The TACACS+ Protocol
draft-ietf-opsawg-tacacs-01
The information below is for an old version of the document.
| Document | Type |
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8907.
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| Authors | Thorsten Dahm , Andrej Ota , dcmgash@cisco.com , David Carrel , (Unknown) | ||
| Last updated | 2016-03-08 | ||
| Replaces | draft-dahm-opsawg-tacacs | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
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draft-ietf-opsawg-tacacs-01
Operations T. Dahm
Internet-Draft A. Ota
Intended status: Informational Google Inc
Expires: September 9, 2016 D. Medway Gash
Cisco Systems, Inc.
D. Carrel
vIPtela, Inc.
L. Grant
March 8, 2016
The TACACS+ Protocol
draft-ietf-opsawg-tacacs-01
Abstract
TACACS+ provides Device Administration for routers, network access
servers and other networked computing devices via one or more
centralized servers. This document describes the protocol that is
used by TACACS+.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 9, 2016.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
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not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Technical Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. TACACS+ Connections and Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.1. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. Single Connect Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.4. The TACACS+ Packet Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.5. The TACACS+ Packet Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.6. Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.6.1. Body Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1. The Authentication START Packet Body . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2. The Authentication REPLY Packet Body . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3. The Authentication CONTINUE Packet Body . . . . . . . . . 14
4.4. Description of Authentication Process . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4.1. Version Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4.2. Common Authentication Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4.3. Aborting an Authentication Session . . . . . . . . . 19
5. Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.1. The Authorization REQUEST Packet Body . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2. The Authorization RESPONSE Packet Body . . . . . . . . . 23
6. Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.1. The Account REQUEST Packet Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.2. The Accounting REPLY Packet Body . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7. Attribute-Value Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.1. Authorization Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.2. Accounting Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8. Privilege Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
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9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1. Introduction
A wide range of TACACS+ clients and servers are already deployed in
the field. The TACACS+ protocol they are based on is defined in a
draft document that was originally intended for IETF publication.
This document is known as `The Draft' [TheDraft] .
It is intended that all implementations which conform to this
document will conform to 'The Draft'. However, some options have
been removed. This document officially removes SENDPASS for security
reasons. The normative description of Legacy features such as ARAP
and outbound authentication have been removed, however the required
enumerations are kept.
The TACACS+ protocol separates the functions of Authentication,
Authorization and Accounting. It allows for arbitrary length and
content authentication exchanges, which will support any
authentication mechanism to be utilized with TACACS+ clients. It is
extensible to provide for site customization and future development
features, and it uses TCP to ensure reliable delivery. The protocol
allows the TACACS+ client to request very fine-grained access control
and allows the server to respond to each component of that request.
The separation of authentication, authorization and accounting is a
fundamental component of the design of TACACS+. The distinction
between them is very important so this document will address each one
separately. It is important to note that TACACS+ provides for all
three, but an implementation or configuration is not required to
employ all three. Each one serves a unique purpose that alone is
useful, and together can be quite powerful.
TACACS+ is primarily used for Device Administration. In addition to
authenticating access to network devices, it provides central
authorization of operations, and audit of those operations
2. Technical Definitions
This section provides a few basic definitions that are applicable to
this document
Authentication
Authentication is the action of determining who a user (or entity)
is. Authentication can take many forms. Traditional authentication
utilizes a name and a fixed password. Most computers work this way,
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and TACACS+ can also work this way. However, fixed passwords have
limitations, mainly in the area of security. Many modern
authentication mechanisms utilize "one-time" passwords or a
challenge-response query. TACACS+ is designed to support all of
these, and should be powerful enough to handle any future mechanisms.
Authentication generally takes place when the user first logs in to a
machine or requests a service of it.
Authentication is not mandatory; it is a site-configured option.
Some sites do not require it. Others require it only for certain
services (see authorization below). Authentication may also take
place when a user attempts to gain extra privileges, and must
identify himself or herself as someone who possesses the required
information (passwords, etc.) for those privileges.
Authorization
It is important to distinguish Authorization from Authentication.
Authorization is the action of determining what a user is allowed to
do. Generally authentication precedes authorization, but again, this
is not required. An authorization request may indicate that the user
is not authenticated (we don't know who they are). In this case it
is up to the authorization agent to determine if an unauthenticated
user is allowed the services in question.
In TACACS+, authorization does not merely provide yes or no answers,
but it may also customize the service for the particular user.
Examples of when authorization would be performed are: When a user
first logs in and wants to start a shell, or when a user starts PPP
and wants to use IP over PPP with a particular IP address. The
TACACS+ server might respond to these requests by allowing the
service, but placing a time restriction on the login shell, or by
requiring IP access lists on the PPP connection. For a list of
authorization attributes, see the authorization section (Section 5) .
Accounting
Accounting is typically the third action after authentication and
authorization. But again, neither authentication nor authorization
is required. Accounting is the action of recording what a user is
doing, and/or has done. Accounting in TACACS+ can serve two
purposes: It may be used as an auditing tool for security services.
It may also be used to account for services used, such as in a
billing environment. To this end, TACACS+ supports three types of
accounting records. Start records indicate that a service is about
to begin. Stop records indicate that a service has just terminated,
and Update records are intermediate notices that indicate that a
service is still being performed. TACACS+ accounting records contain
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all the information used in the authorization records, and also
contain accounting specific information such as start and stop times
(when appropriate) and resource usage information. A list of
accounting attributes is defined in the accounting section
(Section 6) .
Client
The client is any device, (often a Network Access Server) that
provides access services. The clients usually provide a character
mode front end and then allow the user to telnet or rlogin to another
host. A client may also support protocol based access services.
Server
The server receives TACACS+ protocol requests, and replies according
to its business model, in accordance with the flows defined in this
document.
Packet
All uses of the word packet in this document refer to TACACS+
protocol packets unless explicitly noted otherwise.
3. TACACS+ Connections and Sessions
3.1. Connection
TACACS+ uses TCP for its transport. Server port 49 is allocated for
TACACS+ traffic.
3.1.1. Security Considerations
The encryption mechanism specified by 'The Draft' would be regarded
as obfuscation. It will be referred to here as Body Encryption. A
transport based scheme will be specified in a separate document
It is NOT recommended to deploy TACACS+ without Body encryption,
other than for test environments.
3.2. Session
The concept of a session is used throughout this document. A TACACS+
session is a single authentication sequence, a single authorization
exchange, or a single accounting exchange.
An accounting and authorization session will consist of a single pair
of packets (the request and its reply). An authentication session
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may involve an arbitrary number of packets being exchanged. The
session is an operational concept that is maintained between the
TACACS+ client and server. It does not necessarily correspond to a
given user or user action.
3.3. Single Connect Mode
The packet header (see below) contains a flag to allow sessions to be
multiplexed on a connection.
If a client sets this flag, this indicates that it supports
multiplexing TACACS+ sessions over a single TCP connection. The
client MUST NOT send a second packet on a connection until single-
connect status has been established.
If the server sets this flag in the first reply packet in response to
the first packet from a client, this indicates its willingness to
support single-connection over the current connection. The server
may set this flag even if the client does not set it, but the client
is under no obligation to honor it.
The flag is only relevant for the first two packets on a connection,
to allow the client and server to establish single connection mode.
The flag MUST be ignored after these two packets since the single-
connect status of a connection, once established, must not be
changed. The connection must instead be closed and a new connection
opened, if required.
When single-connect status is established, multiple sessions MUST be
allowed simultaneously and/or consecutively on a single TCP
connection. If single-connect status has not been established in the
first two packets of a TCP connection, then the connection must be
closed at the end of the first session.
3.4. The TACACS+ Packet Header
All TACACS+ packets begin with the following 12 byte header. The
header describes the remainder of the packet:
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|major | minor | | | |
|version| version| type | seq_no | flags |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| |
| session_id |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| |
| length |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
major_version
This is the major TACACS+ version number.
TAC_PLUS_MAJOR_VER := 0xc
minor_version
The minor TACACS+ version number.
TAC_PLUS_MINOR_VER_DEFAULT := 0x0
TAC_PLUS_MINOR_VER_ONE := 0x1
type
This is the packet type. Legal values are:
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN := 0x01 (Authentication)
TAC_PLUS_AUTHOR := 0x02 (Authorization)
TAC_PLUS_ACCT := 0x03 (Accounting)
seq_no
This is the sequence number of the current packet for the current
session. The first packet in a session MUST have the sequence number
1 and each subsequent packet will increment the sequence number by
one. Thus clients only send packets containing odd sequence numbers,
and TACACS+ servers only send packets containing even sequence
numbers.
The sequence number must never wrap i.e. if the sequence number 2^8-1
is ever reached, that session must terminate and be restarted with a
sequence number of 1.
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flags
This field contains various bitmapped flags.
The unencrypted flag bit says whether encryption is being used on the
body of the packet (the entire portion after the header).
TAC_PLUS_UNENCRYPTED_FLAG := 0x01
If this flag is set, then body encryption is not used. If this flag
is cleared, the packet is encrypted. Unencrypted packets are
intended for testing, and are not recommended for normal use.
The single-connection flag:
TAC_PLUS_SINGLE_CONNECT_FLAG := 0x04
This flag is used to allow a client and server to agree whether
multiple sessions may be multiplexed onto a single connection.
session_id
The Id for this TACACS+ session. The session id should be randomly
chosen. This field does not change for the duration of the TACACS+
session. (If this value is not a cryptographically strong random
number, it will compromise the protocol's security, see RFC 1750
[RFC1750] )
length
The total length of the packet body (not including the header). This
value is in network byte order. Packets are never padded beyond this
length.
3.5. The TACACS+ Packet Body
The TACACS+ body types are defined in the packet header. The
remainder of this document will address the contents of the different
TACACS+ bodies. The following general rules apply to all TACACS+
body types:
- Any variable length data fields which are unused MUST have a
length value equal to zero.
- Unused fixed length fields SHOULD have values of zero.
- All data and message fields in a packet MUST NOT be null
terminated.
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- All length values are unsigned and in network byte order.
- There should be no padding in any of the fields or at the end of
a packet.
3.6. Encryption
3.6.1. Body Encryption
The body of packets may be encrypted. The following sections
describe the encryption mechanism that is supported to enable
backwards compatibility with 'The Draft'.
When the encryption mechanism relies on a secret key, it is referring
to a shared secret value that is known to both the client and the
server. This document does not discuss the management and storage of
those keys. It is an implementation detail of the server and client,
as to whether they will maintain only one key, or a different key for
each client or server with which they communicate. For security
reasons, the latter options should be available, but it is a site
dependent decision as to whether the use of separate keys is
appropriate.
The encrypted flag field may be set as follows:
TAC_PLUS_UNENCRYPTED_FLAG == 0x0
In this case, the packet body is encrypted by XOR-ing it byte-wise
with a pseudo random pad.
ENCRYPTED {data} == data ^ pseudo_pad
The pad is generated by concatenating a series of MD5 hashes (each 16
bytes long) and truncating it to the length of the input data.
Whenever used in this document, MD5 refers to the "RSA Data Security,
Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm" as specified in RFC 1321 [RFC1321]
.
pseudo_pad = {MD5_1 [,MD5_2 [ ... ,MD5_n]]} truncated to len(data)
The first MD5 hash is generated by concatenating the session_id, the
secret key, the version number and the sequence number and then
running MD5 over that stream. All of those input values are
available in the packet header, except for the secret key which is a
shared secret between the TACACS+ client and server.
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The version number is the one byte concatenation of the major and
minor version numbers.
The session id is used in network byte order.
Subsequent hashes are generated by using the same input stream, but
concatenating the previous hash value at the end of the input stream.
MD5_1 = MD5{session_id, key, version, seq_no} MD5_2 = MD5{session_id,
key, version, seq_no, MD5_1} .... MD5_n = MD5{session_id, key,
version, seq_no, MD5_n-1}
TAC_PLUS_UNENCRYPTED_FLAG == 0x1
In this case, the entire packet body is in cleartext. Encryption and
decryption are null operations. This method should only be used for
debugging. It does not provide data protection or authentication and
is highly susceptible to packet spoofing. Implementing this
encryption method is optional.
NOTE: Implementations should take care not to skip decryption simply
because an incoming packet indicates that it is not encrypted. If
the unencrypted flag is not set, and the packet is not encrypted, it
must be dropped.
After a packet body is decrypted, the lengths of the component values
in the packet should be summed and checked against the cleartext
datalength value from the header. Any packets which fail this check
should be discarded and an error signalled. Commonly such failures
may be expected to be seen when there are mismatched keys between the
client and the TACACS+ server.
If an error must be declared but the type of the incoming packet
cannot be determined, a packet with the identical cleartext header
but with a sequence number incremented by one and the length set to
zero MUST be returned to indicate an error.
4. Authentication
4.1. The Authentication START Packet Body
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| action | priv_lvl | authen_type | service |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| user len | port len | rem_addr len | data len |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| user ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| port ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| rem_addr ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| data...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
Packet fields are as follows:
action
This describes the authentication action to be performed. Legal
values are:
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_LOGIN := 0x01
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_CHPASS := 0x02
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SENDAUTH := 0x04
priv_lvl
This indicates the privilege level that the user is authenticating
as. Please refer to the Privilege Level section (Section 8) below.
authen_type
The type of authentication that is being performed. Legal values
are:
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_TYPE_ASCII := 0x01
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_TYPE_PAP := 0x02
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_TYPE_CHAP := 0x03
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_TYPE_ARAP := 0x04 (deprecated)
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_TYPE_MSCHAP := 0x05
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TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_TYPE_MSCHAPV2 := 0x06
service
This is the service that is requesting the authentication. Legal
values are:
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SVC_NONE := 0x00
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SVC_LOGIN := 0x01
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SVC_ENABLE := 0x02
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SVC_PPP := 0x03
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SVC_ARAP := 0x04
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SVC_PT := 0x05
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SVC_RCMD := 0x06
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SVC_X25 := 0x07
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SVC_NASI := 0x08
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SVC_FWPROXY := 0x09
The ENABLE service refers to a service requesting authentication in
order to grant the user different privileges. This is comparable to
the Unix "su(1)" command. A service value of NONE should only be
used when none of the other service values are appropriate.
user
The username. It is encoded in [UTF-8]. It is optional in this
packet, depending upon the class of authentication.
port
The US-ASCII name of the client port on which the authentication is
taking place. The value of this field is client specific. (For
example, Cisco uses "tty10" to denote the tenth tty line and
"Async10" to denote the tenth async interface).
rem_addr
An US-ASCII string this is a "best effort" description of the remote
location from which the user has connected to the client. It is
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intended to hold a network address if the user is connected via a
network, a caller ID is the user is connected via ISDN or a POTS, or
any other remote location information that is available. This field
is optional (since the information may not be available).
data
This field is used to send data appropriate for the action and
authen_type. It is described in more detail below.
4.2. The Authentication REPLY Packet Body
The TACACS+ server sends only one type of authentication packet (a
REPLY packet) to the client. The REPLY packet body looks as follows:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| status | flags | server_msg len |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| data len | server_msg ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| data ...
+----------------+----------------+
status
The current status of the authentication. Legal values are:
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_PASS := 0x01
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_FAIL := 0x02
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_GETDATA := 0x03
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_GETUSER := 0x04
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_GETPASS := 0x05
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_RESTART := 0x06
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_ERROR := 0x07
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_FOLLOW := 0x21
flags
Bitmapped flags that modify the action to be taken. The following
values are defined:
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TAC_PLUS_REPLY_FLAG_NOECHO := 0x01
server_msg
A message to be displayed to the user. This field is optional. If
it exists, it is intended to be presented to the user. US-ASCII
charset must be used.
data
This field holds data that is a part of the authentication exchange
and is intended for the client, not the user. Valid uses of this
field are described below.
4.3. The Authentication CONTINUE Packet Body
This packet is sent from the client to the server following the
receipt of a REPLY packet.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| user_msg len | data len |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| flags | user_msg ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| data ...
+----------------+
user_msg
This field is the string that the user entered, or the client
provided on behalf of the user, in response to the server_msg from a
REPLY packet.
data
This field carries information that is specific to the action and the
authen_type for this session. Valid uses of this field are described
below.
flags
This holds the bitmapped flags that modify the action to be taken.
The following values are defined:
TAC_PLUS_CONTINUE_FLAG_ABORT := 0x01
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4.4. Description of Authentication Process
Authentications are classified by the action, authen_type and service
fields in the START packet of the authentication Session. The user,
priv_lvl, service, port and rem_addr in the START packet are all
provided to help identify the conditions on the client.
The information necessary to transact the authentication is passed in
the data field of every START, REPLY and CONTINUE packet. The usage
of this field varies according to the classification of the
authentication, and is described below. For all REPLY packets, the
server_msg may contain a message to be displayed to the user.
A set of standard authentication classifications is defined in this
document. Each authentication flow consists of a START packet. The
server responds either with a request for more information (GETDATA,
GETUSER or GETPASS) or a termination (PASS or FAIL). The actions and
meanings when the server sends a RESTART, ERROR or FOLLOW are common
and are described further below.
When the REPLY status equals TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_GETDATA,
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_GETUSER or TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_GETPASS,
then authentication continues and the server_msg may be used by the
client to prompt the user for more information. The client MUST then
return a CONTINUE packet containing the requested information in the
user_msg field.
All three cause the same action to be performed, but in the case of
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_GETUSER, the client can know that the
information that the user responds with is a username, and for
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_GETPASS, that the user response represents a
password. TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_GETDATA is the generic request for
more information. If the TAC_PLUS_REPLY_FLAG_NOECHO flag is set in
the REPLY, then the user response must not be echoed as it is
entered. The data field is only used in the REPLY where explicitly
defined below.
4.4.1. Version Behaviour
The TACACS+ protocol is versioned to allow revisions while
maintaining backwards compatibility. The version number is in every
packet header. The changes between minor_version 0 and 1 apply only
to the authentication process, and all deal with the way that CHAP
and PAP authentications are handled. minor_version 1 may only be used
for authentication classes that explicitly call for it in the table
below:
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LOGIN CHPASS SENDAUTH
ASCII v0 v0 NA
PAP v1 NA v1
CHAP v1 NA v1
MS-CHAP v1 NA v1
When a server receives a packet with a minor_version that it does not
support, it should return an ERROR status with the minor_version set
to the closest supported value.
In minor_version 0, CHAP and outbound PAP authentications were
performed by the client sending a SENDPASS packet to the server. The
SENDPASS requested a copy of the user's plaintext password so that
the client could complete the authentication. The CHAP hashing was
performed on the client. Inbound PAP performed a normal LOGIN,
sending the username in the START packet and then waiting for a
GETPASS and sending the password in a CONTINUE packet.
In minor_version 1, CHAP and inbound PAP use LOGIN to perform inbound
authentication and the exchanges use the data field so that the
client only sends a single START packet and expects to receive a PASS
or FAIL. SENDPASS has been deprecated and SENDAUTH introduced, so
that the client can request authentication credentials for
authenticating to a remote peer. SENDAUTH is only used for PPP when
performing outbound authentication.
NOTE: Only those requests which have changed from their minor_version
0 implementation (i.e. CHAP, MS-CHAP and PAP authentications) should
use the new minor_version number of 1. All other requests (i.e. all
authorisation and accounting and ASCII authentication) MUST continue
to use the same minor_version number of 0. The removal of SENDPASS
was prompted by security concerns, and is no longer considered part
of the TACACS+ protocol.
4.4.2. Common Authentication Flows
This section describes the authentication flows that should be
supported.
Inbound ASCII Login
action = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_LOGIN
authen_type = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_TYPE_ASCII
minor_version = 0x0
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This is a standard ASCII authentication. The START packet may
contain the username, but need not do so. The data fields in both
the START and CONTINUE packets are not used for ASCII logins. There
is a single START followed by zero or more pairs of REPLYs and
CONTINUEs, followed by a terminating REPLY (PASS or FAIL).
Inbound PAP Login
action = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_LOGIN
authen_type = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_TYPE_PAP
minor_version = 0x1
The entire exchange MUST consist of a single START packet and a
single REPLY. The START packet MUST contain a username and the data
field MUST contain the PAP ASCII password. A PAP authentication only
consists of a username and password RFC 1334 [RFC1334] . The REPLY
from the server MUST be either a PASS or FAIL.
Inbound CHAP login
action = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_LOGIN
authen_type = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_TYPE_CHAP
minor_version = 0x1
The entire exchange MUST consist of a single START packet and a
single REPLY. The START packet MUST contain the username in the user
field and the data field will be a concatenation of the PPP id, the
challenge and the response.
The length of the challenge value can be determined from the length
of the data field minus the length of the id (always 1 octet) and the
length of the response field (always 16 octets).
To perform the authentication, the server will run MD5 over the id,
the user's secret and the challenge, as defined in the PPP
Authentication RFC RFC 1334 [RFC1334] and then compare that value
with the response. The REPLY from the server MUST be a PASS or FAIL.
Inbound MS-CHAP v1 login
action = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_LOGIN
authen_type = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_TYPE_MSCHAP
minor_version = 0x1
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The entire exchange MUST consist of a single START packet and a
single REPLY. The START packet MUST contain the username in the user
field and the data field will be a concatenation of the PPP id, the
MS-CHAP challenge and the MS-CHAP response.
The length of the challenge value can be determined from the length
of the data field minus the length of the id (always 1 octet) and the
length of the response field (always 49 octets).
To perform the authentication, the server will use a combination of
MD4 and DES on the user's secret and the challenge, as defined in RFC
2433 [RFC2433] and then compare the resulting value with the
response. The REPLY from the server MUST be a PASS or FAIL.
Inbound MS-CHAP v2 login
action = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_LOGIN
authen_type = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_TYPE_MSCHAP
minor_version = 0x1
The entire exchange MUST consist of a single START packet and a
single REPLY. The START packet MUST contain the username in the user
field and the data field will be a concatenation of the PPP id, the
MS-CHAP challenge and the MS-CHAP response.
The length of the challenge value can be determined from the length
of the data field minus the length of the id (always 1 octet) and the
length of the response field (always 49 octets).
To perform the authentication, the server will use a the algorithm
specified RFC RFC2759 [RFC2759] on the user's secret and challenge
and then compare the resulting value with the response. The REPLY
from the server MUST be a PASS or FAIL.
Enable Requests
action = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_LOGIN
priv_lvl = implementation dependent
authen_type = not used
service = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SVC_ENABLE
This is an ENABLE request, used to change the current running
privilege level of a principal. The exchange MAY consist of multiple
messages while the server collects the information it requires in
order to allow changing the principal's privilege level. This
exchange is very similar to an Inbound ASCII login (which see).
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In order to readily distinguish enable requests from other types of
request, the value of the service field MUST be set to
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_SVC_ENABLE when requesting an ENABLE. It MUST NOT be
set to this value when requesting any other operation.
ASCII change password request
action = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_CHPASS
authen_type = TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_TYPE_ASCII
This exchange consists of multiple messages while the server collects
the information it requires in order to change the user's password.
It is very similar to an ASCII login. The status value
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_GETPASS MUST only be used when requesting the
"new" password. It MAY be sent multiple times. When requesting the
"old" password, the status value MUST be set to
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_GETDATA.
4.4.3. Aborting an Authentication Session
The client may prematurely terminate a session by setting the
TAC_PLUS_CONTINUE_FLAG_ABORT flag in the CONTINUE message. If this
flag is set, the data portion of the message may contain an ASCII
message explaining the reason for the abort. The session is
terminated and no REPLY message is sent.
There are three other possible return status values that can be used
in a REPLY packet. These can be sent regardless of the action or
authen_type. Each of these indicates that the TACACS+ authentication
session should be terminated. In each case, the server_msg may
contain a message to be displayed to the user.
When the status equals TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_FOLLOW the packet
indicates that the TACACS+ server requests that authentication should
be performed with an alternate server. The data field MUST contain
ASCII text describing one or more servers. A server description
appears like this:
[@<protocol>@]<host>>[@<key>]
The protocol and key are optional. The protocol can describe an
alternate way of performing the authentication, other than TACACS+.
If the protocol is not present, then TACACS+ is assumed.
Protocols are ASCII numbers corresponding to the methods listed in
the authen_method field of authorization packets (defined below).
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The host is specified as either a fully qualified domain name, or an
ASCII numeric IP address specified as octets separated by dots (`.').
If a key is supplied, the client MAY use the key in order to
authenticate to that host. If more than one host is specified, they
MUST be separated by an ASCII Carriage Return (0x0D).
Use of the hosts in a TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_FOLLOW packet is at the
discretion of the TACACS+ client. It may choose to use any one, all
or none of these hosts. If it chooses to use none, then it MUST
treat the authentication as if the return status was
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_FAIL.
While the order of hosts in this packet indicates a preference, but
the client is not obliged to use that ordering.
If the status equals TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_ERROR, then the host is
indicating that it is experiencing an unrecoverable error and the
authentication should proceed as if that host could not be contacted.
The data field may contain a message to be printed on an
administrative console or log.
If the status equals TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_RESTART, then the
authentication sequence should be restarted with a new START packet
from the client. This REPLY packet indicates that the current
authen_type value (as specified in the START packet) is not
acceptable for this session, but that others may be.
The TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_RESTART REPLY packet may contain a list of
valid authen_type values in the data portion of the packet. The
authen_type values are a single byte in length so the data_len value
indicates the number of authen_type values included. This packet is
only currently intended for PPP authentication when multiple
authentication mechanisms are available and can be negotiated between
the client and the remote peer. This also requires future PPP
authentication extensions which have not yet been passed through the
IETF. If a client chooses not to accept the
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_RESTART packet, then it should be TREATED as
if the status was TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_FAIL.
5. Authorization
This part of the TACACS+ protocol provides an extensible way of
providing remote authorization services. An authorization session is
defined as a single pair of messages, a REQUEST followed by a
RESPONSE.
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The authorization REQUEST message contains a fixed set of fields that
describe the authenticity of the user or process, and a variable set
of arguments that describe the services and options for which
authorization is requested.
The RESPONSE contains a variable set of response arguments
(attribute-value pairs) that can restrict or modify the clients
actions.
The arguments in both a REQUEST and a RESPONSE can be specified as
either mandatory or optional. An optional argument is one that may
or may not be used, modified or even understood by the recipient.
A mandatory argument MUST be both understood and used. This allows
for extending the attribute list while providing secure backwards
compatibility.
5.1. The Authorization REQUEST Packet Body
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| authen_method | priv_lvl | authen_type | authen_service |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| user len | port len | rem_addr len | arg_cnt |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| arg 1 len | arg 2 len | ... | arg N len |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| user ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| port ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| rem_addr ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| arg 1 ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| arg 2 ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| arg N ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
authen_method
This indicates the authentication method used by the client to
acquire the user information.
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_NOT_SET := 0x00
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TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_NONE := 0x01
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_KRB5 := 0x02
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_LINE := 0x03
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_ENABLE := 0x04
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_LOCAL := 0x05
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_TACACSPLUS := 0x06
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_GUEST := 0x08
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_RADIUS := 0x10
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_KRB4 := 0x11
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_RCMD := 0x20
KRB5 and KRB4 are Kerberos version 5 and 4. LINE refers to a fixed
password associated with the line used to gain access. LOCAL is a
client local user database. ENABLE is a command that authenticates
in order to grant new privileges. TACACSPLUS is, of course, TACACS+.
GUEST is an unqualified guest authentication, such as an ARAP guest
login. RADIUS is the Radius authentication protocol. RCMD refers to
authentication provided via the R-command protocols from Berkeley
Unix. (One should be aware of the security limitations to R-command
authentication.)
priv_lvl
This field matches the priv_lvl field in authentication request and
is described in the Privilege Level section (Section 8) below. It
indicates the users current privilege level.
authen_type
This field matches the authen_type field in the authentication
section (Section 4) above. It indicates the type of authentication
that was performed.
authen_service
This field matches the service field in the authentication section
(Section 4) above. It indicates the service through which the user
authenticated.
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user
This field contains the user's account name.
port
This field matches the port field in the authentication section
(Section 4) above.
rem_addr
This field matches the rem_addr field in the authentication section
(Section 4) above.
arg_cnt
The number of authorization arguments to follow
arg
An attribute-value pair that describes the command to be performed.
(see below)
The authorization arguments in both the REQUEST and the RESPONSE are
attribute-value pairs. The attribute and the value are in a single
US-ASCII string and are separated by either a "=" (0X3D) or a "*"
(0X2A). The equals sign indicates a mandatory argument. The
asterisk indicates an optional one.
Optional arguments are ones that may be disregarded by either client
or server. Mandatory arguments require that the receiving side
understands the attribute and will act on it. If the client receives
a mandatory argument that it cannot oblige or does not understand, it
MUST consider the authorization to have failed. It is legal to send
an attribute-value pair with a NULL (zero length) value.
Attribute-value strings are not NULL terminated, rather their length
value indicates their end. The maximum length of an attribute-value
string is 255 characters.
5.2. The Authorization RESPONSE Packet Body
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| status | arg_cnt | server_msg len |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
+ data len | arg 1 len | arg 2 len |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| ... | arg N len | server_msg ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| data ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| arg 1 ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| arg 2 ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| arg N ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
status This field indicates the authorization status
TAC_PLUS_AUTHOR_STATUS_PASS_ADD := 0x01
TAC_PLUS_AUTHOR_STATUS_PASS_REPL := 0x02
TAC_PLUS_AUTHOR_STATUS_FAIL := 0x10
TAC_PLUS_AUTHOR_STATUS_ERROR := 0x11
TAC_PLUS_AUTHOR_STATUS_FOLLOW := 0x21
server_msg
This is an US-ASCII string that may be presented to the user. The
decision to present this message is client specific.
data
This is an US-ASCII string that may be presented on an administrative
display, console or log. The decision to present this message is
client specific.
arg_cnt
The number of authorization arguments to follow.
arg
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An attribute-value pair that describes the command to be performed.
(see below)
If the status equals TAC_PLUS_AUTHOR_STATUS_FAIL, then the
appropriate action is to deny the user action.
If the status equals TAC_PLUS_AUTHOR_STATUS_PASS_ADD, then the
arguments specified in the request are authorized and the arguments
in the response are to be used IN ADDITION to those arguments.
If the status equals TAC_PLUS_AUTHOR_STATUS_PASS_REPL then the
arguments in the request are to be completely replaced by the
arguments in the response.
If the intended action is to approve the authorization with no
modifications, then the status should be set to
TAC_PLUS_AUTHOR_STATUS_PASS_ADD and the arg_cnt should be set to 0.
A status of TAC_PLUS_AUTHOR_STATUS_ERROR indicates an error occurred
on the server.
When the status equals TAC_PLUS_AUTHOR_STATUS_FOLLOW, then the
arg_cnt MUST be 0. In that case, the actions to be taken and the
contents of the data field are identical to the
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_FOLLOW status for Authentication. None of the
arg values have any relevance if an ERROR is set, and must be
ignored.
6. Accounting
6.1. The Account REQUEST Packet Body
TACACS+ accounting is very similar to authorization. The packet for-
mat is also similar. There is a fixed portion and an extensible por-
tion. The extensible portion uses all the same attribute-value pairs
that authorization uses, and adds several more.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| flags | authen_method | priv_lvl | authen_type |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| authen_service | user len | port len | rem_addr len |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| arg_cnt | arg 1 len | arg 2 len | ... |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| arg N len | user ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| port ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| rem_addr ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| arg 1 ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| arg 2 ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| arg N ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
flags
This holds bitmapped flags.
TAC_PLUS_ACCT_FLAG_START := 0x02
TAC_PLUS_ACCT_FLAG_STOP := 0x04
TAC_PLUS_ACCT_FLAG_WATCHDOG := 0x08
All other fields are defined in the authorization and authentication
sections above and have the same semantics.
See section 12 Accounting Attribute-value Pairs for the dictionary of
attributes relevant to accounting.
6.2. The Accounting REPLY Packet Body
The response to an accounting message is used to indicate that the
accounting function on the server has completed. The server should
reply with success only when the record has been committed to the
required level of security, relieving the burden on the client from
ensuring any better form of accounting is required.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| server_msg len | data len |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| status | server_msg ...
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
| data ...
+----------------+
status
This is the return status. Values are:
TAC_PLUS_ACCT_STATUS_SUCCESS := 0x01
TAC_PLUS_ACCT_STATUS_ERROR := 0x02
TAC_PLUS_ACCT_STATUS_FOLLOW := 0x21
server_msg
This is a US-ASCII string that may be presented to the user. The
decision to present this message is client specific.
data
This is a US-ASCII string that may be presented on an administrative
display, console or log. The decision to present this message is
client specific.
When the status equals TAC_PLUS_ACCT_STATUS_FOLLOW, then the actions
to be taken and the contents of the data field are identical to the
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_STATUS_FOLLOW status for Authentication.
The server MUST terminate the session after sending a REPLY.
The TAC_PLUS_ACCT_FLAG_START flag indicates that this is a start
accounting message. Start messages should only be sent once when a
task is started. The TAC_PLUS_ACCT_FLAG_STOP indicates that this is
a stop record and that the task has terminated. The
TAC_PLUS_ACCT_FLAG_WATCHDOG flag means that this is an update record.
Update records are sent at the client's discretion when the task is
still running.
Summary of Accounting Packets
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+----------+-------+-------+-------------+-------------------------+
| Watchdog | Stop | Start | Flags & 0xE | Meaning |
+----------+-------+-------+-------------+-------------------------+
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | INVALID |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | Start Accounting Record |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | Stop Accounting Record |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | INVALID |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | Watchdog, no update |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | A | Watchdog, with update |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | C | INVALID |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | E | INVALID |
+----------+-------+-------+-------------+-------------------------+
The START and STOP flags are mutually exclusive. When the WATCHDOG
flag is set along with the START flag, it indicates that the update
record is a duplicate of the original START record. If the START
flag is not set, then this indicates a minimal record indicating only
that task is still running. The STOP flag MUST NOT be set in
conjunction with the WATCHDOG flag.
7. Attribute-Value Pairs
TACACS+ is intended to be an extensible protocol. The attributes
used in Authorization and Accounting are not fixed. Some attributes
are defined below for common use cases, clients MUST use these
attributes when supporting the corresponding use cases.
All numeric values in an attribute-value string are provided as
decimal US-ASCII numbers, unless otherwise stated.
All boolean attributes are encoded with values "true" or "false".
It is recommended that hosts be specified as a numeric address so as
to avoid any ambiguities.
Absolute times should be specified in seconds since the epoch,
12:00am Jan 1 1970. The timezone MUST be UTC unless a timezone
attribute is specified.
A value of NULL means an attribute with a zero length string for its
value i.e. cmd=NULL is actually transmitted as the string of 4
characters "cmd=".
7.1. Authorization Attributes
service
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The primary service. Specifying a service attribute indicates that
this is a request for authorization or accounting of that service.
Current values are "slip", "ppp", "shell", "tty-server",
"connection", "system" and "firewall". This attribute MUST always be
included.
protocol
a protocol that is a subset of a service. An example would be any
PPP NCP. Currently known values are "lcp", "ip", "ipx", "atalk",
"vines", "lat", "xremote", "tn3270", "telnet", "rlogin", "pad",
"vpdn", "ftp", "http", "deccp", "osicp" and "unknown".
cmd
a shell (exec) command. This indicates the command name for a shell
command that is to be run. This attribute MUST be specified if
service equals "shell". A NULL value indicates that the shell itself
is being referred to.
cmd-arg
an argument to a shell (exec) command. This indicates an argument
for the shell command that is to be run. Multiple cmd-arg attributes
may be specified, and they are order dependent.
acl
US-ASCII number representing a connection access list. Used only
when service=shell and cmd=NULL
inacl
US-ASCII identifier for an interface input access list.
outacl
US-ASCII identifier for an interface output access list.
zonelist
A numeric zonelist value. (Applicable to AppleTalk only).
addr
a network address
addr-pool
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The identifier of an address pool from which the client should assign
an address.
routing
A boolean. Specifies whether routing information is to be propagated
to, and accepted from this interface.
route
Indicates a route that is to be applied to this interface. Values
MUST be of the form "<dst_address> <mask> [<routing_addr>]". If a
<routing_addr> is not specified, the resulting route should be via
the requesting peer.
timeout
an absolute timer for the connection (in minutes). A value of zero
indicates no timeout.
idletime
an idle-timeout for the connection (in minutes). A value of zero
indicates no timeout.
autocmd
an auto-command to run. Used only when service=shell and cmd=NULL
noescape
Boolean. Prevents user from using an escape character. Used only
when service=shell and cmd=NULL
nohangup
Boolean. Do no disconnect after an automatic command. Used only
when service=shell and cmd=NULL
priv-lvl
privilege level to be assigned. Please refer to the Privilege Level
section (Section 8) below.
remote_user
remote userid (authen_method must have the value
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_RCMD). In the case of rcmd authorizations, the
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authen_method will be set to TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_RCMD and the
remote_user and remote_host attributes will provide the remote user
and host information to enable rhost style authorization. The
response may request that a privilege level be set for the user.
remote_host
remote host (authen_method must have the value
TAC_PLUS_AUTHEN_METH_RCMD)
callback-dialstring
Indicates that callback should be done. Value is NULL, or a
dialstring. A NULL value indicates that the service MAY choose to
get the dialstring through other means.
callback-line
The line number to use for a callback.
callback-rotary
The rotary number to use for a callback.
nocallback-verify
Do not require authentication after callback.
7.2. Accounting Attributes
The following new attributes are defined for TACACS+ accounting only.
When these attribute-value pairs are included in the argument list,
they should precede any attribute-value pairs that are defined in the
authorization section (Section 5) above.
task_id
Start and stop records for the same event MUST have matching task_id
attribute values. The client must not reuse a specific task_id in a
start record until it has sent a stop record for that task_id.
start_time
The time the action started ().
stop_time
The time the action stopped (in seconds since the epoch.)
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elapsed_time
The elapsed time in seconds for the action. Useful when the device
does not keep real time.
timezone
The timezone abbreviation for all timestamps included in this packet.
event
Used only when "service=system". Current values are "net_acct",
"cmd_acct", "conn_acct", "shell_acct" "sys_acct" and "clock_change".
These indicate system level changes. The flags field SHOULD indicate
whether the service started or stopped.
reason
Accompanies an event attribute. It describes why the event occurred.
bytes
The number of bytes transferred by this action
bytes_in
The number of input bytes transferred by this action
bytes_out
The number of output bytes transferred by this action
paks
The number of packets transferred by this action.
paks_in
The number of input packets transferred by this action.
paks_out
The number of output packets transferred by this action.
status
The numeric status value associated with the action. This is a
signed four (4) byte word in network byte order. 0 is defined as
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success. Negative numbers indicate errors. Positive numbers
indicate non-error failures. The exact status values may be defined
by the client.
err_msg
An US-ASCII string describing the status of the action.
8. Privilege Levels
The TACACS+ Protocol supports flexible authorization schemes through
the extensible attributes. One scheme is built in to the protocol:
Privilege Levels. Privilege Levels are ordered values from 0 to 15
with each level representing a privilege level that is a superset of
the next lower value. Pre-defined values are:
TAC_PLUS_PRIV_LVL_MAX := 0x0f
TAC_PLUS_PRIV_LVL_ROOT := 0x0f
TAC_PLUS_PRIV_LVL_USER := 0x01
TAC_PLUS_PRIV_LVL_MIN := 0x00
If a client uses a different privilege level scheme, then it must map
the privilege level to scheme above.
Privilege Levels are applied in two ways in the TACACS+ protocol:
- As an argument in authorization EXEC phase (when service=shell
and cmd=NULL), where it is primarily used to set the initial
privilege level for the EXEC session.
- In the packet headers for Authentication, Authorization and
Accounting. The privilege level in the header is primarily
significant in the Authentication phase for enable authentication
where a different privilege level is required.
The use of Privilege levels to determine session-based access to
commands and resources is not mandatory for clients, but it is in
common use so SHOULD be supported by servers.
9. References
[TheDraft]
Carrel, D. and L. Grant, "The TACACS+ Protocol Version
1.78", June 1997, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-
grant-tacacs-02>.
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[RFC1321] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
April 1992.
[RFC1334] Lloyd, B. and W. Simpson, "PPP Authentication Protocols",
RFC 1334, DOI 10.17487/RFC1334, October 1992,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1334>.
[RFC1750] Eastlake 3rd, D., Crocker, S., and J. Schiller,
"Randomness Recommendations for Security", RFC 1750,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1750, December 1994,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1750>.
[RFC2433] Zorn, G. and S. Cobb, "Microsoft PPP CHAP Extensions",
RFC 2433, DOI 10.17487/RFC2433, October 1998,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2433>.
[RFC2759] Zorn, G., "Microsoft PPP CHAP Extensions, Version 2",
RFC 2759, DOI 10.17487/RFC2759, January 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2759>.
Authors' Addresses
Thorsten Dahm
Google Inc
1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
Mountain View, CA 94043
US
EMail: thorstendlux@google.com
Andrej Ota
Google Inc
1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
Mountain View, CA 94043
US
EMail: aota@google.com
Douglas C. Medway Gash
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Dr.
San Jose, CA 95134
US
Phone: +44 0208 8244508
EMail: dcmgash@cisco.com
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David Carrel
vIPtela, Inc.
1732 North First St.
San Jose, CA 95112
US
EMail: dcarrel@viptela.com
Lol Grant
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