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Applicability of the QUIC Transport Protocol
draft-ietf-quic-applicability-17

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9308.
Authors Mirja Kühlewind , Brian Trammell
Last updated 2022-07-11 (Latest revision 2022-04-06)
Replaces draft-kuehlewind-quic-applicability
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Send notices to matt.joras@gmail.com
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draft-ietf-quic-applicability-17
Network Working Group                                      M. Kuehlewind
Internet-Draft                                                  Ericsson
Intended status: Informational                               B. Trammell
Expires: 12 January 2023                                          Google
                                                            11 July 2022

              Applicability of the QUIC Transport Protocol
                    draft-ietf-quic-applicability-17

Abstract

   This document discusses the applicability of the QUIC transport
   protocol, focusing on caveats impacting application protocol
   development and deployment over QUIC.  Its intended audience is
   designers of application protocol mappings to QUIC, and implementors
   of these application protocols.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 12 January 2023.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  The Necessity of Fallback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Zero RTT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  Replay Attacks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  Session resumption versus Keep-alive  . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Use of Streams  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  Stream versus Flow Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.2.  Prioritization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.3.  Ordered and Reliable Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.4.  Flow Control Deadlocks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.5.  Stream Limit Commitments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.  Packetization and Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   6.  Error Handling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   7.  ACK-only packets on constrained links . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   8.  Port Selection and Application Endpoint Discovery . . . . . .  14
   9.  Connection Migration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   10. Connection Termination  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   11. Information Exposure and the Connection ID  . . . . . . . . .  16
     11.1.  Server-Generated Connection ID . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     11.2.  Mitigating Timing Linkability with Connection ID
            Migration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     11.3.  Using Server Retry for Redirection . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   12. Quality of Service (QoS) and DSCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   13. Use of Versions and Cryptographic Handshake . . . . . . . . .  19
   14. Enabling New Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   15. Unreliable Datagram Service over QUIC . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   16. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   17. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   18. Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   19. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   20. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     20.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     20.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24

1.  Introduction

   QUIC [QUIC] is a new transport protocol providing a number of
   advanced features.  While initially designed for the HTTP use case,
   it provides capabilities that can be used with a much wider variety
   of applications.  QUIC is encapsulated in UDP.  QUIC version 1
   integrates TLS 1.3 [TLS13] to encrypt all payload data and most
   control information.  The version of HTTP that uses QUIC is known as
   HTTP/3 [QUIC-HTTP].

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   This document provides guidance for application developers that want
   to use the QUIC protocol without implementing it on their own.  This
   includes general guidance for applications operating over HTTP/3 or
   directly over QUIC.

   In the following sections we discuss specific caveats to QUIC's
   applicability, and issues that application developers must consider
   when using QUIC as a transport for their application.

2.  The Necessity of Fallback

   QUIC uses UDP as a substrate.  This enables userspace implementation
   and permits traversal of network middleboxes (including NAT) without
   requiring updates to existing network infrastructure.

   While recent measurements have shown no evidence of a widespread,
   systematic disadvantage of UDP traffic compared to TCP in the
   Internet [Edeline16], somewhere between three [Trammell16] and five
   [Swett16] percent of networks block all UDP traffic.  All
   applications running on top of QUIC must therefore either be prepared
   to accept connectivity failure on such networks or be engineered to
   fall back to some other transport protocol.  In the case of HTTP,
   this fallback is TLS over TCP.

   The IETF TAPS specifications [I-D.ietf-taps-arch] describe a system
   with a common API for multiple protocols and some of the implications
   of fallback between these different protocols, specifically
   precluding fallback to insecure protocols or to weaker versions of
   secure protocols.

   An application that implements fallback needs to consider the
   security consequences.  A fallback to TCP and TLS exposes control
   information to modification and manipulation in the network.  Further
   downgrades to older TLS versions than used in QUIC, which is 1.3,
   might result in significantly weaker cryptographic protection.  For
   example, the results of protocol negotiation [RFC7301] only have
   confidentiality protection if TLS 1.3 is used.

   These applications must operate, perhaps with impaired functionality,
   in the absence of features provided by QUIC not present in the
   fallback protocol.  For fallback to TLS over TCP, the most obvious
   difference is that TCP does not provide stream multiplexing and
   therefore stream multiplexing would need to be implemented in the
   application layer if needed.  Further, TCP implementations and
   network paths often do not support the Fast Open option [RFC7413],
   which enables sending of payload data together with the first control
   packet of a new connection as also provided by 0-RTT session
   resumption in QUIC.  Note that there is some evidence of middleboxes

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   blocking SYN data even if TFO was successfully negotiated (see
   [PaaschNanog]).  And even if Fast Open successfully operates end-to-
   end, it is limited to a single packet of TLS handshake and
   application data, unlike QUIC 0-RTT.

   Moreover, while encryption (in this case TLS) is inseparably
   integrated with QUIC, TLS negotiation over TCP can be blocked.  If
   TLS over TCP cannot be supported, the connection should be aborted,
   and the application then ought to present a suitable prompt to the
   user that secure communication is unavailable.

   In summary, any fallback mechanism is likely to impose a degradation
   of performance and can degrade security; however, fallback must not
   silently violate the application's expectation of confidentiality or
   integrity of its payload data.

3.  Zero RTT

   QUIC provides for 0-RTT connection establishment.  Though the same
   facility exists in TLS 1.3 with TCP, 0-RTT presents opportunities and
   challenges for applications using QUIC.

   A transport protocol that provides 0-RTT connection establishment is
   qualitatively different than one that does not from the point of view
   of the application using it.  Relative trade-offs between the cost of
   closing and reopening a connection and trying to keep it open are
   different; see Section 3.2.

   An application needs to deliberately choose to use 0-RTT, as 0-RTT
   carries a risk of replay attack.  Application protocols that use
   0-RTT require a profile that describes the types of information that
   can be safely sent.  For HTTP, this profile is described in
   [HTTP-REPLAY].

3.1.  Replay Attacks

   Retransmission or (malicious) replay of data contained in 0-RTT
   packets could cause the server side to receive two copies of the same
   data.

   Application data sent by the client in 0-RTT packets could be
   processed more than once if it is replayed.  Applications need to be
   aware of what is safe to send in 0-RTT.  Application protocols that
   seek to enable the use of 0-RTT need a careful analysis and a
   description of what can be sent in 0-RTT; see Section 5.6 of
   [QUIC-TLS].

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   In some cases, it might be sufficient to limit application data sent
   in 0-RTT to that which only causes actions at a server that are known
   to be free of lasting effect.  Initiating data retrieval or
   establishing configuration are examples of actions that could be
   safe.  Idempotent operations - those for which repetition has the
   same net effect as a single operation - might be safe.  However, it
   is also possible to combine individually idempotent operations into a
   non-idempotent sequence of operations.

   Once a server accepts 0-RTT data there is no means of selectively
   discarding data that is received.  However, protocols can define ways
   to reject individual actions that might be unsafe if replayed.

   Some TLS implementations and deployments might be able to provide
   partial or even complete replay protection, which could be used to
   manage replay risk.

3.2.  Session resumption versus Keep-alive

   Because QUIC is encapsulated in UDP, applications using QUIC must
   deal with short network idle timeouts.  Deployed stateful middleboxes
   will generally establish state for UDP flows on the first packet
   sent, and keep state for much shorter idle periods than for TCP.
   [RFC5382] suggests a TCP idle period of at least 124 minutes, though
   there is not evidence of widespread implementation of this guideline
   in the literature.  Short network timeout for UDP, however, is well-
   documented.  According to a 2010 study ([Hatonen10]), UDP
   applications can assume that any NAT binding or other state entry can
   expire after just thirty seconds of inactivity.  Section 3.5 of
   [RFC8085] further discusses keep-alive intervals for UDP: it requires
   a minimum value of 15 seconds, but recommends larger values, or
   omitting keep-alive entirely.

   By using a connection ID, QUIC is designed to be robust to NAT
   address rebinding after a timeout.  However, this only helps if one
   endpoint maintains availability at the address its peer uses, and the
   peer is the one to send after the timeout occurs.

   Some QUIC connections might not be robust to NAT rebinding because
   the routing infrastructure (in particular, load balancers) uses the
   address/port four-tuple to direct traffic.  Furthermore, middleboxes
   with functions other than address translation could still affect the
   path.  In particular, some firewalls do not admit server traffic for
   which the firewall has no recent state for a corresponding packet
   sent from the client.

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   QUIC applications can adjust idle periods to manage the risk of
   timeout.  Idle periods and the network idle timeout are distinct from
   the connection idle timeout, which is defined as the minimum of
   either endpoint's idle timeout parameter; see Section 10.1 of
   [QUIC]).  There are three options:

   *  Ignore the issue, if the application-layer protocol consists only
      of interactions with no or very short idle periods, or the
      protocol's resistance to NAT rebinding is sufficient.

   *  Ensure there are no long idle periods.

   *  Resume the session after a long idle period, using 0-RTT
      resumption when appropriate.

   The first strategy is the easiest, but it only applies to certain
   applications.

   Either the server or the client in a QUIC application can send PING
   frames as keep-alives, to prevent the connection and any on-path
   state from timing out.  Recommendations for the use of keep-alives
   are application-specific, mainly depending on the latency
   requirements and message frequency of the application.  In this case,
   the application mapping must specify whether the client or server is
   responsible for keeping the application alive.  While [Hatonen10]
   suggests that 30 seconds might be a suitable value for the public
   Internet when a NAT is on path, larger values are preferable if the
   deployment can consistently survive NAT rebinding or is known to be
   in a controlled environment (e.g. data centres) in order to lower
   network and computational load.

   Sending PING frames more frequently than every 30 seconds over long
   idle periods may result in excessive unproductive traffic in some
   situations, and to unacceptable power usage for power-constrained
   (mobile) devices.  Additionally, timeouts shorter than 30 seconds can
   make it harder to handle transient network interruptions, such as VM
   migration or coverage loss during mobilty.  See [RFC8085], especially
   Section 3.5.

   Alternatively, the client (but not the server) can use session
   resumption instead of sending keepalive traffic.  In this case, a
   client that wants to send data to a server over a connection idle
   longer than the server's idle timeout (available from the
   idle_timeout transport parameter) can simply reconnect.  When
   possible, this reconnection can use 0-RTT session resumption,
   reducing the latency involved with restarting the connection.  Of
   course, this approach is only valid in cases in which 0-RTT data is
   safe, when the client is the restarting peer, and when the data to be

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   sent is idempotent.  It is also not applicable when the application
   binds external state to the connection, as this state cannot reliably
   be transferred to a resumed connection.

   The tradeoffs between resumption and keep-alives need to be evaluated
   on a per-application basis.  In general, applications should use
   keep-alives only in circumstances where continued communication is
   highly likely; [QUIC-HTTP], for instance, recommends using keep-
   alives only when a request is outstanding.

4.  Use of Streams

   QUIC's stream multiplexing feature allows applications to run
   multiple streams over a single connection, without head-of-line
   blocking between streams, associated at a point in time with a single
   five-tuple.  Stream data is carried within frames, where one QUIC
   packet on the wire can carry one or multiple stream frames.

   Streams can be unidirectional or bidirectional, and a stream may be
   initiated either by client or server.  Only the initiator of a
   unidirectional stream can send data on it.

   Streams and connections can each carry a maximum of 2^62-1 bytes in
   each direction, due to encoding limitations on stream offsets and
   connection flow control limits.  In the presently unlikely event that
   this limit is reached by an application, a new connection would need
   to be established.

   Streams can be independently opened and closed, gracefully or
   abruptly.  An application can gracefully close the egress direction
   of a stream by instructing QUIC to send a FIN bit in a STREAM frame.
   It cannot gracefully close the ingress direction without a peer-
   generated FIN, much like in TCP.  However, an endpoint can abruptly
   close the egress direction or request that its peer abruptly close
   the ingress direction; these actions are fully independent of each
   other.

   QUIC does not provide an interface for exceptional handling of any
   stream.  If a stream that is critical for an application is closed,
   the application can generate error messages on the application layer
   to inform the other end and/or the higher layer, which can eventually
   terminate the QUIC connection.

   Mapping of application data to streams is application-specific and
   described for HTTP/3 in [QUIC-HTTP].  There are a few general
   principles to apply when designing an application's use of streams:

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   *  A single stream provides ordering.  If the application requires
      certain data to be received in order, that data should be sent on
      the same stream.  There is no guarantee of transmission,
      reception, or delivery order across streams.

   *  Multiple streams provide concurrency.  Data that can be processed
      independently, and therefore would suffer from head of line
      blocking if forced to be received in order, should be transmitted
      over separate streams.

   *  Streams can provide message orientation, and allow messages to be
      cancelled.  If one message is mapped to a single stream, resetting
      the stream to expire an unacknowledged message can be used to
      emulate partial reliability for that message.

   If a QUIC receiver has opened the maximum allowed concurrent streams,
   and the sender indicates that more streams are needed, it does not
   automatically lead to an increase of the maximum number of streams by
   the receiver.  Therefore, an application can use the maximum number
   of allowed, currently open, and currently used streams when
   determining how to map data to streams.

   QUIC assigns a numerical identifier to each stream, called the Stream
   ID.  While the relationship between these identifiers and stream
   types is clearly defined in version 1 of QUIC, future versions might
   change this relationship for various reasons.  QUIC implementations
   should expose the properties of each stream (which endpoint initiated
   the stream, whether the stream is unidirectional or bidirectional,
   the Stream ID used for the stream); applications should query for
   these properties rather than attempting to infer them from the Stream
   ID.

   The method of allocating stream identifiers to streams opened by the
   application might vary between transport implementations.  Therefore,
   an application should not assume a particular stream ID will be
   assigned to a stream that has not yet been allocated.  For example,
   HTTP/3 uses Stream IDs to refer to streams that have already been
   opened, but makes no assumptions about future Stream IDs or the way
   in which they are assigned Section 6 of [QUIC-HTTP]).

4.1.  Stream versus Flow Multiplexing

   Streams are meaningful only to the application; since stream
   information is carried inside QUIC's encryption boundary, no
   information about the stream(s) whose frames are carried by a given
   packet is visible to the network.  Therefore stream multiplexing is
   not intended to be used for differentiating streams in terms of
   network treatment.  Application traffic requiring different network

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   treatment should therefore be carried over different five-tuples
   (i.e. multiple QUIC connections).  Given QUIC's ability to send
   application data in the first RTT of a connection (if a previous
   connection to the same host has been successfully established to
   provide the necessary credentials), the cost of establishing another
   connection is extremely low.

4.2.  Prioritization

   Stream prioritization is not exposed to either the network or the
   receiver.  Prioritization is managed by the sender, and the QUIC
   transport should provide an interface for applications to prioritize
   streams [QUIC].  Applications can implement their own prioritization
   scheme on top of QUIC: an application protocol that runs on top of
   QUIC can define explicit messages for signaling priority, such as
   those defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-httpbis-priority] for HTTP; it can
   define rules that allow an endpoint to determine priority based on
   context; or it can provide a higher level interface and leave the
   determination to the application on top.

   Priority handling of retransmissions can be implemented by the sender
   in the transport layer.  [QUIC] recommends retransmitting lost data
   before new data, unless indicated differently by the application.
   Currently, QUIC only provides fully reliable stream transmission,
   which means that prioritization of retransmissions will be beneficial
   in most cases, by filling in gaps and freeing up the flow control
   window.  For partially reliable or unreliable streams, priority
   scheduling of retransmissions over data of higher-priority streams
   might not be desirable.  For such streams, QUIC could either provide
   an explicit interface to control prioritization, or derive the
   prioritization decision from the reliability level of the stream.

4.3.  Ordered and Reliable Delivery

   QUIC streams enable ordered and reliable delivery.  Though it is
   possible for an implementation to provide options that use streams
   for partial reliability or out-of-order delivery, most
   implementations will assume that data is reliably delivered in order.

   Under this assumption, an endpoint that receives stream data might
   not make forward progress until data that is contiguous with the
   start of a stream is available.  In particular, a receiver might
   withhold flow control credit until contiguous data is delivered to
   the application; see Section 2.2 of [QUIC].  To support this receive
   logic, an endpoint will send stream data until it is acknowledged,
   ensuring that data at the start of the stream is sent and
   acknowledged first.

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   An endpoint that uses a different sending behavior and does not
   negotiate that change with its peer might encounter performance
   issues or deadlocks.

4.4.  Flow Control Deadlocks

   QUIC flow control provides a means of managing access to the limited
   buffers endpoints have for incoming data.  This mechanism limits the
   amount of data that can be in buffers in endpoints or in transit on
   the network.  However, there are several ways in which limits can
   produce conditions that can cause a connection to either perform
   suboptimally or deadlock.

   Deadlocks in flow control are possible for any protocol that uses
   QUIC, though whether they become a problem depends on how
   implementations consume data and provide flow control credit.
   Understanding what causes deadlocking might help implementations
   avoid deadlocks.

   The size and rate of transport flow control credit updates can affect
   performance.  Applications that use QUIC often have a data consumer
   that reads data from transport buffers.  Some implementations might
   have independent transport-layer and application-layer receive
   buffers.  Consuming data does not always imply it is immediately
   processed.  However, a common flow control implementation technique
   is to extend credit to the sender, by emitting MAX_DATA and/or
   MAX_STREAM_DATA frames, as data is consumed.  Delivery of these
   frames is affected by the latency of the back channel from the
   receiver to the data sender.  If credit is not extended in a timely
   manner, the sending application can be blocked, effectively
   throttling the sender.

   Large application messages can produce deadlocking if the recipient
   does not read data from the transport incrementally.  If the message
   is larger than the flow control credit available and the recipient
   does not release additional flow control credit until the entire
   message is received and delivered, a deadlock can occur.  This is
   possible even where stream flow control limits are not reached
   because connection flow control limits can be consumed by other
   streams.

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   A length-prefixed message format makes it easier for a data consumer
   to leave data unread in the transport buffer and thereby withhold
   flow control credit.  If flow control limits prevent the remainder of
   a message from being sent, a deadlock will result.  A length prefix
   might also enable the detection of this sort of deadlock.  Where
   application protocols have messages that might be processed as a
   single unit, reserving flow control credit for the entire message
   atomically makes this style of deadlock less likely.

   A data consumer can eagerly read all data as it becomes available, in
   order to make the receiver extend flow control credit and reduce the
   chances of a deadlock.  However, such a data consumer might need
   other means for holding a peer accountable for the additional state
   it keeps for partially processed messages.

   Deadlocking can also occur if data on different streams is
   interdependent.  Suppose that data on one stream arrives before the
   data on a second stream on which it depends.  A deadlock can occur if
   the first stream is left unread, preventing the receiver from
   extending flow control credit for the second stream.  To reduce the
   likelihood of deadlock for interdependent data, the sender should
   ensure that dependent data is not sent until the data it depends on
   has been accounted for in both stream- and connection- level flow
   control credit.

   Some deadlocking scenarios might be resolved by cancelling affected
   streams with STOP_SENDING or RESET_STREAM.  Cancelling some streams
   results in the connection being terminated in some protocols.

4.5.  Stream Limit Commitments

   QUIC endpoints are responsible for communicating the cumulative limit
   of streams they would allow to be opened by their peer.  Initial
   limits are advertised using the initial_max_streams_bidi and
   initial_max_streams_uni transport parameters.  As streams are opened
   and closed they are consumed and the cumulative total is incremented.
   Limits can be increased using the MAX_STREAMS frame but there is no
   mechanism to reduce limits.  Once stream limits are reached, no more
   streams can be opened, which prevents applications using QUIC from
   making further progress.  At this stage connections can be terminated
   via idle timeout or explicit close; see Section 10).

   An application that uses QUIC might communicate a cumulative stream
   limit but require the connection to be closed before the limit is
   reached.  For example, to stop the server to perform scheduled
   maintenance.  Immediate connection close causes abrupt closure of
   actively used streams.  Depending on how an application uses QUIC
   streams, this could be undesirable or detrimental to behavior or

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   performance.  A more graceful closure technique is to stop sending
   increases to stream limits and allow the connection to naturally
   terminate once remaining streams are consumed.  However, the period
   of time it takes to do so is dependent on the client and an
   unpredictable closing period might not fit application or operational
   needs.  Applications using QUIC can be conservative with open stream
   limits in order to reduce the commitment and indeterminism.  However,
   being overly conservative with stream limits affects stream
   concurrency.  Balancing these aspects can be specific to applications
   and their deployments.  Instead of relying on stream limits to avoid
   abrupt closure, an application-layer graceful close mechanism can be
   used to communicate the intention to explicitly close the connection
   at some future point.

   HTTP/3 provides such a mechanism using the GOWAWAY frame.  In HTTP/3,
   when the GOAWAY frame is received by a client, it stops opening new
   streams even if the cumulative stream limit would allow.  Instead the
   client would create a new connection on which to open further
   streams.  Once all streams are closed on the old connection, it can
   be terminated safely by a connection close or after expiration of the
   idle time out (see also Section 10).

5.  Packetization and Latency

   QUIC exposes an interface that provides multiple streams to the
   application; however, the application usually cannot control how data
   transmitted over those streams is mapped into frames or how those
   frames are bundled into packets.

   By default, many implementations will try to maximally pack QUIC
   packets DATA frames from one or more streams to minimize bandwidth
   consumption and computational costs (see Section 13 of [QUIC]).  If
   there is not enough data available to fill a packet, an
   implementation might wait for a short time, to optimize bandwidth
   efficiency instead of latency.  This delay can either be pre-
   configured or dynamically adjusted based on the observed sending
   pattern of the application.

   If the application requires low latency, with only small chunks of
   data to send, it may be valuable to indicate to QUIC that all data
   should be send out immediately.  Alternatively, if the application
   expects to use a specific sending pattern, it can also provide a
   suggested delay to QUIC for how long to wait before bundle frames
   into a packet.

   Similarly, an application has usually no control about the length of
   a QUIC packet on the wire.  QUIC provides the ability to add a
   PADDING frame to arbitrarily increase the size of packets.  Padding

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   is used by QUIC to ensure that the path is capable of transferring
   datagrams of at least a certain size, during the handshake (see
   Sections 8.1 and 14.1 of [QUIC]) and for path validation after
   connection migration (see Section 8.2 of [QUIC]) as well as for
   Datagram Packetization Layer PMTU Discovery (DPLMTUD) (see
   Section 14.3 of [QUIC]).

   Padding can also be used by an application to reduce leakage of
   information about the data that is sent.  A QUIC implementation can
   expose an interface that allows an application layer to specify how
   to apply padding.

6.  Error Handling

   QUIC recommends that endpoints signal any detected errors to the
   peer.  Errors can occur at the transport level and the application
   level.  Transport errors, such as a protocol violation, affect the
   entire connection.  Applications that use QUIC can define their own
   error detection and signaling (see, for example, Section 8 of
   [QUIC-HTTP]).  Application errors can affect an entire connection or
   a single stream.

   QUIC defines an error code space that is used for error handling at
   the transport layer.  QUIC encourages endpoints to use the most
   specific code, although any applicable code is permitted, including
   generic ones.

   Applications using QUIC define an error code space that is
   independent from QUIC or other applications (see, for example,
   Section 8.1 of [QUIC-HTTP]).  The values in an application error code
   space can be reused across connection-level and stream-level errors.

   Connection errors lead to connection termination.  They are signaled
   using a CONNECTION_CLOSE frame, which contains an error code and a
   reason field that can be zero length.  Different types of
   CONNECTION_CLOSE frame are used to signal transport and application
   errors.

   Stream errors lead to stream termination.  The are signaled using
   STOP_SENDING or RESET_STREAM frames, which contain only an error
   code.

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7.  ACK-only packets on constrained links

   The cost of sending acknowledgments - in processing cost or link
   utilization - could be a significant proportion of available
   resources if these resources are constrained.  Reducing the rate at
   which acknowledgments are generated can preserve these resources and
   improve overall performance, for both network processing as well as
   application-relevant metrics.

8.  Port Selection and Application Endpoint Discovery

   In general, port numbers serve two purposes: "first, they provide a
   demultiplexing identifier to differentiate transport sessions between
   the same pair of endpoints, and second, they may also identify the
   application protocol and associated service to which processes
   connect" [RFC6335].  The assumption that an application can be
   identified in the network based on the port number is less true today
   due to encapsulation, mechanisms for dynamic port assignments, and
   NATs.

   As QUIC is a general-purpose transport protocol, there are no
   requirements that servers use a particular UDP port for QUIC.  For
   applications with a fallback to TCP that do not already have an
   alternate mapping to UDP, usually the registration (if necessary) and
   use of the UDP port number corresponding to the TCP port already
   registered for the application is appropriate.  For example, the
   default port for HTTP/3 [QUIC-HTTP] is UDP port 443, analogous to
   HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 over TLS over TCP.

   Additionally, Application-Layer Version Negotiation [RFC7301] permits
   the client and server to negotiate which of several protocols will be
   used on a given connection.  Therefore, multiple applications might
   be supported on a single UDP port based on the ALPN token offered.
   Applications using QUIC should register an ALPN token for use in the
   TLS handshake.

   Applications could define an alternate endpoint discovery mechanism
   to allow the usage of ports other than the default.  For example,
   HTTP/3 (Sections 3.2 and 3.3 of [QUIC-HTTP]) specifies the use of
   HTTP Alternative Services for an HTTP origin to advertise the
   availability of an equivalent HTTP/3 endpoint on a certain UDP port
   by using the "h3" ALPN token.  Note that HTTP/3's ALPN token ("h3")
   identifies not only the version of the application protocol, but also
   the version of QUIC itself; this approach allows unambiguous
   agreement between the endpoints on the protocol stack in use.

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   Given the prevalence of the assumption in network management practice
   that a port number maps unambiguously to an application, the use of
   ports that cannot easily be mapped to a registered service name might
   lead to blocking or other changes to the forwarding behavior by
   network elements such as firewalls that use the port number for
   application identification.

9.  Connection Migration

   QUIC supports connection migration by the client.  If an IP address
   changes, a QUIC endpoint can still associate packets with an existing
   transport connection using the destination connection ID field (see
   also Section 11) in the QUIC header, unless a zero-length value is
   used.  This supports cases where address information changes, such as
   NAT rebinding, intentional change of the local interface, or based on
   an indication in the handshake of the server for a preferred address
   to be used.

   Use of a non-zero-length connection ID for the server is strongly
   recommended if any clients are behind a NAT or could be.  A non-zero-
   length connection ID is also strongly recommended when migration is
   supported.

   Currently QUIC only supports failover cases.  Only one "path" can be
   used at a time; and only when the new path is validated, all traffic
   can be switched over to that new path.  Path validation means that
   the remote endpoint is required to validate the new path before use
   in order to avoid address spoofing attacks.  Path validation takes at
   least one RTT and congestion control will also be reset after path
   migration.  Therefore migration usually has a performance impact.

   QUIC probing packets, which can be sent on multiple paths at once,
   are used to perform address validation as well as measure path
   characteristics as input for the switching decision.  Probing packets
   cannot carry application data but may contain padding frames.
   Endpoints can use information about their receipt as input to
   congestion control for that path.  Applications could use information
   learned from probing to inform a decisions to switch paths.

   Only the client can actively migrate in version 1 of QUIC.  However,
   servers can indicate during the handshake that they prefer to
   transfer the connection to a different address after the handshake.
   For instance, this could be used to move from an address that is
   shared by multiple servers to an address that is unique to the server
   instance.  The server can provide an IPv4 and an IPv6 address in a
   transport parameter during the TLS handshake and the client can
   select between the two if both are provided.  See also Section 9.6 of
   [QUIC].

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10.  Connection Termination

   QUIC connections are terminated in one of three ways: implicit idle
   timeout, explicit immediate close, or explicit stateless reset.

   QUIC does not provide any mechanism for graceful connection
   termination; applications using QUIC can define their own graceful
   termination process (see, for example, Section 5.2 of [QUIC-HTTP]).

   QUIC idle timeout is enabled via transport parameters.  Client and
   server announce a timeout period and the effective value for the
   connection is the minimum of the two values.  After the timeout
   period elapses, the connection is silently closed.  An application
   therefore should be able to configure its own maximum value, as well
   as have access to the computed minimum value for this connection.  An
   application may adjust the maximum idle timeout for new connections
   based on the number of open or expected connections, since shorter
   timeout values may free-up resources more quickly.

   Application data exchanged on streams or in datagrams defers the QUIC
   idle timeout.  Applications that provide their own keep-alive
   mechanisms will therefore keep a QUIC connection alive.  Applications
   that do not provide their own keep-alive can use transport-layer
   mechanisms (see Section 10.1.2 of [QUIC], and Section 3.2).  However,
   QUIC implementation interfaces for controlling such transport
   behavior can vary, affecting the robustness of such approaches.

   An immediate close is signaled by a CONNECTION_CLOSE frame (see
   Section 6).  Immediate close causes all streams to become immediately
   closed, which may affect applications; see Section 4.5.

   A stateless reset is an option of last resort for an endpoint that
   does not have access to connection state.  Receiving a stateless
   reset is an indication of an unrecoverable error distinct from
   connection errors in that there is no application-layer information
   provided.

11.  Information Exposure and the Connection ID

   QUIC exposes some information to the network in the unencrypted part
   of the header, either before the encryption context is established or
   because the information is intended to be used by the network.  QUIC
   has a long header that exposes some additional information (the
   version and the source connection ID), while the short header exposes
   only the destination connection ID.  In QUIC version 1, the long
   header is used during connection establishment, while the short
   header is used for data transmission in an established connection.

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   The connection ID can be zero length.  Zero length connection IDs can
   be chosen on each endpoint individually, on any packet except the
   first packets sent by clients during connection establishment.

   An endpoint that selects a zero-length connection ID will receive
   packets with a zero-length destination connection ID.  The endpoint
   needs to use other information, such as the source and destination IP
   address and port number to identify which connection is referred to.
   This could mean that the endpoint is unable to match datagrams to
   connections successfully if these values change, making the
   connection effectively unable to survive NAT rebinding or migrate to
   a new path.

11.1.  Server-Generated Connection ID

   QUIC supports a server-generated connection ID, transmitted to the
   client during connection establishment (see Section 7.2 of [QUIC]).
   Servers behind load balancers may need to change the connection ID
   during the handshake, encoding the identity of the server or
   information about its load balancing pool, in order to support
   stateless load balancing.

   Server deployments with load balancers and other routing
   infrastructure need to ensure that this infrastructure consistently
   routes packets to the server instance that has the connection state,
   even if addresses, ports, and/or connection IDs change.  This might
   require coordination between servers and infrastructure.  One method
   of achieving this involves encoding routing information into the
   connection ID.  For an example of this technique, see [QUIC-LB].

11.2.  Mitigating Timing Linkability with Connection ID Migration

   QUIC requires that endpoints generate fresh connection IDs for use on
   new network paths.  Choosing values that are unlinkable to an outside
   observer ensures that activity on different paths cannot be trivially
   correlated using the connection ID.

   While sufficiently robust connection ID generation schemes will
   mitigate linkability issues, they do not provide full protection.
   Analysis of the lifetimes of six-tuples (source and destination
   addresses as well as the migrated CID) may expose these links anyway.

   In the limit where connection migration in a server pool is rare, it
   is trivial for an observer to associate two connection IDs.
   Conversely, in the opposite limit where every server handles multiple
   simultaneous migrations, even an exposed server mapping may be
   insufficient information.

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   The most efficient mitigations for these attacks are through network
   design and/or operational practice, by using a load balancing
   architecture that loads more flows onto a single server-side address,
   by coordinating the timing of migrations in an attempt to increase
   the number of simultaneous migrations at a given time, or through
   other means.

11.3.  Using Server Retry for Redirection

   QUIC provides a Server Retry packet that can be sent by a server in
   response to the Client Initial packet.  The server may choose a new
   connection ID in that packet and the client will retry by sending
   another Client Initial packet with the server-selected connection ID.
   This mechanism can be used to redirect a connection to a different
   server, e.g. due to performance reasons or when servers in a server
   pool are upgraded gradually, and therefore may support different
   versions of QUIC.  In this case, it is assumed that all servers
   belonging to a certain pool are served in cooperation with load
   balancers that forward the traffic based on the connection ID.  A
   server can choose the connection ID in the Server Retry packet such
   that the load balancer will redirect the next Client Initial packet
   to a different server in that pool.  Alternatively the load balancer
   can directly offer a Retry service as further described in [QUIC-LB].

   Section 4 of [RFC5077] describes an example approach for constructing
   TLS resumption tickets that can be also applied for validation
   tokens, however, the use of more modern cryptographic algorithms is
   highly recommended.

12.  Quality of Service (QoS) and DSCP

   QUIC assumes that all packets of a QUIC connection, or at least with
   the same 5-tuple {dest addr, source addr, protocol, dest port, source
   port}, will receive similar network treatment since feedback about
   loss or delay of each packet is used as input to the congestion
   controller.  Therefore it is not recommended to use different
   DiffServ Code Points (DSCPs) [RFC2475] for packets belonging to the
   same connection.  If differential network treatment, e.g. by the use
   of different DSCPs, is desired, multiple QUIC connections to the same
   server may be used.  However, in general it is recommended to
   minimize the number of QUIC connections to the same server, to avoid
   increased overheads and, more importantly, competing congestion
   control.

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13.  Use of Versions and Cryptographic Handshake

   Versioning in QUIC may change the protocol's behavior completely,
   except for the meaning of a few header fields that have been declared
   to be invariant [QUIC-INVARIANTS].  A version of QUIC with a higher
   version number will not necessarily provide a better service, but
   might simply provide a different feature set.  As such, an
   application needs to be able to select which versions of QUIC it
   wants to use.

   A new version could use an encryption scheme other than TLS 1.3 or
   higher.  [QUIC] specifies requirements for the cryptographic
   handshake as currently realized by TLS 1.3 and described in a
   separate specification [QUIC-TLS].  This split is performed to enable
   light-weight versioning with different cryptographic handshakes.

14.  Enabling New Versions

   QUIC version 1 does not specify a version negotation mechanism in the
   base spec but [I-D.draft-ietf-quic-version-negotiation] proposes an
   extension.  This process assumes that the set of versions that a
   server supports is fixed.  This complicates the process for deploying
   new QUIC versions or disabling old versions when servers operate in
   clusters.

   A server that rolls out a new version of QUIC can do so in three
   stages.  Each stage is completed across all server instances before
   moving to the next stage.

   In the first stage of deployment, all server instances start
   accepting new connections with the new version.  The new version can
   be enabled progressively across a deployment, which allows for
   selective testing.  This is especially useful when the new version is
   compatible with an old version, because the new version is more
   likely to be used.

   While enabling the new version, servers do not advertise the new
   version in any Version Negotiation packets they send.  This prevents
   clients that receive a Version Negotiation packet from attempting to
   connect to server instances that might not have the new version
   enabled.

   During the initial deployment, some clients will have received
   Version Negotiation packets that indicate that the server does not
   support the new version.  Other clients might have successfully
   connected with the new version and so will believe that the server
   supports the new version.  Therefore, servers need to allow for this
   ambiguity when validating the negotiated version.

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   The second stage of deployment commences once all server instances
   are able accept new connections with the new version.  At this point,
   all servers can start sending the new version in Version Negotiation
   packets.

   During the second stage, the server still allows for the possibility
   that some clients believe the new version to be available and some do
   not.  This state will persist only for as long as any Version
   Negotiation packets take to be transmitted and responded to.  So the
   third stage can follow after a relatively short delay.

   The third stage completes the process by enabling authentication of
   the negotiated version with the assumption that the new version is
   fully available.

   The process for disabling an old version or rolling back the
   introduction of a new version uses the same process in reverse.
   Servers disable validation of the old version, stop sending the old
   version in Version Negotiation packets, then the old version is no
   longer accepted.

15.  Unreliable Datagram Service over QUIC

   [I-D.ietf-quic-datagram] specifies a QUIC extension to enable sending
   and receiving unreliable datagrams over QUIC.  Unlike operating
   directly over UDP, applications that use the QUIC datagram service do
   not need to implement their own congestion control, per [RFC8085], as
   QUIC datagrams are congestion controlled.

   QUIC datagrams are not flow-controlled, and as such data chunks may
   be dropped if the receiver is overloaded.  While the reliable
   transmission service of QUIC provides a stream-based interface to
   send and receive data in order over multiple QUIC streams, the
   datagram service has a unordered message-based interface.  If needed,
   an application layer framing can be used on top to allow separate
   flows of unreliable datagrams to be multiplexed on one QUIC
   connection.

16.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no actions for IANA; however, note that Section 8
   recommends that application bindings to QUIC for applications using
   TCP register UDP ports analogous to their existing TCP registrations.

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17.  Security Considerations

   See the security considerations in [QUIC] and [QUIC-TLS]; the
   security considerations for the underlying transport protocol are
   relevant for applications using QUIC, as well.  Considerations on
   linkability, replay attacks, and randomness discussed in [QUIC-TLS]
   should be taken into account when deploying and using QUIC.

   Application developers should note that any fallback they use when
   QUIC cannot be used due to network blocking of UDP should guarantee
   the same security properties as QUIC; if this is not possible, the
   connection should fail to allow the application to explicitly handle
   fallback to a less-secure alternative.  See Section 2.

   Further, [QUIC-HTTP] provides security considerations specific to
   HTTP.  However, discussions such as on cross-protocol attacks,
   traffic analysis and padding, or migration might be relevant for
   other applications using QUIC as well.

18.  Contributors

   The following people have contributed text to this document:

   *  Igor Lubashev

   *  Mike Bishop

   *  Martin Thomson

   *  Lucas Pardue

   *  Gorry Fairhurst

19.  Acknowledgments

   Thanks also to Martin Duke, Sean Turner, and Ian Swett for their
   reviews.

   This work is partially supported by the European Commission under
   Horizon 2020 grant agreement no. 688421 Measurement and Architecture
   for a Middleboxed Internet (MAMI), and by the Swiss State Secretariat
   for Education, Research, and Innovation under contract no. 15.0268.
   This support does not imply endorsement.

20.  References

20.1.  Normative References

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   [QUIC]     Iyengar, J. and M. Thomson, "QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed
              and Secure Transport", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-ietf-quic-transport-34, 14 January 2021,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-quic-
              transport-34>.

   [QUIC-INVARIANTS]
              Thomson, M., "Version-Independent Properties of QUIC",
              Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-quic-
              invariants-13, 14 January 2021,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-quic-
              invariants-13>.

   [QUIC-TLS] Thomson, M. and S. Turner, "Using TLS to Secure QUIC",
              Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-quic-tls-34,
              14 January 2021, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-ietf-quic-tls-34>.

   [RFC6335]  Cotton, M., Eggert, L., Touch, J., Westerlund, M., and S.
              Cheshire, "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
              Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and
              Transport Protocol Port Number Registry", BCP 165,
              RFC 6335, DOI 10.17487/RFC6335, August 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6335>.

   [TLS13]    Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8446>.

20.2.  Informative References

   [Edeline16]
              Edeline, K., Kuehlewind, M., Trammell, B., Aben, E., and
              B. Donnet, "Using UDP for Internet Transport Evolution
              (arXiv preprint 1612.07816)", 22 December 2016,
              <https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.07816>.

   [Hatonen10]
              Hatonen, S., Nyrhinen, A., Eggert, L., Strowes, S.,
              Sarolahti, P., and M. Kojo, "An experimental study of home
              gateway characteristics (Proc. ACM IMC 2010)", October
              2010.

   [HTTP-REPLAY]
              Thomson, M., Nottingham, M., and W. Tarreau, "Using Early
              Data in HTTP", RFC 8470, DOI 10.17487/RFC8470, September
              2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8470>.

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   [I-D.draft-ietf-httpbis-priority]
              Oku, K. and L. Pardue, "Extensible Prioritization Scheme
              for HTTP", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              httpbis-priority-12, 17 January 2022,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-
              priority-12>.

   [I-D.draft-ietf-quic-version-negotiation]
              Schinazi, D. and E. Rescorla, "Compatible Version
              Negotiation for QUIC", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-ietf-quic-version-negotiation-08, 8 June 2022,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-quic-
              version-negotiation-08>.

   [I-D.ietf-quic-datagram]
              Pauly, T., Kinnear, E., and D. Schinazi, "An Unreliable
              Datagram Extension to QUIC", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-ietf-quic-datagram-10, 4 February 2022,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-quic-
              datagram-10>.

   [I-D.ietf-taps-arch]
              Pauly, T., Trammell, B., Brunstrom, A., Fairhurst, G., and
              C. Perkins, "An Architecture for Transport Services", Work
              in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-taps-arch-13, 27
              June 2022, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
              ietf-taps-arch-13>.

   [PaaschNanog]
              Paasch, C., "Network Support for TCP Fast Open (NANOG 67
              presentation)", 13 June 2016,
              <https://www.nanog.org/sites/default/files/
              Paasch_Network_Support.pdf>.

   [QUIC-HTTP]
              Bishop, M., "HTTP/3", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-ietf-quic-http-34, 2 February 2021,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-quic-
              http-34>.

   [QUIC-LB]  Duke, M., Banks, N., and C. Huitema, "QUIC-LB: Generating
              Routable QUIC Connection IDs", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-ietf-quic-load-balancers-13, 28 March 2022,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-quic-
              load-balancers-13>.

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   [RFC2475]  Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z.,
              and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated
              Services", RFC 2475, DOI 10.17487/RFC2475, December 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2475>.

   [RFC5077]  Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Eronen, P., and H. Tschofenig,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without
              Server-Side State", RFC 5077, DOI 10.17487/RFC5077,
              January 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5077>.

   [RFC5382]  Guha, S., Ed., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P.
              Srisuresh, "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP", BCP 142,
              RFC 5382, DOI 10.17487/RFC5382, October 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5382>.

   [RFC7301]  Friedl, S., Popov, A., Langley, A., and E. Stephan,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol
              Negotiation Extension", RFC 7301, DOI 10.17487/RFC7301,
              July 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7301>.

   [RFC7413]  Cheng, Y., Chu, J., Radhakrishnan, S., and A. Jain, "TCP
              Fast Open", RFC 7413, DOI 10.17487/RFC7413, December 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7413>.

   [RFC8085]  Eggert, L., Fairhurst, G., and G. Shepherd, "UDP Usage
              Guidelines", BCP 145, RFC 8085, DOI 10.17487/RFC8085,
              March 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8085>.

   [Swett16]  Swett, I., "QUIC Deployment Experience at Google (IETF96
              QUIC BoF presentation)", 20 July 2016,
              <https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/96/slides/slides-96-
              quic-3.pdf>.

   [Trammell16]
              Trammell, B. and M. Kuehlewind, "Internet Path
              Transparency Measurements using RIPE Atlas (RIPE72 MAT
              presentation)", 25 May 2016, <https://ripe72.ripe.net/wp-
              content/uploads/presentations/86-atlas-udpdiff.pdf>.

Authors' Addresses

   Mirja Kuehlewind
   Ericsson
   Email: mirja.kuehlewind@ericsson.com

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   Brian Trammell
   Google
   Gustav-Gull-Platz 1
   CH- 8004 Zurich
   Switzerland
   Email: ietf@trammell.ch

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