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Rate-Limited Token Issuance Protocol
draft-ietf-privacypass-rate-limit-tokens-01

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Expired".
Authors Scott Hendrickson , Jana Iyengar , Tommy Pauly , Steven Valdez , Christopher A. Wood
Last updated 2023-03-03 (Latest revision 2022-09-01)
Replaces draft-privacypass-rate-limit-tokens, draft-private-access-tokens
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draft-ietf-privacypass-rate-limit-tokens-01
Network Working Group                                     S. Hendrickson
Internet-Draft                                                Google LLC
Intended status: Informational                                J. Iyengar
Expires: 4 September 2023                                         Fastly
                                                                T. Pauly
                                                              Apple Inc.
                                                               S. Valdez
                                                              Google LLC
                                                              C. A. Wood
                                                              Cloudflare
                                                            3 March 2023

                  Rate-Limited Token Issuance Protocol
              draft-ietf-privacypass-rate-limit-tokens-01

Abstract

   This document specifies a variant of the Privacy Pass issuance
   protocol that allows for tokens to be rate-limited on a per-origin
   basis.  This enables origins to use tokens for use cases that need to
   restrict access from anonymous clients.

Discussion Venues

   This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

   Discussion of this document takes place on the Privacy Pass Working
   Group mailing list (privacy-pass@ietf.org), which is archived at
   https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/privacy-pass/.

   Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
   https://github.com/ietf-wg-privacypass/draft-ietf-privacypass-rate-
   limit-tokens.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 4 September 2023.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Motivation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.3.  Properties and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   3.  Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   4.  Token Challenge Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   5.  Issuance Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.1.  State Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       5.1.1.  Client State  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       5.1.2.  Attester State  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       5.1.3.  Issuer State  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.2.  Issuance HTTP Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     5.3.  Client-to-Attester Request  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       5.3.1.  Client behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       5.3.2.  Attester behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     5.4.  Attester-to-Issuer Request  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       5.4.1.  Attester behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       5.4.2.  Issuer behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     5.5.  Token Issuance Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       5.5.1.  Issuer behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       5.5.2.  Attester behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       5.5.3.  Client behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     5.6.  Penalization of Invalid Clients and Issuers . . . . . . .  25
   6.  Encrypting Origin Token Requests and Responses  . . . . . . .  26

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     6.1.  Client to Issuer Encapsulation  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     6.2.  Issuer to Client Encapsulation  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   7.  Anonymous Issuer Origin ID Computation  . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     7.1.  Client Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       7.1.1.  Request Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       7.1.2.  Request Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     7.2.  Attester Behavior (Client Request Validation) . . . . . .  32
     7.3.  Issuer Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     7.4.  Attester Behavior (Index Computation) . . . . . . . . . .  34
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     8.1.  Client Secret Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     8.2.  Custom Token Request Encapsulation  . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     8.3.  Channel Security  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     8.4.  Token Request Unlinkability and Unforgeability  . . . . .  35
     8.5.  Information Disclosure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
   9.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
     9.1.  Client Token State and Origin Tracking  . . . . . . . . .  37
     9.2.  Origin Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     9.3.  Client Identification with Unique Encapsulation Keys  . .  38
     9.4.  Origin Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     9.5.  Collusion Among Different Entities  . . . . . . . . . . .  39
   10. Deployment Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     10.1.  Token Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
   11. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     11.1.  Token Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
       11.1.1.  ECDSA-based Token Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
       11.1.2.  Ed25519-based Token Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
     11.2.  HTTP Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
   12. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     12.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     12.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
   Appendix B.  Test Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     B.1.  Origin Name Encryption Test Vector  . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     B.2.  Anonymous Issuer Origin ID Test Vector  . . . . . . . . .  47
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48

1.  Introduction

   This document specifies a variant of the Privacy Pass issuance
   protocol (as defined in [ARCH]) that allows for tokens to be rate-
   limited on a per-origin basis.  This enables origins to use tokens
   for use cases that need to restrict access from anonymous clients.

   The base Privacy Pass issuance protocol [ISSUANCE] defines stateless
   anonymous tokens, which can either be publicly verifiable or not.

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   This variant build upon the publicly verifiable issuance protocol
   that uses RSA Blind Signatures [BLINDSIG], and allows tokens to be
   rate-limited on a per-origin basis.  This means that a client will
   only be able to receive a limited number of tokens associated with a
   given origin server within a fixed period of time.

   This issuance protocol registers the Rate-Limited Blind RSA token
   type (Section 11.1), to be used with the PrivateToken HTTP
   authentication scheme defined in [AUTHSCHEME].

1.1.  Motivation

   A client that wishes to keep its IP address private can hide its IP
   address using a proxy service or a VPN.  However, doing so severely
   limits the client's ability to access services and content, since
   servers might not be able to enforce their policies without a stable
   and unique client identifier.

   Privacy Pass tokens in general allow clients to provide anonymous
   attestation of various properties.  The tokens generated by the basic
   issuance protocol ([ISSUANCE]) can be used to verify that a client
   meets a particular bar for attestation, but cannot be used by a
   redeeming server to rate-limit specific clients.  This is because
   there is no mechanism in the issuance protocol to link repeated
   client token requests in order to apply rate-limiting.

   There are several use cases for rate-limiting anonymous clients that
   are common on the Internet.  These routinely use client IP address
   tracking, among other characteristics, to implement rate-limiting.

   One example of this use case is rate-limiting website accesses to a
   client to help prevent abusive behavior.  Operations that are
   sensitive to abuse, such as account creation on a website or logging
   into an account, often employ rate-limiting as a defense-in-depth
   strategy.  Additional verification can be required by these pages
   when a client exceeds a set rate-limit.

   Another example of this use case is a metered paywall, where an
   origin limits the number of page requests from each unique user over
   a period of time before the user is required to pay for access.  The
   origin typically resets this state periodically, say, once per month.
   For example, an origin may serve ten (major content) requests in a
   month before a paywall is enacted.  Origins may want to differentiate
   quick refreshes from distinct accesses.

   For some applications, the basic issuance protocol from [ISSUANCE]
   could be used to implement rate limits.  In particular, the 'Joint
   Attester and Issuer' model from [ARCH] could be used to restrict the

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   number of tokens issued to individual clients over a time window.
   However, in this deployment model, the Attester and Issuer would
   learn all origins used by a specific client, thereby coupling
   sensitive attestation and redemption contexts.  In some cases this
   might be a significant portion of browsing history.

1.2.  Protocol Overview

   The issuance protocol defined in this document decouples sensitive
   information in the attestation context, such as the client identity,
   from the information in the redemption context, such as the origin.
   It does so by employing the 'Split Origin, Attester, Issuer' model.
   In this model, the Issuer learns redemption information like origin
   identity (used to determine per-origin rate limit policies), and the
   Attester learns attestation information like client identity (used to
   keep track of the previous instances of token issuance).

   Figure 1 shows how this interaction works for client requests that
   are within the rate limit.  The Client's token request to the
   Attester (constructed according to Section 5.3, and forwarded to the
   Issuer according to Section 5.4) contains encrypted information that
   the Issuer uses to identify the relevant rate limit policy to apply.
   This rate limit policy is returned to the Attester (according to
   Section 5.5), which then checks whether or not the Client is within
   this policy.  If yes, the Attester forwards the issuer token response
   to the Client so that the resulting token can be redeemed by the
   Origin.

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                                                        +-----------+
         Client                                         |   Origin  |
           |                    Challenge               |           |
           <-------------------------------------------------+      |
           |                                            |           |
           |          +-------------+                   |           |
           |          |   Attester  |                   |           |
           |          |             |                   |           |
           |          | Attest      |    +----------+   |           |
           +----------------->      |    |  Issuer  |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |   TokenRequest         |    |          |   |           |
           |   + Anon Origin ID     |    |          |   |           |
           | [ + Encrypted Origin ] |    |          |   |           |
           +----------------->      |    |          |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |          |       TokenRequest          |   |           |
           |          |      [ + Encrypted origin ] |   |           |
           |          |     +------------------->   |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |          |       TokenResponse         |   |           |
           |          |      [ + Rate limit ]       |   |           |
           |          |     <-------------------+   |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |          |  in limit?  |    |          |   |           |
           |          |     yes     |    |          |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |   TokenResponse        |    |          |   |           |
           <-----------------+      |    |          |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |          +-------------+    +----------+   |           |
           |                                            |           |
           |                    Redeem                  |           |
           +------------------------------------------------->      |
                                                        |           |
                                                        +-----------+

                 Figure 1: Successful rate-limited issuance

   Figure 2 shows how this interaction works for client requests that
   exceed the rate limit.  The Client's request to the Issuer and the
   Issuer's response to the Attester are the same.  However, in this
   scenario, the Client is not within the rate limit, so the Attester
   responds to the Client with an error instead of the issuer's token
   response.

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                                                        +-----------+
         Client                                         |   Origin  |
           |                    Challenge               |           |
           <-------------------------------------------------+      |
           |                                            |           |
           |          +-------------+                   |           |
           |          |   Attester  |                   |           |
           |          |             |                   |           |
           |          | Attest      |    +----------+   |           |
           +----------------->      |    |  Issuer  |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |   TokenRequest         |    |          |   |           |
           |   + Anon Origin ID     |    |          |   |           |
           | [ + Encrypted Origin ] |    |          |   |           |
           +----------------->      |    |          |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |          |       TokenRequest          |   |           |
           |          |      [ + Encrypted origin ] |   |           |
           |          |     +------------------->   |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |          |       TokenResponse         |   |           |
           |          |       + Rate limit          |   |           |
           |          |     <-------------------+   |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |          |  in limit?  |    |          |   |           |
           |          |      no     |    |          |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |        Error           |    |          |   |           |
           <-----------------+      |    |          |   |           |
           |          |             |    |          |   |           |
           |          +-------------+    +----------+   |           |
           X                                            |           |
     issuance failed                                    +-----------+

                   Figure 2: Failed rate-limited issuance

   Each Issuer defines a window of time over which Attesters enforce
   rate limits.  The window begins upon a Client's first token request
   to the Attester for that Issuer and ends after the window time
   elapses, after which the Client's rate limit state is reset.  Issuers
   indicate which rate limit to use for a given request by parsing the
   Client's encrypted Origin.  Attesters enforce the rate limit based on
   the value indicated by the Issuer, and maintaining the count of
   accesses by a client to a corresponding Anonymous Origin ID.

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   Along with the rate limit for the Origin, Issuers include a value
   generated with a per-Origin secret in their responses, which allows
   Attesters to ensure that the Anonymous Origin ID indicated by the
   Client maps to exactly one Origin as seen by the Issuer; this value
   that is used to validate the Anonymous Origin ID is called the
   Anonymous Issuer Origin ID.  Issuers can rotate the per-Origin secret
   they use as desired.  If a rotation event happens during a Client's
   active policy window, the Attester would compute a different
   Anonymous Issuer Origin ID and mistakenly conclude that the Client is
   accessing a new Origin.  To mitigate this, Clients provide a stable
   Anonymous Origin ID in their request to the Attester, which is
   constant for all requests to that Origin.  This allows the Attester
   to detect when Issuer rotation events occur without affecting Client
   rate limits.

                             Per-Origin
                            secret rotate
   Issuer:      -----+------------X----------+------------> Time
                     |         policy        |
   Client            |         window        |
   Token Requests:   *--------------*--------|
                     |              |        |
                     v              v        |
               Issuer Origin  Issuer Origin  |
                   ID x           ID y       |
                     |                       |
               (policy start)          (policy end)

                  Figure 3: Issuer policy window rotation

   Unlike the basic issuance protocol [ISSUANCE], the rate-limited
   issuance protocol in this document has additional functional and
   state requirements for Client, Attester, and Issuer.  Section 5.1.2
   describes the state that the Attester must track in order to enforce
   these limits, Section 5.1.1 describes the Client state necessary for
   successive token requests with the Attester, and Section 5.1.3
   describes the state necessary for the Issuer to apply rate limits.
   The functional description of each participant in this protocol is
   explained in Section 5

1.3.  Properties and Requirements

   For rate-limited token issuance, the Attester, Issuer, and Origin as
   defined in [ARCH] each have partial knowledge of the Client's
   identity and actions, and each entity only knows enough to serve its
   function (see Section 2 for more about the pieces of information):

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   *  The Attester knows the Client's identity and learns the Client's
      public key (Client Key), the Issuer being targeted (Issuer Name),
      the period of time for which the Issuer's policy is valid (Issuer
      Policy Window), the number of tokens the Issuer is willing to
      issue within the current policy window, and the number of tokens
      issued to a given Client for the claimed Origin in the policy
      window.  The Attester does not know the identity of the Origin the
      Client is trying to access (Origin Name), but knows a Client-
      anonymized identifier for it (Anonymous Origin ID).

   *  The Issuer knows a per-Origin secret (Issuer Origin Secret) and
      policy about client access, and learns the Origin's identity
      (Origin Name) during issuance.  The Issuer does not learn the
      Client's identity or information about the Client's access
      pattern.

   *  The Origin knows the Issuer to which it will delegate an incoming
      Client (Issuer Name), and can verify that any tokens presented by
      the Client were signed by the Issuer.  The Origin does not learn
      which Attester was used by a Client for issuance.

   Since an Issuer applies policies on behalf of Origins, a Client is
   required to reveal the Origin's identity to the delegated Issuer.  It
   is a requirement of this protocol that the Attester not learn the
   Origin's identity so that, despite knowing the Client's identity, an
   Attester cannot track and concentrate information about Client
   activity.

   An Issuer expects an Attester to verify its Clients' identities
   correctly, but an Issuer cannot confirm an Attester's efficacy or the
   Attester-Client relationship directly without learning the Client's
   identity.  Similarly, an Origin does not know the Attester's
   identity, but ultimately relies on the Attester to correctly verify
   or authenticate a Client for the Origin's policies to be correctly
   enforced.  An Issuer therefore chooses to issue tokens to only known
   and reputable Attesters; the Issuer can employ its own methods to
   determine the reputation of a Attester.

   An Attester is expected to employ a stable Client identifier, such as
   an IP address, a device identifier, or an account at the Attester,
   that can serve as a reasonable proxy for a user with some creation
   and maintenance cost on the user.

   For the Issuance protocol, a Client is expected to create and
   maintain stable and explicit secrets for time periods that are on the
   scale of Issuer policy windows.  Changing these secrets arbitrarily
   during a policy window can result in token issuance failure for the
   rest of the policy window; see Section 5.1.1 for more details.  A

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   Client can use a service offered by its Attester or a third-party to
   store these secrets, but it is a requirement of this protocol that
   the Attester not be able to learn these secrets.

   The privacy guarantees of this issuance protocol, specifically those
   around separating the identity of the Client from the names of the
   Origins that it accesses, are based on the expectation that there is
   not collusion between the entities that know about Client identity
   and those that know about Origin identity.  Clients choose and share
   information with Attesters, and Origins choose and share policy with
   Issuers; however, the Attester is generally expected to not be
   colluding with Issuers or Origins.  If this occurs, it can become
   possible for an Attester to learn or infer which Origins a Client is
   accessing, or for an Origin to learn or infer the Client identity.
   For further discussion, see Section 9.5.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   Unless otherwise specified, this document encodes protocol messages
   in TLS notation from [TLS13], Section 3.

   This draft includes pseudocode that uses the functions and
   conventions defined in [HPKE].

   Encoding an integer to a sequence of bytes in network byte order is
   described using the function "encode(n, v)", where "n" is the number
   of bytes and "v" is the integer value.  The function "len()" returns
   the length of a sequence of bytes.

   The following terms are defined in [ARCH] and are used throughout
   this document:

   *  Client: An entity that provides authorization tokens to services
      across the Internet, in return for authorization.

   *  Issuer: An entity that produces Privacy Pass tokens to clients.

   *  Attester: An entity that can attest to properties about the
      client, including previous patterns of access.

   *  Origin: The server from which the client can redeem tokens.

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   *  Issuance Protocol: The protocol exchange that involves the client,
      attester, and issuer, used to generate tokens.

   The following terms are defined in [AUTHSCHEME], which defines the
   interactions between clients and origins:

   *  Issuer Name: The name that identifies the Issuer, which is an
      entity that can generate tokens for a Client using one or more
      issuance protocols.

   *  Token Key: Keying material that can be used with an issuance
      protocol to create a signed token.

   *  Origin Name: The name that identifies the Origin, as included in a
      TokenChallenge.

   Additionally, this document defines several terms that are unique to
   the rate-limited issuance protocol:

   *  Issuer Policy Window: The period over which an Issuer will track
      access policy, defined in terms of seconds and represented as a
      uint64.  The state that the Attester keeps for a Client is
      specific to a policy window.  The effective policy window for a
      specific Client starts when the Client first sends a request
      associated with an Issuer.

   *  Issuer Encapsulation Key: The public key used to encrypt values
      such as Origin Name in requests from Clients to the Issuer, so
      that Attesters cannot learn the Origin Name value.  Each Issuer
      Encapsulation Key is used across all requests on the Issuer, for
      different Origins.

   *  Anonymous Origin ID: An identifier that is generated by the Client
      and marked on requests to the Attester, which represents a
      specific Origin anonymously.  The Client generates a stable
      Anonymous Origin ID for each pair of Origin Name and Issuer Name,
      to allow the Attester to count token access without learning the
      Origin Name.

   *  Client Key: A public key chosen by the Client and shared only with
      the Attester; see Section 8.4 for more details about this
      restriction.

   *  Client Secret: The secret key used by the Client during token
      issuance, whose public key (Client Key) is shared with the
      Attester.

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   *  Issuer Origin Secret: A per-origin secret key used by the Issuer
      during token issuance, whose public key is not shared with anyone.

   *  Anonymous Issuer Origin ID: An identifier that is generated by
      Issuer based on an Issuer Origin Secret that is per-Client and
      per-Origin.  See Section 5.5 for details of derivation.

3.  Configuration

   Issuers MUST provide the following parameters for configuration:

   1.  Issuer Policy Window: a uint64 of seconds as defined in
       Section 2.

   2.  Issuer Request URI: a token request URL for generating access
       tokens.  For example, an Issuer URL might be
       https://issuer.example.net/token-request.  This parameter uses
       resource media type "text/plain".

   3.  Issuer Encapsulation Key: a EncapsulationKey structure as defined
       below to use when encapsulating information, such as the origin
       name, to the Issuer in issuance requests.  This parameter uses
       resource media type "application/issuer-encap-key".  The Npk
       parameter corresponding to the HpkeKdfId can be found in [HPKE].

   opaque HpkePublicKey[Npk]; // defined in RFC9180
   uint16 HpkeKemId;          // defined in RFC9180
   uint16 HpkeKdfId;          // defined in RFC9180
   uint16 HpkeAeadId;         // defined in RFC9180

   struct {
     uint8 key_id;
     HpkeKemId kem_id;
     HpkePublicKey public_key;
     HpkeKdfId kdf_id;
     HpkeAeadId aead_id;
   } EncapsulationKey;

   The Issuer parameters can be obtained from an Issuer via a directory
   object, which is a JSON object whose field names and values are raw
   values and URLs for the parameters.

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   +======================+============================================+
   | Field Name           | Value                                      |
   +======================+============================================+
   | issuer-policy-window | Issuer Policy Window as a JSON             |
   |                      | number                                     |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | issuer-request-uri   | Issuer Request URI resource                |
   |                      | URL as a JSON string                       |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | encap-keys           | List of Encapsulation Key                  |
   |                      | values, each as a base64url                |
   |                      | encoded EncapsulationKey value             |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+

                                  Table 1

   Issuers MAY advertise multiple encap-keys to support key rotation,
   where the order of the keys in the list indicates preference as with
   token-keys.

   As an example, the Issuer's JSON directory could look like:

    {
       "issuer-token-window": 86400,
       "issuer-request-uri": "https://issuer.example.net/token-request",
       "encap-keys": [
         <encoded EncapsulationKey>
       ]
    }

   Issuers MUST support at least one Token Key per origin.  Issuers MAY
   support multiple Token Key values for the same Origin in order to
   support rotation.  Origin configuration for Issuers is out of scope
   for this document, and so the mechanism by which Origins obtain their
   Token Key value is not specified here.

   Issuer directory resources have the media type "application/json" and
   are located at the well-known location /.well-known/token-issuer-
   directory.

4.  Token Challenge Requirements

   Clients receive challenges for tokens, as described in [AUTHSCHEME].

   For the rate-limited token issuance protocol described in this
   document, the name of the origin is sent in an encrypted message from
   the Client to the Issuer.  If the TokenChallenge.origin_info field
   contains a single origin name, that origin name is used.  If the

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   origin_info field is empty, the encrypted message is the empty string
   "".  If the origin_info field contains multiple origin names, the
   Client is permitted to select any of the origin names to use for the
   encrypted message.  In general, the Client SHOULD select the origin
   name that presented the challenge.  However, in the context of
   loading a webpage, the Client SHOULD prefer using the name of the
   main document URL (the first-party name, as opposed to a third-party
   name) if it is present in the origin_info list.  Issuers need to
   ensure that they only allow rate-limiting on expected origins, which
   for the case of websites with challenges originating from third-
   parties would generally be the first-party name.

   The HTTP authentication challenge also SHOULD contain the following
   additional attribute:

   *  "issuer-encap-key", which contains a base64url encoding of a
      EncapsulationKey as defined in Section 3 to use when encrypting
      the Origin Name in issuance requests.

5.  Issuance Protocol

   This section describes the Issuance protocol for a Client to request
   and receive a token from an Issuer.  Token issuance involves a
   Client, Attester, and Issuer, with the following steps:

   1.  The Client sends a token request containing a token request,
       encrypted origin name, and one-time-use public key and signature
       to the Attester

   2.  The Attester validates the request contents, specifically
       checking the request signature, and proxies the request to the
       Issuer

   3.  The Issuer validates the request against the signature, and
       processes its contents, and produces a token response sent back
       to the Attester

   4.  The Attester verifies the response and proxies the response to
       the Client

   The Issuance protocol is designed such that Client, Attester, and
   Issuer learn only what is necessary for completing the protocol; see
   Section 8.5 for more details.

   The Issuance protocol has a number of underlying cryptographic
   dependencies for operation:

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   *  RSA Blind Signatures [BLINDSIG], for issuing and constructing
      Tokens.  This support is the same as used in the base publicly
      verifiable token issuance protocol [ISSUANCE]

   *  [HPKE], for encrypting the origin server name in transit between
      Client and Issuer across the Attester.

   *  Signatures with key blinding, as described in [KEYBLINDING], for
      verifying correctness of Client requests.

   Clients and Issuers are required to implement all of these
   dependencies, whereas Attesters are required to implement signature
   with key blinding support.

5.1.  State Requirements

   The Issuance protocol requires each participating endpoint to
   maintain some necessary state, as described in this section.

5.1.1.  Client State

   A Client is required to have the following information, derived from
   a given TokenChallenge:

   *  Origin Name, a hostname referring to the Origin [RFC6454].  This
      is the name of the Origin that issued the token challenge.  One or
      more names can be listed in the TokenChallenge.origin_info field.
      Rate-limited token issuance relies on the client selecting a
      single origin name from this list if multiple are present.

   *  Token Key, a blind signature public key specific to the Origin.
      This key is owned by the Issuer identified by the
      TokenChallenge.issuer_name.

   *  Issuer Encapsulation Key, a public key used to encrypt request
      information corresponding to the Issuer identified by
      TokenChallenge.issuer_name.

   Clients maintain a stable Client Key that they use for all
   communication with a specific Attester.  Client Key is a public key,
   where the corresponding private key Client Secret is known only to
   the client.

   If the client loses this (Client Key, Client Secret), they may
   generate a new tuple.  The Attester will enforce if a client is
   allowed to use this new Client Key. See Section 5.1.2 for details on
   this enforcement.

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   Clients also need to be able to generate an Anonymous Origin ID value
   that corresponds to the pair of Origin Name and Issuer Name, to send
   in requests to the Attester.

   Anonymous Origin ID MUST be a stable and unpredictable 32-byte value
   computed by the Client.  Clients MUST NOT change this value across
   token requests for the same Origin Name and Issuer Name.  See
   Section 5.6 for a discussion of Attester behavior if a collision is
   detected.

   One possible mechanism for implementing this identifier is for the
   Client to store a mapping between the pair of (Origin Name, Issuer
   Name) and a randomly generated Anonymous Origin ID for future
   requests.  Alternatively, the Client can compute a PRF keyed by a
   per-client secret (Client Secret) over the Origin Name and Issuer
   Name, e.g., Anonymous Origin ID = HKDF(secret=Client Secret, salt="",
   info=(Origin Name, Issuer name)).

5.1.2.  Attester State

   An Attester is required to maintain state for every authenticated
   Client.  The mechanism of identifying a Client is specific to each
   Attester, and is not defined in this document.  As examples, the
   Attester could use device-specific certificates or account
   authentication to identify a Client.

   Attesters need to enforce that Clients don't change their Client Key
   frequently, to ensure Clients can't regularly evade the per-client
   policy as seen by the issuer.  Attesters MUST NOT allow Clients to
   change their Client Key more than once within a policy window, or in
   the subsequent policy window after a previous Client Key change.
   Alternative schemes where the Attester stores the encrypted (Client
   Key, Client Secret) tuple on behalf of the client are possible but
   not described here.

   The Attester keeps track of Clients and Issuers that are not trusted,
   due to problems like changing Client Keys frequently, etc, as
   penalized entities (see Section 5.6).

   Attesters are expected to know both the Issuer Policy Window and
   current Issuer Encapsulation Key for any Issuer Name to which they
   allow access.  This information can be retrieved using the URIs
   defined in Section 3.  The current Issuer Encapsulation Key value is
   used to check the value of the issuer_encap_key_id in Client-
   generated requests (Section 5.3) to reject requests where clients are
   using unique key IDs.  Such unique keys could indicate a key-
   targeting attack that intends de-anonymize a client to the Issuer.
   In order to handle encapsulation key rotation, the Attester needs to

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   know the current key value and the previou key value, and remember
   the last time the value changed to ensure that it does not happen too
   frequently (such as no more than once per policy window, or no more
   than once per day).

   For each Client-Issuer pair, an Attester maintains a policy window
   start and end time for each Issuer from which a Client requests a
   token.

   For each tuple of (Client Key, Anonymous Origin ID, policy window),
   the Attester maintains the following state:

   *  A counter of successful tokens issued

   *  Whether or not a previous request was rejected by the Issuer

   *  The previous rate limit provided by the Issuer

   *  The last received Anonymous Issuer Origin ID value for this
      Anonymous Origin ID, if any

   The Issuer-provided rate limit for a single Origin is intended to not
   change more frequently than once per policy window.  If the Attester
   detects a change of rate limit multiple times for the state kept for
   a single policy window, it SHOULD reject tokens issued in the
   remainder of the policy window.

5.1.3.  Issuer State

   Issuers maintain a stable Issuer Origin Secret that they use in
   calculating values returned to the Attester for each origin.  If this
   value changes, it will open up a possibility for Clients to request
   extra tokens for an Origin without being limited, within a policy
   window.  See Section 10.1 for details about generating and rotating
   the Issuer Origin Secret.

   Issuers are expected to have the private key that corresponds to
   Issuer Encapsulation Key, which allows them to decrypt the Origin
   Name values in requests.

   For each Origin, Issuers need to know what rate limit to enforce
   during a policy window.  Issuers SHOULD NOT use unique values for
   specific Origins, which would allow Attesters to recognize an Origin
   being accessed by multiple Clients.  Each Origin limit is allowed to
   change, but SHOULD NOT change more often than once per policy window,
   to ensure that the limit is useful.

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5.2.  Issuance HTTP Headers

   The Issuance protocol defines four new HTTP headers that are used in
   requests and responses between Clients, Attesters, and Issuers (see
   Section 11.2).

   The "Sec-Token-Origin" is an Item Structured Header [RFC8941].  Its
   value MUST be a Byte Sequence.  This header is sent both on Client-
   to-Attester requests (Section 5.3) and on Issuer-to-Attester
   responses (Section 5.5).  Its ABNF is:

       Sec-Token-Origin = sf-binary

   The "Sec-Token-Client" is an Item Structured Header [RFC8941].  Its
   value MUST be a Byte Sequence.  This header is sent on Client-to-
   Attester requests (Section 5.3), and contains the bytes of Client
   Key. Its ABNF is:

       Sec-Token-Client = sf-binary

   The "Sec-Token-Request-Blind" is an Item Structured Header [RFC8941].
   Its value MUST be a Byte Sequence.  This header is sent on Client-to-
   Attester requests (Section 5.3), and contains a per-request nonce
   value.  Its ABNF is:

       Sec-Token-Request-Blind = sf-binary

   The "Sec-Token-Limit" is an Item Structured Header [RFC8941].  Its
   value MUST be an Integer.  This header is sent on Issuer-to-Attester
   responses (Section 5.5), and contains the number of times a Client
   can retrieve a token for the requested Origin within a policy window,
   as set by the Issuer.  Its ABNF is:

       Sec-Token-Limit = sf-integer

5.3.  Client-to-Attester Request

   The Client and Attester MUST use a secure and Attester-authenticated
   HTTPS connection.  They MAY use mutual authentication or mechanisms
   such as TLS certificate pinning, to mitigate the risk of channel
   compromise; see Section 8 for additional about this channel.

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5.3.1.  Client behavior

   Requests to the Attester need to indicate the Issuer Name to which
   issuance requests will be forwarded.  Attesters SHOULD provide
   Clients with a URI template that contains one variable that contains
   the Issuer Name, "issuer", using Level 3 URI template encoding as
   defined in Section 1.2 of [RFC6570].

   An example of an Attester URI templates is shown below:

   https://attester.net/token-request{?issuer}

   Attesters and Clients MAY agree on other mechanisms to specify the
   Issuer Name in requests.

   The Client first creates an issuance request message for a random
   value nonce using the input TokenChallenge challenge and the Issuer
   key identifier key_id as follows:

   nonce = random(32)
   context = SHA256(challenge)
   token_input = concat(0x0003, nonce, context, key_id)
   blinded_msg, blind_inv = rsabssa_blind(pkI, token_input)

   The Client then uses Client Key to generate its one-time-use request
   public key request_key and blind request_blind as described in
   Section 7.1.

   The Client then computes token_key_id as the least significant byte
   of the Token Key ID, where the Token Key ID is generated as
   SHA256(public_key) and public_key is a DER-encoded
   SubjectPublicKeyInfo object carrying Token Key. The Client then
   constructs a InnerTokenRequest value, denoted origin_token_request,
   combining token_key_id, blinded_msg, and a padded representation of
   the origin name as follows:

   struct {
     uint8_t token_key_id;
     uint8_t blinded_msg[Nk];
     uint8_t padded_origin_name<0..2^16-1>;
   } InnerTokenRequest;

   This structure is initialized and then encrypted using Issuer
   Encryption Key, producing encrypted_token_request, as described in
   Section 6.

   Finally, the Client uses Client Secret to produce request_signature
   as described in Section 7.1.2.

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   The Client then constructs a TokenRequest structure.  This
   TokenRequest structure is based on the publicly verifiable token
   issuance path in [ISSUANCE], adding fields for the encrypted origin
   name and request signature.

   struct {
      uint16_t token_type = 0x0003;
      uint8_t request_key[Npk];
      uint8_t issuer_encap_key_id[32];
      uint8_t encrypted_token_request<1..2^16-1>;
      uint8_t request_signature[Nsig];
   } TokenRequest;

   The structure fields are defined as follows:

   *  "token_type" is a 2-octet integer, which matches the type in the
      challenge.

   *  "request_key" is the request_key value generated above.

   *  "issuer_encap_key_id" is a collision-resistant hash that
      identifies the Issuer Encryption Key, generated as
      SHA256(EncapsulationKey).

   *  "encrypted_token_request" is an encrypted structure that contains
      an InnerTokenRequest value, calculated as described in Section 6.

   *  "request_signature" is computed as described in Section 7.1.2.

   The Client then generates an HTTP POST request to send through the
   Attester to the Issuer, with the TokenRequest as the body.  The media
   type for this request is "message/token-request".  The Client
   includes the "Sec-Token-Origin" header, whose value is Anonymous
   Origin ID; the "Sec-Token-Client" header, whose value is Client Key;
   and the "Sec-Token-Request-Blind" header, whose value is
   request_blind.  The Client sends this request to the Attester's proxy
   URI.  An example request is shown below, where the Issuer Name is
   "issuer.net" and the Attester URI template is "https://attester.net/
   token-request{?issuer}"

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   :method = POST
   :scheme = https
   :authority = attester.net
   :path = /token-request?issuer=issuer.net
   accept = message/token-response
   cache-control = no-cache, no-store
   content-type = message/token-request
   content-length = <Length of TokenRequest>
   sec-token-origin = Anonymous Origin ID
   sec-token-client = Client Key
   sec-token-request-blind = request_blind

   <Bytes containing the TokenRequest>

5.3.2.  Attester behavior

   Upon receiving a request from a Client, the Attester checks if the
   Client has been penalized based on incorrect behavior using this
   protocol (see Section 5.6).  If the Client is not trusted, the
   Attester rejects the request with an appropriate HTTP 4xx error.

   If this Issuer for the token request is not known to or trusted by
   the Attester, including if the Issuer has been penalized (see
   Section 5.6), the Attester rejects the request with an appropriate
   HTTP error.

   If the Attester detects a token_type in the TokenRequest that it does
   not recognize or support, it MUST reject the request with an HTTP 400
   error.

   The Attester also checks to validate that the issuer_encap_key_id in
   the client's TokenRequest matches a known Issuer Encapsulation Key
   public key for the Issuer.  For example, the Attester can fetch this
   key using the API defined in Section 3.  This check is done to help
   ensure that the Client has not been given a unique key that could
   allow the Issuer to fingerprint or target the Client.  If the key
   does not match, the Attester rejects the request with an HTTP 400
   error.  Note that this can lead to failures in the event of Issuer
   Issuer Encapsulation Key rotation; see Section 9 for considerations.

   The Attester finally validates the Client's stable mapping request as
   described in Section 7.2.  If this fails, the Attester MUST return an
   HTTP 400 error to the Client.

   If the Attester accepts the request, it will look up the state stored
   for this Client.  It will look up the count of previously generate
   tokens for this Client using the same Anonymous Origin ID.  See
   Section 5.1.2 for more details.

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   If the Attester has stored state that a previous request for this
   Anonymous Origin ID was rejected by the Issuer in the current policy
   window, it SHOULD reject the request without forwarding it to the
   Issuer.

   If the Attester detects this Client has changed their Client Key more
   frequently than allowed as described in Section 5.1.2, it SHOULD
   reject the request without forwarding it to the Issuer, and also use
   this event to penalize the Client (see Section 5.6).

5.4.  Attester-to-Issuer Request

   The Attester and the Issuer MUST use a secure and Issuer-
   authenticated HTTPS connection for all requests.  Also, Issuers MUST
   authenticate Attesters, either via mutual TLS or another form of
   application-layer authentication.  They MAY additionally use
   mechanisms such as TLS certificate pinning, to mitigate the risk of
   channel compromise; see Section 8 for additional about this channel.

5.4.1.  Attester behavior

   Assuming all checks in Section 5.3 succeed, the Attester generates an
   HTTP POST request to send to the Issuer with the Client's
   TokenRequest as the body.  The Attester MUST NOT add information that
   will uniquely identify a Client, or associate the request with a
   small set of possible Clients.  Extensions to this protocol MAY allow
   Attesters to add information that can be used to separate large
   populations, such as providing information about the country or
   region to which a Client belongs.  An example request is shown below.

   :method = POST
   :scheme = https
   :authority = issuer.net
   :path = /token-request
   accept = message/token-response
   cache-control = no-cache, no-store
   content-type = message/token-request
   content-length = <Length of TokenRequest>

   <Bytes containing the TokenRequest>

5.4.2.  Issuer behavior

   Upon receipt of the forwarded request, the Issuer validates the
   following conditions:

   *  The TokenRequest contains a supported token_type

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   *  The TokenRequest.issuer_encap_key_id correspond to known Issuer
      Encapsulation Keys held by the Issuer.

   *  The TokenRequest.encrypted_token_request can be decrypted using
      the Issuer's private key (the private key associated with Issuer
      Encapsulation Key), and contains a valid InnerTokenRequest whose
      unpadded origin name matches an Origin Name that is served by the
      Issuer.  The Origin name associated with the InnerTokenRequest
      value might be the empty string "", as described in Section 6, in
      which case the Issuer applies a cross-origin policy if supported.
      If a cross-origin policy is not supported, this condition is not
      met.

   If any of these conditions is not met, the Issuer MUST return an HTTP
   400 error to the Attester, which will forward the error to the
   client.

   The Issuer determines the correct Issuer Key by using the decrypted
   Origin Name and InnerTokenRequest.token_key_id values.  If there is
   no Token Key whose truncated key ID matches
   InnerTokenRequest.token_key_id, the Issuer MUST return an HTTP 401
   error to Attester, which will forward the error to the client.  The
   Attester learns that the client's view of the Origin key was invalid
   in the process.

5.5.  Token Issuance Response

5.5.1.  Issuer behavior

   If the Issuer is willing to give a token to the Client, the Issuer
   decrypts TokenRequest.encrypted_token_request to discover a
   InnerTokenRequest value.  If this fails, the Issuer rejects the
   request with a 400 error.  Otherwise, the Issuer validates and
   processes the token request with Issuer Origin Secret corresponding
   to the designated Origin as described in Section 7.3.  If this fails,
   the Issuer rejects the request with a 400 error.  Otherwise, the
   output is index_key.

   The Issuer completes the issuance flow by computing a blinded
   response as follows:

   blind_sig = rsabssa_blind_sign(skP, InnerTokenRequest.blinded_msg)

   skP is the private key corresponding to the per-Origin Token Key,
   known only to the Issuer.  The Issuer then encrypts blind_sig to the
   Client as described in Section 6.2, yielding
   encrypted_token_response.

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   The Issuer generates an HTTP response with status code 200 whose body
   consists of blind_sig, with the content type set as "message/token-
   response", the index_key set in the "Sec-Token-Origin" header, and
   the limit of tokens allowed for a Client for the Origin within a
   policy window set in the "Sec-Token-Limit" header.  This limit SHOULD
   NOT be unique to a specific Origin, such that the Attester could use
   the value to infer which Origin the Client is accessing (see
   Section 9).

   :status = 200
   content-type = message/token-response
   content-length = <Length of blind_sig>
   sec-token-origin = index_key
   sec-token-limit = Token limit

   <Bytes containing the encrypted_token_response>

5.5.2.  Attester behavior

   For all non-successful responses from the Issuer, the Attester
   forwards the HTTP response unmodified to the Client as the response
   to the original request for this issuance.

   Upon receipt of a successful (2xx) response from the Issuer, the
   Attester extracts the "Sec-Token-Origin" header, and uses the value
   to determine Anonymous Issuer Origin ID as described in Section 7.4.

   If the "Sec-Token-Origin" header is missing in a successful (2xx)
   response from the Issuer, the Attester MUST count this towards
   penalizing the Issuer (see Section 5.6).  The token response MUST
   continue to be processed, however, to prevent a malicious Issuer from
   using a token issuance failure as a signal to the requesting Origin.

   If the Anonymous Issuer Origin ID derived from the value in the "Sec-
   Token-Origin" header was previously received in a response for a
   request with a different Anonymous Origin ID within the same policy
   window, the Attester MUST count this towards penalizing the Issuer or
   Client (see Section 5.6).  The token response MUST continue to be
   processed, however, to prevent a malicious Issuer from using a token
   issuance failure as a signal to the requesting Origin.

   The Attester then stores the Anonymous Issuer Origin ID alongside the
   state for the Anonymous Origin ID to compare on future token
   issuances.

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   The Attester also extracts the "Sec-Token-Limit" header, and compares
   the limit against the previous count of accesses for this Client for
   the Anonymous Origin ID.  If the count is greater than or equal to
   the limit, the Attester drops the token and responds to the client
   with an HTTP 429 (Too Many Requests) error.

   When the Attester detects successful token issuance, it MUST
   increment the counter in its state for the number of tokens issued to
   the Client for the Anonymous Origin ID.

5.5.3.  Client behavior

   Upon receipt, the Client decrypts the blind_sig from
   encrypted_token_response as described in Section 6.2.  If successful,
   the Client then processes the response as follows:

authenticator = rsabssa_finalize(pkI, token_input, blind_sig, blind_inv)

   If this succeeds, the Client then constructs a token as described in
   [AUTHSCHEME] as follows:

   struct {
       uint16_t token_type = 0x0003
       uint8_t nonce[32];
       uint8_t context[32];
       uint8_t token_key_id[Nid];
       uint8_t authenticator[Nk]
   } Token;

5.6.  Penalization of Invalid Clients and Issuers

   When an Attester encounters incorrect and potentially malicious
   behavior by either Clients or Issuers, it needs to "penalize" them.
   This involves keeping state about invalid protocol events, and
   determining when a particular Client or Issuer has exceeded a
   threshold for such events.

   Each category of invalid events can have a different threshold, and
   can apply to Clients, Issuers, or both.  Different penalization
   events are described below, with suggested thresholds.  This list is
   not exhaustive.

   *  Client Key changing more than once over any two consecutive policy
      windows for a single Client, based on the Attester's view of
      Client identity.  This is a Client-specific penalization event.  A
      RECOMMENDED threshold for penalizing the Client based on this is
      one event; a well-behaved Client will never change keys this
      frequently.

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   *  Issuer responses missing the "Sec-Token-Origin" header on a 2xx
      response.  This is an Issuer-specific penalization event.  A
      RECOMMENDED threshold for penalizing the Issuer based on this is
      ten events across all Clients; a well-behaved Issuer will never
      generate such responses, but it can be useful for an Attester to
      have a small tolerance for errors before penalizing an Issuer
      entirely.

   *  Anonymous Issuer Origin ID (from Issuer) collision across two
      Anonymous Origin IDs for a particular Client within a single
      policy window.  This penalization event is applicable for both
      Clients and Issuers.  A RECOMMENDED threshold for penalizing the
      Issuer is ten events across different Clients.  A RECOMMENDED
      threshold for penalizing the Client is two events across multiple
      Issuers, or five events with a single Issuer.  If many events are
      seen for a single Issuer, it is likely that the Issuer is
      compromised or malicious; while if such events are seen for a
      specific Client, it is likely that the Client is is compromised or
      malicious.

   Once a Client or Issuer passes the threshold for penalization, the
   Attester rejects future requests from that Client or for that Issuer.
   This SHOULD only be reset after a sufficient period of time (such as
   at least one policy window), and based on either manual review or
   another validation process determined by the Attester.  Penalization
   indicates that a Client or Issuer might be malicious or compromised,
   and so ought not to be trusted until further validation that the
   error or attack has been mitigated.

6.  Encrypting Origin Token Requests and Responses

   Clients encapsulate token request information to the Issuer using the
   Issuer Encapsulation Key. Issuers decrypt the token request using
   their corresponding private key.  This process yields the decrypted
   token request as well as a shared encryption context between Client
   and Issuer.  Issuers encapsulate their token response to the Client
   using an ephemeral key derived from this shared encryption context.
   This process ensures that the Attester learns neither the token
   request or response information.

   Client to Issuer encapsulation is described in Section 6.1, and
   Issuer to Client encapsulation is described in Section 6.2.

6.1.  Client to Issuer Encapsulation

   Given a EncapsulationKey (Issuer Encapsulation Key), Clients produce
   encrypted_token_request using the following values:

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   *  the one octet key identifier from the Name Key, keyID, with the
      corresponding KEM identified by kemID, the public key from the
      configuration, pkI, and;

   *  a selected combination of KDF, identified by kdfID, and AEAD,
      identified by aeadID.

   Beyond the key configuration inputs, Clients also require the
   following inputs defined in Section 5.3: token_key_id, blinded_msg,
   request_key, origin_name, and issuer_encap_key_id.

   Together, these are used to encapsulate an InnerTokenRequest and
   produce an encrypted token request (encrypted_token_request).

   origin_name contains the name of the origin that initiated the
   challenge, as taken from the TokenChallenge.origin_info field.  If
   the TokenChallenge.origin_info field is empty, origin_name is set to
   the empty string "".

   The process for generating encrypted_token_request from blinded_msg,
   request_key, and origin_name values is as follows:

   1.  Compute an [HPKE] context using pkI, yielding context and
       encapsulation key enc.

   2.  Construct associated data, aad, by concatenating the values of
       keyID, kemID, kdfID, aeadID, and all other values of the
       TokenRequest structure.

   3.  Pad origin_name with N zero bytes, where N = 31 - ((L - 1) % 32)
       and L is the length of origin_name.  If L is 0, N = 32.  Denote
       this padding process as the function pad.

   4.  Encrypt (seal) the padded origin_name with aad as associated data
       using context, yielding ciphertext ct.

   5.  Concatenate the values of aad, enc, and ct, yielding
       encrypted_token_request.

   Note that enc is of fixed-length, so there is no ambiguity in parsing
   this structure.

   In pseudocode, this procedure is as follows:

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enc, context = SetupBaseS(pkI, "InnerTokenRequest")
aad = concat(encode(1, keyID),
             encode(2, kemID),
             encode(2, kdfID),
             encode(2, aeadID),
             encode(2, token_type),
             encode(Npk, request_key),
             encode(32, issuer_encap_key_id))
padded_origin_name = pad(origin_name)
inner_token_request_enc = concat(encode(1, token_key_id),
                                 encode(Nk, blinded_msg),
                                 encode(2, len(padded_origin_name)),
                                 encode(len(padded_origin_name), padded_origin_name))
ct = context.Seal(aad, inner_token_request_enc)
encrypted_token_request = concat(enc, ct)

   Issuers reverse this procedure to recover the InnerTokenRequest value
   by computing the AAD as described above and decrypting
   encrypted_token_request with their private key skI (the private key
   corresponding to pkI).  The origin_name value is recovered from
   InnerTokenRequest.padded_origin_name by stripping off padding bytes.
   In pseudocode, this procedure is as follows:

   enc, ct = parse(encrypted_token_request)
   aad = concat(encode(1, keyID),
                encode(2, kemID),
                encode(2, kdfID),
                encode(2, aeadID),
                encode(2, token_type),
                encode(Npk, request_key),
                encode(32, issuer_encap_key_id))
   context = SetupBaseR(enc, skI, "TokenRequest")
   inner_token_request_enc, error = context.Open(aad, ct)

   The InnerTokenRequest.blinded_msg, InnerTokenRequest.token_key_id,
   and unpadded origin_name values are used by the Issuer as described
   in Section 5.4.

6.2.  Issuer to Client Encapsulation

   Given an HPKE context context computed in Section 6.1, Issuers
   encapsulate their token response blind_sig, yielding an encrypted
   token response encrypted_token_response, to the Client as follows:

   1.  Export a secret secret from context, using the string
       "OriginTokenResponse" as context.  The length of this secret is
       max(Nn, Nk), where Nn and Nk are the length of AEAD key and nonce
       associated with context.

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   2.  Generate a random value of length max(Nn, Nk) bytes, called
       response_nonce.

   3.  Extract a pseudorandom key prk using the Extract function
       provided by the KDF algorithm associated with context.  The ikm
       input to this function is secret; the salt input is the
       concatenation of enc (from enc_request) and response_nonce

   4.  Use the Expand function provided by the same KDF to extract an
       AEAD key key, of length Nk - the length of the keys used by the
       AEAD associated with context.  Generating key uses a label of
       "key".

   5.  Use the same Expand function to extract a nonce nonce of length
       Nn - the length of the nonce used by the AEAD.  Generating nonce
       uses a label of "nonce".

   6.  Encrypt blind_sig, passing the AEAD function Seal the values of
       key, nonce, empty aad, and a pt input of request, which yields
       ct.

   7.  Concatenate response_nonce and ct, yielding an Encapsulated
       Response enc_response.  Note that response_nonce is of fixed-
       length, so there is no ambiguity in parsing either response_nonce
       or ct.

   In pseudocode, this procedure is as follows:

   secret = context.Export("OriginTokenResponse", Nk)
   response_nonce = random(max(Nn, Nk))
   salt = concat(enc, response_nonce)
   prk = Extract(salt, secret)
   aead_key = Expand(prk, "key", Nk)
   aead_nonce = Expand(prk, "nonce", Nn)
   ct = Seal(aead_key, aead_nonce, "", blind_sig)
   encrypted_token_response = concat(response_nonce, ct)

   Clients decrypt encrypted_token_response by reversing this process.
   That is, they first parse enc_response into response_nonce and ct.
   They then follow the same process to derive values for aead_key and
   aead_nonce.

   The client uses these values to decrypt ct using the Open function
   provided by the AEAD.  Decrypting might produce an error, as follows:

   blind_sig, error = Open(aead_key, aead_nonce, "", ct)

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7.  Anonymous Issuer Origin ID Computation

   This section describes the Client, Attester, and Issuer behavior in
   computing Anonymous Issuer Origin ID, the stable mapping based on
   client identity and origin name.  At a high level, this functionality
   computes y = F(x, k), where x is a per-Client secret and k is a per-
   Origin secret, subject to the following constraints:

   *  The Attester only learns y if the Client in possession of x
      engages with the protocol;

   *  The Attester prevents a Client with private input x from running
      the protocol for input x' that is not equal to x;

   *  The Issuer does not learn x, nor does it learn when two requests
      correspond to the same private value x; and

   *  Neither the Client nor Attester learn k.

   The interaction between Client, Attester, and Issuer in computing
   this functionality is shown below.

   Client               Attester                Issuer
       (request, signature)
     ---------------------->
                              (request, signature)
                            ---------------------->
                                   (response)
                            <----------------------

   The protocol for computing this functionality is divided into
   sections for each of the participants.  Section 7.1 describes Client
   behavior for initiating the computation with its per-Client secret,
   Section 7.2 describes Attester behavior for verifying Client
   requests, Section 7.3 describes Issuer behavior for computing the
   mapping with its per-Origin secret, and Section 7.4 describes the
   final Attester step for computing the client-origin index.

   The index computation is based on a signature scheme with key
   blinding and unblinding support, denoted BKS, as described in
   Section 3 of [KEYBLINDING].  Such a scheme has the following
   functions:

   *  BKS-KeyGen(): Generate a random private and public key pair (sk,
      pk).

   *  BKS-BlindKeyGen(): Generate a random blinding key bk.

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   *  BKS-BlindPublicKey(pk, bk, ctx): Produce a blinded public key
      based on the input public key pk, blind key bk, and context ctx.

   *  BKS-UnblindPublicKey(pk, bk, ctx): Produce an unblinded public key
      based on the input blinded public key pk, blind bk, and context
      ctx.

   *  BKS-Verify(pk, msg, sig): Verify signature sig over input message
      msg against the public key pk, producing a boolean value
      indicating success.

   *  BKS-BlindKeySign(sk_sign, sk_blind, ctx, msg): Sign input message
      msg with signing key sk_sign, blind key sk_blind, and context ctx
      and produce a signature of size Nsig bytes.

   *  BKS-SerializePrivatekey(sk): Serialize a private key to a byte
      string of length Nsk.

   *  BKS-DeserializePrivatekey(buf): Attempt to deserialize a private
      key from an Nsk-byte string buf.  This function can fail if buf
      does not represent a valid private key.

   *  BKS-SerializePublicKey(pk): Serialize a public key to a byte
      string of length Npk.

   *  BKS-DeserializePublicKey(buf): Attempt to deserialize a public key
      of length Npk. This function can fail if buf does not represent a
      valid public key.

   Additionally, each BKS scheme has a corresponding hash function,
   denoted Hash.  The implementation of each of these functions depends
   on the issuance protocol token type.  See Section 11.1 for more
   details.

7.1.  Client Behavior

   This section describes the Client behavior for generating an one-
   time-use request key and signature.  Clients provide their Client
   Secret as input to the request key generation step, and the rest of
   the token request inputs to the signature generation step.

7.1.1.  Request Key

   Clients produce request_key by masking Client Key and Client Secret
   with a randomly chosen blind.  Let pk_sign and sk_sign denote Client
   Key and Client Secret, respectively.  This process is done as
   follows:

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   1.  Generate a random blind key, sk_blind.

   2.  Blind pk_sign with sk_blind to compute a blinded public key,
       request_key.

   3.  Output the blinded public key.

   In pseudocode, this is as follows:

   sk_blind = BKS-BlindKeyGen()
   ctx = concat(encode(2, token_type)), "ClientBlind")
   blinded_key = BKS-BlindPublicKey(pk_sign, sk_blind, ctx)
   request_key = BKS-SerializePublicKey(blinded_key)
   request_blind = BKS-SerializePrivatekey(sk_blind)

7.1.2.  Request Signature

   Clients produce a signature of their request by signing its entire
   contents consisting of the following values defined in Section 5.3:
   token_key_id, blinded_msg, request_key, issuer_encap_key_id, and
   encrypted_token_request.  This process requires the blind value
   sk_blind produced during the Section 7.1.1 process.  As above, let pk
   and sk denote Client Key and Client Secret, respectively.  Given
   these values, this signature process works as follows:

   1.  Concatenate all signature inputs to yield a message to sign.

   2.  Compute a signature with the blind sk_blind over the input
       message using Client Secret, sk_sign as the signing key.

   3.  Output the signature.

   In pseudocode, this is as follows:

   message = concat(token_type,
                    request_key,
                    issuer_encap_key_id,
                    encode(2, len(encrypted_token_request)),
                    encrypted_token_request)
   ctx = concat(encode(2, token_type)), "ClientBlind")
   request_signature = BKS-BlindKeySign(sk_sign, sk_blind, ctx, message)

7.2.  Attester Behavior (Client Request Validation)

   Given a TokenRequest request containing request_key,
   request_signature, and request_blind, as well as Client Key pk_blind,
   Attesters verify the signature as follows:

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   1.  Check that request_key is a valid public key.  If this fails,
       abort.

   2.  Check that request_blind is a valid private key.  If this fails,
       abort.

   3.  Blind the Client Key pk_sign by blind sk_blind, yielding a
       blinded key.  If this does not match request_key, abort.

   4.  Verify request_signature over the contents of the request,
       excluding the signature itself, using request_key.  If signature
       verification fails, abort.

   In pseudocode, this is as follows:

blind_key = BKS-DeserializePublicKey(request_key)
sk_blind = BKS-DeserializePrivatekey(request_blind)
ctx = concat(encode(2, token_type)), "ClientBlind")
pk_blind = BKS-BlindPublicKey(pk_sign, sk_blind, ctx)
if pk_blind != blind_key:
  raise InvalidParameterError

context = parse(request[..len(request)-Nsig]) // this matches context computed during signing
valid = BKS-Verify(blind_key, context, request_signature)
if not valid:
  raise InvalidSignatureError

7.3.  Issuer Behavior

   Given an Issuer Origin Secret (denoted sk_origin) and a TokenRequest,
   from which request_key and request_signature are parsed, Issuers
   verify the request signature and compute a response as follows:

   1.  Check that request_key is a valid public key.  If this fails,
       abort.

   2.  Verify request_signature over the contents of the request,
       excluding the signature itself, using request_key.  If signature
       verification fails, abort.

   3.  Blind request_key by Issuer Origin Secret, sk_origin, yielding an
       index key.

   4.  Output the index key.

   In pseudocode, this is as follows:

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blind_key = BKS-DeserializePublicKey(request_key)
context = parse(request[..len(request)-Nsig]) // this matches context computed during signing
valid = BKS-Verify(blind_key, context, request_signature)
if not valid:
  raise InvalidSignatureError

ctx = concat(encode(2, token_type)), "IssuerBlind")
evaluated_key = BKS-BlindPublicKey(request_key, sk_origin, ctx)
index_key = BKS-SerializePublicKey(evaluated_key)

7.4.  Attester Behavior (Index Computation)

   Given an Issuer response index_key, Client blind sk_blind, and Client
   Key (denoted pk_sign), Attesters complete the Anonymous Issuer Origin
   ID computation as follows:

   1.  Check that index_key is a valid public key.  If this fails,
       abort.

   2.  Unblind the index_key using the Client blind sk_blind, yielding
       the index result.

   3.  Run HKDF [RFC5869] with the hash function corresponding to the
       BKS scheme, using the index result as the secret, Client Key
       pk_sign as the salt, and ASCII string "anon_issuer_origin_id" as
       the info string, yielding Anonymous Issuer Origin ID.

   In pseudocode, this is as follows:

   evaluated_key = BKS-DeserializePublicKey(index_key)
   ctx = concat(encode(2, token_type)), "ClientBlind")
   unblinded_key = BKS-UnblindPublicKey(evaluated_key, sk_blind, ctx)

   index_result = BKS-SerializePublicKey(unblinded_key)
   pk_encoded = BKS-SerializePublicKey(pk_sign)

   anon_issuer_origin_id = HKDF-Hash(secret=index_result,
     salt=pk_encoded, info="anon_issuer_origin_id")

8.  Security Considerations

   This section describes security considerations relevant to the use of
   this protocol.

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8.1.  Client Secret Use

   The Client Secret key is used for two purposes in this protocol: (1)
   computing request signatures and (2) computing the Anonymous Issuer
   Origin ID (with the corresponding public key).  This is necessary to
   ensure the client associated with the Anonymous Issuer Origin ID is
   the same client that produced a corresponding request.  In general,
   using the same cryptographic key for two distinct purposes is
   considered bad practice.  However, analysis of this protocol
   demonstrates that it is safe in this context.  The Client Secret MUST
   NOT be used for any purpose outside of this protocol.

8.2.  Custom Token Request Encapsulation

   The protocol in this document uses [HPKE] directly to encrypt token
   request information to the issuer while also authenticating
   information exposed to the attester.  Oblivious HTTP [OHTTP], which
   is a protocol built on top of HPKE for request encapsulation, is not
   suitable for this purpose since it does not allow clients to
   additionally authenticate application-layer information that is
   visible to intermediaries, which is the case for the data visible to
   the Attester.

8.3.  Channel Security

   An attacker that can act as an intermediate between Attester and
   Issuer communication can influence or disrupt the ability for the
   Issuer to correctly rate-limit token issuance.  All communication
   channels use server-authenticated HTTPS.  Some connections, e.g.,
   between an Attester and an Issuer, require mutual authentication
   between both endpoints.  Where appropriate, endpoints MAY use further
   enhancements such as TLS certificate pinning to mitigate the risk of
   channel compromise.

8.4.  Token Request Unlinkability and Unforgeability

   Client token requests are constructed such that an Issuer cannot
   distinguish between any two token requests from the same Client and
   two requests from different Clients.  We refer to this property as
   issuance unlinkability.  This property is achieved by the way the
   tokens are constructed.  In particular, TokenRequest.request_key and
   TokenRequest.request_signature are the only value in a TokenRequest
   that is derived from per-Client information, i.e., the Client Secret.

   TokenRequest.request_key is computed using a freshly generated blind
   for each token request.  As a result, the value of
   TokenRequest.request_key in one token request is statistically
   independent from Client Key. Similarly,

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   TokenRequest.request_signature is computed using the same freshly
   generated blind as TokenRequest.request_key for each token request,
   and the resulting signature is therefore independent from signatures
   produced using Client Secret.  More details about this unlinkability
   property can be found in [KEYBLINDING].

   This unlinkability property is only intended for requests observed by
   the Issuer.  In contrast, the Attester is required to link requests
   from the same Client together for the purposes of enforcing rate
   limits.  This Attester does this by observing the Client Key.
   Importantly, the Client Key is not sent to the Issuer during the
   issuance flow, as doing this would allow the Issuer to trivially link
   two requests to the same Client.

   The token request signature is also required to be unforgeable.
   Informally, unforgeability means that no entity can produce a valid
   (message, signature) pair for any blinding key without access to the
   private signing key.  Importantly, the means the Attester cannot
   forge signatures on behalf of a given Client in an attempt to learn
   the origin name.

8.5.  Information Disclosure

   The protocol in this document is designed such that information
   pertaining to issuance of a token is limited to parties that need it
   for completing the protocol.  In particular, honest-but-curious
   Attesters learn only the Anonymous Issuer Origin ID as described in
   Section 7, any per-Client information necessary for attestation, and
   the target Issuer for a given token request.  The Attester does not
   directly learn the origin name associated with a given token request,
   though it does learn the distribution of tokens across Client
   interactions.  This auxiliary information could be used to infer the
   Origin for a given token.  For example, if an Issuer has only two
   configured Origins, each with a different token request pattern, then
   the distribution of Client tokens might reveal the Origin associated
   with a given token.

   Malicious or otherwise compromised Attesters can choose to not follow
   the protocol described in this specification, allowing, for example,
   Clients to bypass rate limits imposed by Origins.  Moreover,
   malicious Attesters could reveal the per-request blind
   (request_blind) to Issuers, breaking the unlinkability property
   described in Section 8.4.

   Honest-but-curious Issuers only learn the Attester that vouches for a
   particular Client's token request and the origin name associated with
   a token request.  Issuers do not learn the Anonymous Issuer Origin ID
   or any per-Client information used when creating a token request.

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   Conversely, malicious Issuers that do not follow the protocol can
   choose to not validate the token request signature, thereby allowing
   others to forge token requests in an attempt to learn the origin
   name.  Malicious Issuers can also rotate token signing keys or Issuer
   Origin Secret values frequently in an attempt to bypass Attester-
   enforced rate limits.  Both of these are detectable by the Attester,
   though.  Issuers can also lie about per-origin rate limits without
   detection, e.g., by increasing the limit to a value well beyond any
   configured limit by an Origin, or return different limits for
   different origins to the Attester.

   Clients learn the output token.  They do not learn the Anonymous
   Issuer Origin ID, though the security of the protocol does not depend
   on keeping this value secret from Clients.  Moreover, even malicious
   Clients cannot tamper with per-Client state stored on the Attester
   for other Clients, as doing so requires knowledge of their unique
   Client Secret.

9.  Privacy Considerations

   This section describes privacy considerations relevant to use of this
   protocol.

9.1.  Client Token State and Origin Tracking

   Origins SHOULD only generate token challenges based on client action,
   such as when a user loads a website.  Clients SHOULD ignore token
   challenges if an Origin tries to force the client to present tokens
   multiple times without any new client-initiated action.  Failure to
   do so can allow malicious origins to track clients across contexts.
   Specifically, an origin can abuse per-user token limits for tracking
   by assigning each new client a random token count and observing
   whether or not the client can successfully redeem that many tokens in
   a given context.  If any token redemption fails, then the origin
   learns information about how many tokens that client had previously
   been issued.

   By rejecting repeated or duplicative challenges within a single
   context, the origin only learns a single bit of information: whether
   or not the client had any token quota left in the given policy
   window.

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9.2.  Origin Verification

   Rate-limited tokens are defined in terms of a Client authenticating
   to an Origin, where the "origin" is used as defined in [RFC6454].  In
   order to limit cross-origin correlation, Clients MUST verify that the
   name of the origin that is providing the HTTP authentication
   challenge is present in the TokenChallenge.origin_info list
   ([AUTHSCHEME]), where the matching logic is defined for same-origin
   policies in [RFC6454].  Clients MAY further limit which
   authentication challenges they are willing to respond to, for example
   by only accepting challenges when the origin is a web site to which
   the user navigated.

9.3.  Client Identification with Unique Encapsulation Keys

   Client activity could be linked if an Origin and Issuer collude to
   have unique keys targeted at specific Clients or sets of Clients.

   As with the basic issuance protocol [ISSUANCE], the token_key_id is
   truncated to a single octet to mitigate the risk of unique keys per
   client.

   To mitigate the risk of a targeted Issuer Encapsulation Key, the
   Attester can observe and validate the issuer_encap_key_id presented
   by the Client to the Issuer.  As described in Section 5.3, Attesters
   MUST validate that the issuer_encap_key_id in the Client's
   TokenRequest matches a known Issuer Encapsulation Key public key for
   the Issuer.  The Attester needs to support key rotation, but ought to
   disallow very rapid key changes, which could indicate that an Origin
   is colluding with an Issuer to try to rotate the key for each new
   Client in order to link the client activity.

9.4.  Origin Identification

   As stated in Section 1.3, the design of this protocol is such that
   Attesters cannot learn the identity of origins that Clients are
   accessing.  The Origin Name itself is encrypted in the request
   between the Client and the Issuer, so the Attester cannot directly
   learn the value.  However, in order to prevent the Attester from
   inferring the value, additional constraints need to be added:

   *  Each Issuer SHOULD serve tokens to a large number of Origins.  A
      one-to-one relationship between Origin and Issuer would allow an
      Attester to infer which Origin is accessed simply by observing the
      Issuer identity.

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   *  Issuers SHOULD NOT return rate-limit values that are specific to
      Origins, such that an Attester can infer which Origin is accessed
      by observing the rate limit.  This can be mitigated by having many
      Origins share the same rate-limit value.

   *  If an Issuer changes the rate-limit values for a single Origin,
      that change occurring at the same time across multiple Clients
      could allow Attesters to recognize an Origin in common across
      Clients.  To mitigate this, Issuers either can change the limits
      for multiple Origins simultaneously, or have an Origin switch to a
      separate Issuer.

   Some deployments MAY choose to relax these requirements, such as in
   cases where the origins being accessed are ubiquitous or do not
   correspond to user-specific behavior.

9.5.  Collusion Among Different Entities

   Collusion among the different entities in the Privacy Pass
   architecture can result in exposure of a client's per-origin access
   patterns.

   For this issuance protocol, Issuers and Attesters should be run by
   mutually distinct organizations to limit information sharing.  A
   single entity running an Issuer and Attester for a single token
   issuance flow can view the origins being accessed by a given client.
   Running the Issuer and Attester in this 'single Issuer/Attester'
   fashion reduces the privacy promises of no one entity being able to
   learn Client browsing patterns.  This may be desirable for a
   redemption flow that is limited to specific Issuers and Attesters,
   but should be avoided where hiding origin names from the Attester is
   desirable.

   If a Attester and Origin are able to collude, they can correlate a
   client's identity and origin access patterns through timestamp
   correlation.  The timing of a request to an Origin and subsequent
   token issuance to a Attester can reveal the Client identity (as known
   to the Attester) to the Origin, especially if repeated over multiple
   accesses.

10.  Deployment Considerations

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10.1.  Token Key Management

   Issuers SHOULD generate new (Token Key, Issuer Origin Secret) values
   regularly, and SHOULD maintain old and new secrets to allow for
   graceful updates.  The RECOMMENDED rotation interval is two times the
   length of the policy window for that information.  During generation,
   issuers must ensure the token_key_id (the 8-bit prefix of
   SHA256(Token Key)) is different from all other token_key_id values
   for that Origin currently in rotation.  One way to ensure this
   uniqueness is via rejection sampling, where a new key is generated
   until its token_key_id is unique among all currently in rotation for
   the Origin.

11.  IANA considerations

11.1.  Token Type

   This document updates the "Token Type" Registry ([AUTHSCHEME]) with
   the following value:

   +======+============+==========+========+========+===+===+=========+
   |Value |Name        |Publicly  |Public  |Private |Nk |Nid|Reference|
   |      |            |Verifiable|Metadata|Metadata|   |   |         |
   +======+============+==========+========+========+===+===+=========+
   |0x0003|Rate-Limited|Y         |N       |N       |512|32 |This     |
   |      |Blind       |          |        |        |   |   |document |
   |      |RSA(SHA-384,|          |        |        |   |   |         |
   |      |2048-bit)   |          |        |        |   |   |         |
   |      |with        |          |        |        |   |   |         |
   |      |ECDSA(P-384,|          |        |        |   |   |         |
   |      |SHA-384)    |          |        |        |   |   |         |
   +------+------------+----------+--------+--------+---+---+---------+
   |0x0004|Rate-Limited|Y         |N       |N       |512|32 |This     |
   |      |Blind       |          |        |        |   |   |document |
   |      |RSA(SHA-384,|          |        |        |   |   |         |
   |      |2048-bit)   |          |        |        |   |   |         |
   |      |with        |          |        |        |   |   |         |
   |      |Ed25519(SHA-|          |        |        |   |   |         |
   |      |512)        |          |        |        |   |   |         |
   +------+------------+----------+--------+--------+---+---+---------+

                           Table 2: Token Types

   The details of the signature scheme with key blinding and unblinding
   functions for each token type above are described in the following
   sections.

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11.1.1.  ECDSA-based Token Type

   This section describes the implementation details of the signature
   scheme with key blinding and unblinding functions introduced in
   Section 7 using [ECDSA] with P-384 as the underlying elliptic curve
   and SHA-384 as the corresponding hash function.

   *  BKS-KeyGen(): Generate a random ECDSA private and public key pair
      (sk, pk).

   *  BKS-BlindKeyGen(): Generate a random ECDSA private key bk.

   *  BKS-BlindPublicKey(pk, bk, ctx): Produce a blinded public key
      based on the input public key pk, blind bk, and context ctx
      according to [KEYBLINDING], Section 6.1.

   *  BKS-UnblindPublicKey(pk, bk, ctx): Produce an unblinded public key
      based on the input blinded public key pk, blind bk, and context
      ctx according to [KEYBLINDING], Section 6.1.

   *  BKS-Verify(pk, msg, sig): Verify the DER-encoded [X690] BKS-Sig-
      Value signature sig over input message msg against the ECDSA
      public key pk, producing a boolean value indicating success.

   *  BKS-BlindKeySign(sk_sign, sk_blind, ctx, msg): Sign input message
      msg with signing key sk_sign, blind sk_blind, and context ctx
      according to [KEYBLINDING], Section 6.2, and serializes the
      resulting signature pair (r, s) in "raw" form, i.e., as the
      concatenation of two 48-byte, big endian scalars, yielding an
      Nsig=96 byte signature.

   *  BKS-SerializePrivatekey(sk): Serialize an ECDSA private key using
      the Field-Element-to-Octet-String conversion according to [SECG].

   *  BKS-DeserializePrivatekey(buf): Attempt to deserialize an ECDSA
      private key from a 48-byte string buf using Octet-String-to-Field-
      Element from [SECG].  This function can fail if buf does not
      represent a valid private key.

   *  BKS-SerializePublicKey(pk): Serialize an ECDSA public key using
      the compressed Elliptic-Curve-Point-to-Octet-String method
      according to [SECG].

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   *  BKS-DeserializePublicKey(buf): Attempt to deserialize a public key
      using the compressed Octet-String-to-Elliptic-Curve-Point method
      according to [SECG], and then performs partial public-key
      validation as defined in section 5.6.2.3.4 of [KEYAGREEMENT].
      This validation includes checking that the coordinates are in the
      correct range, that the point is on the curve, and that the point
      is not the point at infinity.

11.1.2.  Ed25519-based Token Type

   This section describes the implementation details of the signature
   scheme with key blinding and unblinding functions introduced in
   Section 7 using Ed25519 as described in [RFC8032].

   *  BKS-KeyGen(): Generate a random Ed25519 private and public key
      pair (sk, pk), where sk is randomly generated 32 bytes (See
      [RFC4086] for information about randomness generation) and pk is
      computed according to [RFC8032], Section 5.1.5.

   *  BKS-BlindKeyGen(): Generate and output 32 random bytes.

   *  BKS-BlindPublicKey(pk, bk, ctx): Produce a blinded public key
      based on the input public key pk, blind bk, and context ctx
      according to [KEYBLINDING], Section 5.1.

   *  BKS-UnblindPublicKey(pk, bk, ctx): Produce an unblinded public key
      based on the input blinded public key pk, blind bk, and context
      ctx according to [KEYBLINDING], Section 5.1.

   *  BKS-Verify(pk, msg, sig): Verify the signature sig over input
      message msg against the Ed25519 public key pk, as defined in
      [RFC8032], Section 5.1.7, producing a boolean value indicating
      success.

   *  BKS-BlindKeySign(sk_sign, sk_blind, ctx, msg): Sign input message
      msg with signing key sk_sign, blind sk_blind, and context ctx
      according to [KEYBLINDING], Section 5.2, yielding an Nsig=64 byte
      signature.

   *  BKS-SerializePrivatekey(sk): Identity function which outputs sk as
      an Nsk=32 byte buffer.

   *  BKS-DeserializePrivatekey(buf): Identity function which outputs
      buf interpreted as sk.

   *  BKS-SerializePublicKey(pk): Identity function which outputs pk as
      an Npk=32 byte buffer.

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   *  BKS-DeserializePublicKey(buf): Identity function which outputs buf
      interpreted as pk.

11.2.  HTTP Headers

   This document registers four new headers for use on the token
   issuance path in the "Permanent Message Header Field Names"
   <https://www.iana.org/assignments/message-headers>.

       +-------------------------+----------+--------+---------------+
       | Header Field Name       | Protocol | Status |   Reference   |
       +-------------------------+----------+--------+---------------+
       | Sec-Token-Origin        |   http   |  std   | This document |
       +-------------------------+----------+--------+---------------+
       | Sec-Token-Client        |   http   |  std   | This document |
       +-------------------------+----------+--------+---------------+
       | Sec-Token-Request-Blind |   http   |  std   | This document |
       +-------------------------+----------+--------+---------------+
       | Sec-Token-Limit         |   http   |  std   | This document |
       +-------------------------+----------+--------+---------------+

                      Figure 4: Registered HTTP Header

12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [ARCH]     Davidson, A., Iyengar, J., and C. A. Wood, "The Privacy
              Pass Architecture", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-ietf-privacypass-architecture-10, 30 January 2023,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
              privacypass-architecture-10>.

   [AUTHSCHEME]
              Pauly, T., Valdez, S., and C. A. Wood, "The Privacy Pass
              HTTP Authentication Scheme", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-ietf-privacypass-auth-scheme-08, 30 January
              2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
              privacypass-auth-scheme-08>.

   [BLINDSIG] Denis, F., Jacobs, F., and C. A. Wood, "RSA Blind
              Signatures", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-irtf-
              cfrg-rsa-blind-signatures-11, 16 February 2023,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-
              rsa-blind-signatures-11>.

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   [ECDSA]    American National Standards Institute, "Public Key
              Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry - The
              Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)",
              ANSI ANS X9.62-2005, November 2005.

   [HPKE]     Barnes, R., Bhargavan, K., Lipp, B., and C. Wood, "Hybrid
              Public Key Encryption", RFC 9180, DOI 10.17487/RFC9180,
              February 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9180>.

   [ISSUANCE] Celi, S., Davidson, A., Faz-Hernandez, A., Valdez, S., and
              C. A. Wood, "Privacy Pass Issuance Protocol", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-privacypass-protocol-
              08, 30 January 2023,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
              privacypass-protocol-08>.

   [KEYAGREEMENT]
              Barker, E., Chen, L., Roginsky, A., Vassilev, A., and R.
              Davis, "Recommendation for pair-wise key-establishment
              schemes using discrete logarithm cryptography", National
              Institute of Standards and Technology report,
              DOI 10.6028/nist.sp.800-56ar3, April 2018,
              <https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.800-56ar3>.

   [KEYBLINDING]
              Denis, F., Eaton, E., Lepoint, T., and C. A. Wood, "Key
              Blinding for Signature Schemes", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-irtf-cfrg-signature-key-blinding-03,
              31 January 2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-irtf-cfrg-signature-key-blinding-03>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.

   [RFC5869]  Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand
              Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5869>.

   [RFC6454]  Barth, A., "The Web Origin Concept", RFC 6454,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6454, December 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6454>.

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   [RFC6570]  Gregorio, J., Fielding, R., Hadley, M., Nottingham, M.,
              and D. Orchard, "URI Template", RFC 6570,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6570, March 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6570>.

   [RFC8032]  Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-Curve Digital
              Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", RFC 8032,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8032, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8032>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8941]  Nottingham, M. and P-H. Kamp, "Structured Field Values for
              HTTP", RFC 8941, DOI 10.17487/RFC8941, February 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8941>.

   [SECG]     "Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Standards for Efficient
              Cryptography Group, ver. 2", 2009,
              <https://secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf>.

   [TLS13]    Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8446>.

   [X690]     ITU-T, "Information technology - ASN.1 encoding Rules:
              Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical
              Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules
              (DER)", ISO/IEC 8824-1:2021 , February 2021.

12.2.  Informative References

   [OHTTP]    "*** BROKEN REFERENCE ***".

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
              "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4086>.

Appendix A.  Acknowledgements

   The authors of this document would like to acknowledge feedback from
   contributors to the Privacy Pass working group for their help in
   improving this document.  The authors also thank Frank Denis and
   David Schinazi for their contributions.

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Appendix B.  Test Vectors

   This section includes test vectors for Origin Name encryption in
   Section 6 and Anonymous Origin ID computation in Section 7.  Test
   vectors for the token request and response protocol can be found in
   [ISSUANCE].

B.1.  Origin Name Encryption Test Vector

   The test vector below for the procedure in Section 6 lists the
   following values:

   *  origin_name: The Origin Name to encrypt, represented as a
      hexadecimal string.

   *  kem_id, kdf_id, aead_id: The HPKE algorithms comprising the
      ciphersuite DHKEM(X25519, HKDF-SHA256), HKDF-SHA256, AES-128-GCM.

   *  issuer_encap_key_seed: The seed used to derive the private key
      corresponding to Issuer Encapsulation Key via the DeriveKeyPair
      function as defined in Section 7.1.3. of [HPKE], represented as a
      hexadecimal string.

   *  issuer_encap_key: The public Issuer Encapsulation Key, represented
      as a hexadecimal string.

   *  token_type: The type of the protocol specified in this document.

   *  token_key_id: The ID of Token Key computed as in Section 5.3, a
      single octet.

   *  blinded_msg: A random blinded_msg value, represented as a
      hexadecimal string.

   *  request_key: A random request_key value, represented as a
      hexadecimal string.

   *  issuer_encap_key_id: The Issuer Encapsulation Key ID computed as
      in Section 5.3, represented as a hexadecimal string.

   *  encrypted_token_request: The encrypted InnerTokenRequest,
      represented as a hexadecimal string.

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origin_name: 746573742e6578616d706c65
kem_id: 32
kdf_id: 1
aead_id: 1
issuer_encap_key_seed:
d2653816496f400baec656f213f1345092f4406af4f2a63e164956c4c3d240ca
issuer_encap_key: 010020d7b6a2c10e75c4239feb9897e8d23f3f3c377d78e7903611
53167736a24a9c5400010001
token_type: 3
token_key_id: 125
blinded_msg: 89da551a48270b053e53c9eb741badf89e43cb7e66366bb936e11fb2aa0
d30866986a790378bb9fc6a7cf5c32b7b7584d448ffa4ced3be650e354b3136428a52ec0
b27c4103c5855c2b9b4f521ad0713c800d7e6925b6c62e1a6f58b31d13335f468cf509b7
46a16e79b23862d277d0880706c3fb84b127d94faf8d6d2f3e124e681994441b19be084e
c5c159bcd0abab433bbc308d90ea2cabdf4216e1b07155be66a048d686e383ca1e517ab8
0025bb4849d98beb8c3d05d045c1167cb74f4451d8f85695babb604418385464f21f9a81
5fb850ed83fd16a966130427e5637816501f7a79c0010e06adeba55781ceb50f56eae152
ebd06f3cef80dc7ab121d
request_key: 0161d905e4e37f515cb61f863b60e5896aa9e4a17dbe238e752a144c64a
5412e244f0b1f75e010831e185cac023d33cb20
issuer_encap_key_id:
dd2c6de3091f1873643233d229a7a0e9defe0f9fe43f6a7c42ae3a6b16f77837
encrypted_token_request: 82ef7c068506bcabc27d068a51c7ead2cbaf600b76a15e4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B.2.  Anonymous Issuer Origin ID Test Vector

   The test vector below for the procedure in Section 7 lists the
   following values:

   *  sk_client: Client Secret, serialized and represented as a
      hexadecimal string.

   *  pk_client: Client Key, serialized and represented as a hexadecimal
      string.

   *  sk_origin: Origin Secret, serialized and represented as a
      hexadecimal string.

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   *  request_blind: The request_blind value computed in Section 7.1.1,
      represented as a hexadecimal string.

   *  index_key: The index_key value computed in Section 7.3,
      represented as a hexadecimal string.

   *  anon_issuer_origin_id: The anon_issuer_origin_id value computed in
      Section 7.4, represented as a hexadecimal string.

sk_sign: f6e6a0c9de38663ca539ff2e6a04e4fca11dc569794dc405e2d17439d6ce4f6
7abb2b81a1852e0db993b6a0452eb60d6
pk_sign: 032db7483c710673e6999a5fb2a2c6eac1d891f89bbf58d985ff168d182ad51
605c4369280efabb7692f661162e683f03c
sk_origin: 85de5fbbd787da5093da0adb240eba0cc6ea90d72032fc4b6925dd7d0ab1d
a1e5ae0be27fe9f59e9ec7e1f1b15b28696
request_blind: 0698a149fb9d16bcb0a856062f74f9191e82b35e91224a57abce60f5b
79f03a669c6b5e093d57e647865f9fd4305b5a9
request_key: 0287b0ce6b957111263d8c6126af96d400bd5a9d0b0f62ade15ab789446
06c209470ced7086d3c418dd32bf9245fd42678
index_key: 03188bec3dc02d2382b5251b6b4fd729d0472bbddf008c5e93b7c12270d9f
57dde111c861c13be53822a1cebb604946066
anon_issuer_origin_id: 9b0f980e5c1142fddb4401e5cd2107a87d22b73753b0d5dc9
3f9a8f5ed2ee7db78163c6a93cc41ae8158d562381c51ee

Authors' Addresses

   Scott Hendrickson
   Google LLC
   Email: scott@shendrickson.com

   Jana Iyengar
   Fastly
   Email: jri@fastly.com

   Tommy Pauly
   Apple Inc.
   One Apple Park Way
   Cupertino, California 95014,
   United States of America
   Email: tpauly@apple.com

   Steven Valdez
   Google LLC
   Email: svaldez@chromium.org

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   Christopher A. Wood
   Cloudflare
   Email: caw@heapingbits.net

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