Skip to main content

CBOR/JSON binding of IODEF
draft-ietf-mile-jsoniodef-06

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8727.
Authors Takeshi Takahashi , Roman Danyliw , Mio Suzuki
Last updated 2018-11-03
Replaces draft-takahashi-mile-jsoniodef
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Formats
Reviews
Additional resources Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state WG Document
Document shepherd (None)
IESG IESG state Became RFC 8727 (Proposed Standard)
Consensus boilerplate Unknown
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD (None)
Send notices to (None)
draft-ietf-mile-jsoniodef-06
MILE                                                        T. Takahashi
Internet-Draft                                                      NICT
Intended status: Standards Track                              R. Danyliw
Expires: May 7, 2019                                                CERT
                                                               M. Suzuki
                                                                    NICT
                                                        November 3, 2018

                       CBOR/JSON binding of IODEF
                      draft-ietf-mile-jsoniodef-06

Abstract

   RFC7970 specified an information model and a corresponding XML data
   model for exchanging incident and indicator information.  This draft
   provides an alternative data model implementation in CBOR/JSON.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 7, 2019.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                  [Page 1]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  IODEF Data Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.1.  Abstract Data Type to JSON Data Type Mapping  . . . . . .   3
     2.2.  Complex JSON Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.2.1.  Multilingual Strings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.2.2.  Software and SoftwareReference  . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       2.2.3.  StructuredInfo  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       2.2.4.  EXTENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   3.  IODEF JSON Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.1.  Classes and Elements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.2.  Mapping between CBOR/JSON and XML IODEF . . . . . . . . .  17
   4.  Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     4.1.  Minimal Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     4.2.  Indicators from a Campaign  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   5.  The IODEF Data Model (CDDL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   6.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
   Appendix A.  Data Types used in this document . . . . . . . . . .  43
   Appendix B.  The IODEF Data Model (JSON Schema) . . . . . . . . .  44
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76

1.  Introduction

   [RFC7970] defines a data representation for security incident reports
   and indicators commonly exchanged by operational security teams.  It
   facilitates the automated exchange of this information to enable
   mitigation and watch-and-warning.  Section 3 of [RFC7970] defined an
   information model using Unified Modeling Language (UML) and a
   corresponding Extensible Markup Language (XML) schema data model in
   Section 8.  This UML-based information model and XML-based data model
   are referred to as IODEF UML and IODEF XML, respectively in this
   document.

   This document defines an alternate implementation of the IODEF UML
   information model by specifying a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
   data model using CDDL and JSON Schema [jsonschema].  This JSON data
   model is referred to as IODEF JSON in this document.

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                  [Page 2]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   IODEF JSON provides all of the expressivity of IODEF XML.  It gives
   implementers and operators an alternative format to exchange the same
   information.

   The normative IODEF JSON data model is found in Section 5.  Section 2
   and Section 3 describe the data types and elements of this data
   model.  Section 4 provides examples.

1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

2.  IODEF Data Types

   The abstract IODEF JSON implements the abstract data types specified
   in Section 2 of [RFC7970].

2.1.  Abstract Data Type to JSON Data Type Mapping

   IODEF JSON uses native and derived JSON data types.  Figure 1
   describes the mapping between the abstract data types in Section 2 of
   [RFC7970] and their corresponding implementations in IODEF JSON.

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                  [Page 3]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

 +-----------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+
 | IODEF Data Type |      [RFC7970]    |       JSON Data Type          |
 |                 |      Reference    |                               |
 +-----------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+
 | INTEGER         | Section 2.1       | "integer" per [jsonschema]    |
 | REAL            | Section 2.2       | "number" per [jsonschema]     |
 | CHARACTER       | Section 2.3       | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | STRING          | Section 2.3       | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | ML_STRING       | Section 2.4       | see Section 2.2.1             |
 | BYTE            | Section 2.5.1     | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | BYTE[]          | Section 2.5.1     | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | HEXBIN          | Section 2.5.2     | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | HEXBIN[]        | Section 2.5.2     | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | ENUM            | Section 2.6       | "enum" array per [jsonschema] |
 | DATETIME        | Section 2.7       | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | TIMEZONE        | Section 2.8       | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | PORTLIST        | Section 2.9       | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | POSTAL          | Section 2.10      | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 |                 |                   | / ML_STRING, Section 2.2.1    |
 | PHONE           | Section 2.11      | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | EMAIL           | Section 2.12      | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | URL             | Section 2.13      | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | ID              | Section 2.14      | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | IDREF           | Section 2.14      | "string" per [jsonschema]     |
 | SOFTWARE        | Section 2.15      | see Section 2.2.2             |
 | STRUCTURED      | RFC 7213          | see Section 2.2.3             |
 | EXTENSION       | Section 2.16      | see Section 2.2.4             |
 +-----------------+-------------------+-------------------------------+

                         Figure 1: JSON Data Types

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                  [Page 4]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

+-----------------+------------------+---------------------------------+
| IODEF Data Type |  CBOR Data Type  |          CDDL prelude           |
|                 |                  | [draft-ietf-cbor-cddl-05]       |
+-----------------+------------------+---------------------------------+
| INTEGER         | 6 tag 2, 6 tag 3 | integer                         |
| REAL            | 7 bits 26        | float32                         |
| CHARACTER       | 3 text string    | text                            |
| STRING          | 3 text string    | text                            |
| ML_STRING       | 5 map            | Maps/Structs (Section 3.5.1)    |
| BYTE            | 6 tag 22         | eb64legacy                      |
| BYTE[]          | 6 tag 22         | eb64legacy                      |
| HEXBIN          | 2 byte string    | bytes                           |
| HEXBIN[]        | 2 byte string    | bytes                           |
| ENUM            | -                | Choices (Section 2.2.2)         |
| DATETIME        | 6 tag 0          | tdate                           |
| TIMEZONE        | 3 text string    | text                            |
| PORTLIST        | 3 text string    | text                            |
| POSTAL          | 3 text string    | text                            |
|                 |                  |  or Maps/Structs(Section 3.5.1) |
| PHONE           | 3 text string    | text                            |
| EMAIL           | 3 text string    | text                            |
| URL             | 6 tag 32         | uri                             |
| ID              | 3 text string    | text                            |
| IDREF           | 3 text string    | text                            |
| SOFTWARE        | 5 map            | Maps/Structs (Section 3.5.1)    |
| STRUCTURED      | 5 map            | Maps/Structs (Section 3.5.1)    |
| EXTENSION       | 5 map            | Maps/Structs (Section 3.5.1)    |
+-----------------+------------------+---------------------------------+

                         Figure 2: CBOR Data Types

2.2.  Complex JSON Types

2.2.1.  Multilingual Strings

   A string that needs to be represented in a human-readable language
   different than the default encoding of the document is represented in
   the information model by the ML_STRING data type.  This data type is
   implemented as an object with "value", "lang", and "translation-id"
   elements as defined in Section 5.  Examples are shown below.

   "MLStringType": {
     "value": "free-form text",                              //STRING
     "lang": "en",                                             //ENUM
     "translation-id": "jp2en0023"                           //STRING
   }

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                  [Page 5]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

2.2.2.  Software and SoftwareReference

   A particular version of software is represented in the information
   model by the SOFTWARE data type.  This software can be described by
   using a reference, a URL, or with free-form text.  The SOFTWARE data
   type is implemented as an object with "SoftwareReference", "URL", and
   "Description" elements as defined in Section 5.  Examples are shown
   below.

   "SoftwareType": {
     "SoftwareReference": {...},          //SoftwareReference
     "Description": ["MS Windows"]        //STRING
   }

   SoftwareReference class is a reference to a particular version of
   software.  Examples are shown below.

   "SoftwareReference": {
     "value": "cpe:/a:google:chrome:59.0.3071.115 ",   //STRING
     "spec-name": "cpe",                                 //ENUM
     "dtype": "string",                                  //ENUM
   }

2.2.3.  StructuredInfo

   Information provided in a form of structured string, such as ID, or
   structured information, such as XML documents, is represented in the
   information model by the StructuredInfo data type.  Note that this
   type was originally specified in RFC7203.  The StructuredInfo data
   type is implemented as an object with "SpecID", "ext-SpecID",
   "ContentID", "RawData", "Reference" elements.  An example for
   embedding a structured ID is shown below.

   "StructuredInformation": {
     "SpecID": "cve",                                          //ENUM
     "ContentID": "CVE-2007-5000"                            //STRING
   }

   When embedding the raw data, base64 conversion should be used for
   encoding the data, as shown below.

   "StructuredInformation": {
     "SpecID": "oval",                                         //ENUM
     "RawData": "<<<strings encoded with base64>>>"            //BYTE
   }

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                  [Page 6]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

2.2.4.  EXTENSION

   Information not otherwise represented in the IODEF can be added using
   the EXTENSION data type.  This data type is a generic extension
   mechanism.  The EXTENSION data type is implemented as an
   ExtensionType object with "value", "name", "dtype", "ext-dtype",
   "meaning", "formatid", "restriction", "ext-restriction", and
   "observable-id" elements.  An example for embedding a structured ID
   is shown below.

   "ExtensionType": {
     "value": "xxxxxxx",                                      //String
     "name": "Syslog",                                        //String
     "dtype": "string",                                       //String
     "meaning": "Syslog from the security appliance X",       //String
   }

3.  IODEF JSON Data Model

3.1.  Classes and Elements

   The following table shows the list of IODEF Classes, their elements,
   and the corresponding section in [RFC7970].  Note that the complete
   JSON schema is defined in Section 5 usind CDDL.

   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | IODEF Class                 | Class              | Corresponding |
   |                             | Elements and       | Section       |
   |                             | Attribute          | in [RFC7970]  |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | IODEF-Document              | version            | 3.1           |
   |                             | lang?              |               |
   |                             | format-id?         |               |
   |                             | private-enum-name? |               |
   |                             | private-enum-id?   |               |
   |                             | Incident+          |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    |               |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Incident                    | purpose            | 3.2           |
   |                             | ext-purpose?       |               |
   |                             | status?            |               |
   |                             | ext-status?        |               |
   |                             | lang?              |               |
   |                             | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | IncidentID         |               |
   |                             | AlternativeID?     |               |

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                  [Page 7]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   |                             | RelatedActivity*   |               |
   |                             | DetectTime?        |               |
   |                             | StartTime?         |               |
   |                             | EndTime?           |               |
   |                             | RecoveryTime?      |               |
   |                             | ReportTime?        |               |
   |                             | GenerationTime     |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | Discovery*         |               |
   |                             | Assessment*        |               |
   |                             | Method*            |               |
   |                             | Contact+           |               |
   |                             | EventData*         |               |
   |                             | Indicator*         |               |
   |                             | History?           |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    |               |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | IncidentID                  | id                 | 3.4           |
   |                             | name               |               |
   |                             | instance?          |               |
   |                             | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | AlternativeID               | restriction?       | 3.5           |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | IncidentID+        |               |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | RelatedActivity             | restriction?       | 3.6           |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | IncidentID*        |               |
   |                             | URL*               |               |
   |                             | ThreatActor*       |               |
   |                             | Campaign*          |               |
   |                             | IndicatorID*       |               |
   |                             | Confidence?        |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    |               |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | ThreatActor                 | restriction?       | 3.7           |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | ThreatActorID*     |               |
   |                             | URL*               |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    |               |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Campaign                    | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | CampaignID*        |               |

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                  [Page 8]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   |                             | URL*               |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.8           |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Contact                     | role               |               |
   |                             | ext-role?          |               |
   |                             | type               |               |
   |                             | ext-type?          |               |
   |                             | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | ContactName*,      |               |
   |                             | ContactTitle*      |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | RegistryHandle*    |               |
   |                             | PostalAddress*     |               |
   |                             | Email*             |               |
   |                             | Telephone*         |               |
   |                             | Timezone?          |               |
   |                             | Contact*           |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.9           |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | RegistryHandle              | handle             |               |
   |                             | registry           |               |
   |                             | ext-registry?      | 3.9.1         |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | PostalAddress               | type?              |               |
   |                             | ext-type?          |               |
   |                             | PAddress           |               |
   |                             | Description*       | 3.9.2         |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Email                       | type?              |               |
   |                             | ext-type?          |               |
   |                             | EmailTo            |               |
   |                             | Description*       | 3.9.3         |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Telephone                   | type?              |               |
   |                             | ext-type?          |               |
   |                             | TelephoneNumber    |               |
   |                             | Description*       | 3.9.4         |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Discovery                   | source?            |               |
   |                             | ext-source?        |               |
   |                             | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | Contact*           |               |
   |                             | DetectionPattern*  | 3.10          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                  [Page 9]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   | DetectionPattern            | restriction?       | 3.10.1        |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | Application        |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | DetectionConfiguration*  |         |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Method                      | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | Reference*         |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | AttackPattern*     |               |
   |                             | Vulnerability*     |               |
   |                             | Weakness*          |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.11          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Reference                   | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | ReferenceName?     |               |
   |                             | URL*               |               |
   |                             | Description*       | 3.11.1        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Assessment                  | occurence?         |               |
   |                             | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | IncidentCategory*  |               |
   |                             | SystemImpact*      |               |
   |                             | BusinessImpact*    |               |
   |                             | TimeImpact*        |               |
   |                             | MonetaryImpact*    |               |
   |                             | IntendedImpact*    |               |
   |                             | Counter*           |               |
   |                             | MitigatingFactor*  |               |
   |                             | Cause*             |               |
   |                             | Confidence?        |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.12          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | SystemImpact                | severity?          |               |
   |                             | completion?        |               |
   |                             | type               |               |
   |                             | ext-type?          |               |
   |                             | Description*       | 3.12.1        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | BusinessImpact              | severity?          |               |
   |                             | ext-severity?      |               |
   |                             | type               |               |
   |                             | ext-type?          |               |
   |                             | Description*       | 3.12.2        |

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | TimeImpact                  | value              |               |
   |                             | severity?          |               |
   |                             | metric             |               |
   |                             | ext-metric?        |               |
   |                             | duration?          |               |
   |                             | ext-duration?      | 3.12.3        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | MonetaryImpact              | value              |               |
   |                             | severity?          |               |
   |                             | currency?          | 3.12.4        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Confidence                  | value              |               |
   |                             | rating             |               |
   |                             | ext-rating?        | 3.12.5        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | History                     | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | HistoryItem+       | 3.13          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | HistoryItem                 | action             |               |
   |                             | ext-action?        |               |
   |                             | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | DateTime           |               |
   |                             | IncidentID?        |               |
   |                             | Contact?           |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | DefinedCOA*        |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.13.1        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | EventData                   | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | DetectTime?        |               |
   |                             | StartTime?         |               |
   |                             | EndTime?           |               |
   |                             | RecoveryTime?      |               |
   |                             | ReportTime?        |               |
   |                             | Contact*           |               |
   |                             | Discovery*         |               |
   |                             | Assessment?        |               |
   |                             | Method*            |               |
   |                             | System*            |               |
   |                             | Expectation*       |               |
   |                             | RecordData*        |               |

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   |                             | EventData*         |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.14          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Expectation                 | action?            |               |
   |                             | ext-action?        |               |
   |                             | severity?          |               |
   |                             | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | DefinedCOA*        |               |
   |                             | StartTime?         |               |
   |                             | EndTime?           |               |
   |                             | Contact?           | 3.15          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | System                      | category?          |               |
   |                             | ext-category?      |               |
   |                             | interface?         |               |
   |                             | spoofed?           |               |
   |                             | virtual?           |               |
   |                             | ownership?         |               |
   |                             | ext-ownership?     |               |
   |                             | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | Node               |               |
   |                             | NodeRole*          |               |
   |                             | Service*           |               |
   |                             | OperatingSystem*   |               |
   |                             | Counter*           |               |
   |                             | AssetID*           |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.16          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Node                        | DomainData*        |               |
   |                             | Address*           |               |
   |                             | PostalAddress?     |               |
   |                             | Location*          |               |
   |                             | Counter*           | 3.17          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Address                     | value              |               |
   |                             | category           |               |
   |                             | ext-category?      |               |
   |                             | vlan-name?         |               |
   |                             | vlan-num?          |               |
   |                             | observable-id?     | 3.17.1        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | NodeRole                    | category           |               |
   |                             | ext-category?      |               |
   |                             | Description*       | 3.17.2        |

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Counter                     | value              |               |
   |                             | type               |               |
   |                             | ext-type?          |               |
   |                             | unit               |               |
   |                             | ext-unit?          |               |
   |                             | meaning?           |               |
   |                             | duration?          |               |
   |                             | ext-duration?      | 3.17.3        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | DomainData                  | system-status      |               |
   |                             | ext-system-status? |               |
   |                             | domain-status      |               |
   |                             | ext-domain-status? |               |
   |                             | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | Name               |               |
   |                             | DateDomainWasChecked?|             |
   |                             | RegistrationDate?  |               |
   |                             | ExpirationDate?    |               |
   |                             | RelatedDNS*        |               |
   |                             | Nameservers*       |               |
   |                             | DomainContacts?    | 3.18          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Nameserver                  | Server             |               |
   |                             | Address*           | 3.18.1        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | DomainContacts              | SameDomainContact? |               |
   |                             | Contact+           | 3.18.2        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Service                     | ip-protocol?       |               |
   |                             | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | ServiceName?       |               |
   |                             | Port?              |               |
   |                             | Portlist?          |               |
   |                             | ProtoCode?         |               |
   |                             | ProtoType?         |               |
   |                             | ProtoField?        |               |
   |                             | ApplicationHeaderField*|           |
   |                             | EmailData?         |               |
   |                             | Application?       | 3.19          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | ServiceName                 | IANAService?       |               |
   |                             | URL*               |               |
   |                             | Description*       | 3.19.1        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | EmailData                   | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | EmailTo*           |               |
   |                             | EmailFrom?         |               |

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   |                             | EmailSubject?      |               |
   |                             | EmailX-Mailer?     |               |
   |                             | EmailHeaderField*  |               |
   |                             | EmailHeaders?      |               |
   |                             | EmailBody?         |               |
   |                             | EmailMessage?      |               |
   |                             | HashData*          |               |
   |                             | Signature*         | 3.19.2        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | RecordData                  | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | DateTime?          |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | Application?       |               |
   |                             | RecordPattern*     |               |
   |                             | RecordItem*        |               |
   |                             | URL*               |               |
   |                             | FileData*          |               |
   |                             | WindowsRegistryKeysModified*|      |
   |                             | CertificateData*   |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.19.3        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | RecordPattern               | type               |               |
   |                             | ext-type?          |               |
   |                             | offset?            |               |
   |                             | offsetunit?        |               |
   |                             | ext-offsetunit?    |               |
   |                             | instance?          |               |
   |                             | value              | 3.19.4        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | WindowsRegistryKeysModified | observable-id?     | 3.20          |
   |                             | Key+               |               |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Key                         | registryaction?    |               |
   |                             | ext-registryaction?|               |
   |                             | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | KeyName            |               |
   |                             | KeyValue?          | 3.20.1        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | CertificateData             | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | Certificate+       | 3.21          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Certificate                 | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | X509Data           |               |
   |                             | Description*       | 3.21.1        |

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | FileData                    | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | File+              | 3.22          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | File                        | observable-id?     |               |
   |                             | FileName?          |               |
   |                             | FileSize?          |               |
   |                             | FileType?          |               |
   |                             | URL*               |               |
   |                             | HashData?          |               |
   |                             | Signature*         |               |
   |                             | AssociatedSoftware?|               |
   |                             | FileProperties*    | 3.22.1        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | HashData                    | scope              |               |
   |                             | HashTargetID?      |               |
   |                             | Hash*              |               |
   |                             | FuzzyHash*         | 3.23          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Hash                        | DigestMethod       |               |
   |                             | DigestValue        |               |
   |                             | CanonicalizationMethod?|           |
   |                             | Application?       | 3.23.1        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | FuzzyHash                   | FuzzyHashValue+    |               |
   |                             | Application?       |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.23.2        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Indicator                   | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | IndicatorID        |               |
   |                             | AlternativeIndicatorID*|           |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | StartTime?         |               |
   |                             | EndTime?           |               |
   |                             | Confidence?        |               |
   |                             | Contact*           |               |
   |                             | Observable?        |               |
   |                             | uid-ref?           |               |
   |                             | IndicatorExpression?|              |
   |                             | IndicatorReference?|               |
   |                             | NodeRole*          |               |
   |                             | AttackPhase*       |               |
   |                             | Reference*         |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.24          |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   | IndicatorID                 | id                 |               |
   |                             | name               |               |
   |                             | version            | 3.24.1        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | AlternativeIndicatorID      | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | IndicatorReference+| 3.24.2        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | Observable                  | restriction?       |               |
   |                             | ext-restriction?   |               |
   |                             | System?            |               |
   |                             | Address?           |               |
   |                             | DomainData?        |               |
   |                             | Service?           |               |
   |                             | EmailData?         |               |
   |                             | WindowsRegistryKeysModified?|      |
   |                             | FileData?          |               |
   |                             | CertificateData?   |               |
   |                             | RegistryHandle?    |               |
   |                             | RecordData?        |               |
   |                             | EventData?         |               |
   |                             | Incident?          |               |
   |                             | Expectation?       |               |
   |                             | Reference?         |               |
   |                             | Assessment?        |               |
   |                             | DetectionPattern?  |               |
   |                             | HistoryItem?       |               |
   |                             | BulkObservable?    |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.24.3        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | BulkObservable              | type?              |               |
   |                             | ext-type?          |               |
   |                             | BulkObservableFormat?|             |
   |                             | BulkObservableList |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.24.4        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | BulkObservableFormat        | Hash?              |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.24.5        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | IndicatorExpression         | operator?          |               |
   |                             | ext-operator?      |               |
   |                             | IndicatorExpression*|              |
   |                             | Observable*        |               |
   |                             | uid-ref*           |               |
   |                             | IndicatorReference*|               |
   |                             | Confidence?        |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.24.6        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   | IndicatorReference          | uid-ref?           |               |
   |                             | euid-ref?          |               |
   |                             | version?           | 3.24.7        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+
   | AttackPhase                 | AttackPhaseID*     |               |
   |                             | URL*               |               |
   |                             | Description*       |               |
   |                             | AdditionalData*    | 3.24.8        |
   +-----------------------------+--------------------+---------------+

                               IODEF Classes

3.2.  Mapping between CBOR/JSON and XML IODEF

   o  This document treats attributes and elements of each class defined
      in [RFC7970] equally and is agnostic on the order of their
      appearances.

   o  Flow class is deleted, and classes with its instances now directly
      have instances of EventData class that used to belong to the Flow
      classs.

   o  ApplicationHeader class is deleted, and classes with its instances
      now directly have instances of ApplicationHeaderField class that
      used to belong to the ApplicationHeader class.

   o  SignatureData class is deleted, and classes with its instances now
      directly have instance of Signature class that used to belong to
      the SignatureData class.

   o  IndicatorData class is deleted, and classes with its instances now
      directly have the instances of Indicator class that used to belong
      to the IndicatorData class.

   o  ObservableReference class is deleted, and classes with its
      instances now directly have uid-ref as an element.

   o  Record class is replaced by RecordData class, and RecordData class
      is renamed to Record class.

   o  Record class is deleted, and classes with its instances now
      directly have the instances of RecordData class that used to
      belong to the Record class.

   o  The elements of ML_STRING type in XML IODEF document are presented
      as either STRING type or ML_STRING type in CBOR/JSON IODEF
      document.

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   o  The order of appearances of class elements were ignored in CBOR/
      JSON version.

4.  Examples

   This section provides example of IODEF documents.  These examples do
   not represent the full capabilities of the data model or the the only
   way to encode particular information.

4.1.  Minimal Example

   A document containing only the mandatory elements and attributes is
   shown below in JSON and CBOR, respectively.

   {
     "version": "2.0",
     "lang": "en",
     "Incident": [{
         "purpose": "reporting",
         "restriction": "private",
         "IncidentID": {
           "id": "492382",
           "name": "csirt.example.com"
         },
         "GenerationTime": "2015-07-18T09:00:00-05:00",
         "Contact": [{
             "type": "organization",
             "role": "creator",
             "Email": [{"EmailTo": "contact@csirt.example.com"}]
         }]
     }]
   }

                    Figure 3: A Minimal Example in JSON

   A3                                      # map(3)
     67                                    # text(7)
       76657273696F6E                      # "version"
     63                                    # text(3)
       322E30                              # "2.0"
     64                                    # text(4)
       6C616E67                            # "lang"
     62                                    # text(2)
       656E                                # "en"
     68                                    # text(8)
       496E636964656E74                    # "Incident"
     81                                    # array(1)
       A5                                  # map(5)

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

         67                                # text(7)
           707572706F7365                  # "purpose"
         69                                # text(9)
           7265706F7274696E67              # "reporting"
         6B                                # text(11)
           7265737472696374696F6E          # "restriction"
         67                                # text(7)
           70726976617465                  # "private"
         6A                                # text(10)
           496E636964656E744944            # "IncidentID"
         A2                                # map(2)
           62                              # text(2)
             6964                          # "id"
           66                              # text(6)
             343932333832                  # "492382"
           64                              # text(4)
             6E616D65                      # "name"
           71                              # text(17)
             63736972742E6578616D706C652E636F6D # "csirt.example.com"
         6E                                # text(14)
           47656E65726174696F6E54696D65    # "GenerationTime"
         C0                                # tag(0)
           78 19                           # text(25)
             323031352D30372D31385430393A30303A30302D30353A3030
                                           # "2015-07-18T09:00:00-05:00"
         67                                # text(7)
           436F6E74616374                  # "Contact"
         81                                # array(1)
           A3                              # map(3)
             64                            # text(4)
               74797065                    # "type"
             6C                            # text(12)
               6F7267616E697A6174696F6E    # "organization"
             64                            # text(4)
               726F6C65                    # "role"
             67                            # text(7)
               63726561746F72              # "creator"
             65                            # text(5)
               456D61696C                  # "Email"
             81                            # array(1)
               A1                          # map(1)
                 67                        # text(7)
                   456D61696C546F          # "EmailTo"
                 78 19                     # text(25)
                   636F6E746163744063736972742E6578616D706C652E636F6D
                                           # "contact@csirt.example.com"

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 19]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

                    Figure 4: A Minimal Example in CBOR

4.2.  Indicators from a Campaign

   An example of C2 domains from a given campaign is shwon below in JSON
   and CBOR, respectively.

{
  "version": "2.0",
  "lang": "en",
  "Incident": [{
    "purpose": "watch",
    "restriction": "green",
    "IncidentID": {
      "id": "897923",
      "name": "csirt.example.com"
    },
    "RelatedActivity": [{
      "ThreatActor": [{
        "ThreatActorID": ["TA-12-AGGRESSIVE-BUTTERFLY"],
        "Description": ["Aggressive Butterfly"]}],
      "Campaign": [{
        "CampaignID": ["C-2015-59405"],
        "Description": ["Orange Giraffe"]
      }]
    }],
    "GenerationTime": "2015-10-02T11:18:00-05:00",
    "Description": ["Summarizes the Indicators of Compromise for the
      Orange Giraffe campaign of the Aggressive Butterfly crime gang."],
    "Assessment": [{
      "Impact": [{"BusinessImpact": {"type": "breach-proprietary"}}]
    }],
    "Contact": [{
      "type": "organization",
      "role": "creator",
      "ContactName": ["CSIRT for example.com"],
      "Email": [{
        "EmailTo": "contact@csirt.example.com"
      }]
    }],
    "Indicator": [{
      "IndicatorID": {
        "id": "G90823490",
        "name": "csirt.example.com",
        "version": "1"
      },
      "Description": ["C2 domains"],
      "StartTime": "2014-12-02T11:18:00-05:00",

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 20]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

      "Observable": {
        "BulkObservable": {
          "type": "ipv6-addr",
          "BulkObservableList": "kj290023j09r34.example.com"}
      }
    }]
  }]
}

               Figure 5: Indicators from a Campaign in JSON

A3                                      # map(3)
  67                                    # text(7)
    76657273696F6E                      # "version"
  63                                    # text(3)
    322E30                              # "2.0"
  64                                    # text(4)
    6C616E67                            # "lang"
  62                                    # text(2)
    656E                                # "en"
  68                                    # text(8)
    496E636964656E74                    # "Incident"
  81                                    # array(1)
    A9                                  # map(9)
      67                                # text(7)
        707572706F7365                  # "purpose"
      65                                # text(5)
        7761746368                      # "watch"
      6B                                # text(11)
        7265737472696374696F6E          # "restriction"
      65                                # text(5)
        677265656E                      # "green"
      6A                                # text(10)
        496E636964656E744944            # "IncidentID"
      A2                                # map(2)
        62                              # text(2)
          6964                          # "id"
        66                              # text(6)
          383937393233                  # "897923"
        64                              # text(4)
          6E616D65                      # "name"
        71                              # text(17)
          63736972742E6578616D706C652E636F6D # "csirt.example.com"
      6F                                # text(15)
        52656C617465644163746976697479 # "RelatedActivity"
      81                                # array(1)
        A2                              # map(2)
          6B                            # text(11)

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 21]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

            5468726561744163746F72      # "ThreatActor"
          81                            # array(1)
            A2                          # map(2)
              6D                        # text(13)
                5468726561744163746F724944 # "ThreatActorID"
              81                        # array(1)
                78 1A                   # text(26)
                  54412D31322D414747524553534956452D425554544552464
                  C59                # "TA-12-AGGRESSIVE-BUTTERFLY"
              6B                        # text(11)
                4465736372697074696F6E  # "Description"
              81                        # array(1)
                74                      # text(20)
                  4167677265737369766520427574746572666C79
                                        # "Aggressive Butterfly"
          68                            # text(8)
            43616D706169676E            # "Campaign"
          81                            # array(1)
            A2                          # map(2)
              6A                        # text(10)
                43616D706169676E4944 # "CampaignID"
              81                        # array(1)
                6C                      # text(12)
                  432D323031352D3539343035 # "C-2015-59405"
              6B                        # text(11)
                4465736372697074696F6E  # "Description"
              81                        # array(1)
                6E                      # text(14)
                  4F72616E67652047697261666665 # "Orange Giraffe"
      6E                                # text(14)
        47656E65726174696F6E54696D65    # "GenerationTime"
      C0                                # tag(0)
        78 19                           # text(25)
          323031352D31302D30325431313A31383A30302D30353A3030
                                        # "2015-10-02T11:18:00-05:00"
      6B                                # text(11)
        4465736372697074696F6E          # "Description"
      81                                # array(1)
        78 6F                           # text(111)
          53756D6D6172697A65732074686520496E64696361746F7273206F6620436
          F6D70726F6D69736520666F7220746865204F72616E676520476972616666
          652063616D706169676E206F6620746865204167677265737369766520427
          574746572666C79206372696D652067616E672E
             # "Summarizes the Indicators of Compromise for the Orange
               Giraffe campaign of the Aggressive Butterfly crime gang."
      6A                                # text(10)
        4173736573736D656E74            # "Assessment"
      81                                # array(1)

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 22]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

        A1                              # map(1)
          66                            # text(6)
            496D70616374                # "Impact"
          81                            # array(1)
            A1                          # map(1)
              6E                        # text(14)
                427573696E657373496D70616374 # "BusinessImpact"
              A1                        # map(1)
                64                      # text(4)
                  74797065              # "type"
                72                      # text(18)
                  6272656163682D70726F7072696574617279
                                        # "breach-proprietary"
      67                                # text(7)
        436F6E74616374                  # "Contact"
      81                                # array(1)
        A4                              # map(4)
          64                            # text(4)
            74797065                    # "type"
          6C                            # text(12)
            6F7267616E697A6174696F6E    # "organization"
          64                            # text(4)
            726F6C65                    # "role"
          67                            # text(7)
            63726561746F72              # "creator"
          6B                            # text(11)
            436F6E746163744E616D65      # "ContactName"
          81                            # array(1)
            75                          # text(21)
              435349525420666F72206578616D706C652E636F6D
                                        # "CSIRT for example.com"
          65                            # text(5)
            456D61696C                  # "Email"
          81                            # array(1)
            A1                          # map(1)
              67                        # text(7)
                456D61696C546F          # "EmailTo"
              78 19                     # text(25)
                636F6E746163744063736972742E6578616D706C652E636F6D
                                      # "contact@csirt.example.com"
      69                                # text(9)
        496E64696361746F72              # "Indicator"
      81                                # array(1)
        A4                              # map(4)
          6B                            # text(11)
            496E64696361746F724944      # "IndicatorID"
          A3                            # map(3)
            62                          # text(2)

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 23]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

              6964                      # "id"
            69                          # text(9)
              473930383233343930        # "G90823490"
            64                          # text(4)
              6E616D65                  # "name"
            71                          # text(17)
              63736972742E6578616D706C652E636F6D
                                        # "csirt.example.com"
            67                          # text(7)
              76657273696F6E            # "version"
            61                          # text(1)
              31                        # "1"
          6B                            # text(11)
            4465736372697074696F6E      # "Description"
          81                            # array(1)
            6A                          # text(10)
              433220646F6D61696E73      # "C2 domains"
          69                            # text(9)
            537461727454696D65          # "StartTime"
          C0                            # tag(0)
            78 19                       # text(25)
              323031342D31322D30325431313A31383A30302D30353A3030
                                      # "2014-12-02T11:18:00-05:00"
          6A                            # text(10)
            4F627365727661626C65        # "Observable"
          A1                            # map(1)
            6E                          # text(14)
              42756C6B4F627365727661626C65 # "BulkObservable"
            A2                          # map(2)
              64                        # text(4)
                74797065                # "type"
              69                        # text(9)
                697076362D61646472      # "ipv6-addr"
              72                        # text(18)
                42756C6B4F627365727661626C654C697374
                                        # "BulkObservableList"
              78 1A                     # text(26)
                6B6A3239303032336A30397233342E6578616D706C652E636F6D
                                        # "kj290023j09r34.example.com"

               Figure 6: Indicators from a Campaign in CBOR

5.  The IODEF Data Model (CDDL)

start = iodef

;;; iodef.json: IODEF-Document

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 24]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

iodef = {
 version: text
 ? lang: lang
 ? format-id: text
 ? private-enum-name: text
 ? private-enum-id: text
 Incident: [+ Incident]
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

duration = "second" / "minute" / "hour" / "day" / "month" / "quarter" /
           "year" / "ext-value"
lang = "" / text .regexp "[a-zA-Z]{1,8}(-[a-zA-Z0-9]{1,8})*"

restriction = "public" / "partner" / "need-to-know" / "private" /
              "default" / "white" / "green" / "amber" / "red" /
              "ext-value"
SpecID = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:mile:mmdef:1.2" /  "private"
IDtype = text .regexp "[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]*"
IDREFType = IDtype
URLtype = uri
TimeZonetype = text .regexp "Z|[\+\-](0[0-9]|1[0-4]):[0-5][0-9]"
PortlistType = text .regexp "\\d+(\\-\\d+)?(,\\d+(\\-\\d+)?)*"
action = "nothing" / "contact-source-site" / "contact-target-site" /
         "contact-sender" / "investigate" / "block-host" /
         "block-network" / "block-port" / "rate-limit-host" /
         "rate-limit-network" / "rate-limit-port" / "redirect-traffic" /
         "honeypot" / "upgrade-software" / "rebuild-asset" /
         "harden-asset" / "remediate-other" / "status-triage" /
         "status-new-info" / "watch-and-report" / "training" /
         "defined-coa" / "other" / "ext-value"

DATETIME = tdate

MLStringType = {
    value: text
    ? lang: lang
    ? translation-id: text
}

PositiveFloatType = float32 .gt 0

PAddressType = MLStringType

ExtensionType  = {
 ? ssvalue: text
 ? name: text
 dtype: "boolean" / "byte" / "bytes" / "character" / "date-time" /

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 25]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

          "ntpstamp" / "integer" / "portlist" / "real" / "string" /
          "file" / "path" / "frame" / "packet" / "ipv4-packet" /
          "ipv6-packet" / "url" / "csv" / "winreg" / "xml" / "ext-value"
          .default "string"
 ? ext-dtype: text
 ? meaning: text
 ? formatid: text
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype
}

SoftwareType = {
 ? SoftwareReference: SoftwareReference
 ? URL: [+ URLtype]
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
}

SoftwareReference = {
 ? value: text
 spec-name: "custom" / "cpe" / "swid" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-spec-name: text
 ? dtype: "bytes" / "integer" / "real" / "string" / "xml" / "ext-value"
          .default "string"
 ? ext-dtype: text
}

Incident = {
 purpose: "traceback" / "mitigation" / "reporting" / "watch" / "other" /
          "ext-value"
 ? ext-purpose: text
 ? status: "new" / "in-progress"/ "forwarded" / "resolved" / "future" /
           "ext-value"
 ? ext-status: text
 ? lang: lang
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 IncidentID: IncidentID
 ? AlternativeID: AlternativeID
 ? RelatedActivity: [+ RelatedActivity]
 ? DetectTime: DATETIME
 ? StartTime: DATETIME
 ? EndTime: DATETIME
 ? RecoveryTime: DATETIME
 ? ReportTime: DATETIME
 GenerationTime: DATETIME
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 26]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

 ? Discovery: [+ Discovery]
 ? Assessment: [+ Assessment]
 ? Method: [+ Method]
 Contact: [+ Contact]
 ? EventData: [+ EventData]
 ? Indicator: [+ Indicator]
 ? History: History
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

IncidentID = {
 id: text
 name: text
 ? instance: text
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
}

AlternativeID = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 IncidentID: [+ IncidentID]
}

RelatedActivity = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? IncidentID: [+ IncidentID]
 ? URL: [+ URLtype]
 ? ThreatActor: [+ ThreatActor]
 ? Campaign: [+ Campaign]
 ? IndicatorID: [+ IndicatorID]
 ? Confidence: Confidence
 ? Description: [+ text]
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

ThreatActor = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? ThreatActorID: [+ text]
 ? URL: [+ URLtype]
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

Campaign  = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 27]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? CampaignID: [+ text]
 ? URL: [+ URLtype]
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

Contact = {
 role: "creator" / "reporter" / "admin" / "tech" / "provider" / "user" /
       "billing" / "legal" / "irt" / "abuse" / "cc" / "cc-irt" / "leo" /
       "vendor" / "vendor-support" / "victim" / "victim-notified" /
       "ext-value"
 ? ext-role: text
 type: "person" / "organization" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-type: text
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? ContactName: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? ContactTitle: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? RegistryHandle: [+ RegistryHandle]
 ? PostalAddress: [+ PostalAddress]
 ? Email: [+ Email]
 ? Telephone: [+ Telephone]
 ? Timezone: TimeZonetype
 ? Contact: [+ Contact]
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

RegistryHandle = {
 handle: text
 registry: "internic" / "apnic" / "arin" / "lacnic" / "ripe" /
           "afrinic" / "local" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-registry: text
}

PostalAddress = {
 ? type: text
 ? ext-type: text
 PAddress: PAddressType
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
}

Email = {
 ? type: "direct" / "hotline" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-type: text
 EmailTo: text
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 28]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

}

Telephone = {
 ? type: "wired" / "mobile" / "fax" / "hotline" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-type: text
 TelephoneNumber: text
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
}

Discovery = {
 ? source: "nidps" / "hips" / "siem" / "av" / "third-party-monitoring" /
           "incident" / "os-log" / "application-log" / "device-log" /
           "network-flow" / "passive-dns" / "investigation" / "audit" /
           "internal-notification" / "external-notification" /
           "leo" / "partner" / "actor" / "unknown" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-source: text
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? Contact: [+ Contact]
 ? DetectionPattern: [+ DetectionPattern]
}

DetectionPattern = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 Application: SoftwareType
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? DetectionConfiguration: [+ text]
}

Method = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? Reference: [+ Reference]
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? AttackPattern: [+ StructuredInformation]
 ? Vulnerability: [+ StructuredInformation]
 ? Weakness: [+ StructuredInformation]
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

StructuredInformation = {
 SpecID: SpecID
 ? ext-SpecID: text
 ? ContentID: text
 ? RawData: [+ ExtensionType]

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 29]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

 ? Reference:[+ Reference]
 ? Platform:[+ Platform]
 ? Scoring:[+ Scoring]
}
Platform = {
    SpecID: SpecID
    ? ext-SpecID: text
    ? ContentID: text
    ? RawData: [+ ExtensionType]
    ? Reference: [+ Reference]
}
Scoring = {
    SpecID: SpecID
    ? ext-SpecID: text
    ? ContentID: text
    ? RawData: [+ ExtensionType]
    ? Reference: [+ Reference]
}
Reference = {
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 ? ReferenceName: ReferenceName
 ? URL: [+ URLtype]
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
}

ReferenceName = {
 specIndex: integer
 ID: IDtype
}

Assessment = {
 ? occurrence: "actual" / "potential"
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 ? IncidentCategory: [+ text / MLStringType]
 Impact: [+ {SystemImpact: SystemImpact} /
          {BusinessImpact: BusinessImpact} / {TimeImpact: TimeImpact} /
          {MonetaryImpact: MonetaryImpact} /
          {IntendedImpact: BusinessImpact}]
 ? Counter: [+ Counter]
 ? MitigatingFactor: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? Cause: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? Confidence: Confidence
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

SystemImpact = {

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 30]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

 ? severity: "low" / "medium" / "high"
 ? completion: "failed" / "succeeded"
 type: "takeover-account" / "takeover-service" / "takeover-system" /
       "cps-manipulation" / "cps-damage" / "availability-data" /
       "availability-account" / "availability-service" /
       "availability-system" / "damaged-system" / "damaged-data" /
       "breach-proprietary" / "breach-privacy" / "breach-credential" /
       "breach-configuration" / "integrity-data" /
       "integrity-configuration" / "integrity-hardware" /
       "traffic-redirection"/"monitoring-traffic"/"monitoring-host"/
       "policy" / "unknown" / "ext-value" .default "unknown"
 ? ext-type: text
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
}

BusinessImpact = {
 ? severity:"none" / "low" / "medium" / "high" / "unknown" / "ext-value"
            .default "unknown"
 ? ext-severity: text
 type: "breach-proprietary" / "breach-privacy" / "breach-credential" /
       "loss-of-integrity" / "loss-of-service" / "theft-financial" /
       "theft-service" / "degraded-reputation" / "asset-damage" /
       "asset-manipulation" / "legal" / "extortion" / "unknown" /
       "ext-value" .default "unknown"
 ? ext-type: text
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
}

TimeImpact = {
 value: PositiveFloatType
 ? severity: "low" / "medium" / "high"
 metric: "labor" / "elapsed" / "downtime" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-metric: text
 ? duration: duration .default "hour"
 ? ext-duration: text
}

MonetaryImpact = {
 value: PositiveFloatType
 ? severity: "low" / "medium" / "high"
 ? currency: text
}

Confidence = {
 value: float32
 rating: "low" / "medium" / "high" / "numeric" / "unknown" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-rating: text
}

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 31]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

History = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 HistoryItem: [+ HistoryItem]
}

HistoryItem = {
 action: action .default "other"
 ? ext-action: text
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 DateTime: DATETIME
 ? IncidentID: IncidentID
 ? Contact: Contact
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? DefinedCOA: [+ text]
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

EventData = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "default"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? DetectTime: DATETIME
 ? StartTime: DATETIME
 ? EndTime: DATETIME
 ? RecoveryTime: DATETIME
 ? ReportTime: DATETIME
 ? Contact: [+ Contact]
 ? Discovery: [+ Discovery]
 ? Assessment: Assessment
 ? Method: [+ Method]
 ? System: [+ System]
 ? Expectation: [+ Expectation]
 ? RecordData: [+ RecordData]
 ? EventData: [+ EventData]
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

Expectation = {
 ? action: action .default "other"
 ? ext-action: text
 ? severity: "low" / "medium" / "high"
 ? restriction: restriction .default "default"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 32]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? DefinedCOA: [+ text]
 ? StartTime: DATETIME
 ? EndTime: DATETIME
 ? Contact: Contact
}

System = {
 ? category: "source" / "target" / "intermediate" / "sensor" /
             "infrastructure" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-category: text
 ? interface: text
 ? spoofed: "unknown" / "yes" / "no" .default "unknown"
 ? virtual: "yes" / "no" / "unknown" .default "unknown"
 ? ownership: "organization" / "personal" / "partner" / "customer" /
              "no-relationship" / "unknown" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-ownership: text
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 Node: Node
 ? NodeRole: [+ NodeRole]
 ? Service: [+ Service]
 ? OperatingSystem: [+ SoftwareType]
 ? Counter: [+ Counter]
 ? AssetID: [+ text]
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

Node = {
 ( DomainData:[+ DomainData]
  ? Address:[+ Address]) /
 (? DomainData:[+ DomainData]
  + Address:[+ Address])
 ? PostalAddress: PostalAddress
 ? Location: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? Counter: [+ Counter]
}

Address = {
 value: text
 category: "asn" / "atm" / "e-mail" / "ipv4-addr" / "ipv4-net" /
           "ipv4-net-masked" / "ipv4-net-mask" / "ipv6-addr" /
           "ipv6-net" / "ipv6-net-masked" / "mac" / "site-url" /
           "ext-value" .default "ipv6-addr"
 ? ext-category: text
 ? vlan-name: text

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 33]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

 ? vlan-num: integer
 ? observable-id: IDtype
}

NodeRole = {
 category: "client" / "client-enterprise" / "clent-partner" /
           "client-remote" / "client-kiosk" / "client-mobile" /
           "server-internal" / "server-public" / "www" / "mail" /
           "webmail" / "messaging" / "streaming" / "voice" / "file" /
           "ftp" / "p2p" / "name" / "directory" / "credential" /
           "print" / "application" / "database" / "backup" / "dhcp" /
           "assessment" / "source-control" / "config-management" /
           "monitoring" / "infra" / "infra-firewall" / "infra-router" /
           "infra-switch" / "camera" / "proxy" / "remote-access" /
           "log" / "virtualization" / "pos" /  "scada" /
           "scada-supervisory" / "sinkhole" / "honeypot" /
           "anomyzation" / "c2-server" / "malware-distribution" /
           "drop-server" / "hot-point" / "reflector" /
           "phishing-site" / "spear-phishing-site" / "recruiting-site" /
           "fraudulent-site" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-category: text
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
}

Counter = {
 value: float32
 type: "count" / "peak" / "average" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-type: text
 unit: "byte" / "mbit" / "packet" / "flow" / "session" / "alert" /
       "message" / "event" / "host" / "site" / "organization" /
       "ext-value"
 ? ext-unit: text
 ? meaning: text
 ? duration: duration .default "hour"
 ? ext-duration: text
}

DomainData = {
 system-status: "spoofed" / "fraudulent" / "innocent-hacked" /
                "innocent-hijacked" / "unknown" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-system-status: text
 domain-status: "reservedDelegation" / "assignedAndActive" /
                "assignedAndInactive" / "assignedAndOnHold" /
                "revoked" / "transferPending" / "registryLock" /
                "registrarLock" / "other" / "unknown" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-domain-status: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 Name: text

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 34]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

 ? DateDomainWasChecked: DATETIME
 ? RegistrationDate: DATETIME
 ? ExpirationDate: DATETIME
 ? RelatedDNS: [+ ExtensionType]
 ? NameServers: [+ NameServers]
 ? DomainContacts: DomainContacts
}

NameServers = {
 Server: text
 Address: [+ Address]
}

DomainContacts = {
 ? SameDomainContact: text
 Contact: [+ Contact]
}

Service = {
 ? ip-protocol: integer
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 ? ServiceName: ServiceName
 ? Port: integer
 ? Portlist: PortlistType
 ? ProtoCode: integer
 ? ProtoType: integer
 ? ProtoField: integer
 ? ApplicationHeaderField: [+ ExtensionType]
 ? EmailData: EmailData
 ? Application: SoftwareType
}

ServiceName = {
 ? IANAService: text
 ? URL: [+ URLtype]
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
}

EmailData = {
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 ? EmailTo: [+ text]
 ? EmailFrom: text
 ? EmailSubject: text
 ? EmailX-Mailer: text
 ? EmailHeaderField: [+ ExtensionType]
 ? EmailHeaders: text
 ? EmailBody: text
 ? EmailMessage: text

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 35]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

 ? HashData: [+ HashData]
 ? Signature: [+ SignatureType]
}

SignatureType = {
  ? id: IDtype
  SignedInfo: SignedInfoType
  SignatureValue: SignatureValueType
  ? KeyInfo: KeyInfoType
  ? Object: [+ ObjectType]
}

SignedInfoType = {
  ? id: IDtype
  CanonicalizationMethod: CanonicalizationMethodType
  SignatureMethod: SignatureMethodType
  Reference: [+ ReferenceType]
}

SignatureMethodType = {
  ? value: text
  Algorithm: URLtype
  ? HMACOutputLength: HMACOutputLengthType
}

HMACOutputLengthType = integer

ReferenceType = {
  ? id: IDtype
  ? URI: URLtype
  ? Type: URLtype
  ? Transforms: TransformsType
  DigestMethod: DigestMethodType
  DigestValue: DigestValueType
}

TransformsType = {
  Transform: [+ TransformType]
}

TransformType = {
  ? value: text
  Algorithm: URLtype
  ? XPath: [+ text]
}

DigestMethodType = {
  ? value: text

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 36]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

  Algorithm: URLtype
}

DigestValueType = eb64legacy

SignatureValueType = {
  value: eb64legacy
  ? id: IDtype
}

KeyInfoType = {
  ? value: text
  ? id: IDtype
  KeyProperties: [+ {KeyName: text} / {KeyValue: KeyValueType} /
                  {RetrievalMethod: RetrievalMethodType} /
                  {X509Data: X509DataType} / {PGPData: PGPDataType} /
                  {SPKIData: SPKIDataType} / {MgmtData: text}]
}

KeyValueType = {
  ? value: text
  KeyValueProperties: {DSAKeyValue: DSAKeyValueType} /
                      {RSAKeyValue: RSAKeyValueType}
}

DSAKeyValueType = {
  ? P: CryptoBinary
  ? Q: CryptoBinary
  ? G: CryptoBinary
  Y: CryptoBinary
  ? J: CryptoBinary
  ? Seed: CryptoBinary
  ? PgenCounter: CryptoBinary
}

CryptoBinary = eb64legacy

RSAKeyValueType ={
  Modulus: CryptoBinary
  Exponent: CryptoBinary
}

RetrievalMethodType = {
  URI: URLtype
  ? Type: URLtype
  ? Transforms: TransformsType
}

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 37]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

PGPDataType = {
  ? value: text
  PGPDataProperties: {PGPKeyID: eb64legacy} / {PGPKeyPacket: eb64legacy}
}

SPKIDataType = {
  ? value: text
  SPKISexp: [+ eb64legacy]
}

ObjectType = {
  ? value: text
  ? id: IDtype
  ? MimeType: text
  ? Encoding: URLtype
}

RecordData = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 ? DateTime: DATETIME
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? Application: SoftwareType
 ? RecordPattern: [+ RecordPattern]
 ? RecordItem: [+ ExtensionType]
 ? URL: [+ URLtype]
 ? FileData: [+ FileData]
 ? WindowsRegistryKeysModified: [+ WindowsRegistryKeysModified]
 ? CertificateData: [+ CertificateData]
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

RecordPattern = {
 value: text
 type: "regex" / "binary" / "xpath" / "ext-value"  .default "regex"
 ? ext-type: text
 ? offset: integer
 ? offsetunit: "line" / "byte" / "ext-value" .default "line"
 ? ext-offsetunit: text
 ? instance: integer
}

WindowsRegistryKeysModified = {
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 Key: [+ Key]
}

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 38]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

Key = {
 ? registryaction: "add-key" / "add-value" / "delete-key" /
                   "delete-value" / "modify-key" / "modify-value" /
                   "ext-value"
 ? ext-registryaction: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 KeyName: text
 ? KeyValue: text
}

CertificateData = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 Certificate: [+ Certificate]
}

Certificate = {
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 X509Data: X509DataType
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
}

X509DataType = {
  X509DataProperties: [+ {X509IssuerSerial: X509IssuerSerialType} /
                       {X509SKI: eb64legacy} / {X509SubjectName: text} /
                       {X509Certificate: eb64legacy} /
                       {X509CRL: eb64legacy}]
}

X509IssuerSerialType = {
  X509IssuerName: text
  X509SerialNumber: integer
}

FileData = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 File: [+ File]
}

File = {
 ? observable-id: IDtype
 ? FileName: text
 ? FileSize: integer
 ? FileType: text
 ? URL: [+ URLtype]

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 39]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

 ? HashData: HashData
 ? Signature: [+ SignatureType]
 ? AssociatedSoftware: SoftwareType
 ? FileProperties: [+ ExtensionType]
}

HashData = {
 scope: "file-contents" / "file-pe-section" / "file-pe-iat" /
        "file-pe-resource" / "file-pdf-object" / "email-hash" /
        "email-hash-header" / "email-hash-body"
 ? HashTargetID: text
 ? Hash: [+ Hash]
 ? FuzzyHash: [+ FuzzyHash]
}

Hash = {
 DigestMethod: DigestMethodType
 DigestValue: DigestValueType
 ? CanonicalizationMethod: CanonicalizationMethodType
 ? Application: SoftwareType
}

CanonicalizationMethodType = {
  ? value: text
  Algorithm: URLtype
}

FuzzyHash = {
 FuzzyHashValue: [+ ExtensionType]
 ? Application: SoftwareType
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

Indicator = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 IndicatorID: IndicatorID
 ? AlternativeIndicatorID: [+ AlternativeIndicatorID]
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? StartTime: DATETIME
 ? EndTime: DATETIME
 ? Confidence: Confidence
 ? Contact: [+ Contact]
 ? Observable: Observable
 ? uid-ref: IDREFType
 ? IndicatorExpression: IndicatorExpression
 ? IndicatorReference: IndicatorReference

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 40]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

 ? NodeRole: [+ NodeRole]
 ? AttackPhase: [+ AttackPhase]
 ? Reference: [+ Reference]
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

IndicatorID = {
 id: IDtype
 name: text
 version: text
}

AlternativeIndicatorID = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 IndicatorReference: [+ IndicatorReference]
}

Observable = {
 ? restriction: restriction .default "private"
 ? ext-restriction: text
 ? System: System
 ? Address: Address
 ? DomainData: DomainData
 ? EmailData: EmailData
 ? Service: Service
 ? WindowsRegistryKeysModified: WindowsRegistryKeysModified
 ? FileData: FileData
 ? CertificateData: CertificateData
 ? RegistryHandle: RegistryHandle
 ? RecordData: RecordData
 ? EventData: EventData
 ? Incident: Incident
 ? Expectation: Expectation
 ? Reference: Reference
 ? Assessment: Assessment
 ? DetectionPattern: DetectionPattern
 ? HistoryItem: HistoryItem
 ? BulkObservable: BulkObservable
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

BulkObservable = {
 ? type: "asn" / "atm" / "e-mail" / "ipv4-addr" / "ipv4-net" /
         "ipv4-net-mask" / "ipv6-addr" / "ipv6-net" / "ipv6-net-mask" /
         "mac" / "site-url" / "domain-name" / "domain-to-ipv4" /
         "domain-to-ipv6" / "domain-to-ipv4-timestamp" /
         "domain-to-ipv6-timestamp" / "ipv4-port" / "ipv6-port" /

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 41]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

         "windows-reg-key" / "file-hash" / "email-x-mailer" /
         "email-subject" / "http-user-agent" / "http-request-uri" /
         "mutex" / "file-path" / "user-name" / "ext-value"
 ? ext-type: text
 ? BulkObservableFormat: BulkObservableFormat
 BulkObservableList: text
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

BulkObservableFormat = {
 ? Hash: Hash
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

IndicatorExpression = {
 ? operator: "not" / "and" / "or" / "xor" .default "and"
 ? ext-operator: text
 ? IndicatorExpression: [+ IndicatorExpression]
 ? Observable: [+ Observable]
 ? uid-ref: [+ IDREFType]
 ? IndicatorReference: [+ IndicatorReference]
 ? Confidence: Confidence
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

IndicatorReference = {
 ? uid-ref: IDREFType
 ? euid-ref: text
 ? version: text
}

AttackPhase = {
 ? AttackPhaseID: [+ text]
 ? URL: [+ URLtype]
 ? Description: [+ text / MLStringType]
 ? AdditionalData: [+ ExtensionType]
}

                       Figure 7: Data Model in CDDL

6.  Acknowledgements

   We would like to thank Henk Birkholz, Carsten Bormann, Yasuaki
   Morita, and Takahiko Nagata for their insightful comments on CDDL.

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 42]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

7.  IANA Considerations

   This document registers a JSON schema.

8.  Security Considerations

   This memo does not provide any further security considerations than
   the one described in [RFC7970].

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [cddlspec]
              Henk Birkholz, Christoph Vigano, and Carsten Bormann,
              "Concise data definition language (CDDL): a notational
              convention to express CBOR and JSON data structuresy",
              2018.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7970]  Danyliw, R., "The Incident Object Description Exchange
              Format Version 2", RFC 7970, DOI 10.17487/RFC7970,
              November 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7970>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [jsonschema]
              Francis Galiegue, Kris Zyp, and Gary Court, "JSON Schema:
              core definitions and terminology", 2013.

Appendix A.  Data Types used in this document

   The CDDL prelude used in this document is mapped to JSON as shown in
   the table below.

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 43]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   +-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------+
   | CDDL Prelude    | Use of JSON   |  Instance | Validation         |
   +-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------+
   | bytes           | n/a           | string    | tool available     |
   | text            | string        | string    | unnecessary        |
   | tdate           | n/a           | string    | 7.3.1 date-time    |
   | integer         | n/a           | number    | integer            |
   | eb64legacy      | n/a           | string    | tool available     |
   | uri             | n/a           | string    | 7.3.6 uri          |
   | float32         | float32       | number    | unnecessary        |
   +-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------+

                                 Figure 8

Appendix B.  The IODEF Data Model (JSON Schema)

   This section provides a JSON schema that defines the IODEF Data Model
   defined in this draft.

{ "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
  "definitions": {
    "action": {"enum": ["nothing","contact-source-site",
       "contact-target-site","contact-sender","investigate",
       "block-host","block-network","block-port","rate-limit-host",
       "rate-limit-network","rate-limit-port","redirect-traffic",
       "honeypot","upgrade-software","rebuild-asset","harden-asset",
       "remediate-other","status-triage","status-new-info",
       "watch-and-report","training","defined-coa","other",
       "ext-value"]},
    "duration":{"enum":["second","minute","hour","day","month",
       "quarter","year","ext-value"]},
    "SpecID":{
      "enum":["urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:mile:mmdef:1.2","private"]},
    "lang": {
      "type":"string","pattern":"^$|[a-zA-Z]{1,8}(-[a-zA-Z0-9]{1,8})*"},
    "purpose": {"enum": ["traceback","mitigation","reporting","watch",
      "other","ext-value"]},
    "restriction":{"enum":["public","partner","need-to-know","private",
      "default","white","green","amber","red","ext-value"]},
    "status": {"enum": ["new","in-progress","forwarded","resolved",
      "future","ext-value"]},
    "DATETIME": {"type": "string","format": "date-time"},
    "PortlistType": {
      "type": "string","pattern": "\\d+(\\-\\d+)?(,\\d+(\\-\\d+)?)*"},
    "TimeZonetype": {
      "type":"string","pattern":"Z|[\\+\\-](0[0-9]|1[0-4]):[0-5][0-9]"},
    "URLtype": {
      "type": "string",

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 44]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

      "pattern":
        "^(([^:/?#]+):)?(//([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(\\?([^#]*))?(#(.*))?"},
    "IDtype": {"type": "string","pattern": "[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]*"},
    "IDREFType": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
    "CryptoBinary": {"type": "string"},
    "MLStringType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "lang": {"$ref": "#/definitions/lang"},
        "translation-id": {"type": "string"}},
      "required": ["value"],
      "additionalProperties":false},
    "PositiveFloatType": {"type": "number","minimum": 0},
    "PAddressType": {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"},
    "ExtensionType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "Name": {"type": "string"},
        "dtype":{"enum":["boolean","byte","bytes","character",
          "date-time","ntpstamp","integer","portlist","real","string",
          "file","path","frame","packet","ipv4-packet","ipv6-packet",
          "url", "csv","winreg","xml","ext-value"],"default": "string"},
        "ext-dtype": {"type": "string"},
        "meaning": {"type": "string"},
        "formatid": {"type": "string"},
        "restriction": {
          "$ref": "#/definitions/restriction","default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"}},
      "required": ["value","dtype"],
      "additionalProperties":false},
    "ExtensionTypeList": {
      "type": "array",
      "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ExtensionType"},
      "minItems": 1},
    "SoftwareType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "SoftwareReference":{"$ref": "#/definitions/SoftwareReference"},
        "URL": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype",
          "minItems": 1}},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 45]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1 }},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "SoftwareReference": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "spec-name": {"enum": ["custom","cpe","swid","ext-value"]},
        "ext-spec-name": {"type": "string"},
        "dtype": {"enum": ["bytes","integer","real","string","xml",
                           "ext-value"] ,  "default": "string"},
        "ext-dtype": {"type": "string"}},
      "required": ["spec-name"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "StructuredInformation": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "SpecID": {"$ref":"#/definitions/SpecID"},
        "ext-SpecID": {"type": "string"},
        "ContentID": {"type": "string"},
        "RawData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"},
        "Reference": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Reference"},
          "minItems": 1
        },
        "Platform": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Platform"},
          "minItems": 1
        },
        "Scoring": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Scoring"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["SpecID"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Platform": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "SpecID": {"$ref":"#/definitions/SpecID"},
        "ext-SpecID": {"type": "string"},
        "ContentID": {"type": "string"},
        "RawData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"},
        "Reference": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Reference"},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 46]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["SpecID"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Scoring": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "SpecID": {"$ref":"#/definitions/SpecID"},
        "ext-SpecID": {"type": "string"},
        "ContentID": {"type": "string"},
        "RawData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"},
        "Reference": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Reference"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["SpecID"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Incident": {
      "title": "Incident",
      "description": "JSON schema for Incident class",
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "purpose": {"$ref": "#/definitions/purpose"},
        "ext-purpose": {"type": "string"},
        "status": {"$ref": "#/definitions/status"},
        "ext-status": {"type": "string"},
        "lang": {"$ref": "#/definitions/lang"},
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "IncidentID": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IncidentID"},
        "AlternativeID": {"$ref": "#/definitions/AlternativeID"},
        "RelatedActivity": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/RelatedActivity"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "DetectTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "StartTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "EndTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "RecoveryTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "ReportTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "GenerationTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Discovery": {

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 47]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Discovery"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Assessment": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Assessment"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Method": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Method"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Contact": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Contact"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "EventData": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/EventData"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Indicator": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Indicator"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "History": {"$ref": "#/definitions/History"},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": ["IncidentID","GenerationTime","Contact","purpose"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "IncidentID": {
      "title": "IncidentID",
      "description": "JSON schema for IncidentID class",
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "id": {"type": "string"},
        "name": {"type": "string"},
        "instance": {"type": "string"},
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"}},
      "required": ["id","name"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "AlternativeID": {
      "title": "AlternativeID",
      "description": "JSON schema for AlternativeID class",
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "IncidentID": {
          "type": "array",
          "items":{"$ref": "#/definitions/IncidentID"},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 48]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

          "minItems": 1},
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"}},
      "required": ["IncidentID"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "RelatedActivity": {
      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "IncidentID": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IncidentID"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "URL": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "ThreatActor": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ThreatActor"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Campaign": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Campaign"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "IndicatorID": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IndicatorID"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Confidence": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Confidence"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"type": "string"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "ThreatActor": {
      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "ThreatActorID": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"type": "string"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Description": {

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 49]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "URL": {
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/URLtype"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Campaign": {
      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "CampaignID": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"type": "string"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "URL": {
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/URLtype"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}}},
    "Contact": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "role": {
          "enum":["creator","reporter","admin","tech","provider","user",
                  "billing","legal","irt","abuse","cc","cc-irt","leo",
                  "vendor","vendor-support","victim","victim-notified",
                  "ext-value"]},
        "ext-role": {"type": "string"},
        "type": {"enum": ["person","organization","ext-value"]},
        "ext-type": {"type": "string"},
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "ContactName": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 50]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

        "ContactTitle": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "RegistryHandle": {
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/RegistryHandle"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "PostalAddress": {
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/PostalAddress"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Email": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Email"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Telephone": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Telephone"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Timezone": {"$ref": "#/definitions/TimeZonetype"},
        "Contact": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Contact"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": ["role","type"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "RegistryHandle": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "handle": {"type": "string"},
        "registry": {
          "enum": ["internic","apnic","arin","lacnic","ripe","afrinic",
                   "local","ext-value"]},
        "ext-registry": {"type": "string"}},
      "required": ["handle","registry"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "PostalAddress": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "type": {"type": "string"},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 51]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

        "ext-type": {"type": "string"},
        "PAddress": {"$ref": "#/definitions/PAddressType"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["PAddress"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Email": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "type": {
          "enum":["direct","hotline","ext-value"]},
        "ext-type": {"type": "string"},
        "EmailTo": {"type": "string"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["EmailTo"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Telephone": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "type": {
          "enum":["wired","mobile","fax","hotline","ext-value"]},
        "ext-type": {"type": "string"},
        "TelephoneNumber": {"type": "string"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["TelephoneNumber"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Discovery": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "source": {
          "enum":["nidps","hips","siem","av","third-party-monitoring",
                  "incident","os-log","application-log","device-log",
                  "network-flow","passive-dns","investigation","audit",
                  "internal-notification","external-notification","leo",
                  "partner","actor","unknown","ext-value"]},
        "ext-source": {"type": "string"},
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 52]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Contact": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Contact"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "DetectionPattern": {
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/DetectionPattern"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "DetectionPattern": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "Application": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SoftwareType"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "DetectionConfiguration": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"type": "string"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["Application"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Method": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "Reference": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Reference"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 53]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AttackPattern": {
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/StructuredInformation"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Vulnerability": {
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/StructuredInformation"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Weakness": {
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/StructuredInformation"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Reference": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "ReferenceName": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ReferenceName"},
        "URL":{
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/URLtype"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "ReferenceName" : {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "specIndex": {"type": "number"},
        "ID": {"$ref":"#/definitions/IDtype"}},
      "required": ["specIndex","ID"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Assessment": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "occurrence": {"enum":["actual","potential"]},
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 54]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "IncidentCategory": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Impact": {
         "type": "array",
         "items": {
           "properties": {
             "SystemImpact":{"$ref":"#/definitions/SystemImpact"},
             "BusinessImpact":{"$ref":"#/definitions/BusinessImpact"},
             "TimeImpact":{"$ref":"#/definitions/TimeImpact"},
             "MonetaryImpact":{"$ref":"#/definitions/MonetaryImpact"},
             "IntendedImpact":{"$ref":"#/definitions/BusinessImpact"}},
           "additionalProperties":false},
         "minItems" : 1
        },
        "Counter": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Counter"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "MitigatingFactor": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Cause": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Confidence": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Confidence"},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": ["Impact"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "SystemImpact": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "severity": {"enum":["low","medium","high"]},
        "completion": {"enum":["failed","succeeded"]},
        "type": {
          "enum":["takeover-account","takeover-service",
            "takeover-system","cps-manipulation","cps-damage",
            "availability-data","availability-account",
            "availability-service","availability-system",
            "damaged-system","damaged-data","breach-proprietary",
            "breach-privacy","breach-credential",

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 55]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

            "breach-configuration","integrity-data",
            "integrity-configuration","integrity-hardware",
            "traffic-redirection","monitoring-traffic",
            "monitoring-host","policy","unknown","ext-value"]},
        "ext-type": {"type": "string"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["type"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "BusinessImpact": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "severity": {"enum":["none","low","medium","high","unknown",
                     "ext-value"],"default": "unknown"},
        "ext-severity": {"type":"string"},
        "type": {"enum":["breach-proprietary","breach-privacy",
          "breach-credential","loss-of-integrity","loss-of-service",
          "theft-financial","theft-service","degraded-reputation",
          "asset-damage","asset-manipulation","legal","extortion",
          "unknown","ext-value"]},
        "ext-type": {"type": "string"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["type"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "TimeImpact": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"$ref": "#/definitions/PositiveFloatType"},
        "severity": {"enum": ["low","medium","high"]},
        "metric": {"enum": ["labor","elapsed","downtime","ext-value"]},
        "ext-metric": {"type": "string"},
        "duration": {"$ref":"#/definitions/duration","default": "hour"},
        "ext-duration": {"type": "string"}},
      "required": ["value","metric"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "MonetaryImpact": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"$ref": "#/definitions/PositiveFloatType"},
        "severity": {"enum":["low","medium","high"]},
        "currency": {"type": "string"}},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 56]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

      "required": ["value"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Confidence": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "number"},
        "rating": {"enum": ["low","medium","high","numeric","unknown",
                   "ext-value"]},
        "ext-rating": {"type":"string"}},
      "required": ["value","rating"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "History": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "HistoryItem": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/HistoryItem"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["HistoryItem"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "HistoryItem": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "action": {"$ref": "#/definitions/action","default": "other"},
        "ext-action": {"type": "string"},
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "DateTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "IncidentID": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IncidentID"},
        "Contact": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Contact"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "DefinedCOA": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"type": "string"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": ["DateTime","action"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "EventData": {

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 57]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "Description": {"type": "array",
          "items": { "type":"string",
                    "$ref":"#/definitions/MLStringType"}},
        "DetectTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "StartTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "EndTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "RecoveryTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "ReportTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "Contact": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Contact"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Discovery": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Discovery"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Assessment": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Assessment"},
        "Method": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Method"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "System": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/System"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Expectation": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Expectation"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "RecordData": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/RecordData"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "EventData": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/EventData"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Expectation": {
      "type": "object",

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 58]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

      "properties": {
        "action": {"$ref":"#/definitions/action","default": "other"},
        "ext-action": {"type": "string"},
        "severity": {"enum": ["low","medium","high"]},
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "default"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "DefinedCOA": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"type": "string"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "StartTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "EndTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "Contact": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Contact"}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "System": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "category": {
          "enum": ["source","target","intermediate","sensor",
                   "infrastructure","ext-value"]},
        "ext-category": {"type": "string"},
        "interface": {"type": "string"},
        "spoofed": {"enum": ["unknown","yes","no"],"default":"unknown"},
        "virtual": {"enum": ["yes","no","unknown"],"default":"unknown"},
        "ownership": {
          "enum":["organization","personal","partner","customer",
                  "no-relationship","unknown","ext-value"]},
        "ext-ownership": {"type": "string"},
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "Node": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Node"},
        "NodeRole": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/NodeRole"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Service": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Service"},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 59]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

          "minItems": 1},
        "OperatingSystem": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SoftwareType"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Counter": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Counter"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AssetID": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"type": "string"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": ["Node"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Node": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "DomainData": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DomainData"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Address": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Address"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "PostalAddress": {"$ref": "#/definitions/PostalAddress"},
        "Location": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Counter": {
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/Counter"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Address": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 60]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

        "category": {
          "enum":["asn","atm","e-mail","ipv4-addr","ipv4-net",
            "ipv4-net-masked","ipv4-net-mask","ipv6-addr","ipv6-net",
            "ipv6-net-masked","mac","site-url","ext-value"],
            "default": "ipv6-addr"},
        "ext-category": {"type": "string"},
        "vlan-name": {"type": "string"},
        "vlan-num": {"type": "number"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"}},
      "required": ["value","category"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "NodeRole": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "category": {
          "enum":["client","client-enterprise","clent-partner",
            "client-remote","client-kiosk","client-mobile",
            "server-internal","server-public","www","mail","webmail",
            "messaging","streaming","voice","file","ftp","p2p","name",
            "directory","credential","print","application","database",
            "backup","dhcp","assessment","source-control",
            "config-management","monitoring","infra","infra-firewall",
            "infra-router","infra-switch","camera","proxy",
            "remote-access","log","virtualization","pos", "scada",
            "scada-supervisory","sinkhole","honeypot","anomyzation",
            "c2-server","malware-distribution","drop-server",
            "hot-point","reflector","phishing-site",
            "spear-phishing-site","recruiting-site","fraudulent-site",
            "ext-value"]},
        "ext-category": {"type": "string"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["category"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Counter": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "number"},
        "type": {"enum": ["count","peak","average","ext-value"]},
        "ext-type": {"type": "string"},
        "unit":{"enum":["byte","mbit","packet","flow","session","alert",
          "message","event","host","site","organization","ext-value"]},
        "ext-unit": {"type": "string"},
        "meaning": {"type": "string"},
        "duration": {"$ref":"#/definitions/duration","default": "hour"},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 61]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

        "ext-duration": {"type": "string"}},
      "required": ["value","type","unit"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "DomainData": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "system-status": {
          "enum": ["spoofed","fraudulent","innocent-hacked",
                   "innocent-hijacked","unknown","ext-value"]},
        "ext-system-status": {"type": "string"},
        "domain-status": {
          "enum": [ "reservedDelegation","assignedAndActive",
                    "assignedAndInactive","assignedAndOnHold","revoked",
                    "transferPending","registryLock","registrarLock",
                    "other","unknown","ext-value"]},
        "ext-domain-status": {"type": "string"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "Name": {"type": "string"},
        "DateDomainWasChecked": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "RegistrationDate": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "ExpirationDate": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "RelatedDNS": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ExtensionType"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "NameServers": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/NameServers"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "DomainContacts": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DomainContacts"}},
      "required": ["Name","system-status","domain-status"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "NameServers": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "Server": {"type": "string"},
        "Address": {
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/Address"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["Server","Address"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "DomainContacts": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "SameDomainContact": {"type": "string"},
        "Contact": {
          "type":"array",

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 62]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/Contact"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["Contact"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Service": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "ip-protocol": {"type": "number"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "ServiceName": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ServiceName"},
        "Port": {"type": "number"},
        "Portlist": {"$ref": "#/definitions/PortlistType"},
        "ProtoCode": {"type": "number"},
        "ProtoType": {"type": "number"},
        "ProtoField": {"type": "number"},
        "ApplicationHeaderField":{
          "$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"},
        "EmailData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/EmailData"},
        "Application": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SoftwareType"}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "ServiceName": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "IANAService": {"type": "string"},
        "URL": {"type": "array",
                "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"}},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "EmailData": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "EmailTo": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"type": "string"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "EmailFrom": {"type": "string"},
        "EmailSubject": {"type": "string"},
        "EmailX-Mailer": {"type": "string"},
        "EmailHeaderField": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ExtensionType"},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 63]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

          "minItems": 1},
        "EmailHeaders": {"type": "string"},
        "EmailBody": {"type": "string"},
        "EmailMessage": {"type": "string"},
        "HashData": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/HashData"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Signature": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SignatureType"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "SignatureType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "SignedInfo": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SignedInfoType"},
        "SignatureValue": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SignatureValueType"},
        "KeyInfo": {"$ref": "#/definitions/KeyInfoType"},
        "Object": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ObjectType"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["SignedInfo","SignatureValue"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "SignatureValueType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"}
      },
      "required": ["value"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "SignedInfoType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "CanonicalizationMethod":
          {"$ref": "#/definitions/CanonicalizationMethodType"},
        "SignatureMethod": {"$ref":"#/definitions/SignatureMethodType"},
        "Reference": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ReferenceType"},
          "minItems": 1}

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 64]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

      },
      "required": ["CanonicalizationMethod","SignatureMethod",
        "Reference"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "SignatureMethodType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "Algorithm": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
        "HMACOutputLength":{"$ref":"#/definitions/HMACOutputLengthType"}
      },
      "required": ["Algorithm"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "HMACOutputLengthType": {"type": "number"},
    "ReferenceType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "URI": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
        "Type": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
        "Transforms": {"$ref": "#/definitions/TransformsType"},
        "DigestMethod": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DigestMethodType"},
        "DigestValue": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DigestValueType"}
      },
      "required": ["DigestMethod","DigestValue"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "TransformsType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "Transform": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/TransformType"},
          "minItems": 1}
      },
      "required": ["Transform"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "TransformType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "Algorithm": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
        "XPath": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"type": "string"},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 65]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

          "minItems": 1}
      },
      "required": ["Algorithm"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "DigestMethodType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "Algorithm": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"}
      },
      "required": ["Algorithm"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "DigestValueType": {"type": "string"},
    "KeyInfoType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "KeyProperties": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
              "KeyName": {"type": "string"},
              "KeyValue": {"$ref": "#/definitions/KeyValueType"},
              "RetrievalMethod":
                {"$ref": "#/definitions/RetrievalMethodType"},
              "X509Data": {"$ref": "#/definitions/X509DataType"},
              "PGPData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/PGPDataType"},
              "SPKIData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SPKIDataType"},
              "MgmtData": {"type": "string"}},
            "additionalProperties": false},
           "minItems" : 1}},
      "required": ["KeyProperties"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "KeyValueType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "KeyValueProperties": {
          "items": {
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
              "DSAKeyValue": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DSAKeyValueType"},
              "RSAKeyValue": {"$ref": "#/definitions/RSAKeyValueType"}},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 66]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

            "additionalProperties": false}}
      },
      "required": ["KeyValueProperties"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "DSAKeyValueType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "P": {"$ref": "#/definitions/CryptoBinary"},
        "Q": {"$ref": "#/definitions/CryptoBinary"},
        "G": {"$ref": "#/definitions/CryptoBinary"},
        "Y": {"$ref": "#/definitions/CryptoBinary"},
        "J": {"$ref": "#/definitions/CryptoBinary"},
        "Seed": {"$ref": "#/definitions/CryptoBinary"},
        "PgenCounter": {"$ref": "#/definitions/CryptoBinary"}
      },
      "required": ["Y"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "RSAKeyValueType":{
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "Modulus": {"$ref": "#/definitions/CryptoBinary"},
        "Exponent": {"$ref": "#/definitions/CryptoBinary"}
      },
      "required": ["Modulus","Exponent"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "RetrievalMethodType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "URI": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
        "Type": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
        "Transforms": {"$ref": "#/definitions/TransformsType"}
      },
      "required": ["URI"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "PGPDataType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "PGPDataProperties": {
          "items": {
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
              "PGPKeyID": {"type": "string"},
              "PGPKeyPacket": {"type": "string"}},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 67]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

            "additionalProperties": false}}},
      "required": ["PGPDataProperties"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "SPKIDataType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "SPKISexp": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"type": "string"},
          "minItems": 1}
      },
      "required": ["SPKISexp"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "ObjectType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "MimeType": {"type": "string"},
        "Encoding": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"}
      },
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "RecordData": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "DateTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Application": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SoftwareType"},
        "RecordPattern": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/RecordPattern"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "RecordItem": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ExtensionType"},
          "minItems": 1},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 68]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

        "URL": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "FileData": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/FileData"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "WindowsRegistryKeysModified": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref":"#/definitions/WindowsRegistryKeysModified"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "CertificateData": {
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/CertificateData"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "RecordPattern": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "type": {"enum": ["regex","binary","xpath","ext-value"],
                 "default": "regex"},
        "ext-type": {"type": "string"},
        "offset": {"type": "number"},
        "offsetunit": {"enum":["line","byte","ext-value"] ,
                       "default": "line"},
        "ext-offsetunit": {"type": "string"},
        "instance": {"type": "number"}},
      "required": ["value","type"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "WindowsRegistryKeysModified": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "Key": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Key"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["Key"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Key": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "registryaction": {"enum": ["add-key","add-value","delete-key",
                          "delete-value","modify-key","modify-value",

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 69]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

                          "ext-value"]},
        "ext-registryaction": {"type": "string"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "KeyName": {"type":"string"},
        "KeyValue": {"type": "string"}},
      "required": ["KeyName"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "CertificateData": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "Certificate": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Certificate"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["Certificate"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Certificate": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "X509Data": {"$ref": "#/definitions/X509DataType"},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["X509Data"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "X509DataType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "X509DataProperties": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
              "X509IssuerSerial":
                {"$ref": "#/definitions/X509IssuerSerialType"},
              "X509SKI": {"type": "string"},
              "X509SubjectName": {"type": "string"},
              "X509Certificate": {"type": "string"},
              "X509CRL": {"type": "string"}},
            "additionalProperties": false},
          "minItems" : 1}},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 70]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

      "required": ["X509DataProperties"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "X509IssuerSerialType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "X509IssuerName": {"type": "string"},
        "X509SerialNumber": {"type": "number"}
      },
      "required": ["X509IssuerName","X509SerialNumber"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "FileData": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "File": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/File"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["File"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "File": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
        "FileName": {"type": "string"},
        "FileSize": {"type": "number"},
        "FileType": {"type": "string"},
        "URL": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "HashData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/HashData"},
        "Signature": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SignatureType"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AssociatedSoftware": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SoftwareType"},
        "FileProperties": {
          "type":"array",
          "items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionType"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "HashData": {

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 71]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "scope": {"enum": ["file-contents","file-pe-section",
          "file-pe-iat","file-pe-resource","file-pdf-object",
          "email-hash","email-hash-header","email-hash-body"]},
        "HashTargetID": {"type": "string"},
        "Hash": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Hash"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "FuzzyHash": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/FuzzyHash"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["scope"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Hash": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "DigestMethod": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DigestMethodType"},
        "DigestValue": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DigestValueType"},
        "CanonicalizationMethod":
          {"$ref": "#/definitions/CanonicalizationMethodType"},
        "Application": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SoftwareType"}},
      "required": ["DigestMethod","DigestValue"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "CanonicalizationMethodType": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "value": {"type": "string"},
        "Algorithm": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"}
      },
      "required": ["Algorithm"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "FuzzyHash": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "FuzzyHashValue": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ExtensionType"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Application": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SoftwareType"},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": ["FuzzyHashValue"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Indicator": {
      "type": "object",

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 72]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "IndicatorID": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IndicatorID"},
        "AlternativeIndicatorID": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/AlternativeIndicatorID"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "StartTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "EndTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
        "Confidence": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Confidence"},
        "Contact": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Contact"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Observable": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Observable"},
        "uid-ref": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDREFType"},
        "IndicatorExpression":{
         "$ref":"#/definitions/IndicatorExpression"},
        "IndicatorReference":{
         "$ref": "#/definitions/IndicatorReference"},
        "NodeRole": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/NodeRole"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AttackPhase": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/AttackPhase"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Reference": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Reference"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": ["IndicatorID"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "IndicatorID": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "id": {"type": "string"},
        "name": {"type": "string"},
        "version": {"type": "string"}},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 73]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

      "required": ["id","name","version"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "AlternativeIndicatorID": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
          "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "IndicatorReference": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IndicatorReference"},
          "minItems": 1}},
      "required": ["IndicatorReference"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "Observable": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
                        "default": "private"},
        "ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
        "System": {"$ref": "#/definitions/System"},
        "Address": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Address"},
        "DomainData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DomainData"},
        "EmailData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/EmailData"},
        "Service": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Service"},
        "WindowsRegistryKeysModified": {
          "$ref": "#/definitions/WindowsRegistryKeysModified"},
        "FileData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/FileData"},
        "CertificateData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/CertificateData"},
        "RegistryHandle": {"$ref": "#/definitions/RegistryHandle"},
        "RecordData":  {"$ref": "#/definitions/RecordData"},
        "EventData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/EventData"},
        "Incident": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Incident"},
        "Expectation": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Expectation"},
        "Reference": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Reference"},
        "Assessment": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Assessment"},
        "DetectionPattern": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DetectionPattern"},
        "HistoryItem": {"$ref": "#/definitions/HistoryItem"},
        "BulkObservable": {"$ref": "#/definitions/BulkObservable"},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "BulkObservable": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "type": {"enum": ["asn","atm","e-mail","ipv4-addr","ipv4-net",
          "ipv4-net-mask","ipv6-addr","ipv6-net","ipv6-net-mask",
          "mac","site-url","domain-name","domain-to-ipv4",

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 74]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

          "domain-to-ipv6","domain-to-ipv4-timestamp",
          "domain-to-ipv6-timestamp","ipv4-port","ipv6-port",
          "windows-reg-key","file-hash","email-x-mailer",
          "email-subject","http-user-agent","http-request-url",
          "mutex","file-path","user-name","ext-value"]},
        "ext-type": {"type": "string"},
        "BulkObservableFormat":{
          "$ref": "#/definitions/BulkObservableFormat"},
        "BulkObservableList": {"type": "string"},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": ["BulkObservableList"],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "BulkObservableFormat": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "Hash": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Hash"},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "IndicatorExpression": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "operator": {"enum": ["not","and","or","xor"],"default": "and"},
        "ext-operator": {"type": "string"},
        "IndicatorExpression": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IndicatorExpression"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Observable": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Observable"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "uid-ref": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDREFType"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "IndicatorReference": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IndicatorReference"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Confidence": {"$ref":"#/definitions/Confidence"},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "IndicatorReference": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "uid-ref": {"$ref":"#/definitions/IDREFType"},

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 75]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

        "euid-ref": {"type": "string"},
        "version": {"type": "string"}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false},
    "AttackPhase": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "AttackPhaseID": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"type": "string"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "URL": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
          "minItems": 1},
        "Description": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {"oneOf":[{"type": "string"},
                             {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"}]},
          "minItems": 1},
        "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
      "required": [],
      "additionalProperties": false}},
  "title": "IODEF-Document",
  "description": "JSON schema for IODEF-Document class",
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "version": {"type": "string"},
    "lang": {"$ref": "#/definitions/lang"},
    "format-id": {"type": "string"},
    "private-enum-name": {"type": "string"},
    "private-enum-id": {"type": "string"},
    "Incident": {
      "type": "array",
      "items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Incident"},
      "minItems": 1},
    "AdditionalData": {"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
  "required": ["version","Incident"],
  "additionalProperties": false}

                           Figure 9: JSON schema

Authors' Addresses

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 76]
Internet-Draft                 JSON-IODEF                  November 2018

   Takeshi Takahashi
   National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
   4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi
   Koganei, Tokyo  184-8795
   Japan

   Phone: +81 42 327 5862
   Email: takeshi_takahashi@nict.go.jp

   Roman Danyliw
   CERT, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University
   4500 Fifth Avenue
   Pittsburgh, PA
   USA

   Email: rdd@cert.org

   Mio Suzuki
   National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
   4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi
   Koganei, Tokyo  184-8795
   Japan

   Email: mio@nict.go.jp

Takahashi, et al.          Expires May 7, 2019                 [Page 77]