |W=1
            |-----W=1,FCN=5,Seq=9----->|                   |FCN=6,Seq=8
            |-----W=1,FCN=4,Seq=10-X   |                   |FCN=4,Seq=10
  DL enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=11---->| Missing Fragment<-|__
            |<-Compoud ACK,W=0,1, C=0--| Bitmap W=0:1010110
            |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=13---->|        W=1:0100001
            |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=14---->|
            |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=15---->|
            |-----W=1,FCN=6,Seq=16---->|
            |-----W=1,FCN=4,Seq=17---->| All fragments received
  DL enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=18---->|
            |<-Compoud ACK,W=1,C=1 ----| C=1
          (End)

     Figure 37: Uplink ACK-on-Error All-0 and other Fragments Lost on
                       First and Second Windows (1)

   Similar case as above, but with fewer fragments in the second window
   (W=1)

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          Sender                    Receiver
            |-----W=0,FCN=6,Seq=1----->|
            |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=2--X   |
            |-----W=0,FCN=4,Seq=3----->|
            |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=4--X   |
            |-----W=0,FCN=2,Seq=5----->|                     __
            |-----W=0,FCN=1,Seq=6----->|                    |W=0
  DL enable |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=7--X   |                    |FCN=5,Seq=2
         (no ACK)                                           |FCN=3,Seq=4
            |-----W=1,FCN=6,Seq=8--X   |                    |FCN=0,Seq=7
  DL enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=9----->| Missing Fragment--> W=1
            |<-Compound ACK,W=0,1, C=0-| Bitmap W=0:1010110,|FCN=6,Seq=8
            |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=11---->|        W=1:0000001 |__
            |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=12---->|
            |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=13---->|
            |-----W=1,FCN=6,Seq=14---->| All fragments received
  DL enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=15---->|
            |<-Compound ACK, W=1,C=1---| C=1
          (End)

     Figure 38: Uplink ACK-on-Error All-0 and other Fragments Lost on
                       First and Second Windows (2)

   Case SCHC ACK is lost

   SCHC over Sigfox does not implement the SCHC ACK REQ message.
   Instead, it uses the SCHC All-1 message to request a SCHC ACK, when
   required.

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          Sender                     Receiver
             |-----W=0,FCN=6,Seq=1----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=2----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=4,Seq=3----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=4----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=2,Seq=5----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=1,Seq=6----->|
   DL Enable |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=7----->|
         (no ACK)
             |-----W=1,FCN=6,Seq=8----->|
             |-----W=1,FCN=5,Seq=9----->|
             |-----W=1,FCN=4,Seq=10---->|
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=11---->| All fragments received
             | X--Compound ACK,W=1,C=1 -| C=1
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=13---->| RESEND ACK
             |<-Compound ACK,W=1,C=1 ---| C=1
           (End)

                  Figure 39: Uplink ACK-on-Error ACK Lost

   Case SCHC Compound ACK at the end

   In this example, SCHC Fragment losses are found in both window 0 and
   1.  However, the sender does not send a SCHC ACK after the All-0 of
   window 0.  Instead, it sends a SCHC Compound ACK notifying losses of
   both windows.

          Sender                            Receiver
            |-----W=0,FCN=6,Seq=1----->|
            |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=2--X   |
            |-----W=0,FCN=4,Seq=3----->|
            |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=4--X   |
            |-----W=0,FCN=2,Seq=5----->|
            |-----W=0,FCN=1,Seq=6----->|                     __
  DL enable |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=7----->| Waits for          |W=0
         (no ACK)                       next DL opportunity |FCN=5,Seq=2
            |-----W=1,FCN=6,Seq=8--X   |                    |FCN=3,Seq=4
  DL enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=9----->| Missing Fragment<-- W=1
            |<-Compound ACK,W=0,1, C=0-| Bitmap W=0:1010110 |FCN=6,Seq=8
            |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=11---->|        W=1:0000001  --
            |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=12---->|
            |-----W=1,FCN=6,Seq=13---->| All fragments received
  DL enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=14---->|
            |<-Compound ACK, W=1, C=1 -| C=1
          (End)

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    Figure 40: Uplink ACK-on-Error Fragments Lost on First and Second
                      Windows with one Compound ACK

   The number of times the same SCHC ACK message will be retransmitted
   is determined by the MAX_ACK_REQUESTS.

4.3.  SCHC Abort Examples

   Case SCHC Sender-Abort

   The sender may need to send a Sender-Abort to stop the current
   communication.  This may happen, for example, if the All-1 has been
   sent MAX_ACK_REQUESTS times.

           Sender                     Receiver
             |-----W=0,FCN=6,Seq=1----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=2----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=4,Seq=3----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=4----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=2,Seq=5----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=1,Seq=6----->|
   DL Enable |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=7----->|
         (no ACK)
             |-----W=1,FCN=6,Seq=8----->|
             |-----W=1,FCN=5,Seq=9----->|
             |-----W=1,FCN=4,Seq=10---->|
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=11---->| All fragments received
             | X--Compound ACK,W=1,C=1 -| C=1
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=13---->| RESEND ACK  (1)
             | X--Compound ACK,W=1,C=1 -| C=1
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=15---->| RESEND ACK  (2)
             | X--Compound ACK,W=1,C=1 -| C=1
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=17---->| RESEND ACK  (3)
             | X--Compound ACK,W=1,C=1 -| C=1
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=18---->| RESEND ACK  (4)
             | X--Compound ACK,W=1,C=1 -| C=1
   DL Enable |-----W=1,FCN=7,Seq=19---->| RESEND ACK  (5)
             | X--Compound ACK,W=1,C=1 -| C=1
   DL Enable |----Sender-Abort,Seq=20-->| exit with error condition
           (End)

                Figure 41: Uplink ACK-on-Error Sender-Abort

   Case Receiver-Abort

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   The receiver may need to send a Receiver-Abort to stop the current
   communication.  This message can only be sent after a Downlink
   enable.

           Sender                      Receiver
             |-----W=0,FCN=6,Seq=1----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=5,Seq=2----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=4,Seq=3----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=3,Seq=4----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=2,Seq=5----->|
             |-----W=0,FCN=1,Seq=6----->|
   DL Enable |-----W=0,FCN=0,Seq=7----->|
             |<------  RECV ABORT ------| under-resourced
          (Error)

               Figure 42: Uplink ACK-on-Error Receiver-Abort

5.  Security considerations

   The radio protocol authenticates and ensures the integrity of each
   message.  This is achieved by using a unique device ID and an AES-128
   based message authentication code, ensuring that the message has been
   generated and sent by the device or network with the ID claimed in
   the message.

   Application data can be encrypted at the application layer or not,
   depending on the criticality of the use case.  This flexibility
   allows providing a balance between cost and effort vs. risk.  AES-128
   in counter mode is used for encryption.  Cryptographic keys are
   independent for each device.  These keys are associated with the
   device ID and separate integrity and encryption keys are pre-
   provisioned.  An encryption key is only provisioned if
   confidentiality is to be used.

   The radio protocol has protections against replay attacks, and the
   cloud-based core network provides firewalling protection against
   undesired incoming communications.

6.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no IANA actions.

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7.  Acknowledgements

   Carles Gomez has been funded in part by the Spanish Government
   through the Jose Castillejo CAS15/00336 grant, the TEC2016-79988-P
   grant, and the PID2019-106808RA-I00 grant, and by Secretaria
   d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement de
   la Generalitat de Catalunya 2017 through grant SGR 376.

   Sergio Aguilar has been funded by the ERDF and the Spanish Government
   through project TEC2016-79988-P and project PID2019-106808RA-I00,
   AEI/FEDER, EU.

   Sandra Cespedes has been funded in part by the ANID Chile Project
   FONDECYT Regular 1201893 and Basal Project FB0008.

   Diego Wistuba has been funded by the ANID Chile Project FONDECYT
   Regular 1201893.

   The authors would like to thank Ana Minaburo, Clement Mannequin,
   Rafael Vidal, Julien Boite, Renaud Marty, and Antonis Platis for
   their useful comments and implementation design considerations.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-lpwan-schc-compound-ack]
              Zuniga, JC., Gomez, C., Aguilar, S., Toutain, L.,
              Cespedes, S., and D. Wistuba, "SCHC Compound ACK", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-lpwan-schc-compound-
              ack-08, August 2021, <http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
              draft-ietf-lpwan-schc-compound-ack-08.txt>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8724]  Minaburo, A., Toutain, L., Gomez, C., Barthel, D., and JC.
              Zuniga, "SCHC: Generic Framework for Static Context Header
              Compression and Fragmentation", RFC 8724,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8724, April 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8724>.

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8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC8376]  Farrell, S., Ed., "Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)
              Overview", RFC 8376, DOI 10.17487/RFC8376, May 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8376>.

   [sigfox-callbacks]
              Sigfox, "Sigfox Callbacks",
              <https://support.sigfox.com/docs/callbacks-documentation>.

   [sigfox-spec]
              Sigfox, "Sigfox Radio Specifications",
              <https://build.sigfox.com/sigfox-device-radio-
              specifications>.

Authors' Addresses

   Juan Carlos Zuniga
   Montreal  QC
   Canada
   Email: j.c.zuniga@ieee.org

   Carles Gomez
   Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
   C/Esteve Terradas, 7
   08860 Castelldefels
   Spain
   Email: carles.gomez@upc.edu

   Sergio Aguilar
   Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
   C/Esteve Terradas, 7
   08860 Castelldefels
   Spain
   Email: sergio.aguilar.romero@upc.edu

   Laurent Toutain
   IMT-Atlantique
   2 rue de la Chataigneraie
   CS 17607
   35576 Cesson-Sevigne Cedex
   France
   Email: Laurent.Toutain@imt-atlantique.fr

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   Sandra Cespedes
   Concordia University
   1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. W.
   Montreal QC, H3G 1M8
   Canada
   Email: sandra.cespedes@concordia.ca

   Diego Wistuba
   NIC Labs, Universidad de Chile
   Av. Almte. Blanco Encalada 1975
   Santiago
   Chile
   Email: wistuba@niclabs.cl

   Julien Boite
   Unabiz - Sigfox is now a Unabiz technology
   Labege
   France
   Email: julien.boite@unabiz.com
   URI:   http://www.sigfox.com/

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