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Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF based Management
draft-ietf-netconf-zerotouch-18

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8572.
Authors Kent Watsen , Mikael Abrahamsson , Ian Farrer
Last updated 2017-10-17 (Latest revision 2017-09-11)
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Send notices to Bert Wijnen <bwijnen@bwijnen.net>, Bert Wijnen <bwietf@bwijnen.net>
draft-ietf-netconf-zerotouch-18
NETCONF Working Group                                          K. Watsen
Internet-Draft                                          Juniper Networks
Intended status: Standards Track                          M. Abrahamsson
Expires: April 20, 2018                                        T-Systems
                                                               I. Farrer
                                                     Deutsche Telekom AG
                                                        October 17, 2017

    Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF based Management
                    draft-ietf-netconf-zerotouch-18

Abstract

   This draft presents a secure technique for establishing a NETCONF or
   RESTCONF connection between a newly deployed device, configured with
   just its preconfigured initial state (e.g., factory default
   settings), and its deployment specific network management system
   (NMS).

Editorial Note (To be removed by RFC Editor)

   This draft contains many placeholder values that need to be replaced
   with finalized values at the time of publication.  This note
   summarizes all of the substitutions that are needed.  Please note
   that no other RFC Editor instructions are specified anywhere else in
   this document.

   Artwork in the IANA Considerations section contains placeholder
   values for DHCP options pending IANA assignment.  Please apply the
   following replacements:

   o  "OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT" --> the option code assigned for
      the "DHCPv4 Zero Touch Option" option

   o  "OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT" --> the option code assigned for
      the "DHCPv6 Zero Touch Option" option

   Artwork in this document contains shorthand references to drafts in
   progress.  Please apply the following replacements:

   o  "XXXX" --> the assigned RFC value for this draft

   o  "YYYY" --> the assigned RFC value for [I-D.ietf-netconf-keystore]

   o  "ZZZZ" --> the assigned RFC value for [I-D.ietf-anima-voucher]

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   Artwork in this document contains placeholder values for the date of
   publication of this draft.  Please apply the following replacement:

   o  "2017-10-18" --> the publication date of this draft

   Please update the following references to reflect their final RFC
   assignments:

   o  I-D.ietf-netconf-netconf-client-server

   o  I-D.ieft-anima-voucher

   The following one Appendix section is to be removed prior to
   publication:

   o  Appendix A.  Change Log

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 20, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.1.  Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.3.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     1.4.  Tree Diagram Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   2.  Types of Bootstrapping Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.1.  Redirect Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.2.  Onboarding Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   3.  Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.1.  Zero Touch Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.2.  Owner Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.3.  Ownership Voucher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.4.  Artifact Groupings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   4.  Sources of Bootstrapping Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.1.  Removable Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.2.  DNS Server  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.3.  DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     4.4.  Bootstrap Server  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   5.  Device Details  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.1.  Initial State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.2.  Boot Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     5.3.  Processing a Source of Bootstrapping Data . . . . . . . .  19
     5.4.  Validating Signed Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     5.5.  Processing Redirect Information . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     5.6.  Processing Onboarding Information . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   6.  The Zero Touch Information Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.1.  Data Model Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.2.  Example Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.3.  YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   7.  The Zero Touch Bootstrap Server API . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     7.1.  API Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     7.2.  Example Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     7.3.  YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
   8.  The Zero Touch Device Data Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     8.1.  Data Model Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     8.2.  Example Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     8.3.  YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
   9.  DHCP Zero Touch Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
     9.1.  DHCPv4 Zero Touch Option  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
     9.2.  DHCPv6 Zero Touch Option  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
     9.3.  Common Field Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
   10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
     10.1.  Immutable storage for trust anchors  . . . . . . . . . .  55
     10.2.  Clock Sensitivity  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
     10.3.  Blindly authenticating a bootstrap server  . . . . . . .  56
     10.4.  Entropy loss over time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56

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     10.5.  Disclosing Information to Untrusted Servers  . . . . . .  56
     10.6.  Sequencing Sources of Bootstrapping Data . . . . . . . .  57
     10.7.  The "ietf-zerotouch-information" YANG Module . . . . . .  57
     10.8.  The "ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server" YANG Module  . . .  58
     10.9.  The "ietf-zerotouch-device" YANG Module  . . . . . . . .  58
   11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     11.1.  The BOOTP Manufacturer Extensions and DHCP Options
            Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     11.2.  The IETF XML Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     11.3.  The YANG Module Names Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
   12. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
   13. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
     13.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
     13.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
   Appendix A.  Workflow Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
     A.1.  Enrollment and Ordering Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
     A.2.  Owner Stages the Network for Bootstrap  . . . . . . . . .  67
     A.3.  Device Powers On  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
   Appendix B.  Promoting a Connection from Untrusted to Trusted . .  72
   Appendix C.  Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
     C.1.  ID to 00  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
     C.2.  00 to 01  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
     C.3.  01 to 02  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
     C.4.  02 to 03  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
     C.5.  03 to 04  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
     C.6.  04 to 05  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     C.7.  05 to 06  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     C.8.  06 to 07  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     C.9.  07 to 08  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     C.10. 08 to 09  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     C.11. 09 to 10  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     C.12. 10 to 11  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     C.13. 11 to 12  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
     C.14. 12 to 13  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
     C.15. 13 to 14  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
     C.16. 14 to 15  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
     C.17. 15 to 16  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
     C.18. 16 to 17  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
     C.19. 17 to 18  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79

1.  Introduction

   A fundamental business requirement for any network operator is to
   reduce costs where possible.  For network operators, deploying
   devices to many locations can be a significant cost, as sending
   trained specialists to each site for installations is both cost
   prohibitive and does not scale.

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   This document defines a bootstrapping strategy enabling devices to
   securely obtain bootstrapping data with no installer action beyond
   physical placement and connecting network and power cables.  The
   ultimate goal of this document is to enable a secure NETCONF
   [RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040] connection to a deployment specific
   network management system (NMS).

   This document primarily regards physical devices, where the setting
   of the device's initial state, described in Section 5.1, occurs
   during the device's manufacturing process.  However, the zerotouch
   solution may be extensible to virtual machines or other such logical
   constructs.  Details for how this can be accomplished is left for
   future work.

1.1.  Use Cases

   o  Device connecting to a remotely administered network

         This use-case involves scenarios, such as a remote branch
         office or convenience store, whereby a device connects as an
         access gateway to an ISP's network.  Assuming it is not
         possible to customize the ISP's network to provide any
         bootstrapping support, and with no other nearby device to
         leverage, the device has no recourse but to reach out to an
         Internet-based bootstrap server to bootstrap from.

   o  Device connecting to a locally administered network

         This use-case covers all other scenarios and differs only in
         that the device may additionally leverage nearby devices, which
         may direct it to use a local service to bootstrap from.  If no
         such information is available, or the device is unable to use
         the information provided, it can then reach out to the network
         just as it would for the remotely administered network use-
         case.

   Conceptual workflows for how zerotouch might be deployed are provided
   in Appendix A.

1.2.  Terminology

   This document uses the following terms (sorted by name):

   Artifact:  The term "artifact" is used throughout to represent any of
       the three artifacts defined in Section 3 (zero touch information,
       ownership voucher, and owner certificate).  These artifacts
       collectively provide all the bootstrapping data a device may use.

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   Bootstrapping Data:  The term "bootstrapping data" is used throughout
       this document to refer to the collection of data that a device
       may obtain during the bootstrapping process.  Specifically, it
       refers to the three artifacts zero touch information, owner
       certificate, and ownership voucher, as described in Section 3.

   Bootstrap Server:  The term "bootstrap server" is used within this
       document to mean any RESTCONF server implementing the YANG module
       defined in Section 7.3.

   Device:  The term "device" is used throughout this document to refer
       to the network element that needs to be bootstrapped.  See
       Section 5 for more information about devices.

   Initial Secure Device Identifier (IDevID):  The term "IDevID" is
       defined in [Std-802.1AR-2009] as the globally unique secure
       device identifier (DevID) installed on the device by the
       manufacturer.  This identifier is used in this document to enable
       a bootstrap server to securely identify and authenticate the
       device.

   Manufacturer:  The term "manufacturer" is used herein to refer to the
       manufacturer of a device or a delegate of the manufacturer.

   Network Management System (NMS):  The acronym "NMS" is used
       throughout this document to refer to the deployment specific
       management system that the bootstrapping process is responsible
       for introducing devices to.  From a device's perspective, when
       the bootstrapping process has completed, the NMS is a NETCONF or
       RESTCONF client.

   Onboarding Information:  The term "onboarding information" is used
       herein to refer to one of the two types of "zero touch
       information" defined in this document, the other being "redirect
       information".  Onboarding information is formally defined by the
       "onboarding-information" YANG-data structure in Section 6.3.

   Owner:  The term "owner" is used throughout this document to refer to
       the person or organization that purchased or otherwise owns a
       device.

   Owner Certificate:  The term "owner certificate" is used in this
       document to represent an X.509 certificate that binds an owner
       identity to a public key, which a device can use to validate a
       signature over the zero touch information artifacts.  The owner
       certificate is one of the three bootstrapping artifacts described
       in Section 3.

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   Ownership Voucher:  The term "ownership voucher" is used in this
       document to represent the voucher artifact defined in
       [I-D.ietf-anima-voucher].  The ownership voucher is used to
       assign a device to an owner.  The ownership voucher is one of the
       three bootstrapping artifacts described in Section 3.

   Redirect Information:  The term "redirect information" is used herein
       to refer to one of the two types of "zero touch information"
       defined in this document, the other being "onboarding
       information".  Redirect information is formally defined by the
       "redirect-information" YANG-data structure in Section 6.3.

   Redirect Server:  The term "redirect server" is used to refer to a
       bootstrap server that only returns redirect information.  A
       redirect server is particularly useful when hosted by a
       manufacturer, as a well-known (e.g., Internet-based) resource to
       redirect devices to deployment-specific bootstrap servers.

   Signed Data:  The term "signed data" is used throughout to mean
       either redirect information or onboarding information that has
       been signed, specifically by a private key possessed by a
       device's owner.

   Unsigned Data:  The term "unsigned data" is used throughout to mean
       either redirect information or onboarding information that has
       not been signed.

   Zero Touch Information:  The term "zero touch information" is used
       generally herein to refer either redirect information or
       onboarding information.  Zero touch information is one of the
       three bootstrapping artifacts described in Section 3.

1.3.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

1.4.  Tree Diagram Notation

   A simplified graphical representation of the data models is used in
   this document.  The meaning of the symbols in these diagrams is as
   follows:

   o  Brackets "[" and "]" enclose list keys.

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   o  Braces "{" and "}" enclose feature names, and indicate that the
      named feature must be present for the subtree to be present.

   o  Abbreviations before data node names: "rw" (read-write) represents
      configuration data and "ro" (read-only) represents state data.

   o  Symbols after data node names: "?" means an optional node, "!"
      means a presence container, and "*" denotes a list and leaf-list.

   o  Parentheses enclose choice and case nodes, and case nodes are also
      marked with a colon (":").

   o  Ellipsis ("...") stands for contents of subtrees that are not
      shown.

2.  Types of Bootstrapping Information

   This document defines two types of information that devices access
   during the bootstrapping process.  These information types are
   described in this section.  Examples are provided in Section 6.2

2.1.  Redirect Information

   Redirect information redirects a device to another bootstrap server.
   Redirect information encodes a list of bootstrap servers, each
   defined by its hostname or IP address, an optional port, and an
   optional trust anchor certificate.

   Redirect information is YANG modeled data formally defined by the
   "redirect-information" container in the YANG module presented in
   Section 6.3.  This container has the tree diagram shown below.
   Please see Section 1.4 for tree diagram notation.

     +--:(redirect-information)
        +--ro redirect-information
           +--ro bootstrap-server* [address]
              +--ro address         inet:host
              +--ro port?           inet:port-number
              +--ro trust-anchor?   binary

   Redirect information MAY be trusted or untrusted.  The redirect
   information is trusted whenever it is obtained via a secure
   connection to a trusted bootstrap server, or whenever it is signed by
   the device's owner.  In all other cases, the redirect information is
   untrusted.

   Trusted redirect information is useful for enabling a device to
   establish a secure connection to a bootstrap server, which is

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   possible when the redirect information includes the bootstrap
   server's trust anchor certificate.  When a device is able to
   establish a secure connection to a bootstrap server, any data
   obtained is implicitly trusted, and thus does not need to be signed.

   Untrusted redirect information is useful for directing a device to a
   bootstrap server where signed data has been staged for it to obtain.
   When the redirect information is untrusted, the device MUST discard
   any potentially included trust anchor certificates and SHOULD
   establish a provisional connection (by blindly accepting the TLS
   certificate) to any of the specified bootstrap servers.  In this
   case, the device MUST NOT trust the bootstrap server, and data
   provided by the bootstrap server MUST be signed for it to be of any
   use to the device.

   How devices process redirect information is formally described in
   Section 5.5.

2.2.  Onboarding Information

   Onboarding information provides all the data necessary for a device
   to bootstrap itself, in order to be considered ready to be managed
   (e.g., by an NMS).  As defined in this document, this data includes
   information about a boot image the device must be running, an initial
   configuration the device must commit, and optional scripts that, if
   specified, the device must successfully execute.

   Onboarding information is YANG modeled data formally defined by the
   "onboarding-information" container in the YANG module presented in
   Section 6.3.  This container has the tree diagram shown below.
   Please see Section 1.4 for tree diagram notation.

     +--:(onboarding-information)
        +--ro onboarding-information
           +--ro boot-image
           |  +--ro name       string
           |  +--ro (hash-algorithm)
           |  |  +--:(sha256)
           |  |     +--ro sha256?    string
           |  +--ro uri*       inet:uri
           +--ro configuration-handling       enumeration
           +--ro pre-configuration-script?    script
           +--ro configuration?
           +--ro post-configuration-script?   script

   Onboarding information MUST be trusted for it to be of any use to a
   device.  There is no option for a device to process untrusted
   onboarding information.

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   Onboarding information is trusted whenever it is obtained via a
   secure connection to a trusted bootstrap server, or whenever it is
   signed by the device's owner.  In all other cases, the onboarding
   information is untrusted.

   How devices process onboarding information is formally described in
   Section 5.6.

3.  Artifacts

   This document defines three artifacts that can be made available to
   devices while they are bootstrapping.  Each source of bootstrapping
   information specifies a means for providing each of the artifacts
   defined in this section (see Section 4).

3.1.  Zero Touch Information

   The zero touch information artifact encodes the essential
   bootstrapping data for the device.  This artifact is used to encode
   the redirect information and onboarding information types discussed
   in Section 2.

   The zero touch information artifact is a PKCS#7 SignedData structure,
   as specified by Section 9.1 of [RFC2315], encoded using ASN.1
   distinguished encoding rules (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690
   [ITU.X690.1994].  The PKCS#7 structure MUST contain JSON-encoded
   content conforming to the YANG module specified in Section 6.3.

   In order for the zero touch information artifact to be trusted when
   conveyed over an untrusted transport, the PKCS#7 structure MUST also
   contain a "signerInfo" structure, as described in Section 9.1 of
   [RFC2315], containing a signature generated over the content using
   the private key associated with the owner certificate (Section 3.2).
   In order to simplify the verification process, the PKCS#7 structure
   SHOULD also contain the signing X.509 certificate (i.e. the owner
   certificate).

3.2.  Owner Certificate

   The owner certificate artifact is an X.509 certificate [RFC5280] that
   is used to identify an "owner" (e.g., an organization).  The owner
   certificate can be signed by any certificate authority (CA).  The
   owner certificate MUST either have no Key Usage specified, or the Key
   Usage MUST at least set the "digitalSignature" bit.  The values for
   the owner certificate's "subject" and/or "subjectAltName" are not
   constrained by this document.

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   The owner certificate is used by a device to verify the signature
   over the zero touch information artifact (Section 3.1) that the
   device should have also received, as described in Section 3.4.  In
   particular, the device verifies the signature using the public key in
   the owner certificate over the content contained within the zero
   touch information artifact.

   The owner certificate artifact is formally an unsigned PKCS #7
   SignedData structure, as specified by Section 9.1 in [RFC2315],
   encoded using ASN.1 distinguished encoding rules (DER), as specified
   in ITU-T X.690 [ITU.X690.1994].

   The owner certificate PKCS#7 structure MUST contain the owner
   certificate itself, as well as all intermediate certificates leading
   up to the 'pinned-domain-cert' certificate specified in the ownership
   voucher.  The owner certificate artifact MAY optionally include the
   'pinned-domain-cert' as well.

   Additionally, in order to support devices deployed on private
   networks, the owner certificate PKCS#7 structure MAY also contain
   suitably fresh CRLs [RFC5280] and/or OCSP Responses [RFC6960].
   Having these revocation objects stapled to the owner certificate
   precludes the need for the device to have to download them
   dynamically using the CRL distribution point or an OCSP responder
   specified in the associated certificates.

3.3.  Ownership Voucher

   The ownership voucher artifact is used to securely identify a
   device's owner, as it is known to the manufacturer.  The ownership
   voucher is signed by the device's manufacturer.

   The ownership voucher is used to verify the owner certificate
   (Section 3.2) that the device should have also received, as described
   in Section 3.4.  In particular, the device verifies that the owner
   certificate has a chain of trust leading to the trusted certificate
   included in the ownership voucher ('pinned-domain-cert'), even if it
   is itself (e.g., self-signed certificate).

   The ownership voucher artifact, including its encoding, is formally
   defined in [I-D.ietf-anima-voucher].

3.4.  Artifact Groupings

   This section lists all the possible bootstrapping artifacts, but only
   certain groupings of these artifacts make sense to return in the
   various bootstrapping situations described in this document.  These
   groupings are:

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      Unsigned Information:  This grouping is useful for cases when
         transport level security can be used to convey trust (e.g.,
         HTTPS), or when the information can be processed in a
         provisional manner (i.e.  unsigned redirect information).

      Signed Information, without revocations:  The grouping is useful
         when signed information is needed, because it's obtained from
         an untrusted source, and it cannot be processed provisionally,
         and yet either revocations are not needed or they can be
         obtained dynamically.

      Signed Information, with revocations:  The grouping is useful when
         signed information is needed, because it's obtained from an
         untrusted source, and it cannot be processed provisionally, and
         revocations are needed and cannot be obtained dynamically.

   The artifacts associated with these groupings are described below:

                           Zero Touch       Ownership       Owner
   Grouping                Information      Voucher         Certificate
   --------------------    -------------    ------------    -----------
   Unsigned Information    Yes, no sig      No              No

   Signed Information,     Yes, with sig    Yes, without    Yes, without
   without revocations                      revocations     revocations

   Signed Information,     Yes, with sig    Yes, with       Yes, with
   with revocations                         revocations     revocations

4.  Sources of Bootstrapping Data

   This section defines some sources for bootstrapping data that a
   device can access.  The list of sources defined here is not meant to
   be exhaustive.  It is left to future documents to define additional
   sources for obtaining bootstrapping data.

   For each source of bootstrapping data defined in this section,
   details are given for how the three artifacts listed in Section 3 are
   provided.

4.1.  Removable Storage

   A directly attached removable storage device (e.g., a USB flash
   drive) MAY be used as a source of zero touch bootstrapping data.

   Use of a removable storage device is compelling, as it doesn't
   require any external infrastructure to work.  It is notable that the
   raw boot image file can also be located on the removable storage

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   device, enabling a removable storage device to be a fully self-
   standing bootstrapping solution.

   To use a removable storage device as a source of bootstrapping data,
   a device need only detect if the removable storage device is plugged
   in and mount its filesystem.

   A removable storage device is an untrusted source of bootstrapping
   data.  This means that the information stored on the removable
   storage device MUST either be signed, or be information that can be
   processed provisionally (e.g., unsigned redirect information).

   From an artifact perspective, since a removable storage device
   presents itself as a filesystem, the bootstrapping artifacts need to
   be presented as files.  The three artifacts defined in Section 3 are
   mapped to files below.

   Artifact to File Mapping:

      Zero Touch Information:  Mapped to a file containing the binary
         artifact described in Section 3.1 (e.g., zerotouch-
         information.pk7).

      Owner Certificate:  Mapped to a file containing the binary
         artifact described in Section 3.2 (e.g., owner-
         certificate.pk7).

      Ownership Voucher:  Mapped to a file containing the binary
         artifact described in Section 3.3 (e.g., ownership-
         voucher.pk7).

   The format of the removable storage device's filesystem and the
   naming of the files are outside the scope of this document.  However,
   in order to facilitate interoperability, it is RECOMMENDED devices
   support open and/or standards based filesystems.  It is also
   RECOMMENDED that devices assume a file naming convention that enables
   more than one instance of bootstrapping data to exist on a removable
   storage device.  The file naming convention SHOULD be unique to the
   manufacturer, in order to enable bootstrapping data from multiple
   manufacturers to exist on a removable storage device.

4.2.  DNS Server

   A DNS server MAY be used as a source of zero touch bootstrapping
   data.

   Using a DNS server may be a compelling option for deployments having
   existing DNS infrastructure, as it enables a touchless bootstrapping

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   option that does not entail utilizing an Internet based resource
   hosted by a 3rd-party.

   To use a DNS server as a source of bootstrapping data, a device MAY
   perform a multicast DNS [RFC6762] query searching for the service
   "_zerotouch._tcp.local.".  Alternatively the device MAY perform DNS-
   SD [RFC6763] via normal DNS operation, using the domain returned to
   it from the DHCP server; for example, searching for the service
   "_zerotouch._tcp.example.com".

   Unsigned DNS records (e.g., not using DNSSEC as described in
   [RFC6698]) are an untrusted source of bootstrapping data.  This means
   that the information stored in the DNS records either MUST be signed,
   or MUST be information that can be processed provisionally (e.g.,
   unsigned redirect information).

   From an artifact perspective, since a DNS server presents resource
   records (Section 3.2.1 of [RFC1035]), the bootstrapping artifacts
   need to be presented as resource records.  The three artifacts
   defined in Section 3 are mapped to resource records below.

   Artifact to Resource Record Mapping:

      Zero Touch Information:  Mapped to a TXT record called "zt-info"
         containing the base64-encoding of the binary artifact described
         in Section 3.1.

      Owner Certificate:  Mapped to a TXT record called "zt-cert"
         containing the base64-encoding of the binary artifact described
         in Section 3.2.

      Ownership Voucher:  Mapped to a TXT record called "zt-voucher"
         containing the base64-encoding of the binary artifact described
         in Section 3.3.

   TXT records have an upper size limit of 65535 bytes (Section 3.2.1 in
   RFC1035), since "RDLENGTH" is a 16-bit field.  Please see
   Section 3.1.3 in RFC4408 for how a TXT record can achieve this size.
   Due to this size limitation, some zero touch information artifacts
   may not fit.  In particular, onboarding information could hit this
   upper bound, depending on the size of the included configuration and
   scripts.

   When onboarding information (not redirect information) is provided,
   the URL for the boot-image the device can download would have to
   point to another server (e.g., http://, ftp://, etc.), as DNS servers
   do not themselves distribute files.

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4.3.  DHCP Server

   A DHCP server MAY be used as a source of zero touch bootstrapping
   data.

   Using a DHCP server may be a compelling option for deployments having
   existing DHCP infrastructure, as it enables a touchless bootstrapping
   option that does not entail utilizing an Internet based resource
   hosted by a 3rd-party.

   A DHCP server is an untrusted source of bootstrapping data.  Thus the
   information stored on the DHCP server either MUST be signed, or it
   MUST be information that can be processed provisionally (e.g.,
   unsigned redirect information).

   However, unlike other sources of bootstrapping data described in this
   document, the DHCP protocol (especially DHCP for IPv4) is limited in
   the amount of data that can be conveyed, to the extent that signed
   data cannot be communicated.  Thus only unsigned redirect information
   can be conveyed.

   Since the redirect information is unsigned, it SHOULD NOT include the
   optional trust anchor certificate, as the device would have to
   discard it anyway.  The DHCP options defined in Section 9 do not
   enable the certificate to be communicated.

   From an artifact perspective, the three artifacts defined in
   Section 3 are mapped to the DHCP fields specified in Section 9 as
   follows:

      Zero Touch Information:  This artifact is not supported directly.
         Instead, the essence of redirect information (not onboarding
         information) is mapped to the DHCP fields described in
         Section 9.

      Owner Certificate:  Not supported.  There is not enough space in
         the DHCP packet to hold an owner certificate artifact.

      Ownership Voucher:  Not supported.  There is not enough space in
         the DHCP packet to hold an ownership voucher artifact.

4.4.  Bootstrap Server

   A bootstrap server MAY be used as a source of zero touch
   bootstrapping data.  A bootstrap server is defined as a RESTCONF
   [RFC8040] server implementing the YANG module provided in Section 7.

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   Using a bootstrap server as a source of bootstrapping data is a
   compelling option as it MAY use transport-level security, in lieu of
   signed data, which may be easier to deploy in some situations.
   Additionally, the bootstrap server is able to receive progress
   updates from devices, which may be critical to some deployments
   (e.g., the passing of the device's SSH host keys).

   A bootstrap server may be a trusted or an untrusted source of
   bootstrapping data, depending on if the device learned about the
   bootstrap server's trust anchor from a trusted source.  When a
   bootstrap server is trusted, the information returned from it MAY be
   signed.  However, when the server is untrusted, in order for its
   information to be of any use to the device, the bootstrap information
   MUST either be signed or be information that can be processed
   provisionally (e.g., unsigned redirect information).

   From an artifact perspective, since a bootstrap server presents data
   as a YANG-modeled data, the bootstrapping artifacts need to be mapped
   to the YANG module.  The three artifacts defined in Section 3 are
   mapped to 'output' node of the 'get-bootstrapping-data' RPC defined
   in Section 7.3 below.

   Artifact to Bootstrap Server Mapping:

      Zero Touch Information:  Mapped to the 'zerotouch-information'
         leaf in the output of the 'get-bootstrapping-data' RPC.

      Owner Certificate:  Mapped to the 'owner-certificate' leaf in the
         output of the 'get-bootstrapping-data' RPC.

      Ownership Voucher:  Mapped to the 'ownership-voucher' leaf in the
         output of the 'get-bootstrapping-data' RPC.

   Unlike any other source of bootstrapping data described in this
   document, a bootstrap server is not only a source of data, but it can
   also receive data from devices using the YANG-defined 'report-
   progress' RPC defined in the YANG module (Section 7.3).  The 'report-
   progress' RPC enables visibility into the bootstrapping process
   (e.g., warnings and errors), and provides potentially useful
   completion status information (e.g., the device's SSH host-keys).

   While RESTCONF servers typically support a nested hierarchy of
   resources, zero touch bootstrap servers only have the two RPCs 'get-
   bootstrapping-data' and 'report-progress'.  These RPCs use the
   authenticated RESTCONF username to isolate the execution of the RPC
   from other devices.

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5.  Device Details

   Devices supporting the bootstrapping strategy described in this
   document MUST have the preconfigured state and bootstrapping logic
   described in the following sections.

5.1.  Initial State

   +-------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                           <device>                          |
   |                                                             |
   | +---------------------------------------------------------+ |
   | |                   <read/write storage>                  | |
   | |                                                         | |
   | | 1. flag to enable zerotouch bootstrapping set to "true" | |
   | +---------------------------------------------------------+ |
   |                                                             |
   | +---------------------------------------------------------+ |
   | |                   <read-only storage>                   | |
   | |                                                         | |
   | | 2. IDevID cert & associated intermediate certificate(s) | |
   | | 3. list of trusted well-known bootstrap servers         | |
   | | 4. list of trust anchor certs for bootstrap servers     | |
   | | 5. trust anchor cert for verifying ownership vouchers   | |
   | +---------------------------------------------------------+ |
   |                                                             |
   |                  +----------------------+                   |
   |                  |   <secure storage>   |                   |
   |                  |                      |                   |
   |                  |  6. private key      |                   |
   |                  +----------------------+                   |
   |                                                             |
   +-------------------------------------------------------------+

   Each numbered item below corresponds to a numbered item in the
   diagram above.

   1.  Devices MUST have a configurable variable that is used to enable/
       disable the zerotouch bootstrapping.  This variable MUST be
       enabled by default in order for zerotouch bootstrapping to run
       when the device first powers on.  Because it is a goal that the
       configuration installed by the bootstrapping process is able to
       disable zerotouch bootstrapping, and because said configuration
       may be merged into the existing configuration, using a
       configuration node that relies on presence is NOT RECOMMENDED, as
       it cannot be removed by the merging process.

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   2.  Devices that support loading bootstrapping data from bootstrap
       servers (see Section 4.4), whether preconfigured or learned
       through the bootstrapping process, MUST possess an initial device
       identifier (IDevID), as defined in [Std-802.1AR-2009].  The
       IDevID is an X.509 certificate encoding, amongst other things,
       the device's serial number and hardware manufacturer.  The device
       MUST also possess any intermediate certificates between the
       IDevID certificate and the manufacturer's IDevID trust anchor
       certificate provided to prospective owners separately (e.g.,
       Appendix A.1).

   3.  Devices that support loading bootstrapping data from well-known
       bootstrap servers MUST possess a list of the well-known bootstrap
       servers.  Consistent with redirect information (Section 2.1, each
       bootstrap server MAY be identified by its hostname or IP address,
       and an optional port.

   4.  Devices that support loading bootstrapping data from well-known
       bootstrap servers MUST also possess a list of trust anchor
       certificates that can be used to secure the TLS connection to the
       well-known bootstrap servers.

   5.  Devices that support loading signed data (see Section 1.2) MUST
       possess the manufacturer's trust anchor certificate for
       validating ownership vouchers.

   6.  Devices MUST possess a private key that corresponds to the public
       key encoded in the device's IDevID certificate.  This private key
       SHOULD be securely stored, ideally in a cryptographic processor
       (e.g., a TPM).

   A YANG module representing this data is provided in Section 8.

5.2.  Boot Sequence

   A device claiming to support the bootstrapping strategy defined in
   this document MUST support the boot sequence described in this
   section.

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       Power On
           |
           v                                No
    1. Zerotouch bootstrapping configured ------> Boot normally
           |
           | Yes
           v
    2. For each supported source of bootstrapping data,
       try to load bootstrapping data from the source
           |
           |
           v                               Yes
    3. Able to bootstrap from any source? -----> Run with new config
           |
           | No
           v
    4. Loop and/or wait for manual provisioning.

   Each numbered item below corresponds to a numbered item in the
   diagram above.

   1.  When the device powers on, it first checks to see if zerotouch
       bootstrapping is configured, as is expected to be the case for
       the device's preconfigured state.  If zerotouch bootstrapping is
       not configured, then the device boots normally.

   2.  The device iterates over its list of sources for bootstrapping
       data (Section 4).  Details for how to processes a source of
       bootstrapping data are provided in Section 5.3.

   3.  If the device is able to bootstrap itself from any of the sources
       of bootstrapping data, it runs with the new bootstrapped
       configuration.

   4.  Otherwise the device MAY loop back through the list of
       bootstrapping sources again and/or wait for manual provisioning.

5.3.  Processing a Source of Bootstrapping Data

   This section describes a recursive algorithm that devices can use to,
   ultimately, obtain onboarding information.  The algorithm is
   recursive because sources of bootstrapping data may return redirect
   information, which causes the algorithm to run again, for the newly
   discovered sources of bootstrapping information.  An expression that
   captures all possible successful sequences of bootstrapping
   information is zero or more redirect information responses, followed
   by one onboarding information response.

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   An important aspect of the algorithm is knowing when data needs to be
   signed or not.  The following figure provides a summary of options:

                                    Untrusted Source  Trusted Source
       Kind of Bootstrapping Data     Can Provide?     Can Provide?

       Unsigned Redirect Info     :       Yes+             Yes
       Signed Redirect Info       :       Yes              Yes*
       Unsigned Onboarding Info   :        No              Yes
       Signed Onboarding Info     :       Yes              Yes*

       The '+' above denotes that the source redirected to MUST
       return signed data, or more unsigned redirect information.

       The '*' above denotes that, while possible, it is generally
       unnecessary for a trusted source to return signed data.

   The recursive algorithm uses a conceptual global-scoped variable
   called "trust-state".  The trust-state variable is initialized to
   FALSE.  The ultimate goal of this algorithm is for the device to
   process onboarding information (Section 2.2) while the trust-state
   variable is TRUE.

   If the source of bootstrapping data (Section 4) is a bootstrap server
   (Section 4.4), and the device is able to authenticate the bootstrap
   server using X.509 certificate path validation ([RFC6125], Section 6)
   to one of the device's preconfigured trust anchors, or to a trust
   anchor that it learned from a previous step, then the device MUST set
   trust-state to TRUE.

   For any source of bootstrapping data (e.g., Section 4), if the
   bootstrapping data returned is signed and the device is able to
   validate the signed data using the algorithm described in
   Section 5.4, then the device MUST set trust-state to TRUE, else the
   device MUST set trust-state to FALSE.  Note, this is worded to cover
   the special case when signed data is returned even from a trusted
   bootstrap server.

   If the bootstrapping data is onboarding information, and trust-state
   is FALSE, the device MUST exit the recursive algorithm (as this is
   not allowed, see the figure above), returning to the state machine
   described in Section 5.2.  Otherwise, the device MUST attempt to
   process the onboarding information as described in Section 5.6.  In
   either case, success or failure, the device MUST exit the recursive
   algorithm, returning to the state machine described in Section 5.2,
   the only difference being in how it responds to the "Able to
   bootstrap from any source?" conditional described in the figure in
   the section.

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   If the bootstrapping data is redirect information, the device MUST
   process the redirect information as described in Section 5.5.  This
   is the recursion step, it will cause the device to reenter this
   algorithm, but this time the data source will definitely be a
   bootstrap server, as that is all redirect information is able to
   redirect a device to.

5.4.  Validating Signed Data

   Whenever a device is presented signed data, it MUST validate the
   signed data as described in this section.  This includes the case
   where the signed data is provided by a trusted source.

   Whenever there is signed data, the device MUST also be provided an
   ownership voucher and an owner certificate.  How all the needed
   artifacts are provided for each source of bootstrapping data is
   defined in Section 4.

   The device MUST first authenticate the ownership voucher by
   validating its signature to one of its preconfigured trust anchors
   (see Section 5.1), which may entail using additional intermediate
   certificates attached to the ownership voucher.  If the device has an
   accurate clock, it MUST ensure that the ownership voucher was created
   in the past (i.e., 'created-on' < now).  If the 'expires-on' leaf is
   present, the device MUST verify that the ownership voucher has not
   yet expired (i.e., now < 'expires-on'), which requires an accurate
   clock.  The device MUST verify that the ownership voucher's
   'assertion' value is acceptable (e.g., some devices may only accept
   the assertion value 'verified').  The device MUST verify that the
   ownership voucher specifies the device's serial number in the
   'serial-number' leaf.  If the 'idevid-issuer' leaf is present, the
   device MUST verify that the value is set correctly.  If the
   authentication of the ownership voucher is successful, the device
   extracts the 'pinned-domain-certificate' node, an X.509 certificate,
   that is needed to verify the owner certificate in the next step.

   The device MUST next authenticate the owner certificate by performing
   X.509 certificate path verification to the trusted certificate
   extracted from the ownership voucher's 'pinned-domain-cert' node.
   This verification may entail using additional intermediate
   certificates attached to the owner certificate artifact.  If the
   ownership voucher's 'domain-cert-revocation-checks' node's value is
   set to "true", the device MUST verify the revocation status of the
   certificate chain used to sign the owner certificate and, if the
   revocation status is not attainable or if it is determined that a
   certificate has been revoked, the device MUST not validate the owner
   certificate.

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   Finally the device MUST verify the signature over the information
   artifact was generated by the private key matching the public key
   from the owner certificate.

   If any of these steps fail, then the device MUST invalidate the data
   and not perform any subsequent steps.

5.5.  Processing Redirect Information

   In order to process redirect information (Section 2.1), the device
   MUST follow the steps presented in this section.

   Processing redirect information is straightforward.  The device
   sequentially steps through the list of provided bootstrap servers
   until it can find one it can bootstrap from.

   If a hostname is provided, and the hostname's DNS resolution is to
   more than one IP address, the device MUST attempt to connect to all
   of the DNS resolved addresses at least once, before moving on to the
   next bootstrap server.  If the device is able to obtain bootstrapping
   data from any of the DNS resolved addresses, it MUST immediately
   process that data, without attempting to connect to any of the other
   DNS resolved addresses.

   If the redirect information is trusted (e.g., trust-state is TRUE),
   and the bootstrap server entry contains a trust anchor certificate,
   then the device MUST authenticate the specified bootstrap server
   RESTCONF TLS server certificate using X.509 certificate path
   validation ([RFC6125], Section 6) to the specified trust anchor.  If
   the device is unable to authenticate the bootstrap server to the
   specified trust anchor, the device MAY attempt a provisional
   connection to the bootstrap server (i.e., by blindly accepting its
   server certificate) and setting trust-state to FALSE.

   If the redirect information is untrusted (e.g., trust-state is
   FALSE), the device MUST discard any trust anchors provided by the
   redirect information and establish a provisional connection to the
   bootstrap server (i.e., by blindly accepting its TLS server
   certificate).

5.6.  Processing Onboarding Information

   In order to process onboarding information (Section 2.2), the device
   MUST follow the steps presented in this section.

   When processing onboarding information, the device MUST first process
   the boot image information, then execute the pre-configuration script
   (if any), then commit the initial configuration, and then execute the

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   post-configuration script (if any), in that order.  If the device
   encounters an error at any step, it MUST NOT proceed to the next
   step.  When the onboarding information was obtained from a trusted
   bootstrap server, the device SHOULD send progress reports throughout
   the bootstrapping process using the bootstrap server's 'report-
   progress' RPC.

   First the device MUST determine if the image it is running satisfies
   the specified boot image criteria (e.g., name and/or fingerprint
   match).  If it does not, the device MUST download (using the supplied
   URI), verify, and install the specified boot image, and then reboot.
   To verify the downloaded boot image, the device MUST check that the
   boot image file matches the fingerprint (e.g., sha256) supplied by
   the onboarding information.  Upon rebooting, the bootstrapping
   process runs again, which will eventually come to this very point,
   but this time the device's running image will satisfy the specified
   criteria, and thus the device will move to processing the next step.

   Next, for devices that support executing scripts, if a pre-
   configuration script has been specified, the device MUST execute the
   script and check its exit status code to determine if had any
   warnings or errors.  In the case of errors, the device MUST reset
   itself in such a way that wipes out any bad state the script may have
   left behind.

   Next the device commits the provided initial configuration.  Assuming
   no errors, the device moves to processing the next step.

   Again, for devices that support executing scripts, if a post-
   configuration script has been specified, the device MUST execute the
   script and check its exit status code to determine if it had any
   warnings or errors.  In the case of errors, the device MUST reset
   itself in such a way that wipes out any bad state the script may have
   left behind.

   At this point, the device has completely processed the bootstrapping
   data and is ready to be managed.  If the device obtained the
   onboarding information from a trusted bootstrap server, the device
   MUST post the 'bootstrap-complete' progress report now, using the
   bootstrap server's 'report-progress' RPC.

   At this point, the device is running its initial configuration.
   Notably, if NETCONF Call Home or RESTCONF Call Home [RFC8071] is
   configured, the device initiates trying to establish a call home
   connection at this time.

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6.  The Zero Touch Information Data Model

   This section defines a YANG 1.1 [RFC7950] module that is used to
   define the data model for the zero touch information artifact
   described in Section 3.1.  This data model uses the 'yang-data'
   extension statement defined in RFC 8040.  Examples illustrating this
   data model are provided in Section 6.2.

6.1.  Data Model Overview

   The following tree diagram provides an overview of the data model for
   the zero touch information artifact.  The syntax used for this tree
   diagram is described in Section 1.4.

   module: ietf-zerotouch-information

     yang-data zerotouch-information:
         +---- (information-type)
            +--:(redirect-information)
            |  +---- redirect-information
            |     +---- bootstrap-server* [address]
            |        +---- address         inet:host
            |        +---- port?           inet:port-number
            |        +---- trust-anchor?   binary
            +--:(onboarding-information)
               +---- onboarding-information
                  +---- boot-image
                  |  +---- os-name       string
                  |  +---- os-version    string
                  |  +---- uri*          inet:uri
                  |  +---- (hash-algorithm)?
                  |     +--:(sha256)
                  |        +---- sha256?       yang:hex-string
                  +---- configuration-handling?      enumeration
                  +---- pre-configuration-script?    script
                  +---- configuration?               <anydata>
                  +---- post-configuration-script?   script

6.2.  Example Usage

   The following example illustrates how redirect information
   (Section 2.1) can be encoded using JSON, as is needed by the zero
   touch information artifact.

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   {
     "ietf-zerotouch-information:redirect-information" : {
       "bootstrap-server" : [
         {
           "address" : "phs1.example.com",
           "port" : 8443,
           "trust-anchor" : "base64encodedvalue=="
         },
         {
           "address" : "phs2.example.com",
           "port" : 8443,
           "trust-anchor" : "base64encodedvalue=="
         },
         {
           "address" : "phs3.example.com",
           "port" : 8443,
           "trust-anchor" : "base64encodedvalue=="
         }
       ]
     }
   }

   The following example illustrates how onboarding information
   (Section 2.2) can be encoded using JSON, as is needed by the zero
   touch information artifact.

   Note: the sample configuration used in the below example configures
   an administrator account with an SSH public key, configures keystore
   with an authentication certificate, configures NETCONF Call Home and,
   lastly, disables the zerotouch bootstrapping service.  This is
   acheived through use of YANG modules "ietf-system" from [RFC7317],
   "ietf-keystore" from [I-D.ietf-netconf-keystore], "ietf-netconf-
   server" from [I-D.ietf-netconf-netconf-client-server] and "ietf-
   zerotouch-device" from this document.

   [ note: '\' line wrapping for formatting only]

   {
     "ietf-zerotouch-information:onboarding-information" : {

       "boot-image" : {
         "os-name" : "VendorOS",
         "os-version" : "17.2R1.6",
         "uri" : [ "http://some/path/to/raw/file" ],
         "sha256" : "ba:ec:cf:a5:67:82:b4:10:77:c6:67:a6:22:ab:7d:50:04\
   :a7:8b:8f:0e:db:02:8b:f4:75:55:fb:c1:13:b2:33"
       },

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       "configuration-handling" : "merge",

       "configuration" : {
         "ietf-system:system" : {
           "authentication" : {
             "user" : {
               "name" : "admin",
               "authorized-key" : {
                 "name" : "admin's rsa ssh host-key",
                 "algorithm" : "ssh-rsa",
                 "key-data" : "base64encodedvalue=="
               }
             }
           }
         },
         "ietf-keystore:keystore" : {
           "pinned-certificates" : {
             "name" : "deployment-specific-ca-certs",
             "description" : "Certs used to auth client connections.",
             "pinned-certificate" : {
               "name" : "ca.example.com",
               "data" : "base64encodedvalue=="
             }
           },
           "pinned-certificates" : {
             "name" : "explicitly-trusted-client-certs",
             "description" : "Certs for explicitly-trusted clients.",
             "pinned-certificate" : {
               "name" : "Fred Flintstone",
               "data" : "base64encodedvalue=="
             }
           }
         },
         "ietf-netconf-server:netconf-server" : {
           "call-home" : {
             "netconf-client" : {
               "name" : "config-mgr",
               "endpoints" : {
                 "endpoint" : {
                   "name" : "east-data-center",
                   "ssh" : {
                     "address" : "east.config-mgr.example.com",
                     "host-keys" : {
                       "host-key" : {
                         "name" : "certificate",
                         "certificate" : "builtin-idevid-cert"
                       }
                     },

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                     "client-cert-auth" : {
                       "trusted-ca-certs" :
                                       "deployment-specific-ca-certs",
                       "trusted-client-certs" :
                                     "explicitly-trusted-client-certs"
                     }
                   }
                 },
                 "endpoint" : {
                   "name" : "west-data-center",
                   "ssh" : {
                     "address" : "west.config-mgr.example.com",
                     "host-keys" : {
                       "host-key" : {
                         "name" : "certificate",
                         "certificate" : "builtin-idevid-cert"
                       }
                     },
                     "client-cert-auth" : {
                       "trusted-ca-certs" :
                                       "deployment-specific-ca-certs",
                       "trusted-client-certs" :
                                     "explicitly-trusted-client-certs"
                     }
                   }
                 }
               },
               "connection-type" : {
                 "periodic" : {
                   "idle-timeout" : 300,
                   "reconnect-timeout" : 60
                 }
               },
               "reconnect-strategy" : {
                 "start-with" : "last-connected",
                 "max-attempts" : 3
               }
             }
           }
         },
         "ietf-device:zerotouch" : {
           "enabled" : false
         }
       }
     }
   }

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6.3.  YANG Module

   The zero touch information data model is defined by the YANG module
   presented in this section.

   Note: the module defined herein uses data types defined in [RFC5280],
   [RFC6234], and [RFC6991], and an extension statement from [RFC8040],
   and an encoding defined in [ITU.X690.1994].

  <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-zerotouch-information@2017-10-18.yang"
  module ietf-zerotouch-information {
    yang-version 1.1;
    namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-information";
    prefix zti;

    import ietf-yang-types {
      prefix yang;
      reference "RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types";
    }
    import ietf-inet-types {
      prefix inet;
      reference "RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types";
    }
    import ietf-restconf {
      prefix rc;
      description
        "This import statement is only present to access
         the yang-data extension defined in RFC 8040.";
      reference "RFC 8040: RESTCONF Protocol";
    }

    organization
      "IETF NETCONF (Network Configuration) Working Group";

    contact
      "WG Web:   http://tools.ietf.org/wg/netconf
       WG List:  <mailto:netconf@ietf.org>
       Author:   Kent Watsen <mailto:kwatsen@juniper.net>";

    description
      "This module defines the data model for the Zero Touch Information
       artifact defined by RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF
       or RESTCONF based Management.

       The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL',
       'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'MAY',
       and 'OPTIONAL' in the module text are to be interpreted as
       described in RFC 2119.

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       Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
       authors of the code. All rights reserved.

       Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
       without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
       to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
       set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
       Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info)

       This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see the
       RFC itself for full legal notices.";

    revision 2017-10-18 {
      description
        "Initial version";
      reference
        "RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF based
         Management";
    }

    rc:yang-data "zerotouch-information" {
      choice information-type {
        mandatory true;
        description
          "This choice statement ensures the response contains
           redirect-information or onboarding-information.";
        container redirect-information {
          description
            "Redirect information is described in Section 2.1 in
             RFC XXXX.  Its purpose is to redirect a device to
             another bootstrap server.";
          reference
            "RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF
             based Management";
          list bootstrap-server {
            key "address";
            min-elements 1;
            description
              "A bootstrap server entry.";
            leaf address {
              type inet:host;
              mandatory true;
              description
                "The IP address or hostname of the bootstrap server the
                 device should redirect to.";
            }
            leaf port {
              type inet:port-number;

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              default "443";
              description
                "The port number the bootstrap server listens on.  If no
                 port is specified, the IANA-assigned port for 'https'
                 (443) is used.";
            }
            leaf trust-anchor {
              type binary;
              description
                "An X.509 v3 certificate structure as specified by RFC
                 5280, Section 4, encoded using ASN.1 distinguished
                 encoding rules (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690.  A
                 certificate that the device can use as the trust anchor
                 to authenticate the bootstrap server the device is
                 being redirected to.  If not specified, the device may
                 establish a provisional connection to the bootstrap
                 server, as described in RFC XXXX.";
              reference
                "RFC 5280:
                   Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
                   and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile.
                 ITU-T X.690:
                    Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
                    Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
                    Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
                    Encoding Rules (DER).
                 RFC XXXX:
                    Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF
                    based Management.";
            }
          }
        }
        container onboarding-information {
          description
            "Onboarding information is described in Section 2.2 in
             RFC XXXX.  Its purpose is to provide the device everything
             it needs to bootstrap itself.";
          reference
            "RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF
             based Management";
          container boot-image {
            description
              "Specifies criteria for the boot image the device MUST
               be running.";
            leaf os-name {
              type string;
              mandatory true;
              description

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                "The name of the operating system software the device
                 MUST be running in order to not require a software
                 image upgrade (ex. VendorOS).";
            }
            leaf os-version {
              type string;
              mandatory true;
              description
                "The version of the operating system software the device
                 MUST be running in order to not require a software
                 image upgrade (ex. 17.3R2.1).";
            }
            leaf-list uri {
              type inet:uri;
              must '../hash-algorithm' {
                description
                  "A hash is needed in order to validate the downloaded
                   image.";
              }
              ordered-by user;
              description
                "An ordered list of URIs to where the boot-image file
                 MAY be obtained.  Deployments MUST know in which URI
                 schemes (http, ftp, etc.) a device supports.  If a
                 secure scheme (e.g., https) is provided, a device MAY
                 establish a provisional connection to the server, by
                 blindly accepting the server's credentials (e.g., its
                 TLS certificate)";
            }
            choice hash-algorithm {
              must '../uri' {
                description
                  "A uri is needed in order to downloaded an image to
                   validate.";
              }
              description
                "Identifies the hash algorithm used.";
              leaf sha256 {
                type yang:hex-string;
                description
                  "The hex-encoded SHA-256 hash over the boot image
                   file.  This is used by the device to verify a
                   downloaded boot image file.";
                reference "RFC 6234: US Secure Hash Algorithms.";
              }
            }
          }
          leaf configuration-handling {

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            type enumeration {
              enum "merge" {
                description
                  "Merge configuration into the running datastore.";
              }
              enum "replace" {
                description
                  "Replace the existing running datastore with the
                   passed configuration.";
              }
            }
            must '../configuration';
            description
              "This enumeration indicates how the server should process
               the provided configuration.";
          }
          leaf pre-configuration-script {
            type script;
            description
              "A script that, when present, is executed before the
               configuration has been processed.";
          }
          anydata configuration {
            must '../configuration-handling';
            description
              "Any configuration data model known to the device.  It may
               contain manufacturer-specific and/or standards-based data
               models.";
          }
          leaf post-configuration-script {
            type script;
            description
              "A script that, when present, is executed after the
               configuration has been processed.";
          }
        }
      }
    }

    typedef script {
      type binary;
      description
        "A device specific script that enables the execution of
         commands to perform actions not possible thru configuration
         alone.

         No attempt is made to standardize the contents, running
         context, or programming language of the script, other than

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         that it can emit an exit status code and stderr/sdtout.  The
         contents of the script are considered specific to the vendor,
         product line, and/or model of the device.

         If a script is erroneously provided to a device that does not
         support the execution of scripts, the device SHOULD send a
         'script-warning' progress report, but otherwise continue
         processing the bootstrapping data as if the script had not
         been present.

         The script returns exit status code '0' on success and non-zero
         on error, with accompanying stderr/stdout for logging purposes.
         In the case of an error, the exit status code will specify what
         the device should do as follows.

         If the exit status code is greater than zero, then the device
         should assume that the script had a soft error, which the
         script believes does not affect manageability.  If the device
         obtained the bootstrap information from a bootstrap server,
         it SHOULD send a 'script-warning' progress report.

         If the exit status code is less than zero, the device should
         assume the script had a hard error, which the script believes
         will affect manageability.  In this case, the device SHOULD
         send a 'script-error' progress report followed by a reset that
         will wipe out anything the script may have done and restart
         the entire bootstrapping process again.";
    }
  }
  <CODE ENDS>

7.  The Zero Touch Bootstrap Server API

   This section defines the API for bootstrap servers.  The API is
   defined as the API produced by a RESTCONF [RFC8040] server that
   supports the YANG 1.1 [RFC7950] module defined in this section.

7.1.  API Overview

   The following tree diagram provides an overview for the bootstrap
   server RESTCONF API.  The syntax used for this tree diagram is
   described in Section 1.4.

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   module: ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server

     rpcs:
       +---x get-bootstrapping-data
       |  +---w input
       |  |  +---w untrusted-connection?   empty
       |  |  +---w os-name?                string
       |  |  +---w os-version?             string
       |  |  +---w remote-id?              string
       |  |  +---w circuit-id?             string
       |  |  +---w nonce?                  string
       |  +--ro output
       |     +--ro bootstrapping-data
       |        +--ro zerotouch-information    pkcs7
       |        +--ro owner-certificate?       pkcs7
       |        +--ro ownership-voucher?       pkcs7
       +---x report-progress
          +---w input
             +---w progress-type    enumeration
             +---w message?         string
             +---w ssh-host-keys
             |  +---w ssh-host-key*
             |     +---w format      enumeration
             |     +---w key-data    string
             +---w trust-anchors
                +---w trust-anchor*
                   +---w certificate    pkcs7

7.2.  Example Usage

   This section presents three examples illustrating the bootstrap
   server's API.  Two examples are provided for the 'get-bootstrapping-
   data' RPC (once to an untrusted bootstrap server, and again to a
   trusted bootstrap server), and one example for the 'report-progress'
   RPC.

   The following example illustrates a device using the API to fetch its
   bootstrapping data from a untrusted bootstrap server.  In this
   example, the device sends the 'untrusted-connection' input parameter
   and receives signed data in the response.

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  REQUEST
  -------
  ['\' line wrapping added for formatting only]

  POST /restconf/operations/ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server:get-boot\
  strapping-data HTTP/1.1
  HOST: example.com
  Content-Type: application/yang.data+xml

  <input
    xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server">
    <untrusted-connection/>
  </input>

  RESPONSE
  --------

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Date: Sat, 31 Oct 2015 17:02:40 GMT
  Server: example-server
  Content-Type: application/yang.data+xml

  <output
    xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server">
    <zerotouch-information>base64encodedvalue==</zerotouch-information>
    <owner-certificate>base64encodedvalue==</owner-certificate>
    <ownership-voucher>base64encodedvalue==</ownership-voucher>
  </output>

   The following example illustrates a device using the API to fetch its
   bootstrapping data from a trusted bootstrap server.  In this example,
   the device sends addition input parameters that the bootstrap server
   can use when formulating its response to the device.

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  REQUEST
  -------
  ['\' line wrapping added for formatting only]

  POST /restconf/operations/ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server:get-boot\
  strapping-data HTTP/1.1
  HOST: example.com
  Content-Type: application/yang.data+xml

  <input
    xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server">
    <os-name>VendorOS</os-name>
    <os-version>17.3R2.1</os-version>
    <remote-id>32</remote-id>
    <circuit-id>2</circuit-id>
    <nonce>base64encodedvalue==</nonce>
  </input>

  RESPONSE
  --------

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Date: Sat, 31 Oct 2015 17:02:40 GMT
  Server: example-server
  Content-Type: application/yang.data+xml

  <output
    xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server">
    <zerotouch-information>base64encodedvalue==</zerotouch-information>
  </output>

   The following example illustrates a device using the API to post a
   progress update to a bootstrap server.  Illustrated below is the
   'bootstrap-complete' message, but the device may send other progress
   reports to the server while bootstrapping.  In this example, the
   device is sending both its SSH host keys and a TLS server
   certificate, which the bootstrap server may, for example, pass to an
   NMS, as discussed in Appendix A.3.

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   REQUEST
   -------
   ['\' line wrapping added for formatting only]

   POST /restconf/operations/ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server:report-\
   progress HTTP/1.1
   HOST: example.com
   Content-Type: application/yang.data+xml

   <input xmlns=
     "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server">
     <progress-type>bootstrap-complete</progress-type>
     <message>example message</message>
     <ssh-host-keys>
       <ssh-host-key>
         <format>ssh-rsa</format>
         <key-data>base64encodedvalue==</key-data>
       </ssh-host-key>
       <ssh-host-key>
         <format>ssh-dss</format>
         <key-data>base64encodedvalue==</key-data>
       </ssh-host-key>
     </ssh-host-keys>
     <trust-anchors>
       <trust-anchor>
         <certificate>base64encodedvalue==</certificate>
       </trust-anchor>
     </trust-anchors>
   </input>

   RESPONSE
   --------

   HTTP/1.1 204 No Content
   Date: Sat, 31 Oct 2015 17:02:40 GMT
   Server: example-server

7.3.  YANG Module

   The bootstrap server's device-facing API is normatively defined by
   the YANG module defined in this section.

   Note: the module defined herein uses data types defined in [RFC2315],
   [RFC5280], [RFC6960], and [I-D.ietf-anima-voucher], and uses an
   encoding defined in [ITU.X690.1994].

  <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server@2017-10-18.yang"
  module ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server {

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    yang-version 1.1;
    namespace
      "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server";
    prefix ztbs;

    organization
      "IETF NETCONF (Network Configuration) Working Group";

    contact
      "WG Web:   <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/netconf/>
       WG List:  <mailto:netconf@ietf.org>
       Author:   Kent Watsen <mailto:kwatsen@juniper.net>";

    description
      "This module defines an interface for bootstrap servers, as
       defined by RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or
       RESTCONF based Management.

       The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL',
       'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'MAY',
       and 'OPTIONAL' in the module text are to be interpreted as
       described in RFC 2119.

       Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
       authors of the code. All rights reserved.

       Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
       without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
       to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
       set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
       Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info)

       This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see the
       RFC itself for full legal notices.";

    revision 2017-10-18 {
      description
        "Initial version";
      reference
        "RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF based
         Management";
    }

    // typedefs

    typedef pkcs7 {
      type binary;
      description

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        "A PKCS #7 SignedData structure, as specified by Section 9.1
         in RFC 2315, encoded using ASN.1 distinguished encoding rules
         (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690.";
      reference
        "RFC 2315:
           PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Version 1.5.
         ITU-T X.690:
           Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
           Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
           Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
           Encoding Rules (DER).";
    }

    // RPCs

    rpc get-bootstrapping-data {
      description
        "This RPC enables a device, as identified by its RESTCONF
         username, to obtain bootstrapping data that has been made
         available for it.";
      input {
        leaf untrusted-connection {
          type empty;
          description
            "This optional input parameter enables a device to
             communicate to the bootstrap server that it is unable
             to authenticate the bootstrap server's TLS certificate.
             In such circumstances, the device likely did not send
             any of the other input parameters.  The bootstrap server
             needs to return either unsigned redirect information or
             signed data.";
        }
        leaf os-name {
          type string;
          description
            "This optional input parameter enables a device to
             communicate to the bootstrap server the name of its
             operating system.  This parameter may be useful if
             the device, as identified by its IDevID certificate,
             to run more than one type of operating system (e.g.,
             on a white-box system.";
        }
        leaf os-version {
          type string;
          description
            "This optional input parameter enables a device to
             communicate to the bootstrap server the version of
             its operating system.  This parameter may be useful

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             to a server that wants to return a response optimized
             for the device, negating, for instance, the need for
             a potentially expensive boot-image update.";
        }
        leaf remote-id {
          type string;
          must "../circuit-id";
          description
            "This optional input parameter enables a device to
             communicate to the bootstrap server the 'remote-id'
             value it learned from a DHCP server via Option 82,
             as described in Section 2.0 or RFC 3046.

             This information, along with the circuit-id, enables
             the bootstrap server to return a deployment-specific
             response independent of the device's IDevID identity.";
          reference
            "RFC 3046: DHCP Relay Agent Information Option";
        }
        leaf circuit-id {
          type string;
          must "../remote-id";
          description
            "This optional input parameter enables a device to
             communicate to the bootstrap server the 'circuit-id'
             value it learned from a DHCP server via Option 82,
             as described in Section 2.0 or RFC 3046.

             This information, along with the remote-id, enables
             the bootstrap server to return a deployment-specific
             response independent of the device's IDevID identity.";
          reference
            "RFC 3046: DHCP Relay Agent Information Option";
        }
        leaf nonce {
          type string;
          description
            "This optional input parameter enables a device to
             communicate to the bootstrap server a nonce value.
             This may be especially useful for devices lacking
             an accurate clock, as then the bootstrap server can
             then dynamically obtain from the manufacturer a
             voucher with the nonce value in it, as described
             in I-D.ietf-anima-voucher.";
          reference
            "RFC ZZZZ: Voucher Profile for Bootstrapping Protocols.";
        }
      }

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      output {
        container bootstrapping-data {
          description
            "Top-level node for the bootstrapping data.";
          leaf zerotouch-information {
            type pkcs7;
            mandatory true;
            description
              "A 'zerotouch-information' artifact, as described in
               Section 4.1 of RFC XXXX.  In order to be processed by a
               device, when conveyed over an untrusted transport, the
               PKCS#7 SignedData structure MUST contain a 'signerInfo'
               structure, described in Section 9.1 of RFC 2315,
               containing a signature generated using the private key
               associated with the 'owner-certificate'.";
            reference
              "RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or
                  RESTCONF based Management.
               RFC 2315:
                  PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Version 1.5";
          }
          leaf owner-certificate {
            type pkcs7;
            must '../ownership-voucher' {
              description
                "An ownership voucher must be present whenever an owner
                 certificate is presented.";
            }
            description
              "This PKCS#7 structure MUST contain the owner certificate
               and all intermediate certificates leading up to, and
               optionally including, the trust anchor certificate
               specified in the ownership voucher.  Additionally, if
               needed by the device, this structure MAY also contain
               suitably fresh CRL and/or OCSP Responses with which to
               verify the revocation status of the certificates.

               X.509 certificates and CRLs are described in RFC 5280.
               OCSP Responses are described in RFC 6960.";
            reference
              "RFC 2315:
                 PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Version 1.5.
               RFC 5280:
                 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
                 and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile.
               RFC 6960:
                 X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online
                 Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP.

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               ITU-T X.690:
                 Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
                 Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
                 Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
                 Encoding Rules (DER).";
          }
          leaf ownership-voucher {
            type pkcs7;
            must '../owner-certificate' {
              description
                "An owner certificate must be present whenever an
                 ownership voucher is presented.";
            }
            description
              "A 'voucher' artifact, as described in Section 5 of
               I-D.ietf-anima-voucher.  The voucher informs the device
               who its owner is.  The voucher encodes the device's
               serial number, so that the device can ensure the
               voucher applies to it.  The voucher is signed by the
               device's manufacturer.";
            reference
              "I-D.ietf-anima-voucher:
                 Voucher and Voucher Revocation Profiles for
                 Bootstrapping Protocols";
          }
        }
      }
    }

    rpc report-progress {
      description
        "This RPC enables a device, as identified by its RESTCONF
         username, to report its bootstrapping progress to the
         bootstrap server.";
      input {
        leaf progress-type {
          type enumeration {
            enum "bootstrap-initiated" {
              description
                "Indicates that the device just used the
                 'get-bootstrapping-data' RPC.  The 'message' field
                 below MAY contain any additional information that
                 the manufacturer thinks might be useful.";
            }
            enum "parsing-warning" {
              description
                "Indicates that the device had a non-fatal error when
                 parsing the response from the bootstrap server.  The

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                 'message' field below SHOULD indicate the specific
                 warning that occurred.";
            }
            enum "parsing-error" {
              description
                "Indicates that the device encountered a fatal error
                 when parsing the response from the bootstrap server.
                 For instance, this could be due to malformed
                 encoding, the device expecting signed data when
                 only unsigned data is provided, because the
                 ownership voucher didn't include the device's
                 unique identifier, or because the signature didn't
                 match.  The 'message' field below SHOULD indicate
                 the specific error.  This progress type also indicates
                 that the device has abandoned trying to bootstrap
                 off this bootstrap server.";
            }
            enum "boot-image-warning" {
              description
                "Indicates that the device encountered a non-fatal
                 error condition when trying to install a boot-image.
                 A possible reason might include a need to reformat a
                 partition causing loss of data.  The 'message' field
                 below SHOULD indicate any warning messages that were
                 generated.";
            }
            enum "boot-image-error" {
              description
                "Indicates that the device encountered an error when
                 trying to install a boot-image, which could be for
                 reasons such as a file server being unreachable,
                 file not found, signature mismatch, etc.  The
                 'message' field SHOULD indicate the specific error
                 that occurred.  This progress type also indicates
                 that the device has abandoned trying to bootstrap
                 off this bootstrap server.";
            }
            enum "pre-script-warning" {
              description
                "Indicates that the device obtained a greater than
                 zero exit status code from the script when it was
                 executed.  The 'message' field below SHOULD indicate
                 both the resulting exit status code, as well as
                 capture any stdout/stderr messages the script may
                 have produced.";
            }
            enum "pre-script-error" {
              description

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                "Indicates that the device obtained a less than
                 zero exit status code from the script when it was
                 executed.  The 'message' field below SHOULD indicate
                 both the resulting exit status code, as well as
                 capture any stdout/stderr messages the script may
                 have produced.  This progress type also indicates
                 that the device has abandoned trying to bootstrap
                 off this bootstrap server.";
            }
            enum "config-warning" {
              description
                "Indicates that the device obtained warning messages
                 when it committed the initial configuration.  The
                 'message' field below SHOULD indicate any warning
                 messages that were generated.";
            }
            enum "config-error" {
              description
                "Indicates that the device obtained error messages
                 when it committed the initial configuration.  The
                 'message' field below SHOULD indicate the error
                 messages that were generated.  This progress type
                 also indicates that the device has abandoned trying
                 to bootstrap off this bootstrap server.";
            }
            enum "post-script-warning" {
              description
                "Indicates that the device obtained a greater than
                 zero exit status code from the script when it was
                 executed.  The 'message' field below SHOULD indicate
                 both the resulting exit status code, as well as
                 capture any stdout/stderr messages the script may
                 have produced.";
            }
            enum "post-script-error" {
              description
                "Indicates that the device obtained a less than
                 zero exit status code from the script when it was
                 executed.  The 'message' field below SHOULD indicate
                 both the resulting exit status code, as well as
                 capture any stdout/stderr messages the script may
                 have produced.  This progress type also indicates
                 that the device has abandoned trying to bootstrap
                 off this bootstrap server.";
            }
            enum "bootstrap-complete" {
              description
                "Indicates that the device successfully processed all

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                 'onboarding-information' provided, and that it is ready
                 to be managed.  The 'message' field below MAY contain
                 any additional information that the manufacturer thinks
                 might be useful.  After sending this progress type,
                 the device is not expected to access the bootstrap
                 server again.";
            }
            enum "informational" {
              description
                "Indicates any additional information not captured
                 by any of the other progress types. For instance, a
                 message indicating that the device is about to
                 reboot after having installed a boot-image could
                 be provided.  The 'message' field below SHOULD
                 contain information that the manufacturer thinks
                 might be useful.";
            }
          }
          mandatory true;
          description
            "The type of progress report provided.";
        }
        leaf message {
          type string;
          description
            "An optional arbitrary value.";
        }
        container ssh-host-keys {
          when "../progress-type = 'bootstrap-complete'" {
            description
              "SSH host keys are only sent when the progress type
               is 'bootstrap-complete'.";
          }
          description
            "A list of trust anchor certificates an NMS may use to
             authenticate subsequent SSH-based connections to this
             device (e.g., netconf-ssh, netconf-ch-ssh).";
          list ssh-host-key {
            description
              "An SSH host-key.";
            leaf format {
              type enumeration {
                enum "ssh-dss" {
                  description
                    "ssh-dss";
                }
                enum "ssh-rsa" {
                  description

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                    "ssh-rsa";
                }
              }
              mandatory true;
              description
                "The format of the SSH host key.";
            }
            leaf key-data {
              type string;
              mandatory true;
              description
                "The key data for the SSH host key";
            }
          }
        }
        container trust-anchors {
          when "../progress-type = 'bootstrap-complete'" {
            description
              "Trust anchors are only sent when the progress type
               is 'bootstrap-complete'.";
          }
          description
            "A list of trust anchor certificates an NMS may use to
             authenticate subsequent certificate-based connections
             to this device (e.g., restconf-tls, netconf-tls, or
             even netconf-ssh with X.509 support from RFC 6187).";
          reference
            "RFC 6187:
               X.509v3 Certificates for Secure Shell Authentication.";
          list trust-anchor {
            description
              "A trust anchor.";
            leaf certificate {
              type pkcs7;
              mandatory true;
              description
                "An X.509 v3 certificate structure, as specified
                 by Section 4 in RFC 5280, encoded using ASN.1
                 distinguished encoding rules (DER), as specified
                 in ITU-T X.690.";
              reference
                "RFC 5280:
                   Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
                   Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL)
                   Profile.
                 ITU-T X.690:
                    Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
                    Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),

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                    Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
                    Encoding Rules (DER).";
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  <CODE ENDS>

8.  The Zero Touch Device Data Model

   This section defines a data model that devices can implement to
   enable the configuration of zerotouch bootstrapping and discovery of
   what parameters are used by its bootstrapping logic.

8.1.  Data Model Overview

   The following tree diagram provides an overview for the zerotouch
   device data model The syntax used for this tree diagram is described
   in Section 1.4.

  module: ietf-zerotouch-device
      +--rw zerotouch
         +--rw enabled?                            boolean
         +--ro devid-certificate?                  pkcs7
         |       {bootstrap-servers}?
         +--ro bootstrap-servers {bootstrap-servers}?
         |  +--ro bootstrap-server* [address]
         |     +--ro address    inet:host
         |     +--ro port?      inet:port-number
         +--ro bootstrap-server-ta-certificates?
         |       -> /ks:keystore/pinned-certificates/name
         |       {bootstrap-servers}?
         +--ro voucher-ta-certificates?
                 -> /ks:keystore/pinned-certificates/name {signed-data}?

   In the above diagram, notice that there is only one configurable node
   'enabled'.  The expectation is that this node would be set to 'true'
   in device's factory default configuration and that it would either be
   set to 'false' or deleted when the zerotouch bootstrapping is longer
   needed.

8.2.  Example Usage

   Following is an instance example for this data model.

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   [ note: '\' line wrapping for formatting only]

   <zerotouch
     xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-device">
     <enabled>true</enabled>
     <devid-certificate>base64encodedvalue==</devid-certificate>
     <bootstrap-servers>
       <bootstrap-server>
         <address>phs1.example.com</address>
         <port>8443</port>
       </bootstrap-server>
       <bootstrap-server>
         <address>phs2.example.com</address>
         <port>8443</port>
       </bootstrap-server>
       <bootstrap-server>
         <address>phs3.example.com</address>
         <port>8443</port>
       </bootstrap-server>
     </bootstrap-servers>
     <bootstrap-server-ta-certificates>manufacturers-root-ca-certs</boo\
   tstrap-server-ta-certificates>
     <voucher-ta-certificates>manufacturers-root-ca-certs</voucher-ta-c\
   ertificates>
   </zerotouch>

8.3.  YANG Module

   The device model is normatively defined by the YANG module defined in
   this section.

   Note: the module defined herein uses data types defined in [RFC2315]
   and [RFC6991], and uses an encoding defined in [ITU.X690.1994].

  <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-zerotouch-device@2017-10-18.yang"
  module ietf-zerotouch-device {
    yang-version 1.1;
    namespace
      "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-device";
    prefix ztd;

    import ietf-inet-types {
      prefix inet;
      reference "RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types";
    }
    import ietf-keystore {
      prefix ks;
      reference 'RFC YYYY: YANG Data Model for a "Keystore" Mechanism';

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    }

    organization
      "IETF NETCONF (Network Configuration) Working Group";

    contact
      "WG Web:   <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/netconf/>
       WG List:  <mailto:netconf@ietf.org>
       Author:   Kent Watsen <mailto:kwatsen@juniper.net>";

    description
      "This module defines a data model to enable zerotouch
       bootstrapping and discover what parameters are used.

       The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL',
       'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'MAY',
       and 'OPTIONAL' in the module text are to be interpreted as
       described in RFC 2119.

       Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
       authors of the code. All rights reserved.

       Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
       without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
       to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
       set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
       Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info)

       This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see the
       RFC itself for full legal notices.";

    revision 2017-10-18 {
      description
        "Initial version";
      reference
        "RFC XXXX: Zero Touch Provisioning for NETCONF or RESTCONF based
         Management";
    }

    // features

    feature bootstrap-servers {
      description
        "The device supports bootstrapping off bootstrap servers.";
    }

    feature signed-data {
      description

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        "The device supports bootstrapping off signed data.";
    }

    // typedefs

    typedef pkcs7 {
      type binary;
      description
        "A PKCS #7 SignedData structure, as specified by Section 9.1
         in RFC 2315, encoded using ASN.1 distinguished encoding rules
         (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690.";
      reference
        "RFC 2315:
           PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Version 1.5.
         ITU-T X.690:
           Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
           Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
           Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
           Encoding Rules (DER).";
    }

    // protocol accessible nodes

    container zerotouch {
      description
        "Top-level container for zerotouch data model.";
      leaf enabled {
        type boolean;
        default false;
        description
          "The 'enabled' leaf controls if zerotouch bootstrapping is
           enabled or disabled.  The default is 'false' so that, when
           not enabled, which is most of the time, no configuration
           needs to be returned.";
      }
      leaf devid-certificate {
        if-feature bootstrap-servers;
        type pkcs7;
        config false;
        description
          "An unsigned PKCS #7 SignedData structure, as specified by
           Section 9.1 in RFC 2315, encoded using ASN.1 distinguished
           encoding rules (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690.

           This structure contains the IDevID certificate and all
           intermediate certificates leading up to the manufacturer's
           well-known trust anchor certificate.  IDevID certificates
           are described in IEEE 802.1AR-2009.";

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        reference
          "RFC 2315:
             PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Version 1.5.
           ITU-T X.690:
             Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
             Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
             Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
             Encoding Rules (DER).
           IEEE 802.1AR-2009:
             IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area
             networks - Secure Device Identity.";
      }
      container bootstrap-servers {
        if-feature bootstrap-servers;
        config false;
        description
          "Default list of bootstrap servers this device is
           configured to reach out to when bootstrapping.";
        list bootstrap-server {
          key "address";
          description
            "A bootstrap server entry.";
          leaf address {
            type inet:host;
            mandatory true;
            description
              "The IP address or hostname of the bootstrap server the
               device should redirect to.";
          }
          leaf port {
            type inet:port-number;
            default "443";
            description
              "The port number the bootstrap server listens on.  If no
               port is specified, the IANA-assigned port for 'https'
               (443) is used.";
          }
        }
      }
      leaf bootstrap-server-ta-certificates {
        if-feature bootstrap-servers;
        type leafref {
          path "/ks:keystore/ks:pinned-certificates/ks:name";
        }
        config false;
        description
          "A reference to a list of pinned certificate authority (CA)
           certificates that the device uses to validate bootstrap

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           servers with.";
      }
      leaf voucher-ta-certificates {
        if-feature signed-data;
        type leafref {
          path "/ks:keystore/ks:pinned-certificates/ks:name";
        }
        config false;
        description
          "A reference to a list of pinned certificate authority (CA)
           certificates that the device uses to validate ownership
           vouchers with.";
      }
    }
  }

  <CODE ENDS>

9.  DHCP Zero Touch Options

   This section defines two DHCP options, one for DHCPv4 and one for
   DHCPv6.  These two options are semantically the same, though
   syntactically different.

9.1.  DHCPv4 Zero Touch Option

   The DHCPv4 Zero Touch Option is used to provision the client with one
   or more URIs for bootstrap servers that can be contacted to attempt
   further configuration.

      DHCPv4 Zero Touch Redirect Option

       0                             1
       0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5
      +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
      |   option-code (TBD)   |     option-length     |
      +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
      .                                               .
      .    bootstrap-server-list (variable length)    .
      .                                               .
      +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

      o option-code: OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT (TBD)
      o option-length: The option length in octets
      o bootstrap-server-list: A list of servers for the
         client to attempt contacting, in order to obtain
         further bootstrapping data, in the format shown
         in [common-field-encoding].

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   DHCPv4 Client Behavior

   Clients MAY request the OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT by including its
   option code in the Parameter Request List (55) in DHCP request
   messages.

   On receipt of a DHCPv4 Reply message which contains the
   OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT, the client performs the following
   steps:

   1.  Check the contents of the DHCPv4 message for at least one valid
       URI. If there is more than one valid URI in the list, a candidate
       list of possible URIs is created.

   2.  Attempt to connect to the one of the URIs in the candidate list.
       The order in which these are processed by the client is
       implementation specific and not defined here.

   3.  If a successful connection to the zerotouch bootstrap server,
       then the client stops processing entries in the list and proceeds
       according to Appendix A.3, step(3).

   4.  If the zerotouch bootstrap server does not respond, provides
       an invalid response, or the transaction otherwise fails, the
       client SHOULD attempt to contact another server from the
       candidate list.

   Any invalid URI entries received in the uri-data field are ignored by
   the client.  If OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT does not contain at
   least one valid URI entry in the uri-data field, then the client MUST
   discard the option.

   DHCPv4 Server Behavior

   The DHCPv4 server MAY include a single instance of Option
   OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT in DHCP messages it sends.  Servers MUST
   NOT send more than one instance of the OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT
   option.

9.2.  DHCPv6 Zero Touch Option

   The DHCPv6 Zero Touch Option is used to provision the client with one
   or more URIs for bootstrap servers that can be contacted to attempt
   further configuration.

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      DHCPv6 Zero Touch Redirect Option

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |       option-code (TBD)      |          option-length         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      .           bootstrap-server-list (variable length)             .
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

      o option-code: OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT (TBD)
      o option-length: The option length in octets
      o bootstrap-server-list: A list of servers for the client to
        attempt contacting, in order to obtain further bootstrapping
        data, in the format shown in [common-field-encoding].

   DHCPv6 Client Behavior

   Clients MAY request the OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT option, as
   defined in [RFC3315], Sections 17.1.1, 18.1.1, 18.1.3, 18.1.4,
   18.1.5, and 22.7.   As a convenience to the reader, we mention here
   that the client includes requested option codes in the Option Request
   Option.

   On receipt of a DHCPv6 reply message which contains the
   OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT, the client performs the following
   steps:

   1.  Check the contents of the DHCPv6 message for at least one valid
       URI.  If there is more than one valid URI in the list, a
       candidate list of possible URIs is created.

   2.  Attempt to connect to the one of the URIs in the candidate list.
       The order in which these are processed by the client is
       implementation specific and not defined here.

   3.  If a successful connection to the zerotouch bootstrap server,
       then the client stops processing entries in the list and proceeds
       according to Appendix A.3, step(3).

   4.  If the zerotouch bootstrap server does not respond, provides
       and invalid response or the transaction otherwise fails, the
       client SHOULD attempt to contact another server from the
       candidate list.

   Any invalid URI entries received in the uri-data field are ignored by
   the client.  If OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT does not contain at

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   least one valid URI entry in the uri-data field, then the client MUST
   discard the option.

   DHCPv6 Server Behavior

   Sections 17.2.2 and 18.2 of [RFC3315] govern server operation
   in regard to option assignment.  As a convenience to the reader,
   we mention here that the server will send a particular option code
   only if configured with specific values for that option code and if
   the client requested it.

   Option OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT is a singleton.  Servers MUST NOT
   send more than one instance of the OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT
   option.

9.3.  Common Field Encoding

   Both of the DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 options defined in this section encode
   a list of bootstrap server URIs.  The "URI" structure is an option
   that can contain multiple URIs (see [RFC7227], Section 5.7).

     bootstrap-server-list:

     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |       uri-length              |          URI                  |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

     o uri-length: variable, in octets.

     o URI: URI of zerotouch bootstrap server, using the HTTPS URI
       scheme defined in Section 2.7.2 of RFC7230.  URI MUST be in
       form "https://<ip-address-or-hostname>[:<port>]".

10.  Security Considerations

10.1.  Immutable storage for trust anchors

   Devices MUST ensure that all their trust anchor certificates,
   including those for connecting to bootstrap servers and verifying
   ownership vouchers, are protected from external modification.

   It may be necessary to update these certificates over time (e.g., the
   manufacturer wants to delegate trust to a new CA).  It is therefore
   expected that devices MAY update these trust anchors when needed
   through a verifiable process, such as a software upgrade using signed
   software images.

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10.2.  Clock Sensitivity

   The solution in this document relies on TLS certificates, owner
   certificates, and ownership vouchers, all of which require an
   accurate clock in order to be processed correctly (e.g., to test
   validity dates and revocation status).  Implementations SHOULD ensure
   devices have an accurate clock when shipped from manufacturing
   facilities, and take steps to prevent clock tampering.

   If it is not possible to ensure clock accuracy, it is RECOMMENDED
   that implementations disable the aspects of the solution having clock
   sensitivity.  In particular, such implementations should assume that
   TLS certificates, ownership vouchers, and owner certificates never
   expire and are not revokable.  From an ownership voucher perspective,
   manufacturers SHOULD issue a single ownership voucher for the
   lifetime of such devices.

   Implementations SHOULD NOT rely on NTP for time, as NTP is not a
   secure protocol.

10.3.  Blindly authenticating a bootstrap server

   This document allows a device to blindly authenticate a bootstrap
   server's TLS certificate.  It does so to allow for cases where the
   redirect information may be obtained in an unsecured manner, which is
   desirable to support in some cases.

   To compensate for this, this document requires that devices, when
   connected to an untrusted bootstrap server, assert that data
   downloaded from the server is signed.

10.4.  Entropy loss over time

   Section 7.2.7.2 of the IEEE Std 802.1AR-2009 standard says that
   IDevID certificate should never expire (i.e. having the notAfter
   value 99991231235959Z).  Given the long-lived nature of these
   certificates, it is paramount to use a strong key length (e.g.,
   512-bit ECC).

10.5.  Disclosing Information to Untrusted Servers

   This document enables devices to establish provisional connections to
   bootstrap servers, in order for the bootstrap server to provide
   either unsigned redirect information or signed data to the device.
   However, since the server is untrusted, it may be under the control
   of an adversary, and therefore devices should be cautious about the
   data they send in such cases.

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   Already this document requires devices send their IDevID certificate
   to untrusted bootstrap servers, which means that the device's serial
   number and hardware manufacturer may be disclosed to an adversary.
   Serial numbers are ubiquitous and prominently contained in invoices
   and on labels affixed to devices and their packaging.  That said,
   serial numbers many times encode revealing information, such as the
   device's model number, manufacture date, and/or manufacturing
   sequence number.  Knowledge of this information may provide an
   adversary with details needed to launch an attack.

   In addition to the IDevID certificate, there are other potentially
   identifying values that may be disclosed to an untrusted server,
   including 'os-name', 'os-version', 'remote-id', 'circuit-id', and
   progress reports.  In order to address this issue, it is RECOMMENDED
   that implementations first promote the untrusted connection to a
   trusted connection, as described in Appendix B.

10.6.  Sequencing Sources of Bootstrapping Data

   For devices supporting more than one source for bootstrapping data,
   no particular sequencing order has to be observed for security
   reasons, as the solution for each source is considered equally
   secure.  However, from a privacy perspective, it is RECOMMENDED that
   devices access local sources before accessing remote sources.

10.7.  The "ietf-zerotouch-information" YANG Module

   The ietf-zerotouch-information module defined in this document
   defines a data structure that is always wrapped by a PKCS#7
   structure.  When accessed by a secure mechanism (e.g., protected by
   TLS), then the PKCS#7 structure may be unsigned.  However, when
   accessed by an insecure mechanism (e.g., removable storage device),
   then the PKCS#7 structure must be signed, in order for the device to
   trust it.

   Implementations should be aware that signed bootstrapping data only
   protects the data from modification, the contents are still visible
   to others.  This doesn't affect Security so much as Privacy.  That
   the contents may be read by unintended parties when accessed by
   insecure mechanisms is considered next.

   The ietf-zerotouch-information module defines a top-level 'choice'
   statement that declares the contents are either "redirect-
   information" or "onboarding-information".  Each of these two cases
   are now considered.

   When the contents of the PKCS#7 structure are redirect-information,
   an observer can learn about the bootstrap servers the device is being

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   directed, their IP addresses or hostnames, ports, and trust anchor
   certificates.  Knowledge of this information could provide an
   observer some insight into a network's inner structure.

   When the contents of the PKCS#7 structure are onboarding-information,
   as observer could learn considerable information about how the device
   is to be provisioned.  This information includes the specific
   operating system version, the initial configuration, and the specific
   scripts that the device is to run.  All of this information should be
   considered highly sensitive and precautions should be taken to
   protect it from falling into the wrong hands.

10.8.  The "ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server" YANG Module

   The ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server module defined in this document
   is specifies an API for a RESTCONF [RFC8040].  The lowest RESTCONF
   layer is HTTPS, and the mandatory-to-implement secure transport is
   TLS [RFC5246].

   The NETCONF Access Control Model (NACM) [RFC6536] provides the means
   to restrict access for particular users to a preconfigured subset of
   all available protocol operations and content.

   This module presents no data nodes (only RPCs).  There is no need to
   discuss the sensitivity of data nodes.

   This module defines two RPC operations that may be considered
   sensitive in some network environments.  These are the operations and
   their sensitivity/vulnerability:

   get-bootstrapping-data:  This RPC is used by devices to obtain their
       bootstrapping data.  By design, each device, as identified by its
       IDevID certificate, can only obtain its own data.  NACM is not
       needed to further constrain access to this RPC.

   report-bootstrapping-progress:  This RPC is used by devices to report
       their bootstrapping progress.  By design, each device, as
       identified by its IDevID certificate, can only report data for
       itself.  NACM is not needed to further constrain access to this
       RPC.

10.9.  The "ietf-zerotouch-device" YANG Module

   The ietf-zerotouch-device module defined in this document is designed
   to be accessed via network management protocols such as NETCONF
   [RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040].  The lowest NETCONF layer is the
   secure transport layer, and the mandatory-to-implement secure
   transport is Secure Shell (SSH) [RFC6242].  The lowest RESTCONF layer

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   is HTTPS, and the mandatory-to-implement secure transport is TLS
   [RFC5246].

   The NETCONF access control model [RFC6536] provides the means to
   restrict access for particular NETCONF or RESTCONF users to a
   preconfigured subset of all available NETCONF or RESTCONF protocol
   operations and content.

   There is a data node defined in this YANG module that is
   writable/creatable/deletable (i.e., config true, which is the
   default).  This data node may be considered sensitive or vulnerable
   in some network environments.  Write operations (e.g., edit-config)
   to this data node without proper protection can have a negative
   effect on network operations.  This is the data node and its
   sensitivity/vulnerability:

   /enabled:  This data node is used to enable/disable the zerotouch
       bootstrapping mechanism on a device.  NACM rules or equivalent
       should be used to restrict write-access to this node to
       authenticated clients.

11.  IANA Considerations

11.1.  The BOOTP Manufacturer Extensions and DHCP Options Registry

   IANA is kindly requested to allocate a new option code from the
   "BOOTP Manufacturer Extensions and DHCP Options" registry maintained
   at http://www.iana.org/assignments/bootp-dhcp-parameters:

   TBD for OPTION_V4_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT

   And a new option code from the "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
   for IPv6 (DHCPv6)" registry maintained at
   http://www.iana.org/assignments/dhcpv6-parameters:

   TBD for OPTION_V6_ZEROTOUCH_REDIRECT

11.2.  The IETF XML Registry

   This document registers three URIs in the IETF XML registry
   [RFC3688].  Following the format in [RFC3688], the following
   registrations are requested:

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   URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-information
   Registrant Contact: The NETCONF WG of the IETF.
   XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.

   URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server
   Registrant Contact: The NETCONF WG of the IETF.
   XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.

   URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-device
   Registrant Contact: The NETCONF WG of the IETF.
   XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.

11.3.  The YANG Module Names Registry

   This document registers three YANG modules in the YANG Module Names
   registry [RFC6020].  Following the format defined in [RFC6020], the
   the following registrations are requested:

   name:      ietf-zerotouch-information
   namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-information
   prefix:    zti
   reference: RFC XXXX

   name:      ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-server
   namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-bootstrap-\
              server  (note: '\' used for formatting reasons only)
   prefix:    ztbs
   reference: RFC XXXX

   name:      ietf-zerotouch-device
   namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-zerotouch-device
   prefix:    ztd
   reference: RFC XXXX

12.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank for following for lively discussions
   on list and in the halls (ordered by last name): David Harrington,
   Michael Behringer, Dean Bogdanovic, Martin Bjorklund, Joe Clarke,
   Toerless Eckert, Stephen Farrell, Stephen Hanna, Wes Hardaker, Radek
   Krejci, Russ Mundy, Reinaldo Penno, Randy Presuhn, Max Pritikin,
   Michael Richardson, Phil Shafer, Juergen Schoenwaelder.

   Special thanks goes to Steve Hanna, Russ Mundy, and Wes Hardaker for
   brainstorming the original I-D's solution during the IETF 87 meeting
   in Berlin.

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13.  References

13.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-anima-voucher]
              Watsen, K., Richardson, M., Pritikin, M., and T. Eckert,
              "Voucher Profile for Bootstrapping Protocols", draft-ietf-
              anima-voucher-05 (work in progress), August 2017.

   [ITU.X690.1994]
              International Telecommunications Union, "Information
              Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic
              Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and
              Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation
              X.690, 1994.

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
              November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2315]  Kaliski, B., "PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax
              Version 1.5", RFC 2315, DOI 10.17487/RFC2315, March 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2315>.

   [RFC3315]  Droms, R., Ed., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins,
              C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
              for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, DOI 10.17487/RFC3315, July
              2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3315>.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

   [RFC6020]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
              the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.

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   [RFC6125]  Saint-Andre, P. and J. Hodges, "Representation and
              Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity
              within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509
              (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer
              Security (TLS)", RFC 6125, DOI 10.17487/RFC6125, March
              2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6125>.

   [RFC6234]  Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.

   [RFC6762]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6762, February 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6762>.

   [RFC6763]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
              Discovery", RFC 6763, DOI 10.17487/RFC6763, February 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6763>.

   [RFC6991]  Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
              RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6991>.

   [RFC7227]  Hankins, D., Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Jiang, S., and
              S. Krishnan, "Guidelines for Creating New DHCPv6 Options",
              BCP 187, RFC 7227, DOI 10.17487/RFC7227, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7227>.

   [RFC7950]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
              RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.

   [RFC8040]  Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
              Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [Std-802.1AR-2009]
              IEEE SA-Standards Board, "IEEE Standard for Local and
              metropolitan area networks - Secure Device Identity",
              December 2009, <http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
              standard/802.1AR-2009.html>.

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13.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-netconf-keystore]
              Watsen, K., "Keystore Model", draft-ietf-netconf-
              keystore-02 (work in progress), June 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-netconf-netconf-client-server]
              Watsen, K., Wu, G., and J. Schoenwaelder, "NETCONF Client
              and Server Models", draft-ietf-netconf-netconf-client-
              server-04 (work in progress), July 2017.

   [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.

   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
              and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
              (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.

   [RFC6242]  Wasserman, M., "Using the NETCONF Protocol over Secure
              Shell (SSH)", RFC 6242, DOI 10.17487/RFC6242, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6242>.

   [RFC6536]  Bierman, A. and M. Bjorklund, "Network Configuration
              Protocol (NETCONF) Access Control Model", RFC 6536,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6536, March 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6536>.

   [RFC6698]  Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
              of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, DOI 10.17487/RFC6698, August
              2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6698>.

   [RFC6960]  Santesson, S., Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A.,
              Galperin, S., and C. Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key
              Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP",
              RFC 6960, DOI 10.17487/RFC6960, June 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6960>.

   [RFC7317]  Bierman, A. and M. Bjorklund, "A YANG Data Model for
              System Management", RFC 7317, DOI 10.17487/RFC7317, August
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7317>.

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   [RFC8071]  Watsen, K., "NETCONF Call Home and RESTCONF Call Home",
              RFC 8071, DOI 10.17487/RFC8071, February 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8071>.

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Appendix A.  Workflow Overview

   The zero touch solution presented in this document is conceptualized
   to be composed of the non-normative workflows described in this
   section.  Implementation details are expected to vary.  Each diagram
   is followed by a detailed description of the steps presented in the
   diagram, with further explanation on how implementations may vary.

A.1.  Enrollment and Ordering Devices

   The following diagram illustrates key interactions that may occur
   from when a prospective owner enrolls in a manufacturer's zero touch
   program to when the manufacturer ships devices for an order placed by
   the prospective owner.

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                                  +-----------+
   +------------+                 |Prospective|                    +---+
   |Manufacturer|                 |   Owner   |                    |NMS|
   +------------+                 +-----------+                    +---+
         |                              |                            |
         |                              |                            |
         |  1. initiate enrollment      |                            |
         #<-----------------------------|                            |
         #                              |                            |
         #                              |                            |
         #     IDevID trust anchor      |                            |
         #----------------------------->#  set IDevID trust anchor   |
         #                              #--------------------------->|
         #                              |                            |
         #     bootstrap server         |                            |
         #     account credentials      |                            |
         #----------------------------->#  set credentials           |
         |                              #--------------------------->|
         |                              |                            |
         |                              |                            |
         |  2. set owner certificate trust anchor                    |
         |<----------------------------------------------------------|
         |                              |                            |
         |                              |                            |
         |  3. place device order       |                            |
         |<-----------------------------#  model devices             |
         |                              #--------------------------->|
         |                              |                            |
         |  4. ship devices and send    |                            |
         |     device identifiers and   |                            |
         |     ownership vouchers       |                            |
         |----------------------------->#  set device identifiers    |
         |                              #  and ownership vouchers    |
         |                              #--------------------------->|
         |                              |                            |

   Each numbered item below corresponds to a numbered item in the
   diagram above.

   1.  A prospective owner of a manufacturer's devices initiates an
       enrollment process with the manufacturer.  This process includes
       the following:

       *  Regardless how the prospective owner intends to bootstrap
          their devices, they will always obtain from the manufacturer
          the trust anchor certificate for the IDevID certificates.
          This certificate will is installed on the prospective owner's

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          NMS so that the NMS can authenticate the IDevID certificates
          when they're presented to subsequent steps.

       *  If the manufacturer hosts an Internet based bootstrap server
          (e.g., a redirect server) such as described in Section 4.4,
          then credentials necessary to configure the bootstrap server
          would be provided to the prospective owner.  If the bootstrap
          server is configurable through an API (outside the scope of
          this document), then the credentials might be installed on the
          prospective owner's NMS so that the NMS can subsequently
          configure the manufacturer-hosted bootstrap server directly.

   2.  If the manufacturer's devices are able to validate signed data
       (Section 5.4), and assuming that the prospective owner's NMS is
       able to prepare and sign the bootstrapping data itself, the
       prospective owner's NMS might set a trust anchor certificate onto
       the manufacturer's bootstrap server, using the credentials
       provided in the previous step.  This certificate is the trust
       anchor certificate that the prospective owner would like the
       manufacturer to place into the ownership vouchers it generates,
       thereby enabling devices to trust the owner's owner certificate.
       How this trust anchor certificate is used to enable devices to
       validate signed bootstrapping data is described in Section 5.4.

   3.  Some time later, the prospective owner places an order with the
       manufacturer, perhaps with a special flag checked for zero touch
       handling.  At this time, or perhaps before placing the order, the
       owner may model the devices in their NMS, creating virtual
       objects for the devices with no real-world device associations.
       For instance the model can be used to simulate the device's
       location in the network and the configuration it should have when
       fully operational.

   4.  When the manufacturer fulfills the order, shipping the devices to
       their intended locations, they may notify the owner of the
       devices's serial numbers and shipping destinations, which the
       owner may use to stage the network for when the devices power on.
       Additionally, the manufacturer may send one or more ownership
       vouchers, cryptographically assigning ownership of those devices
       to the owner.  The owner may set this information on their NMS,
       perhaps binding specific modeled devices to the serial numbers
       and ownership vouchers.

A.2.  Owner Stages the Network for Bootstrap

   The following diagram illustrates how an owner might stage the
   network for bootstrapping devices.

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               +----------+ +------------+
               |Deployment| |Manufacturer| +------+ +------+
               | Specific | |   Hosted   | | Local| | Local| +---------+
         +---+ |Bootstrap | | Bootstrap  | |  DNS | | DHCP | |Removable|
         |NMS| |  Server  | |   Server   | |Server| |Server| | Storage |
         +---+ +----------+ +------------+ +------+ +------+ +---------+
           |        |             |            |        |         |
  1.       |        |             |            |        |         |
  activate |        |             |            |        |         |
  modeled  |        |             |            |        |         |
  device   |        |             |            |        |         |
  -------->|        |             |            |        |         |
           | 2. (optional)        |            |        |         |
           |    configure         |            |        |         |
           |    bootstrap         |            |        |         |
           |    server            |            |        |         |
           |------->|             |            |        |         |
           |        |             |            |        |         |
           | 3. (optional) configure           |        |         |
           |    bootstrap server  |            |        |         |
           |--------------------->|            |        |         |
           |        |             |            |        |         |
           |        |             |            |        |         |
           | 4. (optional) configure DNS server|        |         |
           |---------------------------------->|        |         |
           |        |             |            |        |         |
           |        |             |            |        |         |
           | 5. (optional) configure DHCP server        |         |
           |------------------------------------------->|         |
           |        |             |            |        |         |
           |        |             |            |        |         |
           | 6. (optional) store bootstrapping artifacts on media |
           |----------------------------------------------------->|
           |        |             |            |        |         |
           |        |             |            |        |         |

   Each numbered item below corresponds to a numbered item in the
   diagram above.

   1.  Having previously modeled the devices, including setting their
       fully operational configurations and associating device serial
       numbers and (optionally) ownership vouchers, the owner might
       "activate" one or more modeled devices.  That is, the owner tells
       the NMS to perform the steps necessary to prepare for when the
       real-world devices power up and initiate the bootstrapping
       process.  Note that, in some deployments, this step might be
       combined with the last step from the previous workflow.  Here it

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       is depicted that an NMS performs the steps, but they may be
       performed manually or through some other mechanism.

   2.  If it is desired to use a deployment specific bootstrap server,
       it must be configured to provide the bootstrapping information
       for the specific devices.  Configuring the bootstrap server may
       occur via a programmatic API not defined by this document.
       Illustrated here as an external component, the bootstrap server
       may be implemented as an internal component of the NMS itself.

   3.  If it is desired to use a manufacturer hosted bootstrap server,
       it must be configured to provide the bootstrapping information
       for the specific devices.  The configuration must be either
       redirect or onboarding information.  That is, either the
       manufacturer hosted bootstrap server will redirect the device to
       another bootstrap server, or provide the device with the
       onboarding information itself.  The types of bootstrapping
       information the manufacturer hosted bootstrap server supports may
       vary by implementation; some implementations may only support
       redirect information, or only support onboarding information, or
       support both redirect and onboarding information.  Configuring
       the bootstrap server may occur via a programmatic API not defined
       by this document.

   4.  If it is desired to use a DNS server to supply bootstrapping
       information, a DNS server needs to be configured.  If multicast
       DNS-SD is desired, then the server must reside on the local
       network, otherwise the DNS server may reside on a remote network.
       Please see Section 4.2 for more information about how to
       configure DNS servers.  Configuring the DNS server may occur via
       a programmatic API not defined by this document.

   5.  If it is desired to use a DHCP server to supply bootstrapping
       data, a DHCP server needs to be configured.  The DHCP server may
       be accessed directly or via a DHCP relay.  Please see Section 4.3
       for more information about how to configure DHCP servers.
       Configuring the DHCP server may occur via a programmatic API not
       defined by this document.

   6.  If it is desired to use a removable storage device (e.g., USB
       flash drive) to supply bootstrapping information, the information
       would need to be placed onto it.  Please see Section 4.1 for more
       information about how to configure a removable storage device.

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A.3.  Device Powers On

   The following diagram illustrates the sequence of activities that
   occur when a device powers on.

                                                     +----------+
                                      +-----------+  |Deployment|
                                      | Source of |  | Specific |
  +------+                            | Bootstrap |  |Bootstrap |  +---+
  |Device|                            |   Data    |  |  Server  |  |NMS|
  +------+                            +-----------+  +----------+  +---+
     |                                      |              |         |
     |                                      |              |         |
     | 1. if zerotouch bootstrap service    |              |         |
     |    is not enabled, then exit.        |              |         |
     |                                      |              |         |
     | 2. for each source supported, check  |              |         |
     |    for bootstrapping data.           |              |         |
     |------------------------------------->|              |         |
     |                                      |              |         |
     | 3. if onboarding information found,  |              |         |
     |    initialize self and, only if      |              |         |
     |    source is a bootstrap server,     |              |         |
     |    send progress updates.            |              |         |
     |------------------------------------->#              |         |
     |                                      # webhook      |         |
     |                                      #----------------------->|
     |                                                     |         |
     | 4. else if redirect-information found, for each     |         |
     |    bootstrap server specified, check for data.      |         |
     |-+-------------------------------------------------->|         |
     | |                                                   |         |
     | |  if more redirect-information is found, recurse   |         |
     | |  (not depicted), else if onboarding-information   |         |
     | |  found, initialize self and post progress reports |         |
     | +-------------------------------------------------->#         |
     |                                                     # webhook |
     |                                                     #-------->|
     |
     | 5. retry sources and/or wait for manual provisioning.
     |

   The interactions in the above diagram are described below.

   1.  Upon power being applied, the device checks to see if zerotouch
       bootstrapping is configured, such as must be the case when
       running its "factory default" configuration.  If zerotouch

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       bootstrapping is not configured, then the bootstrapping logic
       exits and none of the following interactions occur.

   2.  For each source of bootstrapping data the device supports,
       preferably in order of closeness to the device (e.g., removable
       storage before Internet based servers), the device checks to see
       if there is any bootstrapping data for it there.

   3.  If onboarding information is found, the device initializes itself
       accordingly (e.g., installing a boot-image and committing an
       initial configuration).  If the source is a bootstrap server, and
       the bootstrap server can be trusted (i.e., TLS-level
       authentication), the device also sends progress reports to the
       bootstrap server.

       *  The contents of the initial configuration should configure an
          administrator account on the device (e.g., username, ssh-rsa
          key, etc.), and should configure the device either to listen
          for NETCONF or RESTCONF connections or to initiate call home
          connections [RFC8071], and should disable the zerotouch
          bootstrapping service.

       *  If the bootstrap server supports forwarding device progress
          updates to external systems (e.g., via a webhook), a
          "bootstrap-complete" progress report (Section 7.3) informs the
          external system to know when it can, for instance, initiate a
          connection to the device.  To support this scenario further,
          the 'bootstrap-complete' progress update may also relay the
          device's SSH host keys and/or TLS certificates, with which the
          external system can use to authenticate subsequent connections
          to the device.  IDevID certificates do not need to be sent as
          they do not need to be pinned by an NMS in order for the NMS
          to trust the IDevID certificate.

       If the device successfully completes the bootstrapping process,
       it exits the bootstrapping logic without considering any
       additional sources of bootstrapping data.

   4.  Otherwise, if redirect information is found, the device iterates
       through the list of specified bootstrap servers, checking to see
       if it has bootstrapping data for the device.  If the bootstrap
       server returns more redirect information, then the device
       processes it recursively.  Otherwise, if the bootstrap server
       returns onboarding information, the device processes it following
       the description provided in (3) above.

   5.  After having tried all supported sources of bootstrapping data,
       the device may retry again all the sources and/or provide

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       manageability interfaces for manual configuration (e.g., CLI,
       HTTP, NETCONF, etc.).  If manual configuration is allowed, and
       such configuration is provided, the configuration should also
       disable the zerotouch bootstrapping service, as the need for
       bootstrapping would no longer be present.

Appendix B.  Promoting a Connection from Untrusted to Trusted

   The following diagram illustrates a sequence of bootstrapping
   activities that promote an untrusted connection to a bootstrap server
   to a trusted connection to the same bootstrap server.  This enables a
   device to limit the amount of information it might disclose to an
   adversary hosting an untrusted bootstrap server.

                                                         +----------+
                                                         |Deployment|
                                                         | Specific |
   +------+                                              |Bootstrap |
   |Device|                                              |  Server  |
   +------+                                              +----------+
      |                                                        |
      | 1. "HTTPS" Request ('untrusted-connection')            |
      |------------------------------------------------------->|
      | 2. "HTTPS" Response (signed redirect information)      |
      |<-------------------------------------------------------|
      |                                                        |
      |                                                        |
      | 3. HTTPS Request (os-name=xyz, os-version=123, etc.)   |
      |------------------------------------------------------->|
      | 4. HTTPS Response (unsigned onboarding information     |
      |<-------------------------------------------------------|
      |                                                        |

   The interactions in the above diagram are described below.

   1.  The device initiates an untrusted connection to a bootstrap
       server, as is indicated by putting "HTTPS" in double quotes
       above.  It is still an HTTPS connection, but the device is unable
       to authenticate the bootstrap server's TLS certificate.  Because
       the device is unable to trust the bootstrap server, it purposely
       only sends the 'untrusted-connection' input parameter to the
       'get-bootstrapping-data' RPC, informing the bootstrap server that
       it doesn't trust it and may be holding back some information from
       the server (e.g., other input parameters, progress reports,
       etc.).

   2.  The bootstrap server, seeing the 'untrusted-connection' input
       parameters, knows that it can either send unsigned redirect

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       information or signed data of any type.  But, in this case, the
       bootstrap server has the ability to sign data and chooses to
       respond with signed redirect information, not signed onboarding
       information as might be expected, securely redirecting the device
       back to it again.

   3.  Upon validating the signed redirect information, the device
       establishes a secure connection to the bootstrap server.
       Unbeknownst to the device, it is the same bootstrap server it was
       connected to previously but, because the device is able to
       authenticate the bootstrap server tis time, it sends its normal
       'get-bootstrapping-data' request (i.e., with additional input
       parameters) as well as its progress reports (not depicted).

   4.  This time, because the 'untrusted-connection' parameter was not
       passed, having access to all of the device's input parameters,
       the bootstrap server returns unsigned onboarding information to
       the device.

Appendix C.  Change Log

C.1.  ID to 00

   o  Major structural update; the essence is the same.  Most every
      section was rewritten to some degree.

   o  Added a Use Cases section

   o  Added diagrams for "Actors and Roles" and "NMS Precondition"
      sections, and greatly improved the "Device Boot Sequence" diagram

   o  Removed support for physical presence or any ability for
      configlets to not be signed.

   o  Defined the Zero Touch Information DHCP option

   o  Added an ability for devices to also download images from
      configuration servers

   o  Added an ability for configlets to be encrypted

   o  Now configuration servers only have to support HTTP/S - no other
      schemes possible

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C.2.  00 to 01

   o  Added boot-image and validate-owner annotations to the "Actors and
      Roles" diagram.

   o  Fixed 2nd paragraph in section 7.1 to reflect current use of
      anyxml.

   o  Added encrypted and signed-encrypted examples

   o  Replaced YANG module with XSD schema

   o  Added IANA request for the Zero Touch Information DHCP Option

   o  Added IANA request for media types for boot-image and
      configuration

C.3.  01 to 02

   o  Replaced the need for a configuration signer with the ability for
      each NMS to be able to sign its own configurations, using
      manufacturer signed ownership vouchers and owner certificates.

   o  Renamed configuration server to bootstrap server, a more
      representative name given the information devices download from
      it.

   o  Replaced the concept of a configlet by defining a southbound
      interface for the bootstrap server using YANG.

   o  Removed the IANA request for the boot-image and configuration
      media types

C.4.  02 to 03

   o  Minor update, mostly just to add an Editor's Note to show how this
      draft might integrate with the draft-pritikin-anima-bootstrapping-
      keyinfra.

C.5.  03 to 04

   o  Major update formally introducing unsigned data and support for
      Internet-based redirect servers.

   o  Added many terms to Terminology section.

   o  Added all new "Guiding Principles" section.

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   o  Added all new "Sources for Bootstrapping Data" section.

   o  Rewrote the "Interactions" section and renamed it "Workflow
      Overview".

C.6.  04 to 05

   o  Semi-major update, refactoring the document into more logical
      parts

   o  Created new section for information types

   o  Added support for DNS servers

   o  Now allows provisional TLS connections

   o  Bootstrapping data now supports scripts

   o  Device Details section overhauled

   o  Security Considerations expanded

   o  Filled in enumerations for notification types

C.7.  05 to 06

   o  Minor update

   o  Added many Normative and Informative references.

   o  Added new section Other Considerations.

C.8.  06 to 07

   o  Minor update

   o  Added an Editorial Note section for RFC Editor.

   o  Updated the IANA Considerations section.

C.9.  07 to 08

   o  Minor update

   o  Updated to reflect review from Michael Richardson.

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C.10.  08 to 09

   o  Added in missing "Signature" artifact example.

   o  Added recommendation for manufacturers to use interoperable
      formats and file naming conventions for removable storage devices.

   o  Added configuration-handling leaf to guide if config should be
      merged, replaced, or processed like an edit-config/yang-patch
      document.

   o  Added a pre-configuration script, in addition to the post-
      configuration script from -05 (issue #15).

C.11.  09 to 10

   o  Factored ownership voucher and voucher revocation to a separate
      document: draft-kwatsen-netconf-voucher. (issue #11)

   o  Removed <configuration-handling> options 'edit-config' and 'yang-
      patch'. (issue #12)

   o  Defined how a signature over signed-data returned from a bootstrap
      server is processed. (issue #13)

   o  Added recommendation for removable storage devices to use open/
      standard file systems when possible.  (issue #14)

   o  Replaced notifications "script-[warning/error]" with "[pre/post]-
      script-[warning/error]". (goes with issue #15)

   o  switched owner-certificate to be encoded using the pkcs#7 format.
      (issue #16)

   o  Replaced md5/sha1 with sha256 inside a choice statement, for
      future extensibility. (issue #17)

   o  A ton of editorial changes, as I went thru the entire draft with a
      fine-toothed comb.

C.12.  10 to 11

   o  fixed yang validation issues found by IETFYANGPageCompilation.
      note: these issues were NOT found by pyang --ietf or by the
      submission-time validator...

   o  fixed a typo in the yang module, someone the config false
      statement was removed.

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C.13.  11 to 12

   o  fixed typo that prevented Appendix B from loading the examples
      correctly.

   o  fixed more yang validation issues found by
      IETFYANGPageCompilation.  note: again, these issues were NOT found
      by pyang --ietf or by the submission-time validator...

   o  updated a few of the notification enumerations to be more
      consistent with the other enumerations (following the warning/
      error pattern).

   o  updated the information-type artifact to state how it's encoded,
      matching the language that was in Appendix B.

C.14.  12 to 13

   o  defined a standalone artifact to encode the old information-type
      into a PKCS#7 structure.

   o  standalone information artifact hardcodes JSON encoding (to match
      the voucher draft).

   o  combined the information and signature PKCS#7 structures into a
      single PKCS#7 structure.

   o  moved the certificate-revocations into the owner-certificate's
      PKCS#7 structure.

   o  eliminated support for voucher-revocations, to reflect the
      voucher-draft's switch from revocations to renewals.

C.15.  13 to 14

   o  Renamed "bootstrap information" to "onboarding information".

   o  Rewrote DHCP sections to address the packet-size limitation issue,
      as discussed in Chicago.

   o  Added Ian as an author for his text-contributions to the DHCP
      sections.

   o  Removed the Guiding Principles section.

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C.16.  14 to 15

   o  Renamed action 'notification' to 'update-progress' and, likewise
      'notification-type' to 'update-type'.

   o  Updated examples to use "base64encodedvalue==" for binary values.

   o  Greatly simplified the "Artifact Groupings" section, and moved it
      as a subsection to the "Artifacts" section.

   o  Moved the "Workflow Overview" section to the Appendix.

   o  Renamed "bootstrap information" to "update information".

   o  Removed "Other Considerations" section.

   o  Tons of editorial updates.

C.17.  15 to 16

   o  tweaked language to refer to "initial state" rather than "factory
      default configuration", so as accommodate white-box scenarios.

   o  added a paragraph to Intro regarding how the solution primarily
      regards physical machines, but could be extended to VMs by a
      future document.

   o  added a pointer to the Workflow Overview section (recently moved
      to the Appendix) to the Intro.

   o  added a note that, in order to simplify the verification process,
      the "Zerotouch Information" PKCS#7 structure MUST also contain the
      signing X.509 certificate.

   o  noted that the owner certificate's must either have no Key Usage
      or the Key Usage must set the "digitalSignature" bit.

   o  noted that the owner certificate's subject and subjectAltName
      values are not constrained.

   o  moved/consolidated some text from the Artifacts section down to
      the Device Details section.

   o  tightened up some ambiguous language, for instance, by referring
      to specific leaf names in the Voucher artifact.

   o  reverted a previously overzealous s/unique-id/serial-number/
      change.

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   o  modified language for when ZTP runs from when factory-default
      config is running to when ZTP is configured, which the factory-
      defaults should set .

C.18.  16 to 17

   o  Added an example for how to promote an untrusted connection to a
      trusted connection.

   o  Added a "query parameters" section defining some parameters
      enabling scenarios raised in last call.

   o  Added a "Disclosing Information to Untrusted Servers" section to
      the Security Considerations.

C.19.  17 to 18

   o  Added Security Considerations for each YANG module.

   o  Reverted back to the device always sending its DevID cert.

   o  Moved data tree to ac'get-bootstrapping-data' RPC.

   o  Moved the 'update-progress' action to a 'report-progress' RPC.

   o  Added an 'untrusted-connection' parameter to 'get-bootstrapping-
      data' RPC.

   o  Added the "ietf-zerotouch-device" module.

   o  Lots of small updates.

Authors' Addresses

   Kent Watsen
   Juniper Networks

   EMail: kwatsen@juniper.net

   Mikael Abrahamsson
   T-Systems

   EMail: mikael.abrahamsson@t-systems.se

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   Ian Farrer
   Deutsche Telekom AG

   EMail: ian.farrer@telekom.de

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