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OpenPGP Message Format
draft-ietf-openpgp-crypto-refresh-05

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9580.
Authors Werner Koch , Paul Wouters
Last updated 2022-03-07
Replaces draft-ietf-openpgp-rfc4880bis
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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IESG IESG state Became RFC 9580 (Proposed Standard)
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draft-ietf-openpgp-crypto-refresh-05
Network Working Group                                       W. Koch, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                GnuPG e.V.
Obsoletes: 4880, 5581, 6637 (if approved)                P. Wouters, Ed.
Intended status: Standards Track                                   Aiven
Expires: 8 September 2022                                   7 March 2022

                         OpenPGP Message Format
                  draft-ietf-openpgp-crypto-refresh-05

Abstract

   This document specifies the message formats used in OpenPGP.  OpenPGP
   provides encryption with public-key or symmetric cryptographic
   algorithms, digital signatures, compression and key management.

   This document is maintained in order to publish all necessary
   information needed to develop interoperable applications based on the
   OpenPGP format.  It is not a step-by-step cookbook for writing an
   application.  It describes only the format and methods needed to
   read, check, generate, and write conforming packets crossing any
   network.  It does not deal with storage and implementation questions.
   It does, however, discuss implementation issues necessary to avoid
   security flaws.

   This document obsoletes: RFC 4880 (OpenPGP), RFC 5581 (Camellia in
   OpenPGP) and RFC 6637 (Elliptic Curves in OpenPGP).

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 8 September 2022.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     1.1.  Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   2.  General functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.1.  Confidentiality via Encryption  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.2.  Authentication via Digital Signature  . . . . . . . . . .   9
     2.3.  Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     2.4.  Conversion to Radix-64  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     2.5.  Signature-Only Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   3.  Data Element Formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.1.  Scalar Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.2.  Multiprecision Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.2.1.  Using MPIs to encode other data . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.3.  Key IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.4.  Text  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.5.  Time Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.6.  Keyrings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.7.  String-to-Key (S2K) Specifiers  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       3.7.1.  String-to-Key (S2K) Specifier Types . . . . . . . . .  12
         3.7.1.1.  Simple S2K  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
         3.7.1.2.  Salted S2K  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
         3.7.1.3.  Iterated and Salted S2K . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
         3.7.1.4.  Argon2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       3.7.2.  String-to-Key Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
         3.7.2.1.  Secret-Key Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
         3.7.2.2.  Symmetric-Key Message Encryption  . . . . . . . .  17
   4.  Packet Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     4.1.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     4.2.  Packet Headers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       4.2.1.  OpenPGP Format Packet Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
         4.2.1.1.  One-Octet Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
         4.2.1.2.  Two-Octet Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
         4.2.1.3.  Five-Octet Lengths  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20

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         4.2.1.4.  Partial Body Lengths  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
       4.2.2.  Legacy Format Packet Lengths  . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
       4.2.3.  Packet Length Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     4.3.  Packet Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   5.  Packet Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     5.1.  Public-Key Encrypted Session Key Packets (Tag 1)  . . . .  23
       5.1.1.  v3 PKESK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       5.1.2.  v5 PKESK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       5.1.3.  Algorithm Specific Fields for RSA encryption  . . . .  25
       5.1.4.  Algorithm Specific Fields for Elgamal encryption  . .  25
       5.1.5.  Algorithm-Specific Fields for ECDH encryption . . . .  25
       5.1.6.  Notes on PKESK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     5.2.  Signature Packet (Tag 2)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
       5.2.1.  Signature Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
       5.2.2.  Version 3 Signature Packet Format . . . . . . . . . .  28
       5.2.3.  Version 4 and 5 Signature Packet Formats  . . . . . .  31
         5.2.3.1.  Algorithm-Specific Fields for RSA signatures  . .  32
         5.2.3.2.  Algorithm-Specific Fields for DSA or ECDSA
                 signatures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
         5.2.3.3.  Algorithm-Specific Fields for EdDSA signatures  .  32
         5.2.3.4.  Notes on Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
         5.2.3.5.  Signature Subpacket Specification . . . . . . . .  34
         5.2.3.6.  Signature Subpacket Types . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
         5.2.3.7.  Notes on Self-Signatures  . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
         5.2.3.8.  Signature Creation Time . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
         5.2.3.9.  Issuer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
         5.2.3.10. Key Expiration Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
         5.2.3.11. Preferred Symmetric Ciphers for v1 SEIPD  . . . .  39
         5.2.3.12. Preferred AEAD Ciphersuites . . . . . . . . . . .  39
         5.2.3.13. Preferred Hash Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
         5.2.3.14. Preferred Compression Algorithms  . . . . . . . .  40
         5.2.3.15. Signature Expiration Time . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
         5.2.3.16. Exportable Certification  . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
         5.2.3.17. Revocable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
         5.2.3.18. Trust Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
         5.2.3.19. Regular Expression  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
         5.2.3.20. Revocation Key  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
         5.2.3.21. Notation Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
         5.2.3.22. Key Server Preferences  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
         5.2.3.23. Preferred Key Server  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
         5.2.3.24. Primary User ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
         5.2.3.25. Policy URI  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
         5.2.3.26. Key Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
         5.2.3.27. Signer's User ID  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
         5.2.3.28. Reason for Revocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
         5.2.3.29. Features  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
         5.2.3.30. Signature Target  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
         5.2.3.31. Embedded Signature  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50

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         5.2.3.32. Issuer Fingerprint  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
         5.2.3.33. Intended Recipient Fingerprint  . . . . . . . . .  50
       5.2.4.  Computing Signatures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
         5.2.4.1.  Subpacket Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
     5.3.  Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key Packets (Tag 3) . . .  53
       5.3.1.  v4 SKESK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
       5.3.2.  v5 SKESK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
     5.4.  One-Pass Signature Packets (Tag 4)  . . . . . . . . . . .  55
     5.5.  Key Material Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
       5.5.1.  Key Packet Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
         5.5.1.1.  Public-Key Packet (Tag 6) . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
         5.5.1.2.  Public-Subkey Packet (Tag 14) . . . . . . . . . .  57
         5.5.1.3.  Secret-Key Packet (Tag 5) . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
         5.5.1.4.  Secret-Subkey Packet (Tag 7)  . . . . . . . . . .  57
       5.5.2.  Public-Key Packet Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
       5.5.3.  Secret-Key Packet Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     5.6.  Algorithm-specific Parts of Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
       5.6.1.  Algorithm-Specific Part for RSA Keys  . . . . . . . .  62
       5.6.2.  Algorithm-Specific Part for DSA Keys  . . . . . . . .  62
       5.6.3.  Algorithm-Specific Part for Elgamal Keys  . . . . . .  62
       5.6.4.  Algorithm-Specific Part for ECDSA Keys  . . . . . . .  63
       5.6.5.  Algorithm-Specific Part for EdDSA Keys  . . . . . . .  63
       5.6.6.  Algorithm-Specific Part for ECDH Keys . . . . . . . .  63
         5.6.6.1.  ECDH Secret Key Material  . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
     5.7.  Compressed Data Packet (Tag 8)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
     5.8.  Symmetrically Encrypted Data Packet (Tag 9) . . . . . . .  66
     5.9.  Marker Packet (Tag 10)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
     5.10. Literal Data Packet (Tag 11)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
       5.10.1.  Special Filename _CONSOLE (Deprecated) . . . . . . .  69
     5.11. Trust Packet (Tag 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
     5.12. User ID Packet (Tag 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     5.13. User Attribute Packet (Tag 17)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
       5.13.1.  The Image Attribute Subpacket  . . . . . . . . . . .  71
     5.14. Sym. Encrypted Integrity Protected Data Packet (Tag
            18)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
       5.14.1.  Version 1 Sym. Encrypted Integrity Protected Data
               Packet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
       5.14.2.  Version 2 Sym. Encrypted Integrity Protected Data
               Packet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
       5.14.3.  EAX Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
       5.14.4.  OCB Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
       5.14.5.  GCM Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     5.15. Padding Packet (Tag 21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
   6.  Radix-64 Conversions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
     6.1.  An Implementation of the CRC-24 in "C"  . . . . . . . . .  78
     6.2.  Forming ASCII Armor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
     6.3.  Encoding Binary in Radix-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
     6.4.  Decoding Radix-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83

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     6.5.  Examples of Radix-64  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83
     6.6.  Example of an ASCII Armored Message . . . . . . . . . . .  84
   7.  Cleartext Signature Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  84
     7.1.  Dash-Escaped Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85
   8.  Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
   9.  Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
     9.1.  Public-Key Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
     9.2.  ECC Curves for OpenPGP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89
       9.2.1.  Curve-Specific Wire Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
     9.3.  Symmetric-Key Algorithms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
     9.4.  Compression Algorithms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93
     9.5.  Hash Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93
     9.6.  AEAD Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  94
   10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  95
     10.1.  New String-to-Key Specifier Types  . . . . . . . . . . .  95
     10.2.  New Packets  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  95
       10.2.1.  User Attribute Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
         10.2.1.1.  Image Format Subpacket Types . . . . . . . . . .  96
       10.2.2.  New Signature Subpackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
         10.2.2.1.  Signature Notation Data Subpackets . . . . . . .  96
         10.2.2.2.  Signature Notation Data Subpacket Notation
                 Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97
         10.2.2.3.  Key Server Preference Extensions . . . . . . . .  97
         10.2.2.4.  Key Flags Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97
         10.2.2.5.  Reason for Revocation Extensions . . . . . . . .  97
         10.2.2.6.  Implementation Features  . . . . . . . . . . . .  97
       10.2.3.  New Packet Versions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  98
     10.3.  New Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  98
       10.3.1.  Public-Key Algorithms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  98
       10.3.2.  Symmetric-Key Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99
       10.3.3.  Hash Algorithms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99
       10.3.4.  Compression Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
       10.3.5.  Elliptic Curve Algorithms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
     10.4.  Elliptic Curve Point and Scalar Wire Formats . . . . . . 100
     10.5.  Changes to existing registries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
   11. Packet Composition  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
     11.1.  Transferable Public Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
     11.2.  Transferable Secret Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
     11.3.  OpenPGP Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
       11.3.1.  Unwrapping Encrypted and Compressed Messages . . . . 104
       11.3.2.  Additional Constraints on Packet Sequences . . . . . 104
         11.3.2.1.  Packet Versions in Encrypted Messages  . . . . . 105
     11.4.  Detached Signatures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
   12. Enhanced Key Formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
     12.1.  Key Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
     12.2.  Key IDs and Fingerprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
   13. Elliptic Curve Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
     13.1.  Supported ECC Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

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     13.2.  EC Point Wire Formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
       13.2.1.  SEC1 EC Point Wire Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
       13.2.2.  Prefixed Native EC Point Wire Format . . . . . . . . 110
       13.2.3.  Notes on EC Point Wire Formats . . . . . . . . . . . 110
     13.3.  EC Scalar Wire Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
       13.3.1.  EC Octet String Wire Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
       13.3.2.  Elliptic Curve Prefixed Octet String Wire Format . . 112
     13.4.  Key Derivation Function  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
     13.5.  EC DH Algorithm (ECDH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
   14. Notes on Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
     14.1.  PKCS#1 Encoding in OpenPGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
       14.1.1.  EME-PKCS1-v1_5-ENCODE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
       14.1.2.  EME-PKCS1-v1_5-DECODE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
       14.1.3.  EMSA-PKCS1-v1_5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
     14.2.  Symmetric Algorithm Preferences  . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
       14.2.1.  Plaintext  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
     14.3.  Other Algorithm Preferences  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
       14.3.1.  Compression Preferences  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
         14.3.1.1.  Uncompressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
       14.3.2.  Hash Algorithm Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
     14.4.  RSA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
     14.5.  DSA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
     14.6.  Elgamal  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
     14.7.  EdDSA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
     14.8.  Reserved Algorithm Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
     14.9.  OpenPGP CFB Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
     14.10. Private or Experimental Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . 124
     14.11. Meta-Considerations for Expansion  . . . . . . . . . . . 124
   15. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
     15.1.  Avoiding Ciphertext Malleability . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
     15.2.  Escrowed Revocation Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
     15.3.  Random Number Generation and Seeding . . . . . . . . . . 131
     15.4.  Traffic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
   16. Implementation Nits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
   17. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
     17.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
     17.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
   Appendix A.  Test vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
     A.1.  Sample EdDSA key  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
     A.2.  Sample EdDSA signature  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
     A.3.  Sample AEAD-EAX encryption and decryption . . . . . . . . 139
       A.3.1.  Sample Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
       A.3.2.  Sample symmetric-key encrypted session key packet
               (v5)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
       A.3.3.  Starting AEAD-EAX decryption of the session key . . . 140
       A.3.4.  Sample v2 SEIPD packet  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
       A.3.5.  Decryption of data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
       A.3.6.  Complete AEAD-EAX encrypted packet sequence . . . . . 142

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     A.4.  Sample AEAD-OCB encryption and decryption . . . . . . . . 142
       A.4.1.  Sample Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
       A.4.2.  Sample symmetric-key encrypted session key packet
               (v5)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
       A.4.3.  Starting AEAD-EAX decryption of the session key . . . 143
       A.4.4.  Sample v2 SEIPD packet  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
       A.4.5.  Decryption of data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
       A.4.6.  Complete AEAD-EAX encrypted packet sequence . . . . . 145
     A.5.  Sample AEAD-GCM encryption and decryption . . . . . . . . 146
       A.5.1.  Sample Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
       A.5.2.  Sample symmetric-key encrypted session key packet
               (v5)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
       A.5.3.  Starting AEAD-EAX decryption of the session key . . . 146
       A.5.4.  Sample v2 SEIPD packet  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
       A.5.5.  Decryption of data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
       A.5.6.  Complete AEAD-EAX encrypted packet sequence . . . . . 149
     A.6.  Sample message encrypted using Argon2 . . . . . . . . . . 149
   Appendix B.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
   Appendix C.  Document Workflow  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

1.  Introduction

   This document provides information on the message-exchange packet
   formats used by OpenPGP to provide encryption, decryption, signing,
   and key management functions.  It is a revision of RFC 4880, "OpenPGP
   Message Format", which is a revision of RFC 2440, which itself
   replaces RFC 1991, "PGP Message Exchange Formats" [RFC1991] [RFC2440]
   [RFC4880].

   This document obsoletes: RFC 4880 (OpenPGP), RFC 5581 (Camellia in
   OpenPGP) and RFC 6637 (Elliptic Curves in OpenPGP).

1.1.  Terms

   *  OpenPGP - This is a term for security software that uses PGP 5 as
      a basis, formalized in this document.

   *  PGP - Pretty Good Privacy.  PGP is a family of software systems
      developed by Philip R. Zimmermann from which OpenPGP is based.

   *  PGP 2 - This version of PGP has many variants; where necessary a
      more detailed version number is used here.  PGP 2 uses only RSA,
      MD5, and IDEA for its cryptographic transforms.  An informational
      RFC, RFC 1991, was written describing this version of PGP.

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   *  PGP 5 - This version of PGP is formerly known as "PGP 3" in the
      community.  It has new formats and corrects a number of problems
      in the PGP 2 design.  It is referred to here as PGP 5 because that
      software was the first release of the "PGP 3" code base.

   *  GnuPG - GNU Privacy Guard, also called GPG.  GnuPG is an OpenPGP
      implementation that avoids all encumbered algorithms.
      Consequently, early versions of GnuPG did not include RSA public
      keys.

   "PGP", "Pretty Good", and "Pretty Good Privacy" are trademarks of PGP
   Corporation and are used with permission.  The term "OpenPGP" refers
   to the protocol described in this and related documents.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   The key words "PRIVATE USE", "SPECIFICATION REQUIRED", and "RFC
   REQUIRED" that appear in this document when used to describe
   namespace allocation are to be interpreted as described in [RFC8126].

2.  General functions

   OpenPGP provides data integrity services for messages and data files
   by using these core technologies:

   *  digital signatures

   *  encryption

   *  compression

   *  Radix-64 conversion

   In addition, OpenPGP provides key management and certificate
   services, but many of these are beyond the scope of this document.

2.1.  Confidentiality via Encryption

   OpenPGP combines symmetric-key encryption and public-key encryption
   to provide confidentiality.  When made confidential, first the object
   is encrypted using a symmetric encryption algorithm.  Each symmetric
   key is used only once, for a single object.  A new "session key" is
   generated as a random number for each object (sometimes referred to
   as a session).  Since it is used only once, the session key is bound

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   to the message and transmitted with it.  To protect the key, it is
   encrypted with the receiver's public key.  The sequence is as
   follows:

   1.  The sender creates a message.

   2.  The sending OpenPGP generates a random number to be used as a
       session key for this message only.

   3.  The session key is encrypted using each recipient's public key.
       These "encrypted session keys" start the message.

   4.  The sending OpenPGP encrypts the message using the session key,
       which forms the remainder of the message.

   5.  The receiving OpenPGP decrypts the session key using the
       recipient's private key.

   6.  The receiving OpenPGP decrypts the message using the session key.
       If the message was compressed, it will be decompressed.

   With symmetric-key encryption, an object may be encrypted with a
   symmetric key derived from a passphrase (or other shared secret), or
   a two-stage mechanism similar to the public-key method described
   above in which a session key is itself encrypted with a symmetric
   algorithm keyed from a shared secret.

   Both digital signature and confidentiality services may be applied to
   the same message.  First, a signature is generated for the message
   and attached to the message.  Then the message plus signature is
   encrypted using a symmetric session key.  Finally, the session key is
   encrypted using public-key encryption and prefixed to the encrypted
   block.

2.2.  Authentication via Digital Signature

   The digital signature uses a hash code or message digest algorithm,
   and a public-key signature algorithm.  The sequence is as follows:

   1.  The sender creates a message.

   2.  The sending software generates a hash code of the message.

   3.  The sending software generates a signature from the hash code
       using the sender's private key.

   4.  The binary signature is attached to the message.

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   5.  The receiving software keeps a copy of the message signature.

   6.  The receiving software generates a new hash code for the received
       message and verifies it using the message's signature.  If the
       verification is successful, the message is accepted as authentic.

2.3.  Compression

   If an implementation does not implement compression, its authors
   should be aware that most OpenPGP messages in the world are
   compressed.  Thus, it may even be wise for a space-constrained
   implementation to implement decompression, but not compression.

2.4.  Conversion to Radix-64

   OpenPGP's underlying native representation for encrypted messages,
   signature certificates, and keys is a stream of arbitrary octets.
   Some systems only permit the use of blocks consisting of seven-bit,
   printable text.  For transporting OpenPGP's native raw binary octets
   through channels that are not safe to raw binary data, a printable
   encoding of these binary octets is needed.  OpenPGP provides the
   service of converting the raw 8-bit binary octet stream to a stream
   of printable ASCII characters, called Radix-64 encoding or ASCII
   Armor.

   Implementations SHOULD provide Radix-64 conversions.

2.5.  Signature-Only Applications

   OpenPGP is designed for applications that use both encryption and
   signatures, but there are a number of problems that are solved by a
   signature-only implementation.  Although this specification requires
   both encryption and signatures, it is reasonable for there to be
   subset implementations that are non-conformant only in that they omit
   encryption.

3.  Data Element Formats

   This section describes the data elements used by OpenPGP.

3.1.  Scalar Numbers

   Scalar numbers are unsigned and are always stored in big-endian
   format.  Using n[k] to refer to the kth octet being interpreted, the
   value of a two-octet scalar is ((n[0] << 8) + n[1]).  The value of a
   four-octet scalar is ((n[0] << 24) + (n[1] << 16) + (n[2] << 8) +
   n[3]).

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3.2.  Multiprecision Integers

   Multiprecision integers (also called MPIs) are unsigned integers used
   to hold large integers such as the ones used in cryptographic
   calculations.

   An MPI consists of two pieces: a two-octet scalar that is the length
   of the MPI in bits followed by a string of octets that contain the
   actual integer.

   These octets form a big-endian number; a big-endian number can be
   made into an MPI by prefixing it with the appropriate length.

   Examples:

   (all numbers are in hexadecimal)

   The string of octets [00 01 01] forms an MPI with the value 1.  The
   string [00 09 01 FF] forms an MPI with the value of 511.

   Additional rules:

   The size of an MPI is ((MPI.length + 7) / 8) + 2 octets.

   The length field of an MPI describes the length starting from its
   most significant non-zero bit.  Thus, the MPI [00 02 01] is not
   formed correctly.  It should be [00 01 01].

   Unused bits of an MPI MUST be zero.

   Also note that when an MPI is encrypted, the length refers to the
   plaintext MPI.  It may be ill-formed in its ciphertext.

3.2.1.  Using MPIs to encode other data

   Note that MPIs are used in some places used to encode non-integer
   data, such as an elliptic curve point (see Section 13.2, or an octet
   string of known, fixed length (see Section 13.3).  The wire
   representation is the same: two octets of length in bits counted from
   the first non-zero bit, followed by the smallest series of octets
   that can represent the value while stripping off any leading zero
   octets.

3.3.  Key IDs

   A Key ID is an eight-octet scalar that identifies a key.
   Implementations SHOULD NOT assume that Key IDs are unique.
   Section 12.2 describes how Key IDs are formed.

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3.4.  Text

   Unless otherwise specified, the character set for text is the UTF-8
   [RFC3629] encoding of Unicode [ISO10646].

3.5.  Time Fields

   A time field is an unsigned four-octet number containing the number
   of seconds elapsed since midnight, 1 January 1970 UTC.

3.6.  Keyrings

   A keyring is a collection of one or more keys in a file or database.
   Traditionally, a keyring is simply a sequential list of keys, but may
   be any suitable database.  It is beyond the scope of this standard to
   discuss the details of keyrings or other databases.

3.7.  String-to-Key (S2K) Specifiers

   A string-to-key (S2K) specifier is used to convert a passphrase
   string into a symmetric-key encryption/decryption key.  They are used
   in two places, currently: to encrypt the secret part of private keys
   in the private keyring, and to convert passphrases to encryption keys
   for symmetrically encrypted messages.

3.7.1.  String-to-Key (S2K) Specifier Types

   There are four types of S2K specifiers currently supported, and some
   reserved values:

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   +=====+==============+==================+===============+===========+
   |  ID | S2K Type     | Generate?        | S2K field     | Reference |
   |     |              |                  | size (octets) |           |
   +=====+==============+==================+===============+===========+
   |   0 | Simple S2K   | N                | 2             | Section   |
   |     |              |                  |               | 3.7.1.1   |
   +-----+--------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+
   |   1 | Salted S2K   | Only when        | 10            | Section   |
   |     |              | string is        |               | 3.7.1.2   |
   |     |              | high entropy     |               |           |
   +-----+--------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+
   |   2 | Reserved     | N                |               |           |
   |     | value        |                  |               |           |
   +-----+--------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+
   |   3 | Iterated and | Y                | 11            | Section   |
   |     | Salted S2K   |                  |               | 3.7.1.3   |
   +-----+--------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+
   |   4 | Argon2       | Y                | 20            | Section   |
   |     |              |                  |               | 3.7.1.4   |
   +-----+--------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+
   | 100 | Private/     | As               |               |           |
   |  to | Experimental | appropriate      |               |           |
   | 110 | S2K          |                  |               |           |
   +-----+--------------+------------------+---------------+-----------+

                         Table 1: S2K type registry

   These are described in the subsections below.

3.7.1.1.  Simple S2K

   This directly hashes the string to produce the key data.  See below
   for how this hashing is done.

     Octet 0:        0x00
     Octet 1:        hash algorithm

   Simple S2K hashes the passphrase to produce the session key.  The
   manner in which this is done depends on the size of the session key
   (which will depend on the cipher used) and the size of the hash
   algorithm's output.  If the hash size is greater than the session key
   size, the high-order (leftmost) octets of the hash are used as the
   key.

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   If the hash size is less than the key size, multiple instances of the
   hash context are created --- enough to produce the required key data.
   These instances are preloaded with 0, 1, 2, ... octets of zeros (that
   is to say, the first instance has no preloading, the second gets
   preloaded with 1 octet of zero, the third is preloaded with two
   octets of zeros, and so forth).

   As the data is hashed, it is given independently to each hash
   context.  Since the contexts have been initialized differently, they
   will each produce different hash output.  Once the passphrase is
   hashed, the output data from the multiple hashes is concatenated,
   first hash leftmost, to produce the key data, with any excess octets
   on the right discarded.

3.7.1.2.  Salted S2K

   This includes a "salt" value in the S2K specifier --- some arbitrary
   data --- that gets hashed along with the passphrase string, to help
   prevent dictionary attacks.

     Octet 0:        0x01
     Octet 1:        hash algorithm
     Octets 2-9:     8-octet salt value

   Salted S2K is exactly like Simple S2K, except that the input to the
   hash function(s) consists of the 8 octets of salt from the S2K
   specifier, followed by the passphrase.

3.7.1.3.  Iterated and Salted S2K

   This includes both a salt and an octet count.  The salt is combined
   with the passphrase and the resulting value is hashed repeatedly.
   This further increases the amount of work an attacker must do to try
   dictionary attacks.

     Octet  0:        0x03
     Octet  1:        hash algorithm
     Octets 2-9:      8-octet salt value
     Octet  10:       count, a one-octet, coded value

   The count is coded into a one-octet number using the following
   formula:

     #define EXPBIAS 6
         count = ((Int32)16 + (c & 15)) << ((c >> 4) + EXPBIAS);

   The above formula is in C, where "Int32" is a type for a 32-bit
   integer, and the variable "c" is the coded count, Octet 10.

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   Iterated-Salted S2K hashes the passphrase and salt data multiple
   times.  The total number of octets to be hashed is specified in the
   encoded count in the S2K specifier.  Note that the resulting count
   value is an octet count of how many octets will be hashed, not an
   iteration count.

   Initially, one or more hash contexts are set up as with the other S2K
   algorithms, depending on how many octets of key data are needed.
   Then the salt, followed by the passphrase data, is repeatedly hashed
   until the number of octets specified by the octet count has been
   hashed.  The one exception is that if the octet count is less than
   the size of the salt plus passphrase, the full salt plus passphrase
   will be hashed even though that is greater than the octet count.
   After the hashing is done, the data is unloaded from the hash
   context(s) as with the other S2K algorithms.

3.7.1.4.  Argon2

   This S2K method hashes the passphrase using Argon2, specified in
   [RFC9106].  This provides memory-hardness, further protecting the
   passphrase against brute-force attacks.

     Octet  0:        0x04
     Octets 1-16:     16-octet salt value
     Octet  17:       one-octet number of passes t
     Octet  18:       one-octet degree of parallelism p
     Octet  19:       one-octet exponent indicating the memory size m

   The salt SHOULD be unique for each password.

   The number of passes t and the degree of parallelism p MUST be non-
   zero.

   The memory size m is 2**encoded_m kibibytes of RAM, where "encoded_m"
   is the encoded memory size in Octet 19.  The encoded memory size MUST
   be a value from 3+ceil(log_2(p)) to 31, such that the decoded memory
   size m is a value from 8*p to 2**31.  Note that memory-hardness size
   is indicated in kibibytes (KiB), not octets.

   Argon2 is invoked with the passphrase as P, the salt as S, the values
   of t, p and m as described above, the required key size as the tag
   length T, 0x13 as the version v, and Argon2id as the type.

   For the recommended values of t, p and m, see Section 4 of [RFC9106].
   If the recommended value of m for a given application is not a power
   of 2, it is RECOMMENDED to round up to the next power of 2 if the
   resulting performance would be acceptable, and round down otherwise
   (keeping in mind that m must be at least 8*p).

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   As an example, with the first recommended option (t=1, p=4, m=2**21),
   the full S2K specifier would be:

     04 XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX
     XX 01 04 15

   (where XX represents a random octet of salt).

3.7.2.  String-to-Key Usage

   Simple S2K and Salted S2K specifiers can be brute-forced when used
   with a low-entropy string, such as those typically provided by users.
   In addition, the usage of Simple S2K can lead to key and IV reuse
   (see Section 5.3).  Therefore, when generating S2K specifiers,
   implementations MUST NOT use Simple S2K, and SHOULD NOT use Salted
   S2K unless the implementation knows that the string is high-entropy
   (for example, it generated the string itself using a known-good
   source of randomness).  It is RECOMMENDED that implementations use
   Argon2.

3.7.2.1.  Secret-Key Encryption

   An S2K specifier can be stored in the secret keyring to specify how
   to convert the passphrase to a key that unlocks the secret data.
   Older versions of PGP just stored a symmetric cipher algorithm octet
   preceding the secret data or a zero to indicate that the secret data
   was unencrypted.  The MD5 hash function was always used to convert
   the passphrase to a key for the specified cipher algorithm.

   For compatibility, when an S2K specifier is used, the special value
   253, 254, or 255 is stored in the position where the cipher algorithm
   octet would have been in the old data structure.  This is then
   followed immediately by a one-octet algorithm identifier, and other
   fields relevant to the type of encryption used.

   Therefore, the first octet of the secret key material describes how
   the secret key data is presented.

   In the table below, check(x) means the "2-octet checksum" meaning the
   sum of all octets in x mod 65536.

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    +==============+================+=====================+===========+
    | First octet  | Next fields    | Encryption          | Generate? |
    +==============+================+=====================+===========+
    | 0            | -              | cleartext           | Yes       |
    |              |                | secrets ||          |           |
    |              |                | check(secrets)      |           |
    +--------------+----------------+---------------------+-----------+
    | Known        | IV             | CFB(MD5(password),  | No        |
    | symmetric    |                | secrets ||          |           |
    | cipher algo  |                | check(secrets))     |           |
    | ID (see      |                |                     |           |
    | Section 9.3) |                |                     |           |
    +--------------+----------------+---------------------+-----------+
    | 253          | cipher-algo,   | AEAD(S2K(password), | Yes       |
    |              | AEAD-mode,     | secrets, pubkey)    |           |
    |              | S2K-specifier, |                     |           |
    |              | nonce          |                     |           |
    +--------------+----------------+---------------------+-----------+
    | 254          | cipher-algo,   | CFB(S2K(password),  | Yes       |
    |              | S2K-specifier, | secrets ||          |           |
    |              | IV             | SHA1(secrets))      |           |
    +--------------+----------------+---------------------+-----------+
    | 255          | cipher-algo,   | CFB(S2K(password),  | No        |
    |              | S2K-specifier, | secrets ||          |           |
    |              | IV             | check(secrets))     |           |
    +--------------+----------------+---------------------+-----------+

                   Table 2: Secret Key protection details

   Each row with "Generate?" marked as "No" is described for backward
   compatibility, and MUST NOT be generated.

   An implementation MUST NOT create and MUST reject as malformed a
   secret key packet where the S2K usage octet is anything but 253 and
   the S2K specifier type is Argon2.

3.7.2.2.  Symmetric-Key Message Encryption

   OpenPGP can create a Symmetric-key Encrypted Session Key (ESK) packet
   at the front of a message.  This is used to allow S2K specifiers to
   be used for the passphrase conversion or to create messages with a
   mix of symmetric-key ESKs and public-key ESKs.  This allows a message
   to be decrypted either with a passphrase or a public-key pair.

   PGP 2 always used IDEA with Simple string-to-key conversion when
   encrypting a message with a symmetric algorithm.  See Section 5.8.
   This MUST NOT be generated, but MAY be consumed for backward-
   compatibility.

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4.  Packet Syntax

   This section describes the packets used by OpenPGP.

4.1.  Overview

   An OpenPGP message is constructed from a number of records that are
   traditionally called packets.  A packet is a chunk of data that has a
   tag specifying its meaning.  An OpenPGP message, keyring,
   certificate, and so forth consists of a number of packets.  Some of
   those packets may contain other OpenPGP packets (for example, a
   compressed data packet, when uncompressed, contains OpenPGP packets).

   Each packet consists of a packet header, followed by the packet body.
   The packet header is of variable length.

   When handling a stream of packets, the length information in each
   packet header is the canonical source of packet boundaries.  An
   implementation handling a packet stream that wants to find the next
   packet MUST look for it at the precise offset indicated in the
   previous packet header.

   Additionally, some packets contain internal length indicators (for
   example, a subfield within the packet).  In the event that a subfield
   length indicator within a packet implies inclusion of octets outside
   the range indicated in the packet header, a parser MUST truncate the
   subfield at the octet boundary indicated in the packet header.  Such
   a truncation renders the packet malformed and unusable.  An
   implementation MUST NOT interpret octets outside the range indicated
   in the packet header as part of the contents of the packet.

4.2.  Packet Headers

   The first octet of the packet header is called the "Packet Tag".  It
   determines the format of the header and denotes the packet contents.
   The remainder of the packet header is the length of the packet.

   There are two packet formats, the (current) OpenPGP packet format
   specified by this document and its predecessors and the Legacy packet
   format as used by PGP 2.x implementations.

   Note that the most significant bit is the leftmost bit, called bit 7.
   A mask for this bit is 0x80 in hexadecimal.

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          ┌───────────────┐
     PTag │7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0│
          └───────────────┘
     Bit 7 -- Always one
     Bit 6 -- Always one (except for Legacy packet format)

   The Legacy packet format MAY be used when consuming packets to
   facilitate interoperability with legacy implementations and accessing
   archived data.  The Legacy packet format SHOULD NOT be used to
   generate new data, unless the recipient is known to only support the
   Legacy packet format.

   An implementation that consumes and re-distributes pre-existing
   OpenPGP data (such as Transferable Public Keys) may encounter packets
   framed with the Legacy packet format.  Such an implementation MAY
   either re-distribute these packets in their Legacy format, or
   transform them to the current OpenPGP packet format before re-
   distribution.

   The current OpenPGP packet format packets contain:

     Bits 5 to 0 -- packet tag

   Legacy packet format packets contain:

     Bits 5 to 2 -- packet tag
     Bits 1 to 0 -- length-type

4.2.1.  OpenPGP Format Packet Lengths

   OpenPGP format packets have four possible ways of encoding length:

   1.  A one-octet Body Length header encodes packet lengths of up to
       191 octets.

   2.  A two-octet Body Length header encodes packet lengths of 192 to
       8383 octets.

   3.  A five-octet Body Length header encodes packet lengths of up to
       4,294,967,295 (0xFFFFFFFF) octets in length.  (This actually
       encodes a four-octet scalar number.)

   4.  When the length of the packet body is not known in advance by the
       issuer, Partial Body Length headers encode a packet of
       indeterminate length, effectively making it a stream.

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4.2.1.1.  One-Octet Lengths

   A one-octet Body Length header encodes a length of 0 to 191 octets.
   This type of length header is recognized because the one octet value
   is less than 192.  The body length is equal to:

     bodyLen = 1st_octet;

4.2.1.2.  Two-Octet Lengths

   A two-octet Body Length header encodes a length of 192 to 8383
   octets.  It is recognized because its first octet is in the range 192
   to 223.  The body length is equal to:

     bodyLen = ((1st_octet - 192) << 8) + (2nd_octet) + 192

4.2.1.3.  Five-Octet Lengths

   A five-octet Body Length header consists of a single octet holding
   the value 255, followed by a four-octet scalar.  The body length is
   equal to:

     bodyLen = (2nd_octet << 24) | (3rd_octet << 16) |
               (4th_octet << 8)  | 5th_octet

   This basic set of one, two, and five-octet lengths is also used
   internally to some packets.

4.2.1.4.  Partial Body Lengths

   A Partial Body Length header is one octet long and encodes the length
   of only part of the data packet.  This length is a power of 2, from 1
   to 1,073,741,824 (2 to the 30th power).  It is recognized by its one
   octet value that is greater than or equal to 224, and less than 255.
   The Partial Body Length is equal to:

     partialBodyLen = 1 << (1st_octet & 0x1F);

   Each Partial Body Length header is followed by a portion of the
   packet body data.  The Partial Body Length header specifies this
   portion's length.  Another length header (one octet, two-octet, five-
   octet, or partial) follows that portion.  The last length header in
   the packet MUST NOT be a Partial Body Length header.  Partial Body
   Length headers may only be used for the non-final parts of the
   packet.

   Note also that the last Body Length header can be a zero-length
   header.

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   An implementation MAY use Partial Body Lengths for data packets, be
   they literal, compressed, or encrypted.  The first partial length
   MUST be at least 512 octets long.  Partial Body Lengths MUST NOT be
   used for any other packet types.

4.2.2.  Legacy Format Packet Lengths

   The meaning of the length-type in Legacy format packets is:

   0  The packet has a one-octet length.  The header is 2 octets long.

   1  The packet has a two-octet length.  The header is 3 octets long.

   2  The packet has a four-octet length.  The header is 5 octets long.

   3  The packet is of indeterminate length.  The header is 1 octet
      long, and the implementation must determine how long the packet
      is.  If the packet is in a file, this means that the packet
      extends until the end of the file.  The OpenPGP format headers
      have a mechanism for precisely encoding data of indeterminate
      length.  An implementation MUST NOT generate a Legacy format
      packet with indeterminate length.  An implementation MAY interpret
      an indeterminate length Legacy format packet in order to deal with
      historic data, or data generated by a legacy system.

4.2.3.  Packet Length Examples

   These examples show ways that OpenPGP format packets might encode the
   packet lengths.

   A packet with length 100 may have its length encoded in one octet:
   0x64.  This is followed by 100 octets of data.

   A packet with length 1723 may have its length encoded in two octets:
   0xC5, 0xFB.  This header is followed by the 1723 octets of data.

   A packet with length 100000 may have its length encoded in five
   octets: 0xFF, 0x00, 0x01, 0x86, 0xA0.

   It might also be encoded in the following octet stream: 0xEF, first
   32768 octets of data; 0xE1, next two octets of data; 0xE0, next one
   octet of data; 0xF0, next 65536 octets of data; 0xC5, 0xDD, last 1693
   octets of data.  This is just one possible encoding, and many
   variations are possible on the size of the Partial Body Length
   headers, as long as a regular Body Length header encodes the last
   portion of the data.

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   Please note that in all of these explanations, the total length of
   the packet is the length of the header(s) plus the length of the
   body.

4.3.  Packet Tags

   The packet tag denotes what type of packet the body holds.  Note that
   Legacy format headers can only have tags less than 16, whereas
   OpenPGP format headers can have tags as great as 63.  The defined
   tags (in decimal) are as follows:

   +==========+========================================================+
   |      Tag | Packet Type                                            |
   +==========+========================================================+
   |        0 | Reserved - a packet tag MUST NOT have this value       |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |        1 | Public-Key Encrypted Session Key Packet                |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |        2 | Signature Packet                                       |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |        3 | Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key Packet             |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |        4 | One-Pass Signature Packet                              |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |        5 | Secret-Key Packet                                      |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |        6 | Public-Key Packet                                      |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |        7 | Secret-Subkey Packet                                   |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |        8 | Compressed Data Packet                                 |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |        9 | Symmetrically Encrypted Data Packet                    |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |       10 | Marker Packet                                          |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |       11 | Literal Data Packet                                    |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |       12 | Trust Packet                                           |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |       13 | User ID Packet                                         |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |       14 | Public-Subkey Packet                                   |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |       17 | User Attribute Packet                                  |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |       18 | Sym. Encrypted and Integrity Protected Data Packet     |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+

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   |       19 | Reserved (formerly Modification Detection Code Packet) |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |       20 | Reserved (formerly AEAD Encrypted Data Packet)         |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |       21 | Padding Packet                                         |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |    60 to | Private or Experimental Values                         |
   |       63 |                                                        |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+

                       Table 3: Packet type registry

5.  Packet Types

5.1.  Public-Key Encrypted Session Key Packets (Tag 1)

   Zero or more Public-Key Encrypted Session Key (PKESK) packets and/or
   Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key packets (Section 5.3) may precede
   an encryption container (that is, a Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity
   Protected Data packet or --- for historic data --- a Symmetrically
   Encrypted Data packet), which holds an encrypted message.  The
   message is encrypted with the session key, and the session key is
   itself encrypted and stored in the Encrypted Session Key packet(s).
   The encryption container is preceded by one Public-Key Encrypted
   Session Key packet for each OpenPGP key to which the message is
   encrypted.  The recipient of the message finds a session key that is
   encrypted to their public key, decrypts the session key, and then
   uses the session key to decrypt the message.

   The body of this packet starts with a one-octet number giving the
   version number of the packet type.  The currently defined versions
   are 3 and 5.  The remainder of the packet depends on the version.

   The versions differ in how they identify the recipient key, and in
   what they encode.  The version of the PKESK packet must align with
   the version of the SEIPD packet (see Section 11.3.2.1).

5.1.1.  v3 PKESK

   A version 3 Public-Key Encrypted Session Key (PKESK) packet precedes
   a version 1 Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data (v1
   SEIPD, see Section 5.14.1) packet.  In historic data, it is sometimes
   found preceding a deprecated Symmetrically Encrypted Data packet
   (SED, see Section 5.8).  A v3 PKESK packet MUST NOT precede a v2
   SEIPD packet (see Section 11.3.2.1).

   The v3 PKESK packet consists of:

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   *  A one-octet version number with value 3.

   *  An eight-octet number that gives the Key ID of the public key to
      which the session key is encrypted.  If the session key is
      encrypted to a subkey, then the Key ID of this subkey is used here
      instead of the Key ID of the primary key.  The Key ID may also be
      all zeros, for an "anonymous recipient" (see Section 5.1.6).

   *  A one-octet number giving the public-key algorithm used.

   *  A series of values comprising the encrypted session key.  This is
      algorithm-specific and described below.

   When creating a v3 PKESK packet, the session key is first prefixed
   with a one-octet algorithm identifier that specifies the symmetric
   encryption algorithm used to encrypt the following encryption
   container.  Then a two-octet checksum is appended, which is equal to
   the sum of the preceding session key octets, not including the
   algorithm identifier, modulo 65536.

   The resulting octet string (algorithm identifier, session key, and
   checksum) is encrypted according to the public-key algorithm used, as
   described below.

5.1.2.  v5 PKESK

   A version 5 Public-Key Encrypted Session Key (PKESK) packet precedes
   a version 2 Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data (v2
   SEIPD, see Section 5.14.2) packet.  A v5 PKESK packet MUST NOT
   precede a v1 SEIPD packet or a deprecated Symmetrically Encrypted
   Data packet (see Section 11.3.2.1).

   The v5 PKESK packet consists of:

   *  A one-octet version number with value 5.

   *  A one octet key version number and N octets of the fingerprint of
      the public key or subkey to which the session key is encrypted.
      Note that the length N of the fingerprint for a version 4 key is
      20 octets; for a version 5 key N is 32.  The key version number
      may also be zero, and the fingerprint omitted (that is, the length
      N is zero in this case), for an "anonymous recipient" (see
      Section 5.1.6).

   *  A one-octet number giving the public-key algorithm used.

   *  A series of values comprising the encrypted session key.  This is
      algorithm-specific and described below.

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   When creating a V5 PKESK packet, the symmetric encryption algorithm
   identifier is not included.  Before encrypting, a two-octet checksum
   is appended, which is equal to the sum of the preceding session key
   octets, modulo 65536.

   The resulting octet string (session key and checksum) is encrypted
   according to the public-key algorithm used, as described below.

5.1.3.  Algorithm Specific Fields for RSA encryption

   *  Multiprecision integer (MPI) of RSA-encrypted value m**e mod n.

   The value "m" in the above formula is the plaintext value described
   above, encoded in the PKCS#1 block encoding EME-PKCS1-v1_5 described
   in Section 7.2.1 of [RFC8017] (see also Section 14.1).  Note that
   when an implementation forms several PKESKs with one session key,
   forming a message that can be decrypted by several keys, the
   implementation MUST make a new PKCS#1 encoding for each key.

5.1.4.  Algorithm Specific Fields for Elgamal encryption

   *  MPI of Elgamal (Diffie-Hellman) value g**k mod p.

   *  MPI of Elgamal (Diffie-Hellman) value m * y**k mod p.

   The value "m" in the above formula is the plaintext value described
   above, encoded in the PKCS#1 block encoding EME-PKCS1-v1_5 described
   in Section 7.2.1 of [RFC8017] (see also Section 14.1).  Note that
   when an implementation forms several PKESKs with one session key,
   forming a message that can be decrypted by several keys, the
   implementation MUST make a new PKCS#1 encoding for each key.

5.1.5.  Algorithm-Specific Fields for ECDH encryption

   *  MPI of an EC point representing an ephemeral public key, in the
      point format associated with the curve as specified in
      Section 9.2.

   *  A one-octet size, followed by a symmetric key encoded using the
      method described in Section 13.5.

5.1.6.  Notes on PKESK

   An implementation MAY accept or use a Key ID of all zeros, or a key
   version of zero and no key fingerprint, to hide the intended
   decryption key.  In this case, the receiving implementation would try
   all available private keys, checking for a valid decrypted session
   key.  This format helps reduce traffic analysis of messages.

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5.2.  Signature Packet (Tag 2)

   A Signature packet describes a binding between some public key and
   some data.  The most common signatures are a signature of a file or a
   block of text, and a signature that is a certification of a User ID.

   Three versions of Signature packets are defined.  Version 3 provides
   basic signature information, while versions 4 and 5 provide an
   expandable format with subpackets that can specify more information
   about the signature.

   An implementation MUST generate a version 5 signature when signing
   with a version 5 key.  An implementation MUST generate a version 4
   signature when signing with a version 4 key.  Implementations MUST
   NOT create version 3 signatures; they MAY accept version 3
   signatures.

5.2.1.  Signature Types

   There are a number of possible meanings for a signature, which are
   indicated in a signature type octet in any given signature.  Please
   note that the vagueness of these meanings is not a flaw, but a
   feature of the system.  Because OpenPGP places final authority for
   validity upon the receiver of a signature, it may be that one
   signer's casual act might be more rigorous than some other
   authority's positive act.  See Section 5.2.4 for detailed information
   on how to compute and verify signatures of each type.

   These meanings are as follows:

   0x00: Signature of a binary document.
      This means the signer owns it, created it, or certifies that it
      has not been modified.

   0x01: Signature of a canonical text document.
      This means the signer owns it, created it, or certifies that it
      has not been modified.  The signature is calculated over the text
      data with its line endings converted to <CR><LF>.

   0x02: Standalone signature.
      This signature is a signature of only its own subpacket contents.
      It is calculated identically to a signature over a zero-length
      binary document.  V3 standalone signatures MUST NOT be generated
      and MUST be ignored.

   0x10: Generic certification of a User ID and Public-Key packet.

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      The issuer of this certification does not make any particular
      assertion as to how well the certifier has checked that the owner
      of the key is in fact the person described by the User ID.

   0x11: Persona certification of a User ID and Public-Key packet.
      The issuer of this certification has not done any verification of
      the claim that the owner of this key is the User ID specified.

   0x12: Casual certification of a User ID and Public-Key packet.
      The issuer of this certification has done some casual verification
      of the claim of identity.

   0x13: Positive certification of a User ID and Public-Key packet.
      The issuer of this certification has done substantial verification
      of the claim of identity.

      Most OpenPGP implementations make their "key signatures" as 0x10
      certifications.  Some implementations can issue 0x11-0x13
      certifications, but few differentiate between the types.

   0x18: Subkey Binding Signature.
      This signature is a statement by the top-level signing key that
      indicates that it owns the subkey.  This signature is calculated
      directly on the primary key and subkey, and not on any User ID or
      other packets.  A signature that binds a signing subkey MUST have
      an Embedded Signature subpacket in this binding signature that
      contains a 0x19 signature made by the signing subkey on the
      primary key and subkey.

   0x19: Primary Key Binding Signature.
      This signature is a statement by a signing subkey, indicating that
      it is owned by the primary key and subkey.  This signature is
      calculated the same way as a 0x18 signature: directly on the
      primary key and subkey, and not on any User ID or other packets.

   0x1F: Signature directly on a key.
      This signature is calculated directly on a key.  It binds the
      information in the Signature subpackets to the key, and is
      appropriate to be used for subpackets that provide information
      about the key, such as the Key Flags subpacket or (deprecated)
      Revocation Key. It is also appropriate for statements that non-
      self certifiers want to make about the key itself, rather than the
      binding between a key and a name.

   0x20: Key revocation signature.

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      The signature is calculated directly on the key being revoked.  A
      revoked key is not to be used.  Only revocation signatures by the
      key being revoked, or by a (deprecated) Revocation Key, should be
      considered valid revocation signatures.

   0x28: Subkey revocation signature.
      The signature is calculated directly on the subkey being revoked.
      A revoked subkey is not to be used.  Only revocation signatures by
      the top-level signature key that is bound to this subkey, or by a
      (deprecated) Revocation Key, should be considered valid revocation
      signatures.

   0x30: Certification revocation signature.
      This signature revokes an earlier User ID certification signature
      (signature class 0x10 through 0x13) or direct-key signature
      (0x1F).  It should be issued by the same key that issued the
      revoked signature or by a (deprecated) Revocation Key. The
      signature is computed over the same data as the certificate that
      it revokes, and should have a later creation date than that
      certificate.

   0x40: Timestamp signature.
      This signature is only meaningful for the timestamp contained in
      it.

   0x50: Third-Party Confirmation signature.
      This signature is a signature over some other OpenPGP Signature
      packet(s).  It is analogous to a notary seal on the signed data.
      A third-party signature SHOULD include Signature Target
      subpacket(s) to give easy identification.  Note that we really do
      mean SHOULD.  There are plausible uses for this (such as a blind
      party that only sees the signature, not the key or source
      document) that cannot include a target subpacket.

5.2.2.  Version 3 Signature Packet Format

   The body of a version 3 Signature Packet contains:

   *  One-octet version number (3).

   *  One-octet length of following hashed material.  MUST be 5.

      -  One-octet signature type.

      -  Four-octet creation time.

   *  Eight-octet Key ID of signer.

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   *  One-octet public-key algorithm.

   *  One-octet hash algorithm.

   *  Two-octet field holding left 16 bits of signed hash value.

   *  One or more multiprecision integers comprising the signature.
      This portion is algorithm specific, as described below.

   The concatenation of the data to be signed, the signature type, and
   creation time from the Signature packet (5 additional octets) is
   hashed.  The resulting hash value is used in the signature algorithm.
   The high 16 bits (first two octets) of the hash are included in the
   Signature packet to provide a way to reject some invalid signatures
   without performing a signature verification.

   Algorithm-Specific Fields for RSA signatures:

   *  Multiprecision integer (MPI) of RSA signature value m**d mod n.

   Algorithm-Specific Fields for DSA signatures:

   *  MPI of DSA value r.

   *  MPI of DSA value s.

   The signature calculation is based on a hash of the signed data, as
   described above.  The details of the calculation are different for
   DSA signatures than for RSA signatures.

   With RSA signatures, the hash value is encoded using PKCS#1 encoding
   type EMSA-PKCS1-v1_5 as described in Section 9.2 of [RFC8017].  This
   requires inserting the hash value as an octet string into an ASN.1
   structure.  The object identifier for the type of hash being used is
   included in the structure.  The hexadecimal representations for the
   currently defined hash algorithms are as follows:

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   +============+======================================================+
   | algorithm  | hexadecimal representation                           |
   +============+======================================================+
   | MD5        | 0x2A, 0x86, 0x48, 0x86, 0xF7, 0x0D, 0x02, 0x05       |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
   | RIPEMD-160 | 0x2B, 0x24, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01                         |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
   | SHA-1      | 0x2B, 0x0E, 0x03, 0x02, 0x1A                         |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
   | SHA224     | 0x60, 0x86, 0x48, 0x01, 0x65, 0x03, 0x04,            |
   |            | 0x02, 0x04                                           |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
   | SHA256     | 0x60, 0x86, 0x48, 0x01, 0x65, 0x03, 0x04,            |
   |            | 0x02, 0x01                                           |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
   | SHA384     | 0x60, 0x86, 0x48, 0x01, 0x65, 0x03, 0x04,            |
   |            | 0x02, 0x02                                           |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
   | SHA512     | 0x60, 0x86, 0x48, 0x01, 0x65, 0x03, 0x04,            |
   |            | 0x02, 0x03                                           |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+

                 Table 4: Hash hexadecimal representations

   The ASN.1 Object Identifiers (OIDs) are as follows:

                  +============+========================+
                  | algorithm  | OID                    |
                  +============+========================+
                  | MD5        | 1.2.840.113549.2.5     |
                  +------------+------------------------+
                  | RIPEMD-160 | 1.3.36.3.2.1           |
                  +------------+------------------------+
                  | SHA-1      | 1.3.14.3.2.26          |
                  +------------+------------------------+
                  | SHA224     | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.2.4 |
                  +------------+------------------------+
                  | SHA256     | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.2.1 |
                  +------------+------------------------+
                  | SHA384     | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.2.2 |
                  +------------+------------------------+
                  | SHA512     | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.2.3 |
                  +------------+------------------------+

                             Table 5: Hash OIDs

   The full hash prefixes for these are as follows:

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         +============+==========================================+
         | algorithm  | full hash prefix                         |
         +============+==========================================+
         | MD5        | 0x30, 0x20, 0x30, 0x0C, 0x06, 0x08,      |
         |            | 0x2A, 0x86, 0x48, 0x86, 0xF7, 0x0D,      |
         |            | 0x02, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x04, 0x10       |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         | RIPEMD-160 | 0x30, 0x21, 0x30, 0x09, 0x06, 0x05,      |
         |            | 0x2B, 0x24, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01, 0x05,      |
         |            | 0x00, 0x04, 0x14                         |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         | SHA-1      | 0x30, 0x21, 0x30, 0x09, 0x06, 0x05,      |
         |            | 0x2B, 0x0E, 0x03, 0x02, 0x1A, 0x05,      |
         |            | 0x00, 0x04, 0x14                         |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         | SHA224     | 0x30, 0x2D, 0x30, 0x0D, 0x06, 0x09,      |
         |            | 0x60, 0x86, 0x48, 0x01, 0x65, 0x03,      |
         |            | 0x04, 0x02, 0x04, 0x05, 0x00, 0x04, 0x1C |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         | SHA256     | 0x30, 0x31, 0x30, 0x0D, 0x06, 0x09,      |
         |            | 0x60, 0x86, 0x48, 0x01, 0x65, 0x03,      |
         |            | 0x04, 0x02, 0x01, 0x05, 0x00, 0x04, 0x20 |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         | SHA384     | 0x30, 0x41, 0x30, 0x0D, 0x06, 0x09,      |
         |            | 0x60, 0x86, 0x48, 0x01, 0x65, 0x03,      |
         |            | 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x05, 0x00, 0x04, 0x30 |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         | SHA512     | 0x30, 0x51, 0x30, 0x0D, 0x06, 0x09,      |
         |            | 0x60, 0x86, 0x48, 0x01, 0x65, 0x03,      |
         |            | 0x04, 0x02, 0x03, 0x05, 0x00, 0x04, 0x40 |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+

                     Table 6: Hash hexadecimal prefixes

   DSA signatures MUST use hashes that are equal in size to the number
   of bits of q, the group generated by the DSA key's generator value.

   If the output size of the chosen hash is larger than the number of
   bits of q, the hash result is truncated to fit by taking the number
   of leftmost bits equal to the number of bits of q.  This (possibly
   truncated) hash function result is treated as a number and used
   directly in the DSA signature algorithm.

5.2.3.  Version 4 and 5 Signature Packet Formats

   The body of a V4 or V5 Signature packet contains:

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   *  One-octet version number.  This is 4 for V4 signatures and 5 for
      V5 signatures.

   *  One-octet signature type.

   *  One-octet public-key algorithm.

   *  One-octet hash algorithm.

   *  A scalar octet count for following hashed subpacket data.  For a
      V4 signature, this is a two-octet field.  For a V5 signature, this
      is a four-octet field.  Note that this is the length in octets of
      all of the hashed subpackets; a pointer incremented by this number
      will skip over the hashed subpackets.

   *  Hashed subpacket data set (zero or more subpackets).

   *  A scalar octet count for the following unhashed subpacket data.
      For a V4 signature, this is a two-octet field.  For a V5
      signature, this is a four-octet field.  Note that this is the
      length in octets of all of the unhashed subpackets; a pointer
      incremented by this number will skip over the unhashed subpackets.

   *  Unhashed subpacket data set (zero or more subpackets).

   *  Two-octet field holding the left 16 bits of the signed hash value.

   *  Only for V5 signatures, a 16 octet field containing random values
      used as salt.

   *  One or more multiprecision integers comprising the signature.
      This portion is algorithm specific:

5.2.3.1.  Algorithm-Specific Fields for RSA signatures

   *  Multiprecision integer (MPI) of RSA signature value m**d mod n.

5.2.3.2.  Algorithm-Specific Fields for DSA or ECDSA signatures

   *  MPI of DSA or ECDSA value r.

   *  MPI of DSA or ECDSA value s.

   A version 3 signature MUST NOT be created and MUST NOT be used with
   ECDSA.

5.2.3.3.  Algorithm-Specific Fields for EdDSA signatures

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   *  Two MPI-encoded values, whose contents and formatting depend on
      the choice of curve used (see Section 9.2.1).

   A version 3 signature MUST NOT be created and MUST NOT be used with
   EdDSA.

5.2.3.3.1.  Algorithm-Specific Fields for Ed25519 signatures

   The two MPIs for Ed25519 use octet strings R and S as described in
   [RFC8032].

   *  MPI of an EC point R, represented as a (non-prefixed) native
      (little-endian) octet string up to 32 octets.

   *  MPI of EdDSA value S, also in (non-prefixed) native little-endian
      format with a length up to 32 octets.

5.2.3.3.2.  Algorithm-Specific Fields for Ed448 signatures

   For Ed448 signatures, the native signature format is used as
   described in [RFC8032].  The two MPIs are composed as follows:

   *  The first MPI has a body of 58 octets: a prefix 0x40 octet,
      followed by 57 octets of the native signature.

   *  The second MPI is set to 0 (this is a placeholder, and is unused).
      Note that an MPI with a value of 0 is encoded on the wire as a
      pair of zero octets: 00 00.

5.2.3.4.  Notes on Signatures

   The concatenation of the data being signed and the signature data
   from the version number through the hashed subpacket data (inclusive)
   is hashed.  The resulting hash value is what is signed.  The high 16
   bits (first two octets) of the hash are included in the Signature
   packet to provide a way to reject some invalid signatures without
   performing a signature verification.

   There are two fields consisting of Signature subpackets.  The first
   field is hashed with the rest of the signature data, while the second
   is unhashed.  The second set of subpackets is not cryptographically
   protected by the signature and should include only advisory
   information.

   The differences between a V4 and V5 signature are two-fold: first, a
   V5 signature increases the width of the size indicators for the
   signed data, making it more capable when signing large keys or
   messages.  Second, the hash is salted with 128 bit of random data.

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   The algorithms for converting the hash function result to a signature
   are described in Section 5.2.4.

5.2.3.5.  Signature Subpacket Specification

   A subpacket data set consists of zero or more Signature subpackets.
   In Signature packets, the subpacket data set is preceded by a two-
   octet (for V4 signatures) or four-octet (for V5 signatures) scalar
   count of the length in octets of all the subpackets.  A pointer
   incremented by this number will skip over the subpacket data set.

   Each subpacket consists of a subpacket header and a body.  The header
   consists of:

   *  the subpacket length (1, 2, or 5 octets),

   *  the subpacket type (1 octet),

   and is followed by the subpacket-specific data.

   The length includes the type octet but not this length.  Its format
   is similar to the "new" format packet header lengths, but cannot have
   Partial Body Lengths.  That is:

   if the 1st octet <  192, then
       lengthOfLength = 1
       subpacketLen = 1st_octet

   if the 1st octet >= 192 and < 255, then
       lengthOfLength = 2
       subpacketLen = ((1st_octet - 192) << 8) + (2nd_octet) + 192

   if the 1st octet = 255, then
       lengthOfLength = 5
       subpacket length = [four-octet scalar starting at 2nd_octet]

   The value of the subpacket type octet may be:

         +============+==========================================+
         |       Type | Description                              |
         +============+==========================================+
         |          0 | Reserved                                 |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |          1 | Reserved                                 |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |          2 | Signature Creation Time                  |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |          3 | Signature Expiration Time                |

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         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |          4 | Exportable Certification                 |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |          5 | Trust Signature                          |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |          6 | Regular Expression                       |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |          7 | Revocable                                |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |          8 | Reserved                                 |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |          9 | Key Expiration Time                      |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         10 | Placeholder for backward compatibility   |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         11 | Preferred Symmetric Ciphers for v1 SEIPD |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         12 | Revocation Key (deprecated)              |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |   13 to 15 | Reserved                                 |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         16 | Issuer                                   |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |   17 to 19 | Reserved                                 |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         20 | Notation Data                            |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         21 | Preferred Hash Algorithms                |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         22 | Preferred Compression Algorithms         |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         23 | Key Server Preferences                   |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         24 | Preferred Key Server                     |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         25 | Primary User ID                          |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         26 | Policy URI                               |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         27 | Key Flags                                |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         28 | Signer's User ID                         |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         29 | Reason for Revocation                    |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         30 | Features                                 |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         31 | Signature Target                         |

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         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         32 | Embedded Signature                       |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         33 | Issuer Fingerprint                       |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         34 | Reserved                                 |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         35 | Intended Recipient Fingerprint           |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         37 | Reserved (Attested Certifications)       |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         38 | Reserved (Key Block)                     |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         |         39 | Preferred AEAD Ciphersuites              |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+
         | 100 to 110 | Private or experimental                  |
         +------------+------------------------------------------+

                      Table 7: Subpacket type registry

   An implementation SHOULD ignore any subpacket of a type that it does
   not recognize.

   Bit 7 of the subpacket type is the "critical" bit.  If set, it
   denotes that the subpacket is one that is critical for the evaluator
   of the signature to recognize.  If a subpacket is encountered that is
   marked critical but is unknown to the evaluating software, the
   evaluator SHOULD consider the signature to be in error.

   An evaluator may "recognize" a subpacket, but not implement it.  The
   purpose of the critical bit is to allow the signer to tell an
   evaluator that it would prefer a new, unknown feature to generate an
   error than be ignored.

   Implementations SHOULD implement the four preferred algorithm
   subpackets (11, 21, 22, and 34), as well as the "Reason for
   Revocation" subpacket.  Note, however, that if an implementation
   chooses not to implement some of the preferences, it is required to
   behave in a polite manner to respect the wishes of those users who do
   implement these preferences.

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5.2.3.6.  Signature Subpacket Types

   A number of subpackets are currently defined.  Some subpackets apply
   to the signature itself and some are attributes of the key.
   Subpackets that are found on a self-signature are placed on a
   certification made by the key itself.  Note that a key may have more
   than one User ID, and thus may have more than one self-signature, and
   differing subpackets.

   A subpacket may be found either in the hashed or unhashed subpacket
   sections of a signature.  If a subpacket is not hashed, then the
   information in it cannot be considered definitive because it is not
   part of the signature proper.

5.2.3.7.  Notes on Self-Signatures

   A self-signature is a binding signature made by the key to which the
   signature refers.  There are three types of self-signatures, the
   certification signatures (types 0x10-0x13), the direct-key signature
   (type 0x1F), and the subkey binding signature (type 0x18).  A
   cryptographically-valid self-signature should be accepted from any
   primary key, regardless of what Key Flags (Section 5.2.3.26) apply to
   the primary key.  In particular, a primary key does not need to have
   0x01 set in the first octet of Key Flags order to make a valid self-
   signature.

   For certification self-signatures, each User ID may have a self-
   signature, and thus different subpackets in those self-signatures.
   For subkey binding signatures, each subkey in fact has a self-
   signature.  Subpackets that appear in a certification self-signature
   apply to the user name, and subpackets that appear in the subkey
   self-signature apply to the subkey.  Lastly, subpackets on the
   direct-key signature apply to the entire key.

   Implementing software should interpret a self-signature's preference
   subpackets as narrowly as possible.  For example, suppose a key has
   two user names, Alice and Bob. Suppose that Alice prefers the AEAD
   ciphersuite AES-256 with OCB, and Bob prefers Camellia-256 with GCM.
   If the software locates this key via Alice's name, then the preferred
   AEAD ciphersuite is AES-256 with OCB; if software locates the key via
   Bob's name, then the preferred algorithm is Camellia-256 with GCM.
   If the key is located by Key ID, the algorithm of the primary User ID
   of the key provides the preferred AEAD ciphersuite.

   Revoking a self-signature or allowing it to expire has a semantic
   meaning that varies with the signature type.  Revoking the self-
   signature on a User ID effectively retires that user name.  The self-
   signature is a statement, "My name X is tied to my signing key K" and

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   is corroborated by other users' certifications.  If another user
   revokes their certification, they are effectively saying that they no
   longer believe that name and that key are tied together.  Similarly,
   if the users themselves revoke their self-signature, then the users
   no longer go by that name, no longer have that email address, etc.
   Revoking a binding signature effectively retires that subkey.
   Revoking a direct-key signature cancels that signature.  Please see
   Section 5.2.3.28 for more relevant detail.

   Since a self-signature contains important information about the key's
   use, an implementation SHOULD allow the user to rewrite the self-
   signature, and important information in it, such as preferences and
   key expiration.

   It is good practice to verify that a self-signature imported into an
   implementation doesn't advertise features that the implementation
   doesn't support, rewriting the signature as appropriate.

   An implementation that encounters multiple self-signatures on the
   same object may resolve the ambiguity in any way it sees fit, but it
   is RECOMMENDED that priority be given to the most recent self-
   signature.

5.2.3.8.  Signature Creation Time

   (4-octet time field)

   The time the signature was made.

   MUST be present in the hashed area.

5.2.3.9.  Issuer

   (8-octet Key ID)

   The OpenPGP Key ID of the key issuing the signature.  If the version
   of that key is greater than 4, this subpacket MUST NOT be included in
   the signature.

5.2.3.10.  Key Expiration Time

   (4-octet time field)

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   The validity period of the key.  This is the number of seconds after
   the key creation time that the key expires.  For a direct or
   certification self-signature, the key creation time is that of the
   primary key.  For a subkey binding signature, the key creation time
   is that of the subkey.  If this is not present or has a value of
   zero, the key never expires.  This is found only on a self-signature.

5.2.3.11.  Preferred Symmetric Ciphers for v1 SEIPD

   (array of one-octet values)

   A series of symmetric cipher algorithm identifiers indicating how the
   keyholder prefers to receive version 1 Symmetrically Encrypted
   Integrity Protected Data (Section 5.14.1).  The subpacket body is an
   ordered list of octets with the most preferred listed first.  It is
   assumed that only algorithms listed are supported by the recipient's
   software.  Algorithm numbers are in Section 9.3.  This is only found
   on a self-signature.

   When generating a v2 SEIPD packet, this preference list is not
   relevant.  See Section 5.2.3.12 instead.

5.2.3.12.  Preferred AEAD Ciphersuites

   (array of pairs of octets indicating Symmetric Cipher and AEAD
   algorithms)

   A series of paired algorithm identifiers indicating how the keyholder
   prefers to receive version 2 Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity
   Protected Data (Section 5.14.2).  Each pair of octets indicates a
   combination of a symmetric cipher and an AEAD mode that the key
   holder prefers to use.  The symmetric cipher identifier precedes the
   AEAD identifier in each pair.  The subpacket body is an ordered list
   of pairs of octets with the most preferred algorithm combination
   listed first.

   It is assumed that only the combinations of algorithms listed are
   supported by the recipient's software, with the exception of the
   mandatory-to-implement combination of AES-128 and OCB.  If AES-128
   and OCB are not found in the subpacket, it is implicitly listed at
   the end.

   AEAD algorithm numbers are listed in Section 9.6.  Symmetric cipher
   algorithm numbers are listed in Section 9.3.

   For example, a subpacket with content of these six octets:

   09 02 09 03 13 02

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   Indicates that the keyholder prefers to receive v2 SEIPD using
   AES-256 with OCB, then AES-256 with GCM, then Camellia-256 with OCB,
   and finally the implicit AES-128 with OCB.

   Note that support for version 2 of the Symmetrically Encrypted
   Integrity Protected Data packet (Section 5.14.2) in general is
   indicated by a Feature Flag (Section 5.2.3.29).

   This subpacket is only found on a self-signature.

   When generating a v1 SEIPD packet, this preference list is not
   relevant.  See Section 5.2.3.11 instead.

5.2.3.13.  Preferred Hash Algorithms

   (array of one-octet values)

   Message digest algorithm numbers that indicate which algorithms the
   key holder prefers to receive.  Like the preferred AEAD ciphersuites,
   the list is ordered.  Algorithm numbers are in Section 9.5.  This is
   only found on a self-signature.

5.2.3.14.  Preferred Compression Algorithms

   (array of one-octet values)

   Compression algorithm numbers that indicate which algorithms the key
   holder prefers to use.  Like the preferred AEAD ciphersuites, the
   list is ordered.  Algorithm numbers are in Section 9.4.  A zero, or
   the absence of this subpacket, denotes that uncompressed data is
   preferred; the key holder's software might have no compression
   software in that implementation.  This is only found on a self-
   signature.

5.2.3.15.  Signature Expiration Time

   (4-octet time field)

   The validity period of the signature.  This is the number of seconds
   after the signature creation time that the signature expires.  If
   this is not present or has a value of zero, it never expires.

5.2.3.16.  Exportable Certification

   (1 octet of exportability, 0 for not, 1 for exportable)

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   This subpacket denotes whether a certification signature is
   "exportable", to be used by other users than the signature's issuer.
   The packet body contains a Boolean flag indicating whether the
   signature is exportable.  If this packet is not present, the
   certification is exportable; it is equivalent to a flag containing a
   1.

   Non-exportable, or "local", certifications are signatures made by a
   user to mark a key as valid within that user's implementation only.

   Thus, when an implementation prepares a user's copy of a key for
   transport to another user (this is the process of "exporting" the
   key), any local certification signatures are deleted from the key.

   The receiver of a transported key "imports" it, and likewise trims
   any local certifications.  In normal operation, there won't be any,
   assuming the import is performed on an exported key.  However, there
   are instances where this can reasonably happen.  For example, if an
   implementation allows keys to be imported from a key database in
   addition to an exported key, then this situation can arise.

   Some implementations do not represent the interest of a single user
   (for example, a key server).  Such implementations always trim local
   certifications from any key they handle.

5.2.3.17.  Revocable

   (1 octet of revocability, 0 for not, 1 for revocable)

   Signature's revocability status.  The packet body contains a Boolean
   flag indicating whether the signature is revocable.  Signatures that
   are not revocable have any later revocation signatures ignored.  They
   represent a commitment by the signer that he cannot revoke his
   signature for the life of his key.  If this packet is not present,
   the signature is revocable.

5.2.3.18.  Trust Signature

   (1 octet "level" (depth), 1 octet of trust amount)

   Signer asserts that the key is not only valid but also trustworthy at
   the specified level.  Level 0 has the same meaning as an ordinary
   validity signature.  Level 1 means that the signed key is asserted to
   be a valid trusted introducer, with the 2nd octet of the body
   specifying the degree of trust.  Level 2 means that the signed key is
   asserted to be trusted to issue level 1 trust signatures; that is,
   the signed key is a "meta introducer".  Generally, a level n trust
   signature asserts that a key is trusted to issue level n-1 trust

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   signatures.  The trust amount is in a range from 0-255, interpreted
   such that values less than 120 indicate partial trust and values of
   120 or greater indicate complete trust.  Implementations SHOULD emit
   values of 60 for partial trust and 120 for complete trust.

5.2.3.19.  Regular Expression

   (null-terminated regular expression)

   Used in conjunction with trust Signature packets (of level > 0) to
   limit the scope of trust that is extended.  Only signatures by the
   target key on User IDs that match the regular expression in the body
   of this packet have trust extended by the trust Signature subpacket.
   The regular expression uses the same syntax as the Henry Spencer's
   "almost public domain" regular expression [REGEX] package.  A
   description of the syntax is found in Section 8.

5.2.3.20.  Revocation Key

   (1 octet of class, 1 octet of public-key algorithm ID, 20 octets of
   V4 fingerprint)

   This mechanism is deprecated.  Applications MUST NOT generate such a
   subpacket.

   An application that wants the functionality of delegating revocation
   SHOULD instead use an escrowed Revocation Signature.  See
   Section 15.2 for more details.

   The remainder of this section describes how some implementations
   attempt to interpret this deprecated subpacket.

   This packet was intended to authorize the specified key to issue
   revocation signatures for this key.  Class octet must have bit 0x80
   set.  If the bit 0x40 is set, then this means that the revocation
   information is sensitive.  Other bits are for future expansion to
   other kinds of authorizations.  This is only found on a direct-key
   self-signature (type 0x1f).  The use on other types of self-
   signatures is unspecified.

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   If the "sensitive" flag is set, the keyholder feels this subpacket
   contains private trust information that describes a real-world
   sensitive relationship.  If this flag is set, implementations SHOULD
   NOT export this signature to other users except in cases where the
   data needs to be available: when the signature is being sent to the
   designated revoker, or when it is accompanied by a revocation
   signature from that revoker.  Note that it may be appropriate to
   isolate this subpacket within a separate signature so that it is not
   combined with other subpackets that need to be exported.

5.2.3.21.  Notation Data

   (4 octets of flags, 2 octets of name length (M), 2 octets of value
   length (N), M octets of name data, N octets of value data)

   This subpacket describes a "notation" on the signature that the
   issuer wishes to make.  The notation has a name and a value, each of
   which are strings of octets.  There may be more than one notation in
   a signature.  Notations can be used for any extension the issuer of
   the signature cares to make.  The "flags" field holds four octets of
   flags.

   All undefined flags MUST be zero.  Defined flags are as follows:

   First octet:

           +======+================+==========================+
           | flag | shorthand      | definition               |
           +======+================+==========================+
           | 0x80 | human-readable | This note value is text. |
           +------+----------------+--------------------------+

              Table 8: Notation flag registry (first octet)

   Other octets: none.

   Notation names are arbitrary strings encoded in UTF-8.  They reside
   in two namespaces: The IETF namespace and the user namespace.

   The IETF namespace is registered with IANA.  These names MUST NOT
   contain the "@" character (0x40).  This is a tag for the user
   namespace.

   Names in the user namespace consist of a UTF-8 string tag followed by
   "@" followed by a DNS domain name.  Note that the tag MUST NOT
   contain an "@" character.  For example, the "sample" tag used by
   Example Corporation could be "sample@example.com".

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   Names in a user space are owned and controlled by the owners of that
   domain.  Obviously, it's bad form to create a new name in a DNS space
   that you don't own.

   Since the user namespace is in the form of an email address,
   implementers MAY wish to arrange for that address to reach a person
   who can be consulted about the use of the named tag.  Note that due
   to UTF-8 encoding, not all valid user space name tags are valid email
   addresses.

   If there is a critical notation, the criticality applies to that
   specific notation and not to notations in general.

5.2.3.22.  Key Server Preferences

   (N octets of flags)

   This is a list of one-bit flags that indicate preferences that the
   key holder has about how the key is handled on a key server.  All
   undefined flags MUST be zero.

   First octet:

     +======+===========+============================================+
     | flag | shorthand | definition                                 |
     +======+===========+============================================+
     | 0x80 | No-modify | The key holder requests that this key only |
     |      |           | be modified or updated by the key holder   |
     |      |           | or an administrator of the key server.     |
     +------+-----------+--------------------------------------------+

        Table 9: Key server preferences flag registry (first octet)

   This is found only on a self-signature.

5.2.3.23.  Preferred Key Server

   (String)

   This is a URI of a key server that the key holder prefers be used for
   updates.  Note that keys with multiple User IDs can have a preferred
   key server for each User ID.  Note also that since this is a URI, the
   key server can actually be a copy of the key retrieved by ftp, http,
   finger, etc.

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5.2.3.24.  Primary User ID

   (1 octet, Boolean)

   This is a flag in a User ID's self-signature that states whether this
   User ID is the main User ID for this key.  It is reasonable for an
   implementation to resolve ambiguities in preferences, etc. by
   referring to the primary User ID.  If this flag is absent, its value
   is zero.  If more than one User ID in a key is marked as primary, the
   implementation may resolve the ambiguity in any way it sees fit, but
   it is RECOMMENDED that priority be given to the User ID with the most
   recent self-signature.

   When appearing on a self-signature on a User ID packet, this
   subpacket applies only to User ID packets.  When appearing on a self-
   signature on a User Attribute packet, this subpacket applies only to
   User Attribute packets.  That is to say, there are two different and
   independent "primaries" --- one for User IDs, and one for User
   Attributes.

5.2.3.25.  Policy URI

   (String)

   This subpacket contains a URI of a document that describes the policy
   under which the signature was issued.

5.2.3.26.  Key Flags

   (N octets of flags)

   This subpacket contains a list of binary flags that hold information
   about a key.  It is a string of octets, and an implementation MUST
   NOT assume a fixed size.  This is so it can grow over time.  If a
   list is shorter than an implementation expects, the unstated flags
   are considered to be zero.  The defined flags are as follows:

   First octet:

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      +======+=====================================================+
      | flag | definition                                          |
      +======+=====================================================+
      | 0x01 | This key may be used to make User ID certifications |
      |      | (signature types 0x10-0x13) or direct key           |
      |      | signatures (signature type 0x1F) over other keys.   |
      +------+-----------------------------------------------------+
      | 0x02 | This key may be used to sign data.                  |
      +------+-----------------------------------------------------+
      | 0x04 | This key may be used to encrypt communications.     |
      +------+-----------------------------------------------------+
      | 0x08 | This key may be used to encrypt storage.            |
      +------+-----------------------------------------------------+
      | 0x10 | The private component of this key may have been     |
      |      | split by a secret-sharing mechanism.                |
      +------+-----------------------------------------------------+
      | 0x20 | This key may be used for authentication.            |
      +------+-----------------------------------------------------+
      | 0x80 | The private component of this key may be in the     |
      |      | possession of more than one person.                 |
      +------+-----------------------------------------------------+

                Table 10: Key flags registry (first octet)

   Second octet:

                    +======+==========================+
                    | flag | definition               |
                    +======+==========================+
                    | 0x04 | Reserved (ADSK).         |
                    +------+--------------------------+
                    | 0x08 | Reserved (timestamping). |
                    +------+--------------------------+

                        Table 11: Key flags registry
                               (second octet)

   Usage notes:

   The flags in this packet may appear in self-signatures or in
   certification signatures.  They mean different things depending on
   who is making the statement --- for example, a certification
   signature that has the "sign data" flag is stating that the
   certification is for that use.  On the other hand, the
   "communications encryption" flag in a self-signature is stating a
   preference that a given key be used for communications.  Note
   however, that it is a thorny issue to determine what is
   "communications" and what is "storage".  This decision is left wholly

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   up to the implementation; the authors of this document do not claim
   any special wisdom on the issue and realize that accepted opinion may
   change.

   The "split key" (0x10) and "group key" (0x80) flags are placed on a
   self-signature only; they are meaningless on a certification
   signature.  They SHOULD be placed only on a direct-key signature
   (type 0x1F) or a subkey signature (type 0x18), one that refers to the
   key the flag applies to.

5.2.3.27.  Signer's User ID

   (String)

   This subpacket allows a keyholder to state which User ID is
   responsible for the signing.  Many keyholders use a single key for
   different purposes, such as business communications as well as
   personal communications.  This subpacket allows such a keyholder to
   state which of their roles is making a signature.

   This subpacket is not appropriate to use to refer to a User Attribute
   packet.

5.2.3.28.  Reason for Revocation

   (1 octet of revocation code, N octets of reason string)

   This subpacket is used only in key revocation and certification
   revocation signatures.  It describes the reason why the key or
   certificate was revoked.

   The first octet contains a machine-readable code that denotes the
   reason for the revocation:

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              +=========+==================================+
              |    Code | Reason                           |
              +=========+==================================+
              |       0 | No reason specified (key         |
              |         | revocations or cert revocations) |
              +---------+----------------------------------+
              |       1 | Key is superseded (key           |
              |         | revocations)                     |
              +---------+----------------------------------+
              |       2 | Key material has been            |
              |         | compromised (key revocations)    |
              +---------+----------------------------------+
              |       3 | Key is retired and no longer     |
              |         | used (key revocations)           |
              +---------+----------------------------------+
              |      32 | User ID information is no longer |
              |         | valid (cert revocations)         |
              +---------+----------------------------------+
              | 100-110 | Private Use                      |
              +---------+----------------------------------+

                     Table 12: Reasons for revocation

   Following the revocation code is a string of octets that gives
   information about the Reason for Revocation in human-readable form
   (UTF-8).  The string may be null (of zero length).  The length of the
   subpacket is the length of the reason string plus one.  An
   implementation SHOULD implement this subpacket, include it in all
   revocation signatures, and interpret revocations appropriately.
   There are important semantic differences between the reasons, and
   there are thus important reasons for revoking signatures.

   If a key has been revoked because of a compromise, all signatures
   created by that key are suspect.  However, if it was merely
   superseded or retired, old signatures are still valid.  If the
   revoked signature is the self-signature for certifying a User ID, a
   revocation denotes that that user name is no longer in use.  Such a
   revocation SHOULD include a 0x20 code.

   Note that any signature may be revoked, including a certification on
   some other person's key.  There are many good reasons for revoking a
   certification signature, such as the case where the keyholder leaves
   the employ of a business with an email address.  A revoked
   certification is no longer a part of validity calculations.

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5.2.3.29.  Features

   (N octets of flags)

   The Features subpacket denotes which advanced OpenPGP features a
   user's implementation supports.  This is so that as features are
   added to OpenPGP that cannot be backwards-compatible, a user can
   state that they can use that feature.  The flags are single bits that
   indicate that a given feature is supported.

   This subpacket is similar to a preferences subpacket, and only
   appears in a self-signature.

   An implementation SHOULD NOT use a feature listed when sending to a
   user who does not state that they can use it.

   Defined features are as follows:

   First octet:

        +=========+===================================+===========+
        | Feature | Definition                        | Reference |
        +=========+===================================+===========+
        | 0x01    | Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity | Section   |
        |         | Protected Data packet version 1   | 5.14.1    |
        +---------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
        | 0x02    | Reserved                          |           |
        +---------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
        | 0x04    | Reserved                          |           |
        +---------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
        | 0x08    | Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity | Section   |
        |         | Protected Data packet version 2   | 5.14.2    |
        +---------+-----------------------------------+-----------+

                        Table 13: Features registry

   If an implementation implements any of the defined features, it
   SHOULD implement the Features subpacket, too.

   An implementation may freely infer features from other suitable
   implementation-dependent mechanisms.

   See Section 15.1 for details about how to use the Features subpacket
   when generating encryption data.

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5.2.3.30.  Signature Target

   (1 octet public-key algorithm, 1 octet hash algorithm, N octets hash)

   This subpacket identifies a specific target signature to which a
   signature refers.  For revocation signatures, this subpacket provides
   explicit designation of which signature is being revoked.  For a
   third-party or timestamp signature, this designates what signature is
   signed.  All arguments are an identifier of that target signature.

   The N octets of hash data MUST be the size of the hash of the
   signature.  For example, a target signature with a SHA-1 hash MUST
   have 20 octets of hash data.

5.2.3.31.  Embedded Signature

   (1 signature packet body)

   This subpacket contains a complete Signature packet body as specified
   in Section 5.2.  It is useful when one signature needs to refer to,
   or be incorporated in, another signature.

5.2.3.32.  Issuer Fingerprint

   (1 octet key version number, N octets of fingerprint)

   The OpenPGP Key fingerprint of the key issuing the signature.  This
   subpacket SHOULD be included in all signatures.  If the version of
   the issuing key is 4 and an Issuer subpacket is also included in the
   signature, the key ID of the Issuer subpacket MUST match the low 64
   bits of the fingerprint.

   Note that the length N of the fingerprint for a version 4 key is 20
   octets; for a version 5 key N is 32.

5.2.3.33.  Intended Recipient Fingerprint

   (1 octet key version number, N octets of fingerprint)

   The OpenPGP Key fingerprint of the intended recipient primary key.
   If one or more subpackets of this type are included in a signature,
   it SHOULD be considered valid only in an encrypted context, where the
   key it was encrypted to is one of the indicated primary keys, or one
   of their subkeys.  This can be used to prevent forwarding a signature
   outside of its intended, encrypted context.

   Note that the length N of the fingerprint for a version 4 key is 20
   octets; for a version 5 key N is 32.

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5.2.4.  Computing Signatures

   All signatures are formed by producing a hash over the signature
   data, and then using the resulting hash in the signature algorithm.

   When a V5 signature is made, the salt is hashed first.

   For binary document signatures (type 0x00), the document data is
   hashed directly.  For text document signatures (type 0x01), the
   document is canonicalized by converting line endings to <CR><LF>, and
   the resulting data is hashed.

   When a V4 signature is made over a key, the hash data starts with the
   octet 0x99, followed by a two-octet length of the key, and then body
   of the key packet.  When a V5 signature is made over a key, the hash
   data starts with the octet 0x9a, followed by a four-octet length of
   the key, and then body of the key packet.

   A subkey binding signature (type 0x18) or primary key binding
   signature (type 0x19) then hashes the subkey using the same format as
   the main key (also using 0x99 or 0x9a as the first octet).  Primary
   key revocation signatures (type 0x20) hash only the key being
   revoked.  Subkey revocation signature (type 0x28) hash first the
   primary key and then the subkey being revoked.

   A certification signature (type 0x10 through 0x13) hashes the User ID
   being bound to the key into the hash context after the above data.  A
   V3 certification hashes the contents of the User ID or attribute
   packet packet, without any header.  A V4 or V5 certification hashes
   the constant 0xB4 for User ID certifications or the constant 0xD1 for
   User Attribute certifications, followed by a four-octet number giving
   the length of the User ID or User Attribute data, and then the User
   ID or User Attribute data.

   When a signature is made over a Signature packet (type 0x50, "Third-
   Party Confirmation signature"), the hash data starts with the octet
   0x88, followed by the four-octet length of the signature, and then
   the body of the Signature packet.  (Note that this is a Legacy packet
   header for a Signature packet with the length-of-length field set to
   zero.)  The unhashed subpacket data of the Signature packet being
   hashed is not included in the hash, and the unhashed subpacket data
   length value is set to zero.

   Once the data body is hashed, then a trailer is hashed.  This trailer
   depends on the version of the signature.

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   *  A V3 signature hashes five octets of the packet body, starting
      from the signature type field.  This data is the signature type,
      followed by the four-octet signature time.

   *  A V4 or V5 signature hashes the packet body starting from its
      first field, the version number, through the end of the hashed
      subpacket data and a final extra trailer.  Thus, the hashed fields
      are:

      -  An octet indicating the signature version (0x04 for V4, 0x05
         for V5),

      -  the signature type,

      -  the public-key algorithm,

      -  the hash algorithm,

      -  the hashed subpacket length,

      -  the hashed subpacket body,

      -  A second version octet (0x04 for V4, 0x05 for V5)

      -  A single octet 0xFF,

      -  A number representing the length of the hashed data from the
         Signature packet stopping right before the second version
         octet.  For a V4 signature, this is a four-octet big-endian
         number, considered to be an unsigned integer modulo 2**32.  For
         a V5 signature, this is an eight-octet big-endian number,
         considered to be an unsigned integer modulo 2**64.

   After all this has been hashed in a single hash context, the
   resulting hash field is used in the signature algorithm and placed at
   the end of the Signature packet.

5.2.4.1.  Subpacket Hints

   It is certainly possible for a signature to contain conflicting
   information in subpackets.  For example, a signature may contain
   multiple copies of a preference or multiple expiration times.  In
   most cases, an implementation SHOULD use the last subpacket in the
   signature, but MAY use any conflict resolution scheme that makes more
   sense.  Please note that we are intentionally leaving conflict
   resolution to the implementer; most conflicts are simply syntax
   errors, and the wishy-washy language here allows a receiver to be
   generous in what they accept, while putting pressure on a creator to

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   be stingy in what they generate.

   Some apparent conflicts may actually make sense --- for example,
   suppose a keyholder has a V3 key and a V4 key that share the same RSA
   key material.  Either of these keys can verify a signature created by
   the other, and it may be reasonable for a signature to contain an
   issuer subpacket for each key, as a way of explicitly tying those
   keys to the signature.

5.3.  Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key Packets (Tag 3)

   The Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key (SKESK) packet holds the
   symmetric-key encryption of a session key used to encrypt a message.
   Zero or more Public-Key Encrypted Session Key packets (Section 5.1)
   and/or Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key packets may precede a an
   encryption container (that is, a Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity
   Protected Data packet or --- for historic data --- a Symmetrically
   Encrypted Data packet) that holds an encrypted message.  The message
   is encrypted with a session key, and the session key is itself
   encrypted and stored in the Encrypted Session Key packet(s).

   If the encryption container is preceded by one or more Symmetric-Key
   Encrypted Session Key packets, each specifies a passphrase that may
   be used to decrypt the message.  This allows a message to be
   encrypted to a number of public keys, and also to one or more
   passphrases.

   The body of this packet starts with a one-octet number giving the
   version number of the packet type.  The currently defined versions
   are 4 and 5.  The remainder of the packet depends on the version.

   The versions differ in how they encrypt the session key with the
   password, and in what they encode.  The version of the SKESK packet
   must align with the version of the SEIPD packet (see
   Section 11.3.2.1).

5.3.1.  v4 SKESK

   A version 4 Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key (SKESK) packet
   precedes a version 1 Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data
   (v1 SEIPD, see Section 5.14.1) packet.  In historic data, it is
   sometimes found preceding a deprecated Symmetrically Encrypted Data
   packet (SED, see Section 5.8).  A v4 SKESK packet MUST NOT precede a
   v2 SEIPD packet (see Section 11.3.2.1).

   A version 4 Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key packet consists of:

   *  A one-octet version number with value 4.

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   *  A one-octet number describing the symmetric algorithm used.

   *  A string-to-key (S2K) specifier.  The length of the string-to-key
      specifier depends on its type (see Section 3.7.1).

   *  Optionally, the encrypted session key itself, which is decrypted
      with the string-to-key object.

   If the encrypted session key is not present (which can be detected on
   the basis of packet length and S2K specifier size), then the S2K
   algorithm applied to the passphrase produces the session key for
   decrypting the message, using the symmetric cipher algorithm from the
   Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key packet.

   If the encrypted session key is present, the result of applying the
   S2K algorithm to the passphrase is used to decrypt just that
   encrypted session key field, using CFB mode with an IV of all zeros.
   The decryption result consists of a one-octet algorithm identifier
   that specifies the symmetric-key encryption algorithm used to encrypt
   the following encryption container, followed by the session key
   octets themselves.

   Note: because an all-zero IV is used for this decryption, the S2K
   specifier MUST use a salt value, either a Salted S2K, an Iterated-
   Salted S2K, or Argon2.  The salt value will ensure that the
   decryption key is not repeated even if the passphrase is reused.

5.3.2.  v5 SKESK

   A version 5 Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key (SKESK) packet
   precedes a version 2 Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data
   (v2 SEIPD, see Section 5.14.2) packet.  A v5 SKESK packet MUST NOT
   precede a v1 SEIPD packet or a deprecated Symmetrically Encrypted
   Data packet (see Section 11.3.2.1).

   A version 5 Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key packet consists of:

   *  A one-octet version number with value 5.

   *  A one-octet scalar octet count of the following 5 fields.

   *  A one-octet symmetric cipher algorithm identifier.

   *  A one-octet AEAD algorithm identifier.

   *  A one-octet scalar octet count of the following field.

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   *  A string-to-key (S2K) specifier.  The length of the string-to-key
      specifier depends on its type (see Section 3.7.1).

   *  A starting initialization vector of size specified by the AEAD
      algorithm.

   *  The encrypted session key itself.

   *  An authentication tag for the AEAD mode.

   HKDF is used with SHA256 as hash algorithm, the key derived from S2K
   as Initial Keying Material (IKM), no salt, and the Packet Tag in new
   format encoding (bits 7 and 6 set, bits 5-0 carry the packet tag),
   the packet version, and the cipher-algo and AEAD-mode used to encrypt
   the key material, are used as info parameter.  Then, the session key
   is encrypted using the resulting key, with the AEAD algorithm
   specified for version 2 of the Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity
   Protected Data packet.  Note that no chunks are used and that there
   is only one authentication tag.  The Packet Tag in OpenPGP format
   encoding (bits 7 and 6 set, bits 5-0 carry the packet tag), the
   packet version number, the cipher algorithm octet, and the AEAD
   algorithm octet are given as additional data.  For example, the
   additional data used with AES-128 with OCB consists of the octets
   0xC3, 0x05, 0x07, and 0x02.

5.4.  One-Pass Signature Packets (Tag 4)

   The One-Pass Signature packet precedes the signed data and contains
   enough information to allow the receiver to begin calculating any
   hashes needed to verify the signature.  It allows the Signature
   packet to be placed at the end of the message, so that the signer can
   compute the entire signed message in one pass.

   The body of this packet consists of:

   *  A one-octet version number.  The currently defined versions are 3
      and 5.

   *  A one-octet signature type.  Signature types are described in
      Section 5.2.1.

   *  A one-octet number describing the hash algorithm used.

   *  A one-octet number describing the public-key algorithm used.

   *  Only for V5 packets, a 16 octet field containing random values
      used as salt.  The value must match the salt field of the
      corresponding Signature packet.

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   *  Only for V3 packets, an eight-octet number holding the Key ID of
      the signing key.

   *  Only for V5 packets, a one octet key version number and N octets
      of the fingerprint of the signing key.  Note that the length N of
      the fingerprint for a version 5 key is 32.

   *  A one-octet number holding a flag showing whether the signature is
      nested.  A zero value indicates that the next packet is another
      One-Pass Signature packet that describes another signature to be
      applied to the same message data.

   When generating a one-pass signature, the OPS packet version MUST
   correspond to the version of the associated signature packet, except
   for the historical accident that v4 keys use a v3 one-pass signature
   packet (there is no v4 OPS):

       +=====================+====================+================+
       | Signing key version | OPS packet version | Signature      |
       |                     |                    | packet version |
       +=====================+====================+================+
       | 4                   | 3                  | 4              |
       +---------------------+--------------------+----------------+
       | 5                   | 5                  | 5              |
       +---------------------+--------------------+----------------+

         Table 14: Versions of packets used in a one-pass signature

   Note that if a message contains more than one one-pass signature,
   then the Signature packets bracket the message; that is, the first
   Signature packet after the message corresponds to the last one-pass
   packet and the final Signature packet corresponds to the first one-
   pass packet.

5.5.  Key Material Packet

   A key material packet contains all the information about a public or
   private key.  There are four variants of this packet type, and two
   major versions.  Consequently, this section is complex.

5.5.1.  Key Packet Variants

5.5.1.1.  Public-Key Packet (Tag 6)

   A Public-Key packet starts a series of packets that forms an OpenPGP
   key (sometimes called an OpenPGP certificate).

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5.5.1.2.  Public-Subkey Packet (Tag 14)

   A Public-Subkey packet (tag 14) has exactly the same format as a
   Public-Key packet, but denotes a subkey.  One or more subkeys may be
   associated with a top-level key.  By convention, the top-level key
   provides signature services, and the subkeys provide encryption
   services.

5.5.1.3.  Secret-Key Packet (Tag 5)

   A Secret-Key packet contains all the information that is found in a
   Public-Key packet, including the public-key material, but also
   includes the secret-key material after all the public-key fields.

5.5.1.4.  Secret-Subkey Packet (Tag 7)

   A Secret-Subkey packet (tag 7) is the subkey analog of the Secret Key
   packet and has exactly the same format.

5.5.2.  Public-Key Packet Formats

   There are three versions of key-material packets.

   OpenPGP implementations SHOULD create keys with version 5 format.  V4
   keys are deprecated; an implementation SHOULD NOT generate a V4 key,
   but SHOULD accept it.  V3 keys are deprecated; an implementation MUST
   NOT generate a V3 key, but MAY accept it.  V2 keys are deprecated; an
   implementation MUST NOT generate a V2 key, but MAY accept it.

   A version 3 public key or public-subkey packet contains:

   *  A one-octet version number (3).

   *  A four-octet number denoting the time that the key was created.

   *  A two-octet number denoting the time in days that this key is
      valid.  If this number is zero, then it does not expire.

   *  A one-octet number denoting the public-key algorithm of this key.

   *  A series of multiprecision integers comprising the key material:

      -  a multiprecision integer (MPI) of RSA public modulus n;

      -  an MPI of RSA public encryption exponent e.

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   V3 keys are deprecated.  They contain three weaknesses.  First, it is
   relatively easy to construct a V3 key that has the same Key ID as any
   other key because the Key ID is simply the low 64 bits of the public
   modulus.  Secondly, because the fingerprint of a V3 key hashes the
   key material, but not its length, there is an increased opportunity
   for fingerprint collisions.  Third, there are weaknesses in the MD5
   hash algorithm that make developers prefer other algorithms.  See
   Section 12.2 for a fuller discussion of Key IDs and fingerprints.

   V2 keys are identical to the deprecated V3 keys except for the
   version number.

   The version 4 format is similar to the version 3 format except for
   the absence of a validity period.  This has been moved to the
   Signature packet.  In addition, fingerprints of version 4 keys are
   calculated differently from version 3 keys, as described in
   Section 12.

   A version 4 packet contains:

   *  A one-octet version number (4).

   *  A four-octet number denoting the time that the key was created.

   *  A one-octet number denoting the public-key algorithm of this key.

   *  A series of values comprising the key material.  This is
      algorithm-specific and described in Section 5.6.

   The version 5 format is similar to the version 4 format except for
   the addition of a count for the key material.  This count helps
   parsing secret key packets (which are an extension of the public key
   packet format) in the case of an unknown algorithm.  In addition,
   fingerprints of version 5 keys are calculated differently from
   version 4 keys, as described in Section 12.

   A version 5 packet contains:

   *  A one-octet version number (5).

   *  A four-octet number denoting the time that the key was created.

   *  A one-octet number denoting the public-key algorithm of this key.

   *  A four-octet scalar octet count for the following public key
      material.

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   *  A series of values comprising the public key material.  This is
      algorithm-specific and described in Section 5.6.

5.5.3.  Secret-Key Packet Formats

   The Secret-Key and Secret-Subkey packets contain all the data of the
   Public-Key and Public-Subkey packets, with additional algorithm-
   specific secret-key data appended, usually in encrypted form.

   The packet contains:

   *  The fields of a Public-Key or Public-Subkey packet, as described
      above.

   *  One octet indicating string-to-key usage conventions.  Zero
      indicates that the secret-key data is not encrypted. 255, 254, or
      253 indicates that a string-to-key specifier is being given.  Any
      other value is a symmetric-key encryption algorithm identifier.  A
      version 5 packet MUST NOT use the value 255.

   *  Only for a version 5 packet, a one-octet scalar octet count of the
      next 5 optional fields.

   *  [Optional] If string-to-key usage octet was 255, 254, or 253, a
      one-octet symmetric encryption algorithm.

   *  [Optional] If string-to-key usage octet was 253, a one-octet AEAD
      algorithm.

   *  [Optional] Only for a version 5 packet, and if string-to-key usage
      octet was 255, 254, or 253, an one-octet count of the following
      field.

   *  [Optional] If string-to-key usage octet was 255, 254, or 253, a
      string-to-key (S2K) specifier.  The length of the string-to-key
      specifier depends on its type (see Section 3.7.1).

   *  [Optional] If string-to-key usage octet was 253 (that is, the
      secret data is AEAD-encrypted), an initialization vector (IV) of
      size specified by the AEAD algorithm (see Section 5.14.2), which
      is used as the nonce for the AEAD algorithm.

   *  [Optional] If string-to-key usage octet was 255, 254, or a cipher
      algorithm identifier (that is, the secret data is CFB-encrypted),
      an initialization vector (IV) of the same length as the cipher's
      block size.

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   *  Plain or encrypted multiprecision integers comprising the secret
      key data.  This is algorithm-specific and described in
      Section 5.6.  If the string-to-key usage octet is 253, then an
      AEAD authentication tag is part of that data.  If the string-to-
      key usage octet is 254, a 20-octet SHA-1 hash of the plaintext of
      the algorithm-specific portion is appended to plaintext and
      encrypted with it.  If the string-to-key usage octet is 255 or
      another nonzero value (that is, a symmetric-key encryption
      algorithm identifier), a two-octet checksum of the plaintext of
      the algorithm-specific portion (sum of all octets, mod 65536) is
      appended to plaintext and encrypted with it.  (This is deprecated
      and SHOULD NOT be used, see below.)

   *  If the string-to-key usage octet is zero, then a two-octet
      checksum of the algorithm-specific portion (sum of all octets, mod
      65536).

   The details about storing algorithm-specific secrets above are
   summarized in Table 2.

   Note that the version 5 packet format adds two count values to help
   parsing packets with unknown S2K or public key algorithms.

   Secret MPI values can be encrypted using a passphrase.  If a string-
   to-key specifier is given, that describes the algorithm for
   converting the passphrase to a key, else a simple MD5 hash of the
   passphrase is used.  Implementations MUST use a string-to-key
   specifier; the simple hash is for backward compatibility and is
   deprecated, though implementations MAY continue to use existing
   private keys in the old format.  The cipher for encrypting the MPIs
   is specified in the Secret-Key packet.

   Encryption/decryption of the secret data is done using the key
   created from the passphrase and the initialization vector from the
   packet.  If the string-to-key usage octet is not 253, CFB mode is
   used.  A different mode is used with V3 keys (which are only RSA)
   than with other key formats.  With V3 keys, the MPI bit count prefix
   (that is, the first two octets) is not encrypted.  Only the MPI non-
   prefix data is encrypted.  Furthermore, the CFB state is
   resynchronized at the beginning of each new MPI value, so that the
   CFB block boundary is aligned with the start of the MPI data.

   With V4 and V5 keys, a simpler method is used.  All secret MPI values
   are encrypted, including the MPI bitcount prefix.

   If the string-to-key usage octet is 253, the key encryption key is
   derived using HKDF (see [RFC5869]) to provide key separation.  HKDF
   is used with SHA256 as hash algorithm, the key derived from S2K as

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   Initial Keying Material (IKM), no salt, and the Packet Tag in OpenPGP
   format encoding (bits 7 and 6 set, bits 5-0 carry the packet tag),
   the packet version, and the cipher-algo and AEAD-mode used to encrypt
   the key material, are used as info parameter.  Then, the encrypted
   MPI values are encrypted as one combined plaintext using one of the
   AEAD algorithms specified for version 2 of the Symmetrically
   Encrypted Integrity Protected Data packet.  Note that no chunks are
   used and that there is only one authentication tag.  As additional
   data, the Packet Tag in OpenPGP format encoding (bits 7 and 6 set,
   bits 5-0 carry the packet tag), followed by the public key packet
   fields, starting with the packet version number, are passed to the
   AEAD algorithm.  For example, the additional data used with a Secret-
   Key Packet of version 4 consists of the octets 0xC5, 0x04, followed
   by four octets of creation time, one octet denoting the public-key
   algorithm, and the algorithm-specific public-key parameters.  For a
   Secret-Subkey Packet, the first octet would be 0xC7.  For a version 5
   key packet, the second octet would be 0x05, and the four-octet octet
   count of the public key material would be included as well (see
   Section 5.5.2).

   The two-octet checksum that follows the algorithm-specific portion is
   the algebraic sum, mod 65536, of the plaintext of all the algorithm-
   specific octets (including MPI prefix and data).  With V3 keys, the
   checksum is stored in the clear.  With V4 keys, the checksum is
   encrypted like the algorithm-specific data.  This value is used to
   check that the passphrase was correct.  However, this checksum is
   deprecated; an implementation SHOULD NOT use it, but should rather
   use the SHA-1 hash denoted with a usage octet of 254.  The reason for
   this is that there are some attacks that involve undetectably
   modifying the secret key.  If the string-to-key usage octet is 253 no
   checksum or SHA-1 hash is used but the authentication tag of the AEAD
   algorithm follows.

   When decrypting the secret key material using any of these schemes
   (that is, where the usage octet is non-zero), the resulting cleartext
   octet stream MUST be well-formed.  In particular, an implementation
   MUST NOT interpret octets beyond the unwrapped cleartext octet stream
   as part of any of the unwrapped MPI objects.  Furthermore, an
   implementation MUST reject as unusable any secret key material whose
   cleartext length does not align with the lengths of the unwrapped MPI
   objects.

5.6.  Algorithm-specific Parts of Keys

   The public and secret key format specifies algorithm-specific parts
   of a key.  The following sections describe them in detail.

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5.6.1.  Algorithm-Specific Part for RSA Keys

   The public key is this series of multiprecision integers:

   *  MPI of RSA public modulus n;

   *  MPI of RSA public encryption exponent e.

   The secret key is this series of multiprecision integers:

   *  MPI of RSA secret exponent d;

   *  MPI of RSA secret prime value p;

   *  MPI of RSA secret prime value q (p < q);

   *  MPI of u, the multiplicative inverse of p, mod q.

5.6.2.  Algorithm-Specific Part for DSA Keys

   The public key is this series of multiprecision integers:

   *  MPI of DSA prime p;

   *  MPI of DSA group order q (q is a prime divisor of p-1);

   *  MPI of DSA group generator g;

   *  MPI of DSA public-key value y (= g**x mod p where x is secret).

   The secret key is this single multiprecision integer:

   *  MPI of DSA secret exponent x.

5.6.3.  Algorithm-Specific Part for Elgamal Keys

   The public key is this series of multiprecision integers:

   *  MPI of Elgamal prime p;

   *  MPI of Elgamal group generator g;

   *  MPI of Elgamal public key value y (= g**x mod p where x is
      secret).

   The secret key is this single multiprecision integer:

   *  MPI of Elgamal secret exponent x.

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5.6.4.  Algorithm-Specific Part for ECDSA Keys

   The public key is this series of values:

   *  A variable-length field containing a curve OID, which is formatted
      as follows:

      -  A one-octet size of the following field; values 0 and 0xFF are
         reserved for future extensions,

      -  The octets representing a curve OID (defined in Section 9.2);

   *  MPI of an EC point representing a public key.

   The secret key is this single multiprecision integer:

   *  MPI of an integer representing the secret key, which is a scalar
      of the public EC point.

5.6.5.  Algorithm-Specific Part for EdDSA Keys

   The public key is this series of values:

   *  A variable-length field containing a curve OID, formatted as
      follows:

      -  A one-octet size of the following field; values 0 and 0xFF are
         reserved for future extensions,

      -  The octets representing a curve OID, defined in Section 9.2;

   *  An MPI of an EC point representing a public key Q in prefixed
      native form (see Section 13.2.2).

   The secret key is this single multiprecision integer:

   *  An MPI-encoded octet string representing the native form of the
      secret key, in the curve-specific format described in
      Section 9.2.1.

   See [RFC8032] for more details about the native octet strings.

5.6.6.  Algorithm-Specific Part for ECDH Keys

   The public key is this series of values:

   *  A variable-length field containing a curve OID, which is formatted
      as follows:

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      -  A one-octet size of the following field; values 0 and 0xFF are
         reserved for future extensions,

      -  Octets representing a curve OID, defined in Section 9.2;

   *  MPI of an EC point representing a public key, in the point format
      associated with the curve as specified in Section 9.2.1

   *  A variable-length field containing KDF parameters, which is
      formatted as follows:

      -  A one-octet size of the following fields; values 0 and 0xFF are
         reserved for future extensions,

      -  A one-octet value 1, reserved for future extensions,

      -  A one-octet hash function ID used with a KDF,

      -  A one-octet algorithm ID for the symmetric algorithm used to
         wrap the symmetric key used for the message encryption; see
         Section 13.5 for details.

   Observe that an ECDH public key is composed of the same sequence of
   fields that define an ECDSA key plus the KDF parameters field.

   The secret key is this single multiprecision integer:

   *  An MPI representing the secret key, in the curve-specific format
      described in Section 9.2.1.

5.6.6.1.  ECDH Secret Key Material

   When curve P-256, P-384, or P-521 are used in ECDH, their secret keys
   are represented as a simple integer in standard MPI form.  Other
   curves are presented on the wire differently (though still as a
   single MPI), as described below and in Section 9.2.1.

5.6.6.1.1.  Curve25519 ECDH Secret Key Material

   A Curve25519 secret key is stored as a standard integer in big-endian
   MPI form.  Note that this form is in reverse octet order from the
   little-endian "native" form found in [RFC7748].

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   Note also that the integer for a Curve25519 secret key for OpenPGP
   MUST have the appropriate form: that is, it MUST be divisible by 8,
   MUST be at least 2**254, and MUST be less than 2**255.  The length of
   this MPI in bits is by definition always 255, so the two leading
   octets of the MPI will always be 00 ff and reversing the following 32
   octets from the wire will produce the "native" form.

   When generating a new Curve25519 secret key from 32 fully-random
   octets, the following pseudocode produces the MPI wire format (note
   the similarity to decodeScalar25519 from [RFC7748]):

   def curve25519_MPI_from_random(octet_list):
       octet_list[0] &= 248
       octet_list[31] &= 127
       octet_list[31] |= 64
       mpi_header = [ 0x00, 0xff ]
       return mpi_header || reversed(octet_list)

5.6.6.1.2.  X448 ECDH Secret Key Material

   An X448 secret key is contained within its MPI as a prefixed octet
   string (see Section 13.3.2), which encapsulates the native secret key
   format found in [RFC7748].  The full wire format (as an MPI) will
   thus be the three octets 01 c7 40 followed by the full 56 octet
   native secret key.

   When generating a new X448 secret key from 56 fully-random octets,
   the following pseudocode produces the MPI wire format:

   def X448_MPI_from_random(octet_list):
       prefixed_header = [ 0x01, 0xc7, 0x40 ]
       return prefixed_header || octet_list

5.7.  Compressed Data Packet (Tag 8)

   The Compressed Data packet contains compressed data.  Typically, this
   packet is found as the contents of an encrypted packet, or following
   a Signature or One-Pass Signature packet, and contains a literal data
   packet.

   The body of this packet consists of:

   *  One octet that gives the algorithm used to compress the packet.

   *  Compressed data, which makes up the remainder of the packet.

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   A Compressed Data Packet's body contains an block that compresses
   some set of packets.  See Section 11 for details on how messages are
   formed.

   ZIP-compressed packets are compressed with raw [RFC1951] DEFLATE
   blocks.

   ZLIB-compressed packets are compressed with [RFC1950] ZLIB-style
   blocks.

   BZip2-compressed packets are compressed using the BZip2 [BZ2]
   algorithm.

   An implementation that generates a Compressed Data packet MUST use
   the non-legacy format for packet framing (see Section 4.2.1).  It
   MUST NOT generate a Compressed Data packet with Legacy format
   (Section 4.2.2)

   An implementation that deals with either historic data or data
   generated by legacy implementations MAY interpret Compressed Data
   packets that use the Legacy format for packet framing.

5.8.  Symmetrically Encrypted Data Packet (Tag 9)

   The Symmetrically Encrypted Data packet contains data encrypted with
   a symmetric-key algorithm.  When it has been decrypted, it contains
   other packets (usually a literal data packet or compressed data
   packet, but in theory other Symmetrically Encrypted Data packets or
   sequences of packets that form whole OpenPGP messages).

   This packet is obsolete.  An implementation MUST NOT create this
   packet.  An implementation MAY process such a packet but it MUST
   return a clear diagnostic that a non-integrity protected packet has
   been processed.  The implementation SHOULD also return an error in
   this case and stop processing.

   This packet format is impossible to handle safely in general because
   the ciphertext it provides is malleable.  See Section 15.1 about
   selecting a better OpenPGP encryption container that does not have
   this flaw.

   The body of this packet consists of:

   *  Encrypted data, the output of the selected symmetric-key cipher
      operating in OpenPGP's variant of Cipher Feedback (CFB) mode.

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   The symmetric cipher used may be specified in a Public-Key or
   Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key packet that precedes the
   Symmetrically Encrypted Data packet.  In that case, the cipher
   algorithm octet is prefixed to the session key before it is
   encrypted.  If no packets of these types precede the encrypted data,
   the IDEA algorithm is used with the session key calculated as the MD5
   hash of the passphrase, though this use is deprecated.

   The data is encrypted in CFB mode, with a CFB shift size equal to the
   cipher's block size.  The Initial Vector (IV) is specified as all
   zeros.  Instead of using an IV, OpenPGP prefixes a string of length
   equal to the block size of the cipher plus two to the data before it
   is encrypted.  The first block-size octets (for example, 8 octets for
   a 64-bit block length) are random, and the following two octets are
   copies of the last two octets of the IV.  For example, in an 8-octet
   block, octet 9 is a repeat of octet 7, and octet 10 is a repeat of
   octet 8.  In a cipher of length 16, octet 17 is a repeat of octet 15
   and octet 18 is a repeat of octet 16.  As a pedantic clarification,
   in both these examples, we consider the first octet to be numbered 1.

   After encrypting the first block-size-plus-two octets, the CFB state
   is resynchronized.  The last block-size octets of ciphertext are
   passed through the cipher and the block boundary is reset.

   The repetition of 16 bits in the random data prefixed to the message
   allows the receiver to immediately check whether the session key is
   incorrect.  See Section 15 for hints on the proper use of this "quick
   check".

5.9.  Marker Packet (Tag 10)

   The body of this packet consists of:

   *  The three octets 0x50, 0x47, 0x50 (which spell "PGP" in UTF-8).

   Such a packet MUST be ignored when received.

5.10.  Literal Data Packet (Tag 11)

   A Literal Data packet contains the body of a message; data that is
   not to be further interpreted.

   The body of this packet consists of:

   *  A one-octet field that describes how the data is formatted.

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      If it is a b (0x62), then the Literal packet contains binary data.
      If it is a u (0x75), then the Literal packet contains UTF-
      8-encoded text data, and thus may need line ends converted to
      local form, or other text mode changes.

      Older versions of OpenPGP used t (0x74) to indicate textual data,
      but did not specify the character encoding.  Implementations
      SHOULD NOT emit this value.  An implementation that receives a
      literal data packet with this value in the format field SHOULD
      interpret the packet data as UTF-8 encoded text, unless reliable
      (not attacker-controlled) context indicates a specific alternate
      text encoding.  This mode is deprecated due to its ambiguity.

      Early versions of PGP also defined a value of l as a 'local' mode
      for machine-local conversions.  [RFC1991] incorrectly stated this
      local mode flag as 1 (ASCII numeral one).  Both of these local
      modes are deprecated.

   *  File name as a string (one-octet length, followed by a file name).
      This may be a zero-length string.  Commonly, if the source of the
      encrypted data is a file, this will be the name of the encrypted
      file.  An implementation MAY consider the file name in the Literal
      packet to be a more authoritative name than the actual file name.

   *  A four-octet number that indicates a date associated with the
      literal data.  Commonly, the date might be the modification date
      of a file, or the time the packet was created, or a zero that
      indicates no specific time.

   *  The remainder of the packet is literal data.

      Text data is stored with <CR><LF> text endings (that is, network-
      normal line endings).  These should be converted to native line
      endings by the receiving software.

   Note that OpenPGP signatures do not include the formatting octet, the
   file name, and the date field of the literal packet in a signature
   hash and thus those fields are not protected against tampering in a
   signed document.  A receiving implementation MUST NOT treat those
   fields as though they were cryptographically secured by the
   surrounding signature either when representing them to the user or
   acting on them.

   Due to their inherent malleability, an implementation that generates
   a literal data packet SHOULD avoid storing any significant data in
   these fields.  If the implementation is certain that the data is
   textual and is encoded with UTF-8 (for example, if it will follow
   this literal data packet with a signature packet of type 0x01 (see

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   Section 5.2.1), it MAY set the format octet to u.  Otherwise, it
   SHOULD set the format octet to b.  It SHOULD set the filename to the
   empty string (encoded as a single zero octet), and the timestamp to
   zero (encoded as four zero octets).

   An application that wishes to include such filesystem metadata within
   a signature is advised to sign an encapsulated archive (for example,
   [PAX]).

   An implementation that generates a Literal Data packet MUST use the
   OpenPGP format for packet framing (see Section 4.2.1).  It MUST NOT
   generate a Literal Data packet with Legacy format (Section 4.2.2)

   An implementation that deals with either historic data or data
   generated by legacy implementations MAY interpret Literal Data
   packets that use the Legacy format for packet framing.

5.10.1.  Special Filename _CONSOLE (Deprecated)

   The Literal Data packet's filename field has a historical special
   case for the special name _CONSOLE.  When the filename field is
   _CONSOLE, the message is considered to be "for your eyes only".  This
   advises that the message data is unusually sensitive, and the
   receiving program should process it more carefully, perhaps avoiding
   storing the received data to disk, for example.

   An OpenPGP deployment that generates literal data packets MUST NOT
   depend on this indicator being honored in any particular way.  It
   cannot be enforced, and the field itself is not covered by any
   cryptographic signature.

   It is NOT RECOMMENDED to use this special filename in a newly-
   generated literal data packet.

5.11.  Trust Packet (Tag 12)

   The Trust packet is used only within keyrings and is not normally
   exported.  Trust packets contain data that record the user's
   specifications of which key holders are trustworthy introducers,
   along with other information that implementing software uses for
   trust information.  The format of Trust packets is defined by a given
   implementation.

   Trust packets SHOULD NOT be emitted to output streams that are
   transferred to other users, and they SHOULD be ignored on any input
   other than local keyring files.

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5.12.  User ID Packet (Tag 13)

   A User ID packet consists of UTF-8 text that is intended to represent
   the name and email address of the key holder.  By convention, it
   includes an [RFC2822] mail name-addr, but there are no restrictions
   on its content.  The packet length in the header specifies the length
   of the User ID.

5.13.  User Attribute Packet (Tag 17)

   The User Attribute packet is a variation of the User ID packet.  It
   is capable of storing more types of data than the User ID packet,
   which is limited to text.  Like the User ID packet, a User Attribute
   packet may be certified by the key owner ("self-signed") or any other
   key owner who cares to certify it.  Except as noted, a User Attribute
   packet may be used anywhere that a User ID packet may be used.

   While User Attribute packets are not a required part of the OpenPGP
   standard, implementations SHOULD provide at least enough
   compatibility to properly handle a certification signature on the
   User Attribute packet.  A simple way to do this is by treating the
   User Attribute packet as a User ID packet with opaque contents, but
   an implementation may use any method desired.

   The User Attribute packet is made up of one or more attribute
   subpackets.  Each subpacket consists of a subpacket header and a
   body.  The header consists of:

   *  the subpacket length (1, 2, or 5 octets)

   *  the subpacket type (1 octet)

   and is followed by the subpacket specific data.

   The following table lists the currently known subpackets:

                  +=========+===========================+
                  |    Type | Attribute Subpacket       |
                  +=========+===========================+
                  |       1 | Image Attribute Subpacket |
                  +---------+---------------------------+
                  | 100-110 | Private/Experimental Use  |
                  +---------+---------------------------+

                   Table 15: User Attribute type registry

   An implementation SHOULD ignore any subpacket of a type that it does
   not recognize.

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5.13.1.  The Image Attribute Subpacket

   The Image Attribute subpacket is used to encode an image, presumably
   (but not required to be) that of the key owner.

   The Image Attribute subpacket begins with an image header.  The first
   two octets of the image header contain the length of the image
   header.  Note that unlike other multi-octet numerical values in this
   document, due to a historical accident this value is encoded as a
   little-endian number.  The image header length is followed by a
   single octet for the image header version.  The only currently
   defined version of the image header is 1, which is a 16-octet image
   header.  The first three octets of a version 1 image header are thus
   0x10, 0x00, 0x01.

   The fourth octet of a version 1 image header designates the encoding
   format of the image.  The only currently defined encoding format is
   the value 1 to indicate JPEG.  Image format types 100 through 110 are
   reserved for private or experimental use.  The rest of the version 1
   image header is made up of 12 reserved octets, all of which MUST be
   set to 0.

   The rest of the image subpacket contains the image itself.  As the
   only currently defined image type is JPEG, the image is encoded in
   the JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF), a standard file format for
   JPEG images [JFIF].

   An implementation MAY try to determine the type of an image by
   examination of the image data if it is unable to handle a particular
   version of the image header or if a specified encoding format value
   is not recognized.

5.14.  Sym. Encrypted Integrity Protected Data Packet (Tag 18)

   This packet contains integrity protected and encrypted data.  When it
   has been decrypted, it will contain other packets forming an OpenPGP
   Message (see Section 11.3).

   The first octet of this packet is always used to indicate the version
   number, but different versions contain differently-structured
   ciphertext.  Version 1 of this packet contains data encrypted with a
   symmetric-key algorithm and protected against modification by the
   SHA-1 hash algorithm.  This is a legacy OpenPGP mechanism that offers
   some protections against ciphertext malleability.

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   Version 2 of this packet contains data encrypted with an
   authenticated encryption and additional data (AEAD) construction.
   This offers a more cryptographically rigorous defense against
   ciphertext malleability, but may not be as widely supported yet.  See
   Section 15.1 for more details on choosing between these formats.

5.14.1.  Version 1 Sym. Encrypted Integrity Protected Data Packet Format

   A version 1 Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data packet
   consists of:

   *  A one-octet version number with value 1.

   *  Encrypted data, the output of the selected symmetric-key cipher
      operating in Cipher Feedback mode with shift amount equal to the
      block size of the cipher (CFB-n where n is the block size).

   The symmetric cipher used MUST be specified in a Public-Key or
   Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key packet that precedes the
   Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data packet.  In either
   case, the cipher algorithm octet is prefixed to the session key
   before it is encrypted.

   The data is encrypted in CFB mode, with a CFB shift size equal to the
   cipher's block size.  The Initial Vector (IV) is specified as all
   zeros.  Instead of using an IV, OpenPGP prefixes an octet string to
   the data before it is encrypted.  The length of the octet string
   equals the block size of the cipher in octets, plus two.  The first
   octets in the group, of length equal to the block size of the cipher,
   are random; the last two octets are each copies of their 2nd
   preceding octet.  For example, with a cipher whose block size is 128
   bits or 16 octets, the prefix data will contain 16 random octets,
   then two more octets, which are copies of the 15th and 16th octets,
   respectively.  Unlike the Symmetrically Encrypted Data Packet, no
   special CFB resynchronization is done after encrypting this prefix
   data.  See Section 14.9 for more details.

   The repetition of 16 bits in the random data prefixed to the message
   allows the receiver to immediately check whether the session key is
   incorrect.

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   Two constant octets with the values 0xD3 and 0x14 are appended to the
   plaintext.  Then, the plaintext of the data to be encrypted is passed
   through the SHA-1 hash function.  The input to the hash function
   includes the prefix data described above; it includes all of the
   plaintext, including the trailing constant octets 0xD3, 0x14.  The 20
   octets of the SHA-1 hash are then appended to the plaintext (after
   the constant octets 0xD3, 0x14) and encrypted along with the
   plaintext using the same CFB context.  This trailing checksum is
   known as the Modification Detection Code (MDC).

   During decryption, the plaintext data should be hashed with SHA-1,
   including the prefix data as well as the trailing constant octets
   0xD3, 0x14, but excluding the last 20 octets containing the SHA-1
   hash.  The computed SHA-1 hash is then compared with the last 20
   octets of plaintext.  A mismatch of the hash indicates that the
   message has been modified and MUST be treated as a security problem.
   Any failure SHOULD be reported to the user.

      NON-NORMATIVE EXPLANATION

      The Modification Detection Code (MDC) system, as the integrity
      protection mechanism of version 1 of the Symmetrically Encrypted
      Integrity Protected Data packet is called, was created to provide
      an integrity mechanism that is less strong than a signature, yet
      stronger than bare CFB encryption.

      It is a limitation of CFB encryption that damage to the ciphertext
      will corrupt the affected cipher blocks and the block following.
      Additionally, if data is removed from the end of a CFB-encrypted
      block, that removal is undetectable.  (Note also that CBC mode has
      a similar limitation, but data removed from the front of the block
      is undetectable.)

      The obvious way to protect or authenticate an encrypted block is
      to digitally sign it.  However, many people do not wish to
      habitually sign data, for a large number of reasons beyond the
      scope of this document.  Suffice it to say that many people
      consider properties such as deniability to be as valuable as
      integrity.

      OpenPGP addresses this desire to have more security than raw
      encryption and yet preserve deniability with the MDC system.  An
      MDC is intentionally not a MAC.  Its name was not selected by
      accident.  It is analogous to a checksum.

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      Despite the fact that it is a relatively modest system, it has
      proved itself in the real world.  It is an effective defense to
      several attacks that have surfaced since it has been created.  It
      has met its modest goals admirably.

      Consequently, because it is a modest security system, it has
      modest requirements on the hash function(s) it employs.  It does
      not rely on a hash function being collision-free, it relies on a
      hash function being one-way.  If a forger, Frank, wishes to send
      Alice a (digitally) unsigned message that says, "I've always
      secretly loved you, signed Bob", it is far easier for him to
      construct a new message than it is to modify anything intercepted
      from Bob.  (Note also that if Bob wishes to communicate secretly
      with Alice, but without authentication or identification and with
      a threat model that includes forgers, he has a problem that
      transcends mere cryptography.)

      Note also that unlike nearly every other OpenPGP subsystem, there
      are no parameters in the MDC system.  It hard-defines SHA-1 as its
      hash function.  This is not an accident.  It is an intentional
      choice to avoid downgrade and cross-grade attacks while making a
      simple, fast system.  (A downgrade attack would be an attack that
      replaced SHA2-256 with SHA-1, for example.  A cross-grade attack
      would replace SHA-1 with another 160-bit hash, such as RIPE-
      MD/160, for example.)

      However, no update will be needed because the MDC has been
      replaced by the AEAD encryption described in this document.

5.14.2.  Version 2 Sym. Encrypted Integrity Protected Data Packet Format

   A version 2 Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data packet
   consists of:

   *  A one-octet version number with value 2.

   *  A one-octet cipher algorithm.

   *  A one-octet AEAD algorithm.

   *  A one-octet chunk size.

   *  Thirty-two octets of salt.  The salt is used to derive the message
      key and must be unique.

   *  Encrypted data, the output of the selected symmetric-key cipher
      operating in the given AEAD mode.

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   *  A final, summary authentication tag for the AEAD mode.

   The decrypted session key and the salt are used to derive an M-bit
   message key and N-64 bits used as initialization vector, where M is
   the key size of the symmetric algorithm and N is the nonce size of
   the AEAD algorithm.  M + N - 64 bits are derived using HKDF (see
   [RFC5869]).  The left-most M bits are used as symmetric algorithm
   key, the remaining N - 64 bits are used as initialization vector.
   HKDF is used with SHA256 as hash algorithm, the session key as
   Initial Keying Material (IKM), the salt as salt, and the Packet Tag
   in OpenPGP format encoding (bits 7 and 6 set, bits 5-0 carry the
   packet tag), version number, cipher algorithm octet, AEAD algorithm
   octet, and chunk size octet as info parameter.

   The KDF mechanism provides key separation between cipher and AEAD
   algorithms.  Furthermore, an implementation can securely reply to a
   message even if a recipients certificate is unknown by reusing the
   encrypted session key packets and replying with a different salt
   yielding a new, unique message key.

   A v2 SEIPD packet consists of one or more chunks of data.  The
   plaintext of each chunk is of a size specified using the chunk size
   octet using the method specified below.

   The encrypted data consists of the encryption of each chunk of
   plaintext, followed immediately by the relevant authentication tag.
   If the last chunk of plaintext is smaller than the chunk size, the
   ciphertext for that data may be shorter; it is nevertheless followed
   by a full authentication tag.

   For each chunk, the AEAD construction is given the Packet Tag in
   OpenPGP format encoding (bits 7 and 6 set, bits 5-0 carry the packet
   tag), version number, cipher algorithm octet, AEAD algorithm octet,
   and chunk size octet as additional data.  For example, the additional
   data of the first chunk using EAX and AES-128 with a chunk size of
   2**16 octets consists of the octets 0xD2, 0x02, 0x07, 0x01, and 0x10.

   After the final chunk, the AEAD algorithm is used to produce a final
   authentication tag encrypting the empty string.  This AEAD instance
   is given the additional data specified above, plus an eight-octet,
   big-endian value specifying the total number of plaintext octets
   encrypted.  This allows detection of a truncated ciphertext.

   The chunk size octet specifies the size of chunks using the following
   formula (in C), where c is the chunk size octet:

     chunk_size = ((uint64_t)1 << (c + 6))

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   An implementation MUST accept chunk size octets with values from 0 to
   16.  An implementation MUST NOT create data with a chunk size octet
   value larger than 16 (4 MiB chunks).

   The nonce for AEAD mode consists of two parts.  Let N be the size of
   the nonce.  The left-most N - 64 bits are the initialization vector
   derived using HKDF.  The right-most 64 bits are the chunk index as
   big-endian value.  The index of the first chunk is zero.

5.14.3.  EAX Mode

   The EAX AEAD Algorithm used in this document is defined in [EAX].

   The EAX algorithm can only use block ciphers with 16-octet blocks.
   The nonce is 16 octets long.  EAX authentication tags are 16 octets
   long.

5.14.4.  OCB Mode

   The OCB AEAD Algorithm used in this document is defined in [RFC7253].

   The OCB algorithm can only use block ciphers with 16-octet blocks.
   The nonce is 15 octets long.  OCB authentication tags are 16 octets
   long.

5.14.5.  GCM Mode

   The GCM AEAD Algorithm used in this document is defined in
   [SP800-38D].

   The GCM algorithm can only use block ciphers with 16-octet blocks.
   The nonce is 12 octets long.  GCM authentication tags are 16 octets
   long.

5.15.  Padding Packet (Tag 21)

   The Padding packet contains random data, and can be used to defend
   against traffic analysis (see Section 15.4) on version 2 SEIPD
   messages (see Section 5.14.2) and Transferable Public Keys (see
   Section 11.1).

   Such a packet MUST be ignored when received.

   Its contents SHOULD be random octets to make the length obfuscation
   it provides more robust even when compressed.

   An implementation adding padding to an OpenPGP stream SHOULD place
   such a packet:

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   *  At the end of a v5 Transferable Public Key that is transferred
      over an encrypted channel (see Section 11.1).

   *  As the last packet of an Optionally Padded Message within a
      version 2 Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data Packet
      (see Section 11.3.1).

   An implementation MUST be able to process padding packets anywhere
   else in an OpenPGP stream, so that future revisions of this document
   may specify further locations for padding.

   Policy about how large to make such a packet to defend against
   traffic analysis is beyond the scope of this document.

6.  Radix-64 Conversions

   As stated in the introduction, OpenPGP's underlying native
   representation for objects is a stream of arbitrary octets, and some
   systems desire these objects to be immune to damage caused by
   character set translation, data conversions, etc.

   In principle, any printable encoding scheme that met the requirements
   of the unsafe channel would suffice, since it would not change the
   underlying binary bit streams of the native OpenPGP data structures.
   The OpenPGP standard specifies one such printable encoding scheme to
   ensure interoperability.

   OpenPGP's Radix-64 encoding is composed of two parts: a base64
   encoding of the binary data and an optional checksum.  The base64
   encoding is identical to the MIME base64 content-transfer-encoding
   [RFC2045].

   The optional checksum is a 24-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
   converted to four characters of radix-64 encoding by the same MIME
   base64 transformation, preceded by an equal sign (=).  The CRC is
   computed by using the generator 0x864CFB and an initialization of
   0xB704CE.  The accumulation is done on the data before it is
   converted to radix-64, rather than on the converted data.  A sample
   implementation of this algorithm is in Section 6.1.

   If present, the checksum with its leading equal sign MUST appear on
   the next line after the base64 encoded data.

   Rationale for CRC-24: The size of 24 bits fits evenly into printable
   base64.  The nonzero initialization can detect more errors than a
   zero initialization.

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6.1.  An Implementation of the CRC-24 in "C"

   #define CRC24_INIT 0xB704CEL
   #define CRC24_GENERATOR 0x864CFBL

   typedef unsigned long crc24;
   crc24 crc_octets(unsigned char *octets, size_t len)
   {
       crc24 crc = CRC24_INIT;
       int i;
       while (len--) {
           crc ^= (*octets++) << 16;
           for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
               crc <<= 1;
               if (crc & 0x1000000) {
                   crc &= 0xffffff; /* Clear bit 25 to avoid overflow */
                   crc ^= CRC24_GENERATOR;
               }
           }
       }
       return crc & 0xFFFFFFL;
   }

6.2.  Forming ASCII Armor

   When OpenPGP encodes data into ASCII Armor, it puts specific headers
   around the Radix-64 encoded data, so OpenPGP can reconstruct the data
   later.  An OpenPGP implementation MAY use ASCII armor to protect raw
   binary data.  OpenPGP informs the user what kind of data is encoded
   in the ASCII armor through the use of the headers.

   Concatenating the following data creates ASCII Armor:

   *  An Armor Header Line, appropriate for the type of data

   *  Armor Headers

   *  A blank (zero-length, or containing only whitespace) line

   *  The ASCII-Armored data

   *  An Armor Checksum

   *  The Armor Tail, which depends on the Armor Header Line

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   An Armor Header Line consists of the appropriate header line text
   surrounded by five (5) dashes (-, 0x2D) on either side of the header
   line text.  The header line text is chosen based upon the type of
   data that is being encoded in Armor, and how it is being encoded.
   Header line texts include the following strings:

   BEGIN PGP MESSAGE
      Used for signed, encrypted, or compressed files.

   BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK
      Used for armoring public keys.

   BEGIN PGP PRIVATE KEY BLOCK
      Used for armoring private keys.

   BEGIN PGP MESSAGE, PART X/Y
      Used for multi-part messages, where the armor is split amongst Y
      parts, and this is the Xth part out of Y.

   BEGIN PGP MESSAGE, PART X
      Used for multi-part messages, where this is the Xth part of an
      unspecified number of parts.  Requires the MESSAGE-ID Armor Header
      to be used.

   BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE
      Used for detached signatures, OpenPGP/MIME signatures, and
      cleartext signatures.

   Note that all these Armor Header Lines are to consist of a complete
   line.  That is to say, there is always a line ending preceding the
   starting five dashes, and following the ending five dashes.  The
   header lines, therefore, MUST start at the beginning of a line, and
   MUST NOT have text other than whitespace following them on the same
   line.  These line endings are considered a part of the Armor Header
   Line for the purposes of determining the content they delimit.  This
   is particularly important when computing a cleartext signature (see
   Section 7).

   The Armor Headers are pairs of strings that can give the user or the
   receiving OpenPGP implementation some information about how to decode
   or use the message.  The Armor Headers are a part of the armor, not a
   part of the message, and hence are not protected by any signatures
   applied to the message.

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   The format of an Armor Header is that of a key-value pair.  A colon
   (: 0x38) and a single space (0x20) separate the key and value.
   OpenPGP should consider improperly formatted Armor Headers to be
   corruption of the ASCII Armor.  Unknown keys should be reported to
   the user, but OpenPGP should continue to process the message.

   Note that some transport methods are sensitive to line length.  While
   there is a limit of 76 characters for the Radix-64 data
   (Section 6.3), there is no limit to the length of Armor Headers.
   Care should be taken that the Armor Headers are short enough to
   survive transport.  One way to do this is to repeat an Armor Header
   Key multiple times with different values for each so that no one line
   is overly long.

   Currently defined Armor Header Keys are as follows:

   *  "Version", which states the OpenPGP implementation and version
      used to encode the message.  To minimize metadata, implementations
      SHOULD NOT emit this key and its corresponding value except for
      debugging purposes with explicit user consent.

   *  "Comment", a user-defined comment.  OpenPGP defines all text to be
      in UTF-8.  A comment may be any UTF-8 string.  However, the whole
      point of armoring is to provide seven-bit-clean data.
      Consequently, if a comment has characters that are outside the US-
      ASCII range of UTF, they may very well not survive transport.

   *  "MessageID", a 32-character string of printable characters.  The
      string must be the same for all parts of a multi-part message that
      uses the "PART X" Armor Header.  MessageID strings should be
      unique enough that the recipient of the mail can associate all the
      parts of a message with each other.  A good checksum or
      cryptographic hash function is sufficient.

      The MessageID SHOULD NOT appear unless it is in a multi-part
      message.  If it appears at all, it MUST be computed from the
      finished (encrypted, signed, etc.) message in a deterministic
      fashion, rather than contain a purely random value.  This is to
      allow the legitimate recipient to determine that the MessageID
      cannot serve as a covert means of leaking cryptographic key
      information.

   *  "Hash", a comma-separated list of hash algorithms used in this
      message.  This is used only in cleartext signed messages.

   *  "SaltedHash", a salt and hash algorithm used in this message.
      This is used only in cleartext signed messages that are followed
      by a v5 Signature.

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   *  "Charset", a description of the character set that the plaintext
      is in.  Please note that OpenPGP defines text to be in UTF-8.  An
      implementation will get best results by translating into and out
      of UTF-8.  However, there are many instances where this is easier
      said than done.  Also, there are communities of users who have no
      need for UTF-8 because they are all happy with a character set
      like ISO Latin-5 or a Japanese character set.  In such instances,
      an implementation MAY override the UTF-8 default by using this
      header key.  An implementation MAY implement this key and any
      translations it cares to; an implementation MAY ignore it and
      assume all text is UTF-8.

   The Armor Tail Line is composed in the same manner as the Armor
   Header Line, except the string "BEGIN" is replaced by the string
   "END".

6.3.  Encoding Binary in Radix-64

   The encoding process represents 24-bit groups of input bits as output
   strings of 4 encoded characters.  Proceeding from left to right, a
   24-bit input group is formed by concatenating three 8-bit input
   groups.  These 24 bits are then treated as four concatenated 6-bit
   groups, each of which is translated into a single digit in the
   Radix-64 alphabet.  When encoding a bit stream with the Radix-64
   encoding, the bit stream must be presumed to be ordered with the most
   significant bit first.  That is, the first bit in the stream will be
   the high-order bit in the first 8-bit octet, and the eighth bit will
   be the low-order bit in the first 8-bit octet, and so on.

   ┌──first octet──┬─second octet──┬──third octet──┐
   │7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0│7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0│7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0│
   ├───────────┬───┴───────┬───────┴───┬───────────┤
   │5 4 3 2 1 0│5 4 3 2 1 0│5 4 3 2 1 0│5 4 3 2 1 0│
   └──1.index──┴──2.index──┴──3.index──┴──4.index──┘

   Each 6-bit group is used as an index into an array of 64 printable
   characters from the table below.  The character referenced by the
   index is placed in the output string.

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   +=====+========++=====+=========++=====+==========++=====+==========+
   |Value|Encoding||Value|Encoding ||Value| Encoding ||Value| Encoding |
   +=====+========++=====+=========++=====+==========++=====+==========+
   |    0|A       ||   17|R        ||   34| i        ||   51| z        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |    1|B       ||   18|S        ||   35| j        ||   52| 0        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |    2|C       ||   19|T        ||   36| k        ||   53| 1        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |    3|D       ||   20|U        ||   37| l        ||   54| 2        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |    4|E       ||   21|V        ||   38| m        ||   55| 3        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |    5|F       ||   22|W        ||   39| n        ||   56| 4        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |    6|G       ||   23|X        ||   40| o        ||   57| 5        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |    7|H       ||   24|Y        ||   41| p        ||   58| 6        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |    8|I       ||   25|Z        ||   42| q        ||   59| 7        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |    9|J       ||   26|a        ||   43| r        ||   60| 8        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |   10|K       ||   27|b        ||   44| s        ||   61| 9        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |   11|L       ||   28|c        ||   45| t        ||   62| +        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |   12|M       ||   29|d        ||   46| u        ||   63| /        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |   13|N       ||   30|e        ||   47| v        ||     |          |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |   14|O       ||   31|f        ||   48| w        ||(pad)| =        |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |   15|P       ||   32|g        ||   49| x        ||     |          |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+
   |   16|Q       ||   33|h        ||   50| y        ||     |          |
   +-----+--------++-----+---------++-----+----------++-----+----------+

                      Table 16: Encoding for Radix-64

   The encoded output stream must be represented in lines of no more
   than 76 characters each.

   Special processing is performed if fewer than 24 bits are available
   at the end of the data being encoded.  There are three possibilities:

   1.  The last data group has 24 bits (3 octets).  No special
       processing is needed.

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   2.  The last data group has 16 bits (2 octets).  The first two 6-bit
       groups are processed as above.  The third (incomplete) data group
       has two zero-value bits added to it, and is processed as above.
       A pad character (=) is added to the output.

   3.  The last data group has 8 bits (1 octet).  The first 6-bit group
       is processed as above.  The second (incomplete) data group has
       four zero-value bits added to it, and is processed as above.  Two
       pad characters (=) are added to the output.

6.4.  Decoding Radix-64

   In Radix-64 data, characters other than those in the table, line
   breaks, and other white space probably indicate a transmission error,
   about which a warning message or even a message rejection might be
   appropriate under some circumstances.  Decoding software must ignore
   all white space.

   Because it is used only for padding at the end of the data, the
   occurrence of any "=" characters may be taken as evidence that the
   end of the data has been reached (without truncation in transit).  No
   such assurance is possible, however, when the number of octets
   transmitted was a multiple of three and no "=" characters are
   present.

6.5.  Examples of Radix-64

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   Input data:  0x14FB9C03D97E
   Hex:     1   4    F   B    9   C     | 0   3    D   9    7   E
   8-bit:   00010100 11111011 10011100  | 00000011 11011001 01111110
   6-bit:   000101 001111 101110 011100 | 000000 111101 100101 111110
   Decimal: 5      15     46     28       0      61     37     62
   Output:  F      P      u      c        A      9      l      +
   Input data:  0x14FB9C03D9
   Hex:     1   4    F   B    9   C     | 0   3    D   9
   8-bit:   00010100 11111011 10011100  | 00000011 11011001
                                                   pad with 00
   6-bit:   000101 001111 101110 011100 | 000000 111101 100100
   Decimal: 5      15     46     28       0      61     36
                                                      pad with =
   Output:  F      P      u      c        A      9      k      =
   Input data:  0x14FB9C03
   Hex:     1   4    F   B    9   C     | 0   3
   8-bit:   00010100 11111011 10011100  | 00000011
                                          pad with 0000
   6-bit:   000101 001111 101110 011100 | 000000 110000
   Decimal: 5      15     46     28       0      48
                                               pad with =      =
   Output:  F      P      u      c        A      w      =      =

6.6.  Example of an ASCII Armored Message

   -----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----

   yDgBO22WxBHv7O8X7O/jygAEzol56iUKiXmV+XmpCtmpqQUKiQrFqclFqUDBovzS
   vBSFjNSiVHsuAA==
   =njUN
   -----END PGP MESSAGE-----

   Note that this example has extra indenting; an actual armored message
   would have no leading whitespace.

7.  Cleartext Signature Framework

   It is desirable to be able to sign a textual octet stream without
   ASCII armoring the stream itself, so the signed text is still
   readable without special software.  In order to bind a signature to
   such a cleartext, this framework is used, which follows the same
   basic format and restrictions as the ASCII armoring described in
   Section 6.2.  (Note that this framework is not intended to be
   reversible.  [RFC3156] defines another way to sign cleartext messages
   for environments that support MIME.)

   The cleartext signed message consists of:

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   *  The cleartext header -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- on a
      single line,

   *  If the message is signed using v3 or v4 Signatures, one or more
      "Hash" Armor Headers,

   *  If the message is signed using v5 Signatures, one or more
      "SaltedHash" Armor Headers,

   *  Exactly one empty line not included into the message digest,

   *  The dash-escaped cleartext that is included into the message
      digest,

   *  The ASCII armored signature(s) including the -----BEGIN PGP
      SIGNATURE----- Armor Header and Armor Tail Lines.

   If the "Hash" Armor Header is given, the specified message digest
   algorithm(s) are used for the signature.  If more than one message
   digest is used in the signature, the "Hash" armor header contains a
   comma-delimited list of used message digests.

   If the "SaltedHash" Armor Header is given, the specified message
   digest algorithm and salt are used for a signature.  The message
   digest name is followed by a colon (:) followed by 22 characters of
   Radix-64 encoded salt without padding.  Note: The "SaltedHash" Armor
   Header contains digest algorithm and salt for a single signature; a
   second signature requires a second "SaltedHash" Armor Header.

   Current message digest names are described with the algorithm IDs in
   Section 9.5.

   An implementation SHOULD add a line break after the cleartext, but
   MAY omit it if the cleartext ends with a line break.  This is for
   visual clarity.

7.1.  Dash-Escaped Text

   The cleartext content of the message must also be dash-escaped.

   Dash-escaped cleartext is the ordinary cleartext where every line
   starting with a "-" (HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D) is prefixed by the
   sequence "-" (HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D) and " " (SPACE, U+0020).  This
   prevents the parser from recognizing armor headers of the cleartext
   itself.  An implementation MAY dash-escape any line, SHOULD dash-
   escape lines commencing "From" followed by a space, and MUST dash-
   escape any line commencing in a dash.  The message digest is computed
   using the cleartext itself, not the dash-escaped form.

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   As with binary signatures on text documents, a cleartext signature is
   calculated on the text using canonical <CR><LF> line endings.  The
   line ending (that is, the <CR><LF>) before the -----BEGIN PGP
   SIGNATURE----- line that terminates the signed text is not considered
   part of the signed text.

   When reversing dash-escaping, an implementation MUST strip the string
   - if it occurs at the beginning of a line, and SHOULD warn on - and
   any character other than a space at the beginning of a line.

   Also, any trailing whitespace --- spaces (0x20) and tabs (0x09) ---
   at the end of any line is removed when the cleartext signature is
   generated.

8.  Regular Expressions

   A regular expression is zero or more branches, separated by |. It
   matches anything that matches one of the branches.

   A branch is zero or more pieces, concatenated.  It matches a match
   for the first, followed by a match for the second, etc.

   A piece is an atom possibly followed by *, +, or ?. An atom followed
   by * matches a sequence of 0 or more matches of the atom.  An atom
   followed by + matches a sequence of 1 or more matches of the atom.
   An atom followed by ? matches a match of the atom, or the null
   string.

   An atom is a regular expression in parentheses (matching a match for
   the regular expression), a range (see below), . (matching any single
   character), ^ (matching the null string at the beginning of the input
   string), $ (matching the null string at the end of the input string),
   a \ followed by a single character (matching that character), or a
   single character with no other significance (matching that
   character).

   A range is a sequence of characters enclosed in [].  It normally
   matches any single character from the sequence.  If the sequence
   begins with ^, it matches any single character not from the rest of
   the sequence.  If two characters in the sequence are separated by -,
   this is shorthand for the full list of ASCII characters between them
   (for example, [0-9] matches any decimal digit).  To include a literal
   ] in the sequence, make it the first character (following a possible
   ^).  To include a literal -, make it the first or last character.

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9.  Constants

   This section describes the constants used in OpenPGP.

   Note that these tables are not exhaustive lists; an implementation
   MAY implement an algorithm not on these lists, so long as the
   algorithm numbers are chosen from the private or experimental
   algorithm range.

   See Section 14 for more discussion of the algorithms.

9.1.  Public-Key Algorithms

   +===+==============+===========+============+===========+===========+
   | ID|Algorithm     |Public Key |Secret Key  | Signature |PKESK      |
   |   |              |Format     |Format      | Format    |Format     |
   +===+==============+===========+============+===========+===========+
   |  1|RSA (Encrypt  |MPI(n),    |MPI(d),     | MPI(m**d  |MPI(m**e   |
   |   |or Sign) [HAC]|MPI(e)     |MPI(p),     | mod n)    |mod n)     |
   |   |              |[Section   |MPI(q),     | [Section  |[Section   |
   |   |              |5.6.1]     |MPI(u)      | 5.2.3.1]  |5.1.3]     |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+
   |  2|RSA Encrypt-  |MPI(n),    |MPI(d),     | N/A       |MPI(m**e   |
   |   |Only [HAC]    |MPI(e)     |MPI(p),     |           |mod n)     |
   |   |              |[Section   |MPI(q),     |           |[Section   |
   |   |              |5.6.1]     |MPI(u)      |           |5.1.3]     |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+
   |  3|RSA Sign-Only |MPI(n),    |MPI(d),     | MPI(m**d  |N/A        |
   |   |[HAC]         |MPI(e)     |MPI(p),     | mod n)    |           |
   |   |              |[Section   |MPI(q),     | [Section  |           |
   |   |              |5.6.1]     |MPI(u)      | 5.2.3.1]  |           |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+
   | 16|Elgamal       |MPI(p),    |MPI(x)      | N/A       |MPI(g**k   |
   |   |(Encrypt-Only)|MPI(g),    |            |           |mod p), MPI|
   |   |[ELGAMAL]     |MPI(y)     |            |           |(m * y**k  |
   |   |[HAC]         |[Section   |            |           |mod p)     |
   |   |              |5.6.3]     |            |           |[Section   |
   |   |              |           |            |           |5.1.4]     |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+
   | 17|DSA (Digital  |MPI(p),    |MPI(x)      | MPI(r),   |N/A        |
   |   |Signature     |MPI(q),    |            | MPI(s)    |           |
   |   |Algorithm)    |MPI(g),    |            | [Section  |           |
   |   |[FIPS186]     |MPI(y)     |            | 5.2.3.2]  |           |
   |   |[HAC]         |[Section   |            |           |           |
   |   |              |5.6.2]     |            |           |           |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+
   | 18|ECDH public   |OID,       |MPI(value in| N/A       |MPI(point  |
   |   |key algorithm |MPI(point  |curve-      |           |in curve-  |

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   |   |              |in curve-  |specific    |           |specific   |
   |   |              |specific   |format)     |           |point      |
   |   |              |point      |[Section    |           |format),   |
   |   |              |format),   |9.2.1]      |           |size octet,|
   |   |              |KDFParams  |            |           |encoded key|
   |   |              |[see       |            |           |[Section   |
   |   |              |Section    |            |           |9.2.1,     |
   |   |              |9.2.1,     |            |           |Section    |
   |   |              |Section    |            |           |5.1.5,     |
   |   |              |5.6.6]     |            |           |Section    |
   |   |              |           |            |           |13.5]      |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+
   | 19|ECDSA public  |OID,       |MPI(value)  | MPI(r),   |N/A        |
   |   |key algorithm |MPI(point  |            | MPI(s)    |           |
   |   |[FIPS186]     |in SEC1    |            | [Section  |           |
   |   |              |format)    |            | 5.2.3.2]  |           |
   |   |              |[Section   |            |           |           |
   |   |              |5.6.4]     |            |           |           |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+
   | 20|Reserved      |           |            |           |           |
   |   |(formerly     |           |            |           |           |
   |   |Elgamal       |           |            |           |           |
   |   |Encrypt or    |           |            |           |           |
   |   |Sign)         |           |            |           |           |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+
   | 21|Reserved for  |           |            |           |           |
   |   |Diffie-Hellman|           |            |           |           |
   |   |(X9.42, as    |           |            |           |           |
   |   |defined for   |           |            |           |           |
   |   |IETF-S/MIME)  |           |            |           |           |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+
   | 22|EdDSA         |OID,       |MPI(value in| MPI, MPI  |N/A        |
   |   |[RFC8032]     |MPI(point  |curve-      | [see      |           |
   |   |              |in prefixed|specific    | Section   |           |
   |   |              |native     |format) [see| 9.2.1,    |           |
   |   |              |format)    |Section     | Section   |           |
   |   |              |[see       |9.2.1]      | 5.2.3.3]  |           |
   |   |              |Section    |            |           |           |
   |   |              |13.2.2,    |            |           |           |
   |   |              |Section    |            |           |           |
   |   |              |5.6.5]     |            |           |           |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+
   | 23|Reserved      |           |            |           |           |
   |   |(AEDH)        |           |            |           |           |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+
   | 24|Reserved      |           |            |           |           |
   |   |(AEDSA)       |           |            |           |           |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+

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   |100|Private/      |           |            |           |           |
   | to|Experimental  |           |            |           |           |
   |110|algorithm     |           |            |           |           |
   +---+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+

                  Table 17: Public-key algorithm registry

   Implementations MUST implement EdDSA (19) for signatures, and ECDH
   (18) for encryption.  Implementations SHOULD implement RSA (1) for
   signatures and encryption.

   RSA Encrypt-Only (2) and RSA Sign-Only (3) are deprecated and SHOULD
   NOT be generated, but may be interpreted.  See Section 14.4.  See
   Section 14.8 for notes on Elgamal Encrypt or Sign (20), and X9.42
   (21).  Implementations MAY implement any other algorithm.

   Note that an implementation conforming to the previous version of
   this standard ([RFC4880]) have only DSA (17) and Elgamal (16) as its
   MUST-implement algorithms.

   A compatible specification of ECDSA is given in [RFC6090] as "KT-I
   Signatures" and in [SEC1]; ECDH is defined in Section 13.5 of this
   document.

9.2.  ECC Curves for OpenPGP

   The parameter curve OID is an array of octets that define a named
   curve.

   The table below specifies the exact sequence of octets for each named
   curve referenced in this document.  It also specifies which public
   key algorithms the curve can be used with, as well as the size of
   expected elements in octets:

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   +======================+===+==============+==========+======+=======+
   |ASN.1 Object          |OID|Curve OID     |Curve name|Usage |Field  |
   |Identifier            |len|octets in     |          |      |Size   |
   |                      |   |hexadecimal   |          |      |(fsize)|
   |                      |   |representation|          |      |       |
   +======================+===+==============+==========+======+=======+
   |1.2.840.10045.3.1.7   |8  |2A 86 48 CE 3D|NIST P-256|ECDSA,|32     |
   |                      |   |03 01 07      |          |ECDH  |       |
   +----------------------+---+--------------+----------+------+-------+
   |1.3.132.0.34          |5  |2B 81 04 00 22|NIST P-384|ECDSA,|48     |
   |                      |   |              |          |ECDH  |       |
   +----------------------+---+--------------+----------+------+-------+
   |1.3.132.0.35          |5  |2B 81 04 00 23|NIST P-521|ECDSA,|66     |
   |                      |   |              |          |ECDH  |       |
   +----------------------+---+--------------+----------+------+-------+
   |1.3.6.1.4.1.11591.15.1|9  |2B 06 01 04 01|Ed25519   |EdDSA |32     |
   |                      |   |DA 47 0F 01   |          |      |       |
   +----------------------+---+--------------+----------+------+-------+
   |1.3.101.113           |3  |2B 65 71      |Ed448     |EdDSA |57     |
   +----------------------+---+--------------+----------+------+-------+
   |1.3.6.1.4.1.3029.1.5.1|10 |2B 06 01 04 01|Curve25519|ECDH  |32     |
   |                      |   |97 55 01 05 01|          |      |       |
   +----------------------+---+--------------+----------+------+-------+
   |1.3.101.111           |3  |2B 65 6F      |X448      |ECDH  |56     |
   +----------------------+---+--------------+----------+------+-------+

                 Table 18: ECC Curve OID and usage registry

   The "Field Size (fsize)" column represents the field size of the
   group in number of octets, rounded up, such that x or y coordinates
   for a point on the curve, native point representations, or scalars
   with high enough entropy for the curve can be represented in that
   many octets.

   The sequence of octets in the third column is the result of applying
   the Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) to the ASN.1 Object Identifier
   with subsequent truncation.  The truncation removes the two fields of
   encoded Object Identifier.  The first omitted field is one octet
   representing the Object Identifier tag, and the second omitted field
   is the length of the Object Identifier body.  For example, the
   complete ASN.1 DER encoding for the NIST P-256 curve OID is "06 08 2A
   86 48 CE 3D 03 01 07", from which the first entry in the table above
   is constructed by omitting the first two octets.  Only the truncated
   sequence of octets is the valid representation of a curve OID.

   Implementations MUST implement Ed25519 for use with EdDSA, and
   Curve25519 for use with ECDH.  Implementations SHOULD implement Ed448
   for use with EdDSA, and X448 for use with ECDH.

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9.2.1.  Curve-Specific Wire Formats

   Some Elliptic Curve Public Key Algorithms use different conventions
   for specific fields depending on the curve in use.  Each field is
   always formatted as an MPI, but with a curve-specific framing.  This
   table summarizes those distinctions.

   +===========+========+============+========+=========+==============+
   |Curve      |ECDH    |ECDH Secret |EdDSA   |EdDSA    |EdDSA         |
   |           |Point   |Key MPI     |Secret  |Signature|Signature     |
   |           |Format  |            |Key MPI |first MPI|second MPI    |
   +===========+========+============+========+=========+==============+
   |NIST P-256 |SEC1    |integer     |N/A     |N/A      |N/A           |
   +-----------+--------+------------+--------+---------+--------------+
   |NIST P-384 |SEC1    |integer     |N/A     |N/A      |N/A           |
   +-----------+--------+------------+--------+---------+--------------+
   |NIST P-521 |SEC1    |integer     |N/A     |N/A      |N/A           |
   +-----------+--------+------------+--------+---------+--------------+
   |Ed25519    |N/A     |N/A         |32      |32 octets|32 octets of S|
   |           |        |            |octets  |of R     |              |
   |           |        |            |of      |         |              |
   |           |        |            |secret  |         |              |
   +-----------+--------+------------+--------+---------+--------------+
   |Ed448      |N/A     |N/A         |prefixed|prefixed |0 [this is an |
   |           |        |            |57      |114      |unused        |
   |           |        |            |octets  |octets of|placeholder]  |
   |           |        |            |of      |signature|              |
   |           |        |            |secret  |         |              |
   +-----------+--------+------------+--------+---------+--------------+
   |Curve25519 |prefixed|integer (see|N/A     |N/A      |N/A           |
   |           |native  |Section     |        |         |              |
   |           |        |5.6.6.1.1)  |        |         |              |
   +-----------+--------+------------+--------+---------+--------------+
   |X448       |prefixed|prefixed 56 |N/A     |N/A      |N/A           |
   |           |native  |octets of   |        |         |              |
   |           |        |secret      |        |         |              |
   +-----------+--------+------------+--------+---------+--------------+

                   Table 19: Curve-specific wire formats

   For the native octet-string forms of EdDSA values, see [RFC8032].
   For the native octet-string forms of ECDH secret scalars and points,
   see [RFC7748].

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9.3.  Symmetric-Key Algorithms

     +==========+====================================================+
     |       ID | Algorithm                                          |
     +==========+====================================================+
     |        0 | Plaintext or unencrypted data                      |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |        1 | IDEA [IDEA]                                        |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |        2 | TripleDES (DES-EDE, [SCHNEIER], [HAC] - 168 bit    |
     |          | key derived from 192)                              |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |        3 | CAST5 (128 bit key, as per [RFC2144])              |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |        4 | Blowfish (128 bit key, 16 rounds) [BLOWFISH]       |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |        5 | Reserved                                           |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |        6 | Reserved                                           |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |        7 | AES with 128-bit key [AES]                         |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |        8 | AES with 192-bit key                               |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |        9 | AES with 256-bit key                               |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |       10 | Twofish with 256-bit key [TWOFISH]                 |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |       11 | Camellia with 128-bit key [RFC3713]                |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |       12 | Camellia with 192-bit key                          |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |       13 | Camellia with 256-bit key                          |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     |   100 to | Private/Experimental algorithm                     |
     |      110 |                                                    |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+
     | 253, 254 | Reserved to avoid collision with Secret Key        |
     |  and 255 | Encryption (see Section 3.7.2.1 and Section 5.5.3) |
     +----------+----------------------------------------------------+

                 Table 20: Symmetric-key algorithm registry

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   Implementations MUST implement AES-128.  Implementations SHOULD
   implement AES-256.  Implementations MUST NOT encrypt data with IDEA,
   TripleDES, or CAST5.  Implementations MAY decrypt data that uses
   IDEA, TripleDES, or CAST5 for the sake of reading older messages or
   new messages from legacy clients.  Implementations MAY implement any
   other algorithm.

9.4.  Compression Algorithms

              +============+================================+
              |         ID | Algorithm                      |
              +============+================================+
              |          0 | Uncompressed                   |
              +------------+--------------------------------+
              |          1 | ZIP [RFC1951]                  |
              +------------+--------------------------------+
              |          2 | ZLIB [RFC1950]                 |
              +------------+--------------------------------+
              |          3 | BZip2 [BZ2]                    |
              +------------+--------------------------------+
              | 100 to 110 | Private/Experimental algorithm |
              +------------+--------------------------------+

                  Table 21: Compression algorithm registry

   Implementations MUST implement uncompressed data.  Implementations
   SHOULD implement ZLIB.  For interoperability reasons implementations
   SHOULD be able to decompress using ZIP.  Implementations MAY
   implement any other algorithm.

9.5.  Hash Algorithms

       +============+================================+=============+
       |         ID | Algorithm                      | Text Name   |
       +============+================================+=============+
       |          1 | MD5 [HAC]                      | "MD5"       |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |          2 | SHA-1 [FIPS180]                | "SHA1"      |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |          3 | RIPE-MD/160 [HAC]              | "RIPEMD160" |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |          4 | Reserved                       |             |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |          5 | Reserved                       |             |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |          6 | Reserved                       |             |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |          7 | Reserved                       |             |

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       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |          8 | SHA2-256 [FIPS180]             | "SHA256"    |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |          9 | SHA2-384 [FIPS180]             | "SHA384"    |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |         10 | SHA2-512 [FIPS180]             | "SHA512"    |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |         11 | SHA2-224 [FIPS180]             | "SHA224"    |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |         12 | SHA3-256 [FIPS202]             | "SHA3-256"  |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |         13 | Reserved                       |             |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       |         14 | SHA3-512 [FIPS202]             | "SHA3-512"  |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
       | 100 to 110 | Private/Experimental algorithm |             |
       +------------+--------------------------------+-------------+

                     Table 22: Hash algorithm registry

   Implementations MUST implement SHA2-256.  Implementations SHOULD
   implement SHA2-384 and SHA2-512.  Implementations MAY implement other
   algorithms.  Implementations SHOULD NOT create messages which require
   the use of SHA-1 with the exception of computing version 4 key
   fingerprints and for purposes of the Modification Detection Code
   (MDC) in version 1 Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data
   packets.  Implementations MUST NOT generate signatures with MD5, SHA-
   1, or RIPE-MD/160.  Implementations MUST NOT use MD5, SHA-1, or RIPE-
   MD/160 as a hash function in an ECDH KDF.  Implementations MUST NOT
   validate any recent signature that depends on MD5, SHA-1, or RIPE-
   MD/160.  Implementations SHOULD NOT validate any old signature that
   depends on MD5, SHA-1, or RIPE-MD/160 unless the signature's creation
   date predates known weakness of the algorithm used, and the
   implementation is confident that the message has been in the secure
   custody of the user the whole time.

9.6.  AEAD Algorithms

    +========+======================+===========+====================+
    |     ID | Algorithm            | IV length | authentication tag |
    |        |                      | (octets)  | length (octets)    |
    +========+======================+===========+====================+
    |      1 | EAX [EAX]            | 16        | 16                 |
    +--------+----------------------+-----------+--------------------+
    |      2 | OCB [RFC7253]        | 15        | 16                 |
    +--------+----------------------+-----------+--------------------+
    |      3 | GCM [SP800-38D]      | 12        | 16                 |
    +--------+----------------------+-----------+--------------------+

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    | 100 to | Private/Experimental |           |                    |
    |    110 | algorithm            |           |                    |
    +--------+----------------------+-----------+--------------------+

                    Table 23: AEAD algorithm registry

   Implementations MUST implement OCB.  Implementations MAY implement
   EAX, GCM and other algorithms.

10.  IANA Considerations

   Because this document obsoletes [RFC4880], IANA is requested to
   update all registration information that references [RFC4880] to
   instead reference this RFC.

   OpenPGP is highly parameterized, and consequently there are a number
   of considerations for allocating parameters for extensions.  This
   section describes how IANA should look at extensions to the protocol
   as described in this document.

10.1.  New String-to-Key Specifier Types

   OpenPGP S2K specifiers contain a mechanism for new algorithms to turn
   a string into a key.  This specification creates a registry of S2K
   specifier types.  The registry includes the S2K type, the name of the
   S2K, and a reference to the defining specification.  The initial
   values for this registry can be found in Section 3.7.1.  Adding a new
   S2K specifier MUST be done through the SPECIFICATION REQUIRED method,
   as described in [RFC8126].

   IANA should add a column "Generate?" to the S2K type registry, with
   initial values taken from Section 3.7.1.

10.2.  New Packets

   Major new features of OpenPGP are defined through new packet types.
   This specification creates a registry of packet types.  The registry
   includes the packet type, the name of the packet, and a reference to
   the defining specification.  The initial values for this registry can
   be found in Section 4.3.  Adding a new packet type MUST be done
   through the RFC REQUIRED method, as described in [RFC8126].

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10.2.1.  User Attribute Types

   The User Attribute packet permits an extensible mechanism for other
   types of certificate identification.  This specification creates a
   registry of User Attribute types.  The registry includes the User
   Attribute type, the name of the User Attribute, and a reference to
   the defining specification.  The initial values for this registry can
   be found in Section 5.13.  Adding a new User Attribute type MUST be
   done through the SPECIFICATION REQUIRED method, as described in
   [RFC8126].

10.2.1.1.  Image Format Subpacket Types

   Within User Attribute packets, there is an extensible mechanism for
   other types of image-based User Attributes.  This specification
   creates a registry of Image Attribute subpacket types.  The registry
   includes the Image Attribute subpacket type, the name of the Image
   Attribute subpacket, and a reference to the defining specification.
   The initial values for this registry can be found in Section 5.13.1.
   Adding a new Image Attribute subpacket type MUST be done through the
   SPECIFICATION REQUIRED method, as described in [RFC8126].

10.2.2.  New Signature Subpackets

   OpenPGP signatures contain a mechanism for signed (or unsigned) data
   to be added to them for a variety of purposes in the Signature
   subpackets as discussed in Section 5.2.3.5.  This specification
   creates a registry of Signature subpacket types.  The registry
   includes the Signature subpacket type, the name of the subpacket, and
   a reference to the defining specification.  The initial values for
   this registry can be found in Section 5.2.3.5.  Adding a new
   Signature subpacket MUST be done through the SPECIFICATION REQUIRED
   method, as described in [RFC8126].

10.2.2.1.  Signature Notation Data Subpackets

   OpenPGP signatures further contain a mechanism for extensions in
   signatures.  These are the Notation Data subpackets, which contain a
   key/value pair.  Notations contain a user space that is completely
   unmanaged and an IETF space.

   This specification creates a registry of Signature Notation Data
   types.  The registry includes the Signature Notation Data type, the
   name of the Signature Notation Data, its allowed values, and a
   reference to the defining specification.  The initial values for this
   registry can be found in Section 5.2.3.21.  Adding a new Signature
   Notation Data subpacket MUST be done through the SPECIFICATION
   REQUIRED method, as described in [RFC8126].

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10.2.2.2.  Signature Notation Data Subpacket Notation Flags

   This specification creates a new registry of Signature Notation Data
   Subpacket Notation Flags.  The registry includes the columns "Flag",
   "Description", "Security Recommended", "Interoperability
   Recommended", and "Reference".  The initial values for this registry
   can be found in Section 5.2.3.21.  Adding a new item MUST be done
   through the SPECIFICATION REQUIRED method, as described in [RFC8126].

10.2.2.3.  Key Server Preference Extensions

   OpenPGP signatures contain a mechanism for preferences to be
   specified about key servers.  This specification creates a registry
   of key server preferences.  The registry includes the key server
   preference, the name of the preference, and a reference to the
   defining specification.  The initial values for this registry can be
   found in Section 5.2.3.22.  Adding a new key server preference MUST
   be done through the SPECIFICATION REQUIRED method, as described in
   [RFC8126].

10.2.2.4.  Key Flags Extensions

   OpenPGP signatures contain a mechanism for flags to be specified
   about key usage.  This specification creates a registry of key usage
   flags.  The registry includes the key flags value, the name of the
   flag, and a reference to the defining specification.  The initial
   values for this registry can be found in Section 5.2.3.26.  Adding a
   new key usage flag MUST be done through the SPECIFICATION REQUIRED
   method, as described in [RFC8126].

10.2.2.5.  Reason for Revocation Extensions

   OpenPGP signatures contain a mechanism for flags to be specified
   about why a key was revoked.  This specification creates a registry
   of "Reason for Revocation" flags.  The registry includes the "Reason
   for Revocation" flags value, the name of the flag, and a reference to
   the defining specification.  The initial values for this registry can
   be found in Section 5.2.3.28.  Adding a new feature flag MUST be done
   through the SPECIFICATION REQUIRED method, as described in [RFC8126].

10.2.2.6.  Implementation Features

   OpenPGP signatures contain a mechanism for flags to be specified
   stating which optional features an implementation supports.  This
   specification creates a registry of feature-implementation flags.
   The registry includes the feature-implementation flags value, the
   name of the flag, and a reference to the defining specification.  The
   initial values for this registry can be found in Section 5.2.3.29.

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   Adding a new feature-implementation flag MUST be done through the
   SPECIFICATION REQUIRED method, as described in [RFC8126].

   Also see Section 14.11 for more information about when feature flags
   are needed.

10.2.3.  New Packet Versions

   The core OpenPGP packets all have version numbers, and can be revised
   by introducing a new version of an existing packet.  This
   specification creates a registry of packet types.  The registry
   includes the packet type, the number of the version, and a reference
   to the defining specification.  The initial values for this registry
   can be found in Section 5.  Adding a new packet version MUST be done
   through the RFC REQUIRED method, as described in [RFC8126].

10.3.  New Algorithms

   Section 9 lists the core algorithms that OpenPGP uses.  Adding in a
   new algorithm is usually simple.  For example, adding in a new
   symmetric cipher usually would not need anything more than allocating
   a constant for that cipher.  If that cipher had other than a 64-bit
   or 128-bit block size, there might need to be additional
   documentation describing how OpenPGP-CFB mode would be adjusted.
   Similarly, when DSA was expanded from a maximum of 1024-bit public
   keys to 3072-bit public keys, the revision of FIPS 186 contained
   enough information itself to allow implementation.  Changes to this
   document were made mainly for emphasis.

10.3.1.  Public-Key Algorithms

   OpenPGP specifies a number of public-key algorithms.  This
   specification creates a registry of public-key algorithm identifiers.
   The registry includes the algorithm name, its key sizes and
   parameters, and a reference to the defining specification.  The
   initial values for this registry can be found in Section 9.1.  Adding
   a new public-key algorithm MUST be done through the SPECIFICATION
   REQUIRED method, as described in [RFC8126].

   This document requests IANA register the following new public-key
   algorithm:

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       +====+============================+========================+
       | ID | Algorithm                  | Reference              |
       +====+============================+========================+
       | 22 | EdDSA public key algorithm | This doc, Section 14.7 |
       +----+----------------------------+------------------------+

              Table 24: New public-Key algorithms registered

   [ Note to RFC-Editor: Please remove the table above on publication. ]

10.3.2.  Symmetric-Key Algorithms

   OpenPGP specifies a number of symmetric-key algorithms.  This
   specification creates a registry of symmetric-key algorithm
   identifiers.  The registry includes the algorithm name, its key sizes
   and block size, and a reference to the defining specification.  The
   initial values for this registry can be found in Section 9.3.  Adding
   a new symmetric-key algorithm MUST be done through the SPECIFICATION
   REQUIRED method, as described in [RFC8126].

10.3.3.  Hash Algorithms

   OpenPGP specifies a number of hash algorithms.  This specification
   creates a registry of hash algorithm identifiers.  The registry
   includes the algorithm name, a text representation of that name, its
   block size, an OID hash prefix, and a reference to the defining
   specification.  The initial values for this registry can be found in
   Section 9.5 for the algorithm identifiers and text names, and
   Section 5.2.2 for the OIDs and expanded signature prefixes.  Adding a
   new hash algorithm MUST be done through the SPECIFICATION REQUIRED
   method, as described in [RFC8126].

   This document requests IANA register the following hash algorithms:

                      +====+===========+===========+
                      | ID | Algorithm | Reference |
                      +====+===========+===========+
                      | 12 | SHA3-256  | This doc  |
                      +----+-----------+-----------+
                      | 13 | Reserved  |           |
                      +----+-----------+-----------+
                      | 14 | SHA3-512  | This doc  |
                      +----+-----------+-----------+

                            Table 25: New hash
                          algorithms registered

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   [Notes to RFC-Editor: Please remove the table above on publication.
   It is desirable not to reuse old or reserved algorithms because some
   existing tools might print a wrong description.  The ID 13 has been
   reserved so that the SHA3 algorithm IDs align nicely with their SHA2
   counterparts.]

10.3.4.  Compression Algorithms

   OpenPGP specifies a number of compression algorithms.  This
   specification creates a registry of compression algorithm
   identifiers.  The registry includes the algorithm name and a
   reference to the defining specification.  The initial values for this
   registry can be found in Section 9.4.  Adding a new compression key
   algorithm MUST be done through the SPECIFICATION REQUIRED method, as
   described in [RFC8126].

10.3.5.  Elliptic Curve Algorithms

   This document requests IANA add a registry of elliptic curves for use
   in OpenPGP.

   Each curve is identified on the wire by OID, and is acceptable for
   use in certain OpenPGP public key algorithms.  The table's initial
   headings and values can be found in Section 9.2.  Adding a new
   elliptic curve algorithm to OpenPGP MUST be done through the
   SPECIFICATION REQUIRED method, as described in [RFC8126].  If the new
   curve can be used for ECDH or EdDSA, it must also be added to the
   "Curve-specific wire formats" table described in Section 9.2.1.

10.4.  Elliptic Curve Point and Scalar Wire Formats

   This document requests IANA add a registry of wire formats that
   represent elliptic curve points.  The table's initial headings and
   values can be found in Section 13.2.  Adding a new EC point wire
   format MUST be done through the SPECIFICATION REQUIRED method, as
   described in [RFC8126].

   This document also requests IANA add a registry of wire formats that
   represent scalars for use with elliptic curve cryptography.  The
   table's initial headings and values can be found in Section 13.3.
   Adding a new EC scalar wire format MUST be done through the
   SPECIFICATION REQUIRED method, as described in [RFC8126].

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   This document also requests that IANA add a registry mapping curve-
   specific MPI octet-string encoding conventions for ECDH and EdDSA.
   The table's initial headings and values can be found in
   Section 9.2.1.  Adding a new elliptic curve algorithm to OpenPGP MUST
   be done through the SPECIFICATION REQUIRED method, as described in
   [RFC8126], and requires adding an entry to this table if the curve is
   to be used with either EdDSA or ECDH.

10.5.  Changes to existing registries

   This document requests IANA add the following wire format columns to
   the OpenPGP public-key algorithm registry:

   *  Public Key Format

   *  Secret Key Format

   *  Signature Format

   *  PKESK Format

   And populate them with the values found in Section 9.1.

11.  Packet Composition

   OpenPGP packets are assembled into sequences in order to create
   messages and to transfer keys.  Not all possible packet sequences are
   meaningful and correct.  This section describes the rules for how
   packets should be placed into sequences.

11.1.  Transferable Public Keys

   OpenPGP users may transfer public keys.  The essential elements of a
   transferable public key are as follows:

   *  One Public-Key packet

   *  Zero or more revocation signatures

   *  Zero or more User ID packets

   *  After each User ID packet, zero or more Signature packets
      (certifications)

   *  Zero or more User Attribute packets

   *  After each User Attribute packet, zero or more Signature packets
      (certifications)

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   *  Zero or more Subkey packets

   *  After each Subkey packet, one Signature packet, plus optionally a
      revocation

   *  An optional Padding packet

   The Public-Key packet occurs first.  Each of the following User ID
   packets provides the identity of the owner of this public key.  If
   there are multiple User ID packets, this corresponds to multiple
   means of identifying the same unique individual user; for example, a
   user may have more than one email address, and construct a User ID
   for each one.  A transferable public key SHOULD include at least one
   User ID packet unless storage requirements prohibit this.

   Immediately following each User ID packet, there are zero or more
   Signature packets.  Each Signature packet is calculated on the
   immediately preceding User ID packet and the initial Public-Key
   packet.  The signature serves to certify the corresponding public key
   and User ID.  In effect, the signer is testifying to his or her
   belief that this public key belongs to the user identified by this
   User ID.

   Within the same section as the User ID packets, there are zero or
   more User Attribute packets.  Like the User ID packets, a User
   Attribute packet is followed by zero or more Signature packets
   calculated on the immediately preceding User Attribute packet and the
   initial Public-Key packet.

   User Attribute packets and User ID packets may be freely intermixed
   in this section, so long as the signatures that follow them are
   maintained on the proper User Attribute or User ID packet.

   After the User ID packet or Attribute packet, there may be zero or
   more Subkey packets.  In general, subkeys are provided in cases where
   the top-level public key is a signature-only key.  However, any V4 or
   V5 key may have subkeys, and the subkeys may be encryption-only keys,
   signature-only keys, or general-purpose keys.  V3 keys MUST NOT have
   subkeys.

   Each Subkey packet MUST be followed by one Signature packet, which
   should be a subkey binding signature issued by the top-level key.
   For subkeys that can issue signatures, the subkey binding signature
   MUST contain an Embedded Signature subpacket with a primary key
   binding signature (0x19) issued by the subkey on the top-level key.

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   Subkey and Key packets may each be followed by a revocation Signature
   packet to indicate that the key is revoked.  Revocation signatures
   are only accepted if they are issued by the key itself, or by a key
   that is authorized to issue revocations via a Revocation Key
   subpacket in a self-signature by the top-level key.

   The optional trailing Padding packet is a mechanism to defend against
   traffic analysis (see Section 15.4).  For maximum interoperability,
   if the Public-Key packet is a V4 key, the optional Padding packet
   SHOULD NOT be present unless the recipient has indicated that they
   are capable of ignoring it successfully.  An implementation that is
   capable of receiving a transferable public key with a V5 Public-Key
   primary key MUST be able to accept (and ignore) the trailing optional
   Padding packet.

   Transferable public-key packet sequences may be concatenated to allow
   transferring multiple public keys in one operation.

11.2.  Transferable Secret Keys

   OpenPGP users may transfer secret keys.  The format of a transferable
   secret key is the same as a transferable public key except that
   secret-key and secret-subkey packets are used instead of the public
   key and public-subkey packets.  Implementations SHOULD include self-
   signatures on any User IDs and subkeys, as this allows for a complete
   public key to be automatically extracted from the transferable secret
   key.  Implementations MAY choose to omit the self-signatures,
   especially if a transferable public key accompanies the transferable
   secret key.

11.3.  OpenPGP Messages

   An OpenPGP message is a packet or sequence of packets that
   corresponds to the following grammatical rules (comma represents
   sequential composition, and vertical bar separates alternatives):

   OpenPGP Message :-  Encrypted Message | Signed Message | Compressed
      Message | Literal Message.

   Compressed Message :-  Compressed Data Packet.

   Literal Message :-  Literal Data Packet.

   ESK :-  Public-Key Encrypted Session Key Packet | Symmetric-Key
      Encrypted Session Key Packet.

   ESK Sequence :-  ESK | ESK Sequence, ESK.

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   Encrypted Data :-  Symmetrically Encrypted Data Packet |
      Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data Packet

   Encrypted Message :-  Encrypted Data | ESK Sequence, Encrypted Data.

   One-Pass Signed Message :-  One-Pass Signature Packet, OpenPGP
      Message, Corresponding Signature Packet.

   Signed Message :-  Signature Packet, OpenPGP Message | One-Pass
      Signed Message.

   Optionally Padded Message :-  OpenPGP Message | OpenPGP Message,
      Padding Packet.

11.3.1.  Unwrapping Encrypted and Compressed Messages

   In addition to the above grammar, certain messages can be "unwrapped"
   to yield new messages.  In particular:

   *  Decrypting a version 2 Symmetrically Encrypted and Integrity
      Protected Data packet must yield a valid Optionally Padded
      Message.

   *  Decrypting a version 1 Symmetrically Encrypted and Integrity
      Protected Data packet or --- for historic data --- a Symmetrically
      Encrypted Data packet must yield a valid OpenPGP Message.

   *  Decompressing a Compressed Data packet must also yield a valid
      OpenPGP Message.

   When either such unwrapping is performed, the resulting stream of
   octets is parsed into a series OpenPGP packets like any other stream
   of octets.  The packet boundaries found in the series of octets are
   expected to align with the length of the unwrapped octet stream.  An
   implementation MUST NOT interpret octets beyond the boundaries of the
   unwrapped octet stream as part of any OpenPGP packet.  If an
   implementation encounters a packet whose header length indicates that
   it would extend beyond the boundaries of the unwrapped octet stream,
   the implementation MUST reject that packet as malformed and unusable.

11.3.2.  Additional Constraints on Packet Sequences

   Note that some subtle combinations that are formally acceptable by
   this grammar are nonetheless unacceptable.

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11.3.2.1.  Packet Versions in Encrypted Messages

   As noted above, an Encrypted Message is a sequence of zero or more
   PKESKs (Section 5.1) and SKESKs (Section 5.3), followed by an SEIPD
   (Section 5.14) payload.  In some historic data, the payload may be a
   deprecated SED (Section 5.8) packet instead of SEIPD, though
   implementations MUST NOT generate SED packets (see Section 15.1).
   The versions of the preceding ESK packets within an Encrypted Message
   MUST align with the version of the payload SEIPD packet, as described
   in this section.

   v3 PKESK and v4 SKESK packets both contain in their cleartext the
   symmetric cipher algorithm identifier in addition to the session key
   for the subsequent SEIPD packet.  Since a v1 SEIPD does not contain a
   symmetric algorithm identifier, so all ESK packets preceding a v1
   SEIPD payload MUST be either v3 PKESK or v4 SKESK.

   On the other hand, the cleartext of the v5 ESK packets (either PKESK
   or SKESK) do not contain a symmetric cipher algorithm identifier, so
   they cannot be used in combination with a v1 SEIPD payload.  The
   payload following any v5 PKESK or v5 SKESK packet MUST be a v2 SEIPD.

   Additionally, to avoid potentially conflicting cipher algorithm
   identifiers, and for simplicity, implementations MUST NOT precede a
   v2 SEIPD payload with either v3 PKESK or v4 SKESK packets.

   The acceptable versions of packets in an Encrypted Message are
   summarized in the following table:

    +======================+======================+===================+
    | Version of Encrypted | Version of preceding | Version of        |
    | Data payload         | Symmetric-Key ESK    | preceding Public- |
    |                      | (if any)             | Key ESK (if any)  |
    +======================+======================+===================+
    | v1 SEIPD             | v4 SKESK             | v3 PKESK          |
    +----------------------+----------------------+-------------------+
    | v2 SEIPD             | v5 SKESK             | v5 PKESK          |
    +----------------------+----------------------+-------------------+

            Table 26: Encrypted Message Packet Version Alignment

   An implementation processing an Encrypted Message MUST discard any
   preceding ESK packet with a version that does not align with the
   version of the payload.

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11.4.  Detached Signatures

   Some OpenPGP applications use so-called "detached signatures".  For
   example, a program bundle may contain a file, and with it a second
   file that is a detached signature of the first file.  These detached
   signatures are simply a Signature packet stored separately from the
   data for which they are a signature.

12.  Enhanced Key Formats

12.1.  Key Structures

   The format of an OpenPGP V3 key is as follows.  Entries in square
   brackets are optional and ellipses indicate repetition.

   RSA Public Key
      [Revocation Self Signature]
       User ID [Signature ...]
      [User ID [Signature ...] ...]

   Each signature certifies the RSA public key and the preceding User
   ID.  The RSA public key can have many User IDs and each User ID can
   have many signatures.  V3 keys are deprecated.  Implementations MUST
   NOT generate new V3 keys, but MAY continue to use existing ones.

   The format of an OpenPGP V4 key that uses multiple public keys is
   similar except that the other keys are added to the end as "subkeys"
   of the primary key.

   Primary-Key
      [Revocation Self Signature]
      [Direct Key Signature...]
      [User ID [Signature ...] ...]
      [User Attribute [Signature ...] ...]
      [[Subkey [Binding-Signature-Revocation ...]
              Subkey-Binding-Signature ...] ...]

   A subkey always has at least one subkey binding signature after it
   that is issued using the primary key to tie the two keys together.
   These binding signatures may be in either V3 or V4 format, but SHOULD
   be V4.  Subkeys that can issue signatures MUST have a V4 binding
   signature due to the REQUIRED embedded primary key binding signature.

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   In order to create self-signatures (see Section 5.2.3.7), the primary
   key MUST be an algorithm capable of making signatures (that is, not
   an encryption-only algorithm).  The subkeys may be keys of any type.
   For example, there may be a single-key RSA key, an EdDSA primary key
   with an RSA encryption key, or an EdDSA primary key with an ECDH
   subkey, etc.

   It is also possible to have a signature-only subkey.  This permits a
   primary key that collects certifications (key signatures), but is
   used only for certifying subkeys that are used for encryption and
   signatures.

12.2.  Key IDs and Fingerprints

   For a V3 key, the eight-octet Key ID consists of the low 64 bits of
   the public modulus of the RSA key.

   The fingerprint of a V3 key is formed by hashing the body (but not
   the two-octet length) of the MPIs that form the key material (public
   modulus n, followed by exponent e) with MD5.  Note that both V3 keys
   and MD5 are deprecated.

   A V4 fingerprint is the 160-bit SHA-1 hash of the octet 0x99,
   followed by the two-octet packet length, followed by the entire
   Public-Key packet starting with the version field.  The Key ID is the
   low-order 64 bits of the fingerprint.  Here are the fields of the
   hash material, with the example of an EdDSA key:

   a.1) 0x99 (1 octet)

   a.2) two-octet, big-endian scalar octet count of (b)-(e)

   b) version number = 4 (1 octet);

   c) timestamp of key creation (4 octets);

   d) algorithm (1 octet): 22 = EdDSA (example);

   e) Algorithm-specific fields.

   Algorithm-Specific Fields for EdDSA keys (example):

   e.1) A one-octet size of the following field;

   e.2) The octets representing a curve OID, defined in Section 9.2;

   e.3) An MPI of an EC point representing a public key Q in prefixed
   native form (see Section 13.2.2).

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   A V5 fingerprint is the 256-bit SHA2-256 hash of the octet 0x9A,
   followed by the four-octet packet length, followed by the entire
   Public-Key packet starting with the version field.  The Key ID is the
   high-order 64 bits of the fingerprint.  Here are the fields of the
   hash material, with the example of an EdDSA key:

   a.1) 0x9A (1 octet)

   a.2) four-octet scalar octet count of (b)-(f)

   b) version number = 5 (1 octet);

   c) timestamp of key creation (4 octets);

   d) algorithm (1 octet): 22 = EdDSA (example);

   e) four-octet scalar octet count for the following key material;

   f) algorithm-specific fields.

   Algorithm-Specific Fields for EdDSA keys (example):

   f.1) A one-octet size of the following field;

   f.2) The octets representing a curve OID, defined in Section 9.2;

   f.3) An MPI of an EC point representing a public key Q in prefixed
   native form (see Section 13.2.2).

   Note that it is possible for there to be collisions of Key IDs ---
   two different keys with the same Key ID.  Note that there is a much
   smaller, but still non-zero, probability that two different keys have
   the same fingerprint.

   Also note that if V3, V4, and V5 format keys share the same RSA key
   material, they will have different Key IDs as well as different
   fingerprints.

   Finally, the Key ID and fingerprint of a subkey are calculated in the
   same way as for a primary key, including the 0x99 (V4 key) or 0x9A
   (V5 key) as the first octet (even though this is not a valid packet
   ID for a public subkey).

13.  Elliptic Curve Cryptography

   This section describes algorithms and parameters used with Elliptic
   Curve Cryptography (ECC) keys.  A thorough introduction to ECC can be
   found in [KOBLITZ].

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   None of the ECC methods described in this document are allowed with
   deprecated V3 keys.  Refer to [FIPS186], B.4.1, for the method to
   generate a uniformly distributed ECC private key.

13.1.  Supported ECC Curves

   This document references three named prime field curves defined in
   [FIPS186] as "Curve P-256", "Curve P-384", and "Curve P-521".  These
   three [FIPS186] curves can be used with ECDSA and ECDH public key
   algorithms.  Additionally, curve "Curve25519" and "Curve448" are
   referenced for use with Ed25519 and Ed448 (EdDSA signing, see
   [RFC8032]); and X25519 and X448 (ECDH encryption, see [RFC7748]).

   The named curves are referenced as a sequence of octets in this
   document, called throughout, curve OID.  Section 9.2 describes in
   detail how this sequence of octets is formed.

13.2.  EC Point Wire Formats

   A point on an elliptic curve will always be represented on the wire
   as an MPI.  Each curve uses a specific point format for the data
   within the MPI itself.  Each format uses a designated prefix octet to
   ensure that the high octet has at least one bit set to make the MPI a
   constant size.

           +=================+================+================+
           |            Name | Wire Format    | Reference      |
           +=================+================+================+
           |            SEC1 | 0x04 || x || y | Section 13.2.1 |
           +-----------------+----------------+----------------+
           | Prefixed native | 0x40 || native | Section 13.2.2 |
           +-----------------+----------------+----------------+

                Table 27: Elliptic Curve Point Wire Formats

13.2.1.  SEC1 EC Point Wire Format

   For a SEC1-encoded (uncompressed) point the content of the MPI is:

   B = 04 || x || y

   where x and y are coordinates of the point P = (x, y), and each is
   encoded in the big-endian format and zero-padded to the adjusted
   underlying field size.  The adjusted underlying field size is the
   underlying field size rounded up to the nearest 8-bit boundary, as
   noted in the "fsize" column in Section 9.2.  This encoding is
   compatible with the definition given in [SEC1].

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13.2.2.  Prefixed Native EC Point Wire Format

   For a custom compressed point the content of the MPI is:

   B = 40 || p

   where p is the public key of the point encoded using the rules
   defined for the specified curve.  This format is used for ECDH keys
   based on curves expressed in Montgomery form, and for points when
   using EdDSA.

13.2.3.  Notes on EC Point Wire Formats

   Given the above definitions, the exact size of the MPI payload for an
   encoded point is 515 bits for "Curve P-256", 771 for "Curve P-384",
   1059 for "Curve P-521", 263 for both "Curve25519" and "Ed25519", 463
   for "Ed448", and 455 for "X448".  For example, the length of a EdDSA
   public key for the curve Ed25519 is 263 bits: 7 bits to represent the
   0x40 prefix octet and 32 octets for the native value of the public
   key.

   Even though the zero point, also called the point at infinity, may
   occur as a result of arithmetic operations on points of an elliptic
   curve, it SHALL NOT appear in data structures defined in this
   document.

   Each particular curve uses a designated wire format for the point
   found in its public key or ECDH data structure.  An implementation
   MUST NOT use a different wire format for a point than the wire format
   associated with the curve.

13.3.  EC Scalar Wire Formats

   Some non-curve values in elliptic curve cryptography (for example,
   secret keys and signature components) are not points on a curve, but
   are also encoded on the wire in OpenPGP as an MPI.

   Because of different patterns of deployment, some curves treat these
   values as opaque bit strings with the high bit set, while others are
   treated as actual integers, encoded in the standard OpenPGP big-
   endian form.  The choice of encoding is specific to the public key
   algorithm in use.

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      +==========+=====================================+===========+
      | Type     | Description                         | Reference |
      +==========+=====================================+===========+
      | integer  | An integer, big-endian encoded as a | Section   |
      |          | standard OpenPGP MPI                | 3.2       |
      +----------+-------------------------------------+-----------+
      | octet    | An octet string of fixed length,    | Section   |
      | string   | that may be shorter on the wire due | 13.3.1    |
      |          | to leading zeros being stripped by  |           |
      |          | the MPI encoding, and may need to   |           |
      |          | be zero-padded before usage         |           |
      +----------+-------------------------------------+-----------+
      | prefixed | An octet string of fixed length N,  | Section   |
      | N octets | prefixed with octet 0x40 to ensure  | 13.3.2    |
      |          | no leading zero octet               |           |
      +----------+-------------------------------------+-----------+

                Table 28: Elliptic Curve Scalar Encodings

13.3.1.  EC Octet String Wire Format

   Some opaque strings of octets are represented on the wire as an MPI
   by simply stripping the leading zeros and counting the remaining
   bits.  These strings are of known, fixed length.  They are
   represented in this document as MPI(N octets of X) where N is the
   expected length in octets of the octet string.

   For example, a five-octet opaque string (MPI(5 octets of X)) where X
   has the value 00 02 ee 19 00 would be represented on the wire as an
   MPI like so: 00 1a 02 ee 19 00.

   To encode X to the wire format, we set the MPI's two-octet bit
   counter to the value of the highest set bit (bit 26, or 0x001a), and
   do not transfer the leading all-zero octet to the wire.

   To reverse the process, an implementation that knows this value has
   an expected length of 5 octets can take the following steps:

   *  ensure that the MPI's two-octet bitcount is less than or equal to
      40 (5 octets of 8 bits)

   *  allocate 5 octets, setting all to zero initially

   *  copy the MPI data octets (without the two count octets) into the
      lower octets of the allocated space

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13.3.2.  Elliptic Curve Prefixed Octet String Wire Format

   Another way to ensure that a fixed-length bytestring is encoded
   simply to the wire while remaining in MPI format is to prefix the
   bytestring with a dedicated non-zero octet.  This specification uses
   0x40 as the prefix octet.  This is represented in this standard as
   MPI(prefixed N octets of X), where N is the known bytestring length.

   For example, a five-octet opaque string using MPI(prefixed 5 octets
   of X) where X has the value 00 02 ee 19 00 would be written to the
   wire form as: 00 2f 40 00 02 ee 19 00.

   To encode the string, we prefix it with the octet 0x40 (whose 7th bit
   is set), then set the MPI's two-octet bit counter to 47 (0x002f, 7
   bits for the prefix octet and 40 bits for the string).

   To decode the string from the wire, an implementation that knows that
   the variable is formed in this way can:

   *  ensure that the first three octets of the MPI (the two bit-count
      octets plus the prefix octet) are 00 2f 40, and

   *  use the remainder of the MPI directly off the wire.

   Note that this is a similar approach to that used in the EC point
   encodings found in Section 13.2.2.

13.4.  Key Derivation Function

   A key derivation function (KDF) is necessary to implement EC
   encryption.  The Concatenation Key Derivation Function (Approved
   Alternative 1) [SP800-56A] with the KDF hash function that is
   SHA2-256 [FIPS180] or stronger is REQUIRED.

   For convenience, the synopsis of the encoding method is given below
   with significant simplifications attributable to the restricted
   choice of hash functions in this document.  However, [SP800-56A] is
   the normative source of the definition.

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   //   Implements KDF( X, oBits, Param );
   //   Input: point X = (x,y)
   //   oBits - the desired size of output
   //   hBits - the size of output of hash function Hash
   //   Param - octets representing the parameters
   //   Assumes that oBits <= hBits
   // Convert the point X to the octet string:
   //   ZB' = 04 || x || y
   // and extract the x portion from ZB'
   ZB = x;
   MB = Hash ( 00 || 00 || 00 || 01 || ZB || Param );
   return oBits leftmost bits of MB.

   Note that ZB in the KDF description above is the compact
   representation of X as defined in Section 4.2 of [RFC6090].

13.5.  EC DH Algorithm (ECDH)

   The method is a combination of an ECC Diffie-Hellman method to
   establish a shared secret, a key derivation method to process the
   shared secret into a derived key, and a key wrapping method that uses
   the derived key to protect a session key used to encrypt a message.

   The One-Pass Diffie-Hellman method C(1, 1, ECC CDH) [SP800-56A] MUST
   be implemented with the following restrictions: the ECC CDH primitive
   employed by this method is modified to always assume the cofactor is
   1, the KDF specified in Section 13.4 is used, and the KDF parameters
   specified below are used.

   The KDF parameters are encoded as a concatenation of the following 5
   variable-length and fixed-length fields, which are compatible with
   the definition of the OtherInfo bitstring [SP800-56A]:

   *  A variable-length field containing a curve OID, which is formatted
      as follows:

      -  A one-octet size of the following field,

      -  The octets representing a curve OID defined in Section 9.2;

   *  A one-octet public key algorithm ID defined in Section 9.1;

   *  A variable-length field containing KDF parameters, which are
      identical to the corresponding field in the ECDH public key, and
      are formatted as follows:

      -  A one-octet size of the following fields; values 0 and 0xFF are
         reserved for future extensions,

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      -  A one-octet value 0x01, reserved for future extensions,

      -  A one-octet hash function ID used with the KDF,

      -  A one-octet algorithm ID for the symmetric algorithm used to
         wrap the symmetric key for message encryption; see Section 13.5
         for details;

   *  20 octets representing the UTF-8 encoding of the string Anonymous
      Sender    , which is the octet sequence 41 6E 6F 6E 79 6D 6F 75 73
      20 53 65 6E 64 65 72 20 20 20 20;

   *  A variable-length field containing the fingerprint of the
      recipient encryption subkey or a primary key fingerprint
      identifying the key material that is needed for decryption.  For
      version 4 keys, this field is 20 octets.  For version 5 keys, this
      field is 32 octets.

   The size in octets of the KDF parameters sequence, defined above, for
   encrypting to a v4 key is either 54 for curve P-256, 51 for curves
   P-384 and P-521, 56 for Curve25519, or 49 for X448.  For encrypting
   to a v5 key, the size of the sequence is either 66 for curve P-256,
   63 for curves P-384 and P-521, 68 for Curve25519, or 61 for X448.

   The key wrapping method is described in [RFC3394].  The KDF produces
   a symmetric key that is used as a key-encryption key (KEK) as
   specified in [RFC3394].  Refer to Section 15 for the details
   regarding the choice of the KEK algorithm, which SHOULD be one of
   three AES algorithms.  Key wrapping and unwrapping is performed with
   the default initial value of [RFC3394].

   The input to the key wrapping method is the plaintext described in
   Section 5.1, "Public-Key Encrypted Session Key Packets (Tag 1)",
   padded using the method described in [PKCS5] to an 8-octet
   granularity.

   For example, in a V4 Public-Key Encrypted Session Key packet, the
   following AES-256 session key, in which 32 octets are denoted from k0
   to k31, is composed to form the following 40 octet sequence:

   09 k0 k1 ... k31 s0 s1 05 05 05 05 05

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   The octets s0 and s1 above denote the checksum of the session key
   octets.  This encoding allows the sender to obfuscate the size of the
   symmetric encryption key used to encrypt the data.  For example,
   assuming that an AES algorithm is used for the session key, the
   sender MAY use 21, 13, and 5 octets of padding for AES-128, AES-192,
   and AES-256, respectively, to provide the same number of octets, 40
   total, as an input to the key wrapping method.

   In a V5 Public-Key Encrypted Session Key packet, the symmetric
   algorithm is not included, as described in Section 5.1.  For example,
   an AES-256 session key would be composed as follows:

   k0 k1 ... k31 s0 s1 06 06 06 06 06 06

   The octets k0 to k31 above again denote the session key, and the
   octets s0 and s1 denote the checksum.  In this case, assuming that an
   AES algorithm is used for the session key, the sender MAY use 22, 14,
   and 6 octets of padding for AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256,
   respectively, to provide the same number of octets, 40 total, as an
   input to the key wrapping method.

   The output of the method consists of two fields.  The first field is
   the MPI containing the ephemeral key used to establish the shared
   secret.  The second field is composed of the following two subfields:

   *  One octet encoding the size in octets of the result of the key
      wrapping method; the value 255 is reserved for future extensions;

   *  Up to 254 octets representing the result of the key wrapping
      method, applied to the 8-octet padded session key, as described
      above.

   Note that for session key sizes 128, 192, and 256 bits, the size of
   the result of the key wrapping method is, respectively, 32, 40, and
   48 octets, unless size obfuscation is used.

   For convenience, the synopsis of the encoding method is given below;
   however, this section, [SP800-56A], and [RFC3394] are the normative
   sources of the definition.

   *  Obtain the authenticated recipient public key R

   *  Generate an ephemeral key pair {v, V=vG}

   *  Compute the shared point S = vR;

   *  m = symm_alg_ID || session key || checksum || pkcs5_padding;

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   *  curve_OID_len = (octet)len(curve_OID);

   *  Param = curve_OID_len || curve_OID || public_key_alg_ID || 03 ||
      01 || KDF_hash_ID || KEK_alg_ID for AESKeyWrap || Anonymous
      Sender     || recipient_fingerprint;

   *  Z_len = the key size for the KEK_alg_ID used with AESKeyWrap

   *  Compute Z = KDF( S, Z_len, Param );

   *  Compute C = AESKeyWrap( Z, m ) as per [RFC3394]

   *  VB = convert point V to the octet string

   *  Output (MPI(VB) || len(C) || C).

   The decryption is the inverse of the method given.  Note that the
   recipient obtains the shared secret by calculating

   S = rV = rvG, where (r,R) is the recipient's key pair.

   Consistent with Section 5.14, AEAD encryption or a Modification
   Detection Code (MDC) MUST be used anytime the symmetric key is
   protected by ECDH.

14.  Notes on Algorithms

14.1.  PKCS#1 Encoding in OpenPGP

   This standard makes use of the PKCS#1 functions EME-PKCS1-v1_5 and
   EMSA-PKCS1-v1_5.  However, the calling conventions of these functions
   has changed in the past.  To avoid potential confusion and
   interoperability problems, we are including local copies in this
   document, adapted from those in PKCS#1 v2.1 [RFC8017].  [RFC8017]
   should be treated as the ultimate authority on PKCS#1 for OpenPGP.
   Nonetheless, we believe that there is value in having a self-
   contained document that avoids problems in the future with needed
   changes in the conventions.

14.1.1.  EME-PKCS1-v1_5-ENCODE

   Input:

   k =  the length in octets of the key modulus.

   M =  message to be encoded, an octet string of length mLen, where
      mLen <= k - 11.

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   Output:

   EM =  encoded message, an octet string of length k.

   Error: "message too long".

   1.  Length checking: If mLen > k - 11, output "message too long" and
       stop.

   2.  Generate an octet string PS of length k - mLen - 3 consisting of
       pseudo-randomly generated nonzero octets.  The length of PS will
       be at least eight octets.

   3.  Concatenate PS, the message M, and other padding to form an
       encoded message EM of length k octets as

      EM = 0x00 || 0x02 || PS || 0x00 || M.

   4.  Output EM.

14.1.2.  EME-PKCS1-v1_5-DECODE

   Input:

   EM =  encoded message, an octet string

   Output:

   M =  message, an octet string.

   Error: "decryption error".

   To decode an EME-PKCS1_v1_5 message, separate the encoded message EM
   into an octet string PS consisting of nonzero octets and a message M
   as follows

     EM = 0x00 || 0x02 || PS || 0x00 || M.

   If the first octet of EM does not have hexadecimal value 0x00, if the
   second octet of EM does not have hexadecimal value 0x02, if there is
   no octet with hexadecimal value 0x00 to separate PS from M, or if the
   length of PS is less than 8 octets, output "decryption error" and
   stop.  See also the security note in Section 15 regarding differences
   in reporting between a decryption error and a padding error.

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14.1.3.  EMSA-PKCS1-v1_5

   This encoding method is deterministic and only has an encoding
   operation.

   Option:

   Hash -  a hash function in which hLen denotes the length in octets of
      the hash function output.

   Input:

   M =  message to be encoded.

   emLen =  intended length in octets of the encoded message, at least
      tLen + 11, where tLen is the octet length of the DER encoding T of
      a certain value computed during the encoding operation.

   Output:

   EM =  encoded message, an octet string of length emLen.

   Errors: "message too long"; "intended encoded message length too
   short".

   Steps:

   1.  Apply the hash function to the message M to produce a hash value
       H:

       H = Hash(M).

       If the hash function outputs "message too long," output "message
       too long" and stop.

   2.  Using the list in Section 5.2.2, produce an ASN.1 DER value for
       the hash function used.  Let T be the full hash prefix from the
       list, and let tLen be the length in octets of T.

   3.  If emLen < tLen + 11, output "intended encoded message length too
       short" and stop.

   4.  Generate an octet string PS consisting of emLen - tLen - 3 octets
       with hexadecimal value 0xFF.  The length of PS will be at least 8
       octets.

   5.  Concatenate PS, the hash prefix T, and other padding to form the
       encoded message EM as

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      EM = 0x00 || 0x01 || PS || 0x00 || T.

   6.  Output EM.

14.2.  Symmetric Algorithm Preferences

   The symmetric algorithm preference is an ordered list of algorithms
   that the keyholder accepts.  Since it is found on a self-signature,
   it is possible that a keyholder may have multiple, different
   preferences.  For example, Alice may have AES-128 only specified for
   "alice@work.com" but Camellia-256, Twofish, and AES-128 specified for
   "alice@home.org".  Note that it is also possible for preferences to
   be in a subkey's binding signature.

   Since AES-128 is the MUST-implement algorithm, if it is not
   explicitly in the list, it is tacitly at the end.  However, it is
   good form to place it there explicitly.  Note also that if an
   implementation does not implement the preference, then it is
   implicitly an AES-128-only implementation.  Note further that
   implementations conforming to previous versions of this standard
   [RFC4880] have TripleDES as its only MUST-implement algorithm.

   An implementation MUST NOT use a symmetric algorithm that is not in
   the recipient's preference list.  When encrypting to more than one
   recipient, the implementation finds a suitable algorithm by taking
   the intersection of the preferences of the recipients.  Note that the
   MUST-implement algorithm, AES-128, ensures that the intersection is
   not null.  The implementation may use any mechanism to pick an
   algorithm in the intersection.

   If an implementation can decrypt a message that a keyholder doesn't
   have in their preferences, the implementation SHOULD decrypt the
   message anyway, but MUST warn the keyholder that the protocol has
   been violated.  For example, suppose that Alice, above, has software
   that implements all algorithms in this specification.  Nonetheless,
   she prefers subsets for work or home.  If she is sent a message
   encrypted with IDEA, which is not in her preferences, the software
   warns her that someone sent her an IDEA-encrypted message, but it
   would ideally decrypt it anyway.

14.2.1.  Plaintext

   Algorithm 0, "plaintext", may only be used to denote secret keys that
   are stored in the clear.  Implementations MUST NOT use plaintext in
   encrypted data packets; they must use Literal Data packets to encode
   unencrypted literal data.

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14.3.  Other Algorithm Preferences

   Other algorithm preferences work similarly to the symmetric algorithm
   preference, in that they specify which algorithms the keyholder
   accepts.  There are two interesting cases that other comments need to
   be made about, though, the compression preferences and the hash
   preferences.

14.3.1.  Compression Preferences

   Like the algorithm preferences, an implementation MUST NOT use an
   algorithm that is not in the preference vector.  If Uncompressed (0)
   is not explicitly in the list, it is tacitly at the end.  That is,
   uncompressed messages may always be sent.

   Note that earlier implementations may assume that the absence of
   compression preferences means that [ZIP(1), Uncompressed(0)] are
   preferred, and default to ZIP compression.  Therefore, an
   implementation that prefers uncompressed data SHOULD explicitly state
   this in the preferred compression algorithms.

14.3.1.1.  Uncompressed

   Algorithm 0, "uncompressed", may only be used to denote a preference
   for uncompressed data.  Implementations MUST NOT use uncompressed in
   Compressed Data packets; they must use Literal Data packets to encode
   uncompressed literal data.

14.3.2.  Hash Algorithm Preferences

   Typically, the choice of a hash algorithm is something the signer
   does, rather than the verifier, because a signer rarely knows who is
   going to be verifying the signature.  This preference, though, allows
   a protocol based upon digital signatures ease in negotiation.

   Thus, if Alice is authenticating herself to Bob with a signature, it
   makes sense for her to use a hash algorithm that Bob's software uses.
   This preference allows Bob to state in his key which algorithms Alice
   may use.

   Since SHA2-256 is the MUST-implement hash algorithm, if it is not
   explicitly in the list, it is tacitly at the end.  However, it is
   good form to place it there explicitly.

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14.4.  RSA

   There are algorithm types for RSA Sign-Only, and RSA Encrypt-Only
   keys.  These types are deprecated.  The "key flags" subpacket in a
   signature is a much better way to express the same idea, and
   generalizes it to all algorithms.  An implementation SHOULD NOT
   create such a key, but MAY interpret it.

   An implementation SHOULD NOT implement RSA keys of size less than
   1024 bits.

14.5.  DSA

   An implementation SHOULD NOT implement DSA keys of size less than
   1024 bits.  It MUST NOT implement a DSA key with a q size of less
   than 160 bits.  DSA keys MUST also be a multiple of 64 bits, and the
   q size MUST be a multiple of 8 bits.  The Digital Signature Standard
   (DSS) [FIPS186] specifies that DSA be used in one of the following
   ways:

   *  1024-bit key, 160-bit q, SHA-1, SHA2-224, SHA2-256, SHA2-384, or
      SHA2-512 hash

   *  2048-bit key, 224-bit q, SHA2-224, SHA2-256, SHA2-384, or SHA2-512
      hash

   *  2048-bit key, 256-bit q, SHA2-256, SHA2-384, or SHA2-512 hash

   *  3072-bit key, 256-bit q, SHA2-256, SHA2-384, or SHA2-512 hash

   The above key and q size pairs were chosen to best balance the
   strength of the key with the strength of the hash.  Implementations
   SHOULD use one of the above key and q size pairs when generating DSA
   keys.  If DSS compliance is desired, one of the specified SHA hashes
   must be used as well.  [FIPS186] is the ultimate authority on DSS,
   and should be consulted for all questions of DSS compliance.

   Note that earlier versions of this standard only allowed a 160-bit q
   with no truncation allowed, so earlier implementations may not be
   able to handle signatures with a different q size or a truncated
   hash.

14.6.  Elgamal

   An implementation SHOULD NOT implement Elgamal keys of size less than
   1024 bits.

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14.7.  EdDSA

   Although the EdDSA algorithm allows arbitrary data as input, its use
   with OpenPGP requires that a digest of the message is used as input
   (pre-hashed).  See Section 5.2.4 for details.  Truncation of the
   resulting digest is never applied; the resulting digest value is used
   verbatim as input to the EdDSA algorithm.

   For clarity: while [RFC8032] describes different variants of EdDSA,
   OpenPGP uses the "pure" variant (PureEdDSA).  The hashing that
   happens with OpenPGP is done as part of the standard OpenPGP
   signature process, and that hash itself is fed as the input message
   to the PureEdDSA algorithm.

   As specified in [RFC8032], Ed448 also expects a "context string".  In
   OpenPGP, Ed448 is used with the empty string as a context string.

14.8.  Reserved Algorithm Numbers

   A number of algorithm IDs have been reserved for algorithms that
   would be useful to use in an OpenPGP implementation, yet there are
   issues that prevent an implementer from actually implementing the
   algorithm.  These are marked in Section 9.1 as "reserved for".

   The reserved public-key algorithm X9.42 (21) does not have the
   necessary parameters, parameter order, or semantics defined.  The
   same is currently true for reserved public-key algorithms AEDH (23)
   and AEDSA (24).

   Previous versions of OpenPGP permitted Elgamal [ELGAMAL] signatures
   with a public-key identifier of 20.  These are no longer permitted.
   An implementation MUST NOT generate such keys.  An implementation
   MUST NOT generate Elgamal signatures.  See [BLEICHENBACHER].

14.9.  OpenPGP CFB Mode

   When using a version 1 Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected
   Data packet (Section 5.14.1) or --- for historic data --- a
   Symmetrically Encrypted Data packet (Section 5.8), OpenPGP does
   symmetric encryption using a variant of Cipher Feedback mode (CFB
   mode).  This section describes the procedure it uses in detail.  This
   mode is what is used for Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected
   Data Packets (and the dangerously malleable --- and deprecated ---
   Symmetrically Encrypted Data Packets).  Some mechanisms for
   encrypting secret-key material also use CFB mode, as described in
   Section 3.7.2.1.

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   In the description below, the value BS is the block size in octets of
   the cipher.  Most ciphers have a block size of 8 octets.  The AES and
   Twofish have a block size of 16 octets.  Also note that the
   description below assumes that the IV and CFB arrays start with an
   index of 1 (unlike the C language, which assumes arrays start with a
   zero index).

   OpenPGP CFB mode uses an initialization vector (IV) of all zeros, and
   prefixes the plaintext with BS+2 octets of random data, such that
   octets BS+1 and BS+2 match octets BS-1 and BS.  It does a CFB
   resynchronization after encrypting those BS+2 octets.

   Thus, for an algorithm that has a block size of 8 octets (64 bits),
   the IV is 10 octets long and octets 7 and 8 of the IV are the same as
   octets 9 and 10.  For an algorithm with a block size of 16 octets
   (128 bits), the IV is 18 octets long, and octets 17 and 18 replicate
   octets 15 and 16.  Those extra two octets are an easy check for a
   correct key.

   Step by step, here is the procedure:

   1.   The feedback register (FR) is set to the IV, which is all zeros.

   2.   FR is encrypted to produce FRE (FR Encrypted).  This is the
        encryption of an all-zero value.

   3.   FRE is xored with the first BS octets of random data prefixed to
        the plaintext to produce C[1] through C[BS], the first BS octets
        of ciphertext.

   4.   FR is loaded with C[1] through C[BS].

   5.   FR is encrypted to produce FRE, the encryption of the first BS
        octets of ciphertext.

   6.   The left two octets of FRE get xored with the next two octets of
        data that were prefixed to the plaintext.  This produces C[BS+1]
        and C[BS+2], the next two octets of ciphertext.

   7.   (The resynchronization step) FR is loaded with C[3] through
        C[BS+2].

   8.   FR is encrypted to produce FRE.

   9.   FRE is xored with the first BS octets of the given plaintext,
        now that we have finished encrypting the BS+2 octets of prefixed
        data.  This produces C[BS+3] through C[BS+(BS+2)], the next BS
        octets of ciphertext.

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   10.  FR is loaded with C[BS+3] to C[BS + (BS+2)] (which is C11-C18
        for an 8-octet block).

   11.  FR is encrypted to produce FRE.

   12.  FRE is xored with the next BS octets of plaintext, to produce
        the next BS octets of ciphertext.  These are loaded into FR, and
        the process is repeated until the plaintext is used up.

14.10.  Private or Experimental Parameters

   S2K specifiers, Signature subpacket types, User Attribute types,
   image format types, and algorithms described in Section 9 all reserve
   the range 100 to 110 for private and experimental use.  Packet types
   reserve the range 60 to 63 for private and experimental use.  These
   are intentionally managed with the PRIVATE USE method, as described
   in [RFC8126].

   However, implementations need to be careful with these and promote
   them to full IANA-managed parameters when they grow beyond the
   original, limited system.

14.11.  Meta-Considerations for Expansion

   If OpenPGP is extended in a way that is not backwards-compatible,
   meaning that old implementations will not gracefully handle their
   absence of a new feature, the extension proposal can be declared in
   the key holder's self-signature as part of the Features signature
   subpacket.

   We cannot state definitively what extensions will not be upwards-
   compatible, but typically new algorithms are upwards-compatible,
   whereas new packets are not.

   If an extension proposal does not update the Features system, it
   SHOULD include an explanation of why this is unnecessary.  If the
   proposal contains neither an extension to the Features system nor an
   explanation of why such an extension is unnecessary, the proposal
   SHOULD be rejected.

15.  Security Considerations

   *  As with any technology involving cryptography, you should check
      the current literature to determine if any algorithms used here
      have been found to be vulnerable to attack.

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   *  This specification uses Public-Key Cryptography technologies.  It
      is assumed that the private key portion of a public-private key
      pair is controlled and secured by the proper party or parties.

   *  The MD5 hash algorithm has been found to have weaknesses, with
      collisions found in a number of cases.  MD5 is deprecated for use
      in OpenPGP.  Implementations MUST NOT generate new signatures
      using MD5 as a hash function.  They MAY continue to consider old
      signatures that used MD5 as valid.

   *  SHA2-224 and SHA2-384 require the same work as SHA2-256 and
      SHA2-512, respectively.  In general, there are few reasons to use
      them outside of DSS compatibility.  You need a situation where one
      needs more security than smaller hashes, but does not want to have
      the full 256-bit or 512-bit data length.

   *  Many security protocol designers think that it is a bad idea to
      use a single key for both privacy (encryption) and integrity
      (signatures).  In fact, this was one of the motivating forces
      behind the V4 key format with separate signature and encryption
      keys.  If you as an implementer promote dual-use keys, you should
      at least be aware of this controversy.

   *  The DSA algorithm will work with any hash, but is sensitive to the
      quality of the hash algorithm.  Verifiers should be aware that
      even if the signer used a strong hash, an attacker could have
      modified the signature to use a weak one.  Only signatures using
      acceptably strong hash algorithms should be accepted as valid.

   *  As OpenPGP combines many different asymmetric, symmetric, and hash
      algorithms, each with different measures of strength, care should
      be taken that the weakest element of an OpenPGP message is still
      sufficiently strong for the purpose at hand.  While consensus
      about the strength of a given algorithm may evolve, NIST Special
      Publication 800-57 [SP800-57] recommends the following list of
      equivalent strengths:

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         +=====================+===========+====================+
         | Asymmetric key size | Hash size | Symmetric key size |
         +=====================+===========+====================+
         |                1024 | 160       | 80                 |
         +---------------------+-----------+--------------------+
         |                2048 | 224       | 112                |
         +---------------------+-----------+--------------------+
         |                3072 | 256       | 128                |
         +---------------------+-----------+--------------------+
         |                7680 | 384       | 192                |
         +---------------------+-----------+--------------------+
         |               15360 | 512       | 256                |
         +---------------------+-----------+--------------------+

                    Table 29: Key length equivalences

   *  There is a somewhat-related potential security problem in
      signatures.  If an attacker can find a message that hashes to the
      same hash with a different algorithm, a bogus signature structure
      can be constructed that evaluates correctly.

      For example, suppose Alice DSA signs message M using hash
      algorithm H.  Suppose that Mallet finds a message M' that has the
      same hash value as M with H'.  Mallet can then construct a
      signature block that verifies as Alice's signature of M' with H'.
      However, this would also constitute a weakness in either H or H'
      or both.  Should this ever occur, a revision will have to be made
      to this document to revise the allowed hash algorithms.

   *  If you are building an authentication system, the recipient may
      specify a preferred signing algorithm.  However, the signer would
      be foolish to use a weak algorithm simply because the recipient
      requests it.

   *  Some of the encryption algorithms mentioned in this document have
      been analyzed less than others.  For example, although CAST5 is
      presently considered strong, it has been analyzed less than
      TripleDES.  Other algorithms may have other controversies
      surrounding them.

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   *  In late summer 2002, Jallad, Katz, and Schneier published an
      interesting attack on older versions of the OpenPGP protocol and
      some of its implementations [JKS02].  In this attack, the attacker
      modifies a message and sends it to a user who then returns the
      erroneously decrypted message to the attacker.  The attacker is
      thus using the user as a random oracle, and can often decrypt the
      message.  This attack is a particular form of ciphertext
      malleability.  See Section 15.1 for information on how to defend
      against such an attack using more recent versions of OpenPGP.

   *  PKCS#1 has been found to be vulnerable to attacks in which a
      system that reports errors in padding differently from errors in
      decryption becomes a random oracle that can leak the private key
      in mere millions of queries.  Implementations must be aware of
      this attack and prevent it from happening.  The simplest solution
      is to report a single error code for all variants of decryption
      errors so as not to leak information to an attacker.

   *  Some technologies mentioned here may be subject to government
      control in some countries.

   *  In winter 2005, Serge Mister and Robert Zuccherato from Entrust
      released a paper describing a way that the "quick check" in
      OpenPGP CFB mode can be used with a random oracle to decrypt two
      octets of every cipher block [MZ05].  They recommend as prevention
      not using the quick check at all.

      Many implementers have taken this advice to heart for any data
      that is symmetrically encrypted and for which the session key is
      public-key encrypted.  In this case, the quick check is not needed
      as the public-key encryption of the session key should guarantee
      that it is the right session key.  In other cases, the
      implementation should use the quick check with care.

      On the one hand, there is a danger to using it if there is a
      random oracle that can leak information to an attacker.  In
      plainer language, there is a danger to using the quick check if
      timing information about the check can be exposed to an attacker,
      particularly via an automated service that allows rapidly repeated
      queries.

      On the other hand, it is inconvenient to the user to be informed
      that they typed in the wrong passphrase only after a petabyte of
      data is decrypted.  There are many cases in cryptographic
      engineering where the implementer must use care and wisdom, and
      this is one.

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   *  An implementation SHOULD only use an AES algorithm as a KEK
      algorithm, since backward compatibility of the ECDH format is not
      a concern.  The KEK algorithm is only used within the scope of a
      Public-Key Encrypted Session Key Packet, which represents an ECDH
      key recipient of a message.  Compare this with the algorithm used
      for the session key of the message, which MAY be different from a
      KEK algorithm.

      Side channel attacks are a concern when a compliant application's
      use of the OpenPGP format can be modeled by a decryption or
      signing oracle, for example, when an application is a network
      service performing decryption to unauthenticated remote users.
      ECC scalar multiplication operations used in ECDSA and ECDH are
      vulnerable to side channel attacks.  Countermeasures can often be
      taken at the higher protocol level, such as limiting the number of
      allowed failures or time-blinding of the operations associated
      with each network interface.  Mitigations at the scalar
      multiplication level seek to eliminate any measurable distinction
      between the ECC point addition and doubling operations.

   *  V5 signatures include a 128 bit salt that is hashed first.  This
      makes OpenPGP signatures non-deterministic and protects against a
      broad class of attacks that depend on creating a signature over a
      predictable message.  Hashing the salt first means that there is
      no attacker controlled hashed prefix.  An example of this kind of
      attack is described in the paper SHA-1 Is A Shambles (see
      [SHAMBLES]), which leverages a chosen prefix collision attack
      against SHA-1.

15.1.  Avoiding Ciphertext Malleability

   If ciphertext can be modified by an attacker but still subsequently
   decrypted to some new plaintext, it is considered "malleable".  A
   number of attacks can arise in any cryptosystem that uses malleable
   encryption, so modern OpenPGP offers mechanisms to defend against it.
   However, legacy OpenPGP data may have been created before these
   mechanisms were available.  Because OpenPGP implementations deal with
   historic stored data, they may encounter malleable ciphertexts.

   When an OpenPGP implementation discovers that it is decrypting data
   that appears to be malleable, it MUST indicate a clear error message
   that the integrity of the message is suspect, SHOULD NOT release
   decrypted data to the user, and SHOULD halt with an error.  An
   implementation that encounters malleable ciphertext MAY choose to
   release cleartext to the user if it is known to be dealing with
   historic archived legacy data, and the user is aware of the risks.

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   Any of the following OpenPGP data elements indicate that malleable
   ciphertext is present:

   *  all Symmetrically Encrypted Data packets (Section 5.8).

   *  within any encrypted container, any Compressed Data packet
      (Section 5.7) where there is a decompression failure.

   *  any version 1 Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data
      packet (Section 5.14.1) where the internal Modification Detection
      Code does not validate.

   *  any version 2 Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data
      packet (Section 5.14.2) where the authentication tag of any chunk
      fails, or where there is no final zero-octet chunk.

   *  any Secret Key packet with encrypted secret key material
      (Section 3.7.2.1) where there is an integrity failure, based on
      the value of the secret key protection octet:

      -  value 255 or raw cipher algorithm: where the trailing 2-octet
         checksum does not match.

      -  value 254: where the SHA1 checksum is mismatched.

      -  value 253: where the AEAD authentication tag is invalid.

   To avoid these circumstances, an implementation that generates
   OpenPGP encrypted data SHOULD select the encrypted container format
   with the most robust protections that can be handled by the intended
   recipients.  In particular:

   *  The SED packet is deprecated, and MUST NOT be generated.

   *  When encrypting to one or more public keys:

      -  all recipient keys indicate support for version 2 of the
         Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data packet in
         their Features subpacket (Section 5.2.3.29), or are v5 keys
         without a Features subpacket, or the implementation can
         otherwise infer that all recipients support v2 SEIPD packets,
         the implementation MUST encrypt using a v2 SEIPD packet.

      -  If one of the recipients does not support v2 SEIPD packets,
         then the message generator MAY use a v1 SEIPD packet instead.

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   *  Password-protected secret key material in a V5 Secret Key or V5
      Secret Subkey packet SHOULD be protected with AEAD encryption (S2K
      usage octet 253) unless it will be transferred to an
      implementation that is known to not support AEAD.

   Implementers should implement AEAD (v2 SEIPD and S2K usage octet 253)
   promptly and encourage its spread.

   Users should migrate to AEAD with all due speed.

15.2.  Escrowed Revocation Signatures

   A keyholder Alice may wish to designate a third party to be able to
   revoke Alice's own key.

   The preferred way for her to do this is produce a specific Revocation
   Signature (signature types 0x20, 0x28, or 0x30) and distribute it
   securely to her preferred revoker who can hold it in escrow.  The
   preferred revoker can then publish the escrowed Revocation Signature
   at whatever time is deemed appropriate, rather than generating a
   revocation signature themselves.

   There are multiple advantages of using an escrowed Revocation
   Signature over the deprecated Revocation Key subpacket
   (Section 5.2.3.20):

   *  The keyholder can constrain what types of revocation the preferred
      revoker can issue, by only escrowing those specific signatures.

   *  There is no public/visible linkage between the keyholder and the
      preferred revoker.

   *  Third parties can verify the revocation without needing to find
      the key of the preferred revoker.

   *  The preferred revoker doesn't even need to have a public OpenPGP
      key if some other secure transport is possible between them and
      the keyholder.

   *  Implementation support for enforcing a revocation from an
      authorized Revocation Key subpacket is uneven and unreliable.

   *  If the fingerprint mechanism suffers a cryptanalytic flaw, the
      escrowed Revocation Signature is not affected.

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   A Revocation Signature may also be split up into shares and
   distributed among multiple parties, requiring some subset of those
   parties to collaborate before the escrowed Revocation Signature is
   recreated.

15.3.  Random Number Generation and Seeding

   OpenPGP requires a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number
   generator (CSPRNG).  In most cases, the operating system provides an
   appropriate facility such as a getrandom() syscall, which should be
   used absent other (for example, performance) concerns.  It is
   RECOMMENDED to use an existing CSPRNG implementation in preference to
   crafting a new one.  Many adequate cryptographic libraries are
   already available under favorable license terms.  Should those prove
   unsatisfactory, [RFC4086] provides guidance on the generation of
   random values.

   OpenPGP uses random data with three different levels of visibility:

   *  in publicly-visible fields such as nonces, IVs, public padding
      material, or salts,

   *  in shared-secret values, such as session keys for encrypted data
      or padding material within an encrypted packet, and

   *  in entirely private data, such as asymmetric key generation.

   With a properly functioning CSPRNG, this does not present a security
   problem, as it is not feasible to determine the CSPRNG state from its
   output.  However, with a broken CSPRNG, it may be possible for an
   attacker to use visible output to determine the CSPRNG internal state
   and thereby predict less-visible data like keying material, as
   documented in [CHECKOWAY].

   An implementation can provide extra security against this form of
   attack by using separate CSPRNGs to generate random data with
   different levels of visibility.

15.4.  Traffic Analysis

   When sending OpenPGP data through the network, the size of the data
   may leak information to an attacker.  There are circumstances where
   such a leak could be unacceptable from a security perspective.

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   For example, if possible cleartext messages for a given protocol are
   known to be either yes (three octets) and no (two octets) and the
   messages are sent within a Symmetrically-Encrypted Integrity
   Protected Data packet, the length of the encrypted message will
   reveal the contents of the cleartext.

   In another example, sending an OpenPGP Transferable Public Key over
   an encrypted network connection might reveal the length of the
   certificate.  Since the length of an OpenPGP certificate varies based
   on the content, an external observer interested in metadata (who is
   trying to contact who) may be able to guess the identity of the
   certificate sent, if its length is unique.

   In both cases, an implementation can adjust the size of the compound
   structure by including a Padding packet (see Section 5.15).

16.  Implementation Nits

   This section is a collection of comments to help an implementer,
   particularly with an eye to backward compatibility.  Often the
   differences are small, but small differences are frequently more
   vexing than large differences.  Thus, this is a non-comprehensive
   list of potential problems and gotchas for a developer who is trying
   to be backward-compatible.

   *  There are many ways possible for two keys to have the same key
      material, but different fingerprints (and thus Key IDs).  For
      example, since a V4 fingerprint is constructed by hashing the key
      creation time along with other things, two V4 keys created at
      different times, yet with the same key material will have
      different fingerprints.

   *  OpenPGP does not put limits on the size of public keys.  However,
      larger keys are not necessarily better keys.  Larger keys take
      more computation time to use, and this can quickly become
      impractical.  Different OpenPGP implementations may also use
      different upper bounds for public key sizes, and so care should be
      taken when choosing sizes to maintain interoperability.

   *  ASCII armor is an optional feature of OpenPGP.  The OpenPGP
      working group strives for a minimal set of mandatory-to-implement
      features, and since there could be useful implementations that
      only use binary object formats, this is not a "MUST" feature for
      an implementation.  For example, an implementation that is using
      OpenPGP as a mechanism for file signatures may find ASCII armor
      unnecessary.  OpenPGP permits an implementation to declare what
      features it does and does not support, but ASCII armor is not one
      of these.  Since most implementations allow binary and armored

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      objects to be used indiscriminately, an implementation that does
      not implement ASCII armor may find itself with compatibility
      issues with general-purpose implementations.  Moreover,
      implementations of OpenPGP-MIME [RFC3156] already have a
      requirement for ASCII armor so those implementations will
      necessarily have support.

   *  What this document calls Legacy packet format Section 4.2.2 is
      what older documents called the "old packet format".  It is the
      packet format of the legacy PGP 2 implementation.  Older RFCs
      called the current OpenPGP packet format Section 4.2.1 the "new
      packet format".

17.  References

17.1.  Normative References

   [AES]      NIST, "FIPS PUB 197, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)",
              November 2001,
              <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/fips-
              197.{ps,pdf}>.

   [BLOWFISH] Schneier, B., "Description of a New Variable-Length Key,
              64-Bit Block Cipher (Blowfish)", Fast Software Encryption,
              Cambridge Security Workshop Proceedings Springer-Verlag,
              1994, pp191-204, December 1993,
              <http://www.counterpane.com/bfsverlag.html>.

   [BZ2]      Seward, J., "The Bzip2 and libbzip2 home page", 2010,
              <http://www.bzip.org/>.

   [EAX]      Bellare, M., Rogaway, P., and D. Wagner, "A Conventional
              Authenticated-Encryption Mode", April 2003.

   [ELGAMAL]  Elgamal, T., "A Public-Key Cryptosystem and a Signature
              Scheme Based on Discrete Logarithms", IEEE Transactions on
              Information Theory v. IT-31, n. 4, 1985, pp. 469-472,
              1985.

   [FIPS180]  National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
              Department of Commerce, "Secure Hash Standard (SHS), FIPS
              180-4", August 2015,
              <http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.180-4>.

   [FIPS186]  National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
              Department of Commerce, "Digital Signature Standard (DSS),
              FIPS 186-4", July 2013,
              <http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.186-4>.

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   [FIPS202]  National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
              Department of Commerce, "SHA-3 Standard: Permutation-Based
              Hash and Extendable-Output Functions, FIPS 202", August
              2015, <http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.202>.

   [HAC]      Menezes, A.J., Oorschot, P.v., and S. Vanstone, "Handbook
              of Applied Cryptography", 1996.

   [IDEA]     Lai, X., "On the design and security of block ciphers",
              ETH Series in Information Processing, J.L. Massey
              (editor) Vol. 1, Hartung-Gorre Verlag Konstanz, Technische
              Hochschule (Zurich), 1992.

   [ISO10646] International Organization for Standardization,
              "Information Technology - Universal Multiple-octet coded
              Character Set (UCS) - Part 1: Architecture and Basic
              Multilingual Plane", ISO Standard 10646-1, May 1993.

   [JFIF]     CA, E.H.M., "JPEG File Interchange Format (Version
              1.02).", September 1996.

   [PKCS5]    RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #5 v2.0: Password-Based
              Cryptography Standard", 25 March 1999.

   [RFC1950]  Deutsch, P. and J-L. Gailly, "ZLIB Compressed Data Format
              Specification version 3.3", RFC 1950,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1950, May 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1950>.

   [RFC1951]  Deutsch, P., "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification
              version 1.3", RFC 1951, DOI 10.17487/RFC1951, May 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1951>.

   [RFC2045]  Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
              Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message
              Bodies", RFC 2045, DOI 10.17487/RFC2045, November 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2045>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2144]  Adams, C., "The CAST-128 Encryption Algorithm", RFC 2144,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2144, May 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2144>.

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   [RFC2822]  Resnick, P., Ed., "Internet Message Format", RFC 2822,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2822, April 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2822>.

   [RFC3156]  Elkins, M., Del Torto, D., Levien, R., and T. Roessler,
              "MIME Security with OpenPGP", RFC 3156,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3156, August 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3156>.

   [RFC3394]  Schaad, J. and R. Housley, "Advanced Encryption Standard
              (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm", RFC 3394, DOI 10.17487/RFC3394,
              September 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3394>.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
              2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.

   [RFC3713]  Matsui, M., Nakajima, J., and S. Moriai, "A Description of
              the Camellia Encryption Algorithm", RFC 3713,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3713, April 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3713>.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
              "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4086>.

   [RFC7253]  Krovetz, T. and P. Rogaway, "The OCB Authenticated-
              Encryption Algorithm", RFC 7253, DOI 10.17487/RFC7253, May
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7253>.

   [RFC7748]  Langley, A., Hamburg, M., and S. Turner, "Elliptic Curves
              for Security", RFC 7748, DOI 10.17487/RFC7748, January
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7748>.

   [RFC8017]  Moriarty, K., Ed., Kaliski, B., Jonsson, J., and A. Rusch,
              "PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.2",
              RFC 8017, DOI 10.17487/RFC8017, November 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8017>.

   [RFC8032]  Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-Curve Digital
              Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", RFC 8032,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8032, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8032>.

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   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC9106]  Biryukov, A., Dinu, D., Khovratovich, D., and S.
              Josefsson, "Argon2 Memory-Hard Function for Password
              Hashing and Proof-of-Work Applications", RFC 9106,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9106, September 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9106>.

   [SCHNEIER] Schneier, B., "Applied Cryptography Second Edition:
              protocols, algorithms, and source code in C", 1996.

   [SP800-38D]
              Dworkin, M., "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of
              Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC", NIST
              Special Publication 800-38D, November 2007.

   [SP800-56A]
              Barker, E., Johnson, D., and M. Smid, "Recommendation for
              Pair-Wise Key Establishment Schemes Using Discrete
              Logarithm Cryptography", NIST Special Publication 800-56A
              Revision 1, March 2007.

   [TWOFISH]  Schneier, B., Kelsey, J., Whiting, D., Wagner, D., Hall,
              C., and N. Ferguson, "The Twofish Encryption Algorithm",
              1999.

17.2.  Informative References

   [BLEICHENBACHER]
              Bleichenbacher, D., "Generating ElGamal Signatures Without
              Knowing the Secret Key", Lecture Notes in Computer
              Science Volume 1070, pp. 10-18, 1996.

   [CHECKOWAY]
              Checkoway, S., Maskiewicz, J., Garman, C., Fried, J.,
              Cohney, S., Green, M., Heninger, N., Weinmann, R.,
              Rescorla, E., and H. Shacham, "A Systematic Analysis of
              the Juniper Dual EC Incident", Proceedings of the 2016 ACM
              SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security,
              DOI 10.1145/2976749.2978395, October 2016,
              <https://doi.org/10.1145/2976749.2978395>.

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   [JKS02]    Jallad, K., Katz, J., and B. Schneier, "Implementation of
              Chosen-Ciphertext Attacks against PGP and GnuPG", 2002,
              <http://www.counterpane.com/pgp-attack.html>.

   [KOBLITZ]  Koblitz, N., "A course in number theory and cryptography,
              Chapter VI. Elliptic Curves", ISBN 0-387-96576-9, 1997.

   [MZ05]     Mister, S. and R. Zuccherato, "An Attack on CFB Mode
              Encryption As Used By OpenPGP", IACR ePrint Archive Report
              2005/033, 8 February 2005,
              <http://eprint.iacr.org/2005/033>.

   [PAX]      The Open Group, "IEEE Standard for Information
              Technology--Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX(R))
              Base Specifications, Issue 7: pax - portable archive
              interchange", IEEE Standard 1003.1-2017,
              DOI 10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8277153, 2018,
              <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/
              utilities/pax.html>.

   [REGEX]    Friedl, J., "Mastering Regular Expressions",
              ISBN 0-596-00289-0, August 2002.

   [RFC1991]  Atkins, D., Stallings, W., and P. Zimmermann, "PGP Message
              Exchange Formats", RFC 1991, DOI 10.17487/RFC1991, August
              1996, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1991>.

   [RFC2440]  Callas, J., Donnerhacke, L., Finney, H., and R. Thayer,
              "OpenPGP Message Format", RFC 2440, DOI 10.17487/RFC2440,
              November 1998, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2440>.

   [RFC4880]  Callas, J., Donnerhacke, L., Finney, H., Shaw, D., and R.
              Thayer, "OpenPGP Message Format", RFC 4880,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4880, November 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4880>.

   [RFC5869]  Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand
              Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5869>.

   [RFC6090]  McGrew, D., Igoe, K., and M. Salter, "Fundamental Elliptic
              Curve Cryptography Algorithms", RFC 6090,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6090, February 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6090>.

   [SEC1]     Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group, "SEC 1:
              Elliptic Curve Cryptography", September 2000.

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   [SHAMBLES] Leurent, G. and T. Peyrin, "Sha-1 is a shambles: First
              chosen-prefix collision on sha-1 and application to the
              PGP web of trust", 2020, <https://sha-mbles.github.io/>.

   [SP800-57] NIST, "Recommendation on Key Management", NIST Special
              Publication 800-57, March 2007,
              <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-57/
              SP800-57-Part{1,2}.pdf>.

Appendix A.  Test vectors

   To help implementing this specification a non-normative example for
   the EdDSA algorithm is given.

A.1.  Sample EdDSA key

   The secret key used for this example is:

   D: 1a8b1ff05ded48e18bf50166c664ab023ea70003d78d9e41f5758a91d850f8d2

   Note that this is the raw secret key used as input to the EdDSA
   signing operation.  The key was created on 2014-08-19 14:28:27 and
   thus the fingerprint of the OpenPGP key is:

      C959 BDBA FA32 A2F8 9A15  3B67 8CFD E121 9796 5A9A

   The algorithm specific input parameters without the MPI length
   headers are:

   oid: 2b06010401da470f01

   q: 403f098994bdd916ed4053197934e4a87c80733a1280d62f8010992e43ee3b2406

   The entire public key packet is thus:

      98 33 04 53 f3 5f 0b 16  09 2b 06 01 04 01 da 47
      0f 01 01 07 40 3f 09 89  94 bd d9 16 ed 40 53 19
      79 34 e4 a8 7c 80 73 3a  12 80 d6 2f 80 10 99 2e
      43 ee 3b 24 06

A.2.  Sample EdDSA signature

   The signature is created using the sample key over the input data
   "OpenPGP" on 2015-09-16 12:24:53 and thus the input to the hash
   function is:

   m: 4f70656e504750040016080006050255f95f9504ff0000000c

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   Using the SHA2-256 hash algorithm yields the digest:

   d: f6220a3f757814f4c2176ffbb68b00249cd4ccdc059c4b34ad871f30b1740280

   Which is fed into the EdDSA signature function and yields this
   signature:

   r: 56f90cca98e2102637bd983fdb16c131dfd27ed82bf4dde5606e0d756aed3366

   s: d09c4fa11527f038e0f57f2201d82f2ea2c9033265fa6ceb489e854bae61b404

   The entire signature packet is thus:

      88 5e 04 00 16 08 00 06  05 02 55 f9 5f 95 00 0a
      09 10 8c fd e1 21 97 96  5a 9a f6 22 01 00 56 f9
      0c ca 98 e2 10 26 37 bd  98 3f db 16 c1 31 df d2
      7e d8 2b f4 dd e5 60 6e  0d 75 6a ed 33 66 01 00
      d0 9c 4f a1 15 27 f0 38  e0 f5 7f 22 01 d8 2f 2e
      a2 c9 03 32 65 fa 6c eb  48 9e 85 4b ae 61 b4 04

A.3.  Sample AEAD-EAX encryption and decryption

   This example encrypts the cleartext string Hello, world! with the
   password password, using AES-128 with AEAD-EAX encryption.

A.3.1.  Sample Parameters

   S2K:

     Iterated and Salted S2K

   Iterations:

     65011712 (255), SHA2-256

   Salt:

     a5 ae 57 9d 1f c5 d8 2b

A.3.2.  Sample symmetric-key encrypted session key packet (v5)

   Packet header:

     c3 40

   Version, algorithms, S2K fields:

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     05 1e 07 01 0b 03 08 a5 ae 57 9d 1f c5 d8 2b ff
     69 22

   Nonce:

     69 22 4f 91 99 93 b3 50 6f a3 b5 9a 6a 73 cf f8

   Encrypted session key and AEAD tag:

     da 74 6b 88 e3 57 e8 ae 54 eb 87 e1 d7 05 75 d7
     2f 60 23 29 90 52 3e 9a 59 09 49 22 40 6b e1 c3

A.3.3.  Starting AEAD-EAX decryption of the session key

   The derived key is:

     15 49 67 e5 90 aa 1f 92 3e 1c 0a c6 4c 88 f2 3d

   HKDF info:

     c3 05 07 01

   HKDF output:

     74 f0 46 03 63 a7 00 76 db 08 c4 92 ab f2 95 52

   Authenticated Data:

     c3 05 07 01

   Nonce:

     69 22 4f 91 99 93 b3 50 6f a3 b5 9a 6a 73 cf f8

   Decrypted session key:

     38 81 ba fe 98 54 12 45 9b 86 c3 6f 98 cb 9a 5e

A.3.4.  Sample v2 SEIPD packet

   Packet header:

     d2 69

   Version, AES-128, EAX, Chunk size octet:

     02 07 01 06

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   Salt:

     9f f9 0e 3b 32 19 64 f3 a4 29 13 c8 dc c6 61 93
     25 01 52 27 ef b7 ea ea a4 9f 04 c2 e6 74 17 5d

   Chunk #0 encrypted data:

     4a 3d 22 6e d6 af cb 9c a9 ac 12 2c 14 70 e1 1c
     63 d4 c0 ab 24 1c 6a 93 8a d4 8b f9 9a 5a 99 b9
     0b ba 83 25 de

   Chunk #0 authentication tag:

     61 04 75 40 25 8a b7 95 9a 95 ad 05 1d da 96 eb

   Final (zero-sized chunk #1) authentication tag:

     15 43 1d fe f5 f5 e2 25 5c a7 82 61 54 6e 33 9a

A.3.5.  Decryption of data

   Starting AEAD-EAX decryption of data, using the session key.

   HKDF info:

     d2 02 07 01 06

   HKDF output:

     b5 04 22 ac 1c 26 be 9d dd 83 1d 5b bb 36 b6 4f
     78 b8 33 f2 e9 4a 60 c0

   Message key:

     b5 04 22 ac 1c 26 be 9d dd 83 1d 5b bb 36 b6 4f

   Initialization vector:

     78 b8 33 f2 e9 4a 60 c0

   Chunk #0:

   Nonce:

     78 b8 33 f2 e9 4a 60 c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

   Additional authenticated data:

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     d2 02 07 01 06

   Decrypted chunk #0.

   Literal data packet with the string contents Hello, world!:

     cb 13 62 00 00 00 00 00 48 65 6c 6c 6f 2c 20 77
     6f 72 6c 64 21

   Padding packet:

     d5 0e ae 5b f0 cd 67 05 50 03 55 81 6c b0 c8 ff

   Authenticating final tag:

   Final nonce:

     78 b8 33 f2 e9 4a 60 c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01

   Final additional authenticated data:

     d2 02 07 01 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 25

A.3.6.  Complete AEAD-EAX encrypted packet sequence

   -----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----

   w0AFHgcBCwMIpa5XnR/F2Cv/aSJPkZmTs1Bvo7WaanPP+Np0a4jjV+iuVOuH4dcF
   ddcvYCMpkFI+mlkJSSJAa+HD0mkCBwEGn/kOOzIZZPOkKRPI3MZhkyUBUifvt+rq
   pJ8EwuZ0F11KPSJu1q/LnKmsEiwUcOEcY9TAqyQcapOK1Iv5mlqZuQu6gyXeYQR1
   QCWKt5Wala0FHdqW6xVDHf719eIlXKeCYVRuM5o=
   =wG7F
   -----END PGP MESSAGE-----

A.4.  Sample AEAD-OCB encryption and decryption

   This example encrypts the cleartext string Hello, world! with the
   password password, using AES-128 with AEAD-OCB encryption.

A.4.1.  Sample Parameters

   S2K:

     Iterated and Salted S2K

   Iterations:

     65011712 (255), SHA2-256

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   Salt:

     56 a2 98 d2 f5 e3 64 53

A.4.2.  Sample symmetric-key encrypted session key packet (v5)

   Packet header:

     c3 3f

   Version, algorithms, S2K fields:

     05 1d 07 02 0b 03 08 56 a2 98 d2 f5 e3 64 53 ff
     cf cc

   Nonce:

     cf cc 5c 11 66 4e db 9d b4 25 90 d7 dc 46 b0

   Encrypted session key and AEAD tag:

     78 c5 c0 41 9c c5 1b 3a 46 87 cb 32 e5 b7 03 1c
     e7 c6 69 75 76 5b 5c 21 d9 2a ef 4c c0 5c 3f ea

A.4.3.  Starting AEAD-EAX decryption of the session key

   The derived key is:

     e8 0d e2 43 a3 62 d9 3b 9d c6 07 ed e9 6a 73 56

   HKDF info:

     c3 05 07 02

   HKDF output:

     20 62 fb 76 31 ef be f4 df 81 67 ce d7 f3 a4 64

   Authenticated Data:

     c3 05 07 02

   Nonce:

     cf cc 5c 11 66 4e db 9d b4 25 90 d7 dc 46 b0

   Decrypted session key:

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     28 e7 9a b8 23 97 d3 c6 3d e2 4a c2 17 d7 b7 91

A.4.4.  Sample v2 SEIPD packet

   Packet header:

     d2 69

   Version, AES-128, EAX, Chunk size octet:

     02 07 02 06

   Salt:

     20 a6 61 f7 31 fc 9a 30 32 b5 62 33 26 02 7e 3a
     5d 8d b5 74 8e be ff 0b 0c 59 10 d0 9e cd d6 41

   Chunk #0 encrypted data:

     ff 9f d3 85 62 75 80 35 bc 49 75 4c e1 bf 3f ff
     a7 da d0 a3 b8 10 4f 51 33 cf 42 a4 10 0a 83 ee
     f4 ca 1b 48 01

   Chunk #0 authentication tag:

     a8 84 6b f4 2b cd a7 c8 ce 9d 65 e2 12 f3 01 cb

   Final (zero-sized chunk #1) authentication tag:

     cd 98 fd ca de 69 4a 87 7a d4 24 73 23 f6 e8 57

A.4.5.  Decryption of data

   Starting AEAD-OCB decryption of data, using the session key.

   HKDF info:

     d2 02 07 02 06

   HKDF output:

     71 66 2a 11 ee 5b 4e 08 14 4e 6d e8 83 a0 09 99
     eb de 12 bb 57 0d cf

   Message key:

     71 66 2a 11 ee 5b 4e 08 14 4e 6d e8 83 a0 09 99

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   Initialization vector:

     eb de 12 bb 57 0d cf

   Chunk #0:

   Nonce:

     eb de 12 bb 57 0d cf 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

   Additional authenticated data:

     d2 02 07 02 06

   Decrypted chunk #0.

   Literal data packet with the string contents Hello, world!:

     cb 13 62 00 00 00 00 00 48 65 6c 6c 6f 2c 20 77
     6f 72 6c 64 21

   Padding packet:

     d5 0e ae 6a a1 64 9b 56 aa 83 5b 26 13 90 2b d2

   Authenticating final tag:

   Final nonce:

     eb de 12 bb 57 0d cf 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01

   Final additional authenticated data:

     d2 02 07 02 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 25

A.4.6.  Complete AEAD-EAX encrypted packet sequence

   -----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----

   wz8FHQcCCwMIVqKY0vXjZFP/z8xcEWZO2520JZDX3EaweMXAQZzFGzpGh8sy5bcD
   HOfGaXV2W1wh2SrvTMBcP+rSaQIHAgYgpmH3MfyaMDK1YjMmAn46XY21dI6+/wsM
   WRDQns3WQf+f04VidYA1vEl1TOG/P/+n2tCjuBBPUTPPQqQQCoPu9MobSAGohGv0
   K82nyM6dZeIS8wHLzZj9yt5pSod61CRzI/boVw==
   =K/pk
   -----END PGP MESSAGE-----

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A.5.  Sample AEAD-GCM encryption and decryption

   This example encrypts the cleartext string Hello, world! with the
   password password, using AES-128 with AEAD-GCM encryption.

A.5.1.  Sample Parameters

   S2K:

     Iterated and Salted S2K

   Iterations:

     65011712 (255), SHA2-256

   Salt:

     e9 d3 97 85 b2 07 00 08

A.5.2.  Sample symmetric-key encrypted session key packet (v5)

   Packet header:

     c3 3c

   Version, algorithms, S2K fields:

     05 1a 07 03 0b 03 08 e9 d3 97 85 b2 07 00 08 ff
     b4 2e

   Nonce:

     b4 2e 7c 48 3e f4 88 44 57 cb 37 26

   Encrypted session key and AEAD tag:

     0c 0c 4b f3 f2 cd 6c b7 b6 e3 8b 5b f3 34 67 c1
     c7 19 44 dd 59 03 46 66 2f 5a de 61 ff 84 bc e0

A.5.3.  Starting AEAD-EAX decryption of the session key

   The derived key is:

     25 02 81 71 5b ba 78 28 ef 71 ef 64 c4 78 47 53

   HKDF info:

     c3 05 07 03

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   HKDF output:

     de ec e5 81 8b c0 aa b9 0f 8a fb 02 fa 00 cd 13

   Authenticated Data:

     c3 05 07 03

   Nonce:

     b4 2e 7c 48 3e f4 88 44 57 cb 37 26

   Decrypted session key:

     19 36 fc 85 68 98 02 74 bb 90 0d 83 19 36 0c 77

A.5.4.  Sample v2 SEIPD packet

   Packet header:

     d2 69

   Version, AES-128, EAX, Chunk size octet:

     02 07 03 06

   Salt:

     fc b9 44 90 bc b9 8b bd c9 d1 06 c6 09 02 66 94
     0f 72 e8 9e dc 21 b5 59 6b 15 76 b1 01 ed 0f 9f

   Chunk #0 encrypted data:

     fc 6f c6 d6 5b bf d2 4d cd 07 90 96 6e 6d 1e 85
     a3 00 53 78 4c b1 d8 b6 a0 69 9e f1 21 55 a7 b2
     ad 62 58 53 1b

   Chunk #0 authentication tag:

     57 65 1f d7 77 79 12 fa 95 e3 5d 9b 40 21 6f 69

   Final (zero-sized chunk #1) authentication tag:

     a4 c2 48 db 28 ff 43 31 f1 63 29 07 39 9e 6f f9

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A.5.5.  Decryption of data

   Starting AEAD-GCM decryption of data, using the session key.

   HKDF info:

     d2 02 07 03 06

   HKDF output:

     ea 14 38 80 3c b8 a4 77 40 ce 9b 54 c3 38 77 8d
     4d 2b dc 2b

   Message key:

     ea 14 38 80 3c b8 a4 77 40 ce 9b 54 c3 38 77 8d

   Initialization vector:

     4d 2b dc 2b

   Chunk #0:

   Nonce:

     4d 2b dc 2b 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

   Additional authenticated data:

     d2 02 07 03 06

   Decrypted chunk #0.

   Literal data packet with the string contents Hello, world!:

     cb 13 62 00 00 00 00 00 48 65 6c 6c 6f 2c 20 77
     6f 72 6c 64 21

   Padding packet:

     d5 0e 1c e2 26 9a 9e dd ef 81 03 21 72 b7 ed 7c

   Authenticating final tag:

   Final nonce:

     4d 2b dc 2b 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01

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   Final additional authenticated data:

     d2 02 07 03 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 25

A.5.6.  Complete AEAD-EAX encrypted packet sequence

   -----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----

   wzwFGgcDCwMI6dOXhbIHAAj/tC58SD70iERXyzcmDAxL8/LNbLe244tb8zRnwccZ
   RN1ZA0ZmL1reYf+EvODSaQIHAwb8uUSQvLmLvcnRBsYJAmaUD3LontwhtVlrFXax
   Ae0Pn/xvxtZbv9JNzQeQlm5tHoWjAFN4TLHYtqBpnvEhVaeyrWJYUxtXZR/Xd3kS
   +pXjXZtAIW9ppMJI2yj/QzHxYykHOZ5v+Q==
   =ClBe
   -----END PGP MESSAGE-----

A.6.  Sample message encrypted using Argon2

   These messages are the literal data "Hello, world!" encrypted using
   Argon2 and the passphrase "password", using different session key
   sizes.  In all cases, the Argon2 parameters are t = 1, p = 4, and m =
   21.

   AES-128:

   -----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
   Comment: Encrypted using AES with 128-bit key
   Comment: Session key: 01FE16BBACFD1E7B78EF3B865187374F

   wycEBwScUvg8J/leUNU1RA7N/zE2AQQVnlL8rSLPP5VlQsunlO+ECxHSPgGYGKY+
   YJz4u6F+DDlDBOr5NRQXt/KJIf4m4mOlKyC/uqLbpnLJZMnTq3o79GxBTdIdOzhH
   XfA3pqV4mTzF
   =uIks
   -----END PGP MESSAGE-----

   AES-192:

  -----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
  Comment: Encrypted using AES with 192-bit key
  Comment: Session key: 27006DAE68E509022CE45A14E569E91001C2955AF8DFE194

  wy8ECAThTKxHFTRZGKli3KNH4UP4AQQVhzLJ2va3FG8/pmpIPd/H/mdoVS5VBLLw
  F9I+AdJ1Sw56PRYiKZjCvHg+2bnq02s33AJJoyBexBI4QKATFRkyez2gldJldRys
  LVg77Mwwfgl2n/d572WciAM=
  =n8Ma
  -----END PGP MESSAGE-----

   AES-256:

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-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
Comment: Encrypted using AES with 256-bit key
Comment: Session key: BBEDA55B9AAE63DAC45D4F49D89DACF4AF37FEFC13BAB2F1F8E18FB74580D8B0

wzcECQS4eJUgIG/3mcaILEJFpmJ8AQQVnZ9l7KtagdClm9UaQ/Z6M/5roklSGpGu
623YmaXezGj80j4B+Ku1sgTdJo87X1Wrup7l0wJypZls21Uwd67m9koF60eefH/K
95D1usliXOEm8ayQJQmZrjf6K6v9PWwqMQ==
=1fB/
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----

Appendix B.  Acknowledgements

   This memo also draws on much previous work from a number of other
   authors, including: Derek Atkins, Charles Breed, Dave Del Torto, Marc
   Dyksterhouse, Gail Haspert, Gene Hoffman, Paul Hoffman, Ben Laurie,
   Raph Levien, Colin Plumb, Will Price, David Shaw, William Stallings,
   Mark Weaver, and Philip R. Zimmermann.

Appendix C.  Document Workflow

   This document is built from markdown using ruby-kramdown-rfc2629
   (https://rubygems.org/gems/kramdown-rfc2629), and tracked using git
   (https://git-scm.com/).  The markdown source under development can be
   found in the file crypto-refresh.md in the main branch of the git
   repository (https://gitlab.com/openpgp-wg/rfc4880bis).  Discussion of
   this document should take place on the openpgp@ietf.org mailing list
   (https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/openpgp).

   A non-substantive editorial nit can be submitted directly as a merge
   request (https://gitlab.com/openpgp-wg/rfc4880bis/-/merge_requests/
   new).  A substantive proposed edit may also be submitted as a merge
   request, but should simultaneously be sent to the mailing list for
   discussion.

   An open problem can be recorded and tracked as an issue
   (https://gitlab.com/openpgp-wg/rfc4880bis/-/issues) in the gitlab
   issue tracker, but discussion of the issue should take place on the
   mailing list.

   [Note to RFC-Editor: Please remove this section on publication.]

Authors' Addresses

   Werner Koch (editor)
   GnuPG e.V.
   Rochusstr. 44
   40479 Duesseldorf
   Germany

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   Email: wk@gnupg.org
   URI:   https://gnupg.org/verein

   Paul Wouters (editor)
   Aiven
   Email: paul.wouters@aiven.io

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