Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) Reverse search capabilities
draft-ietf-regext-rdap-reverse-search-11

Registration Protocols Extensions                            M. Loffredo
Internet-Draft                                             M. Martinelli
Intended status: Standards Track                     IIT-CNR/Registro.it
Expires: 3 November 2022                                      2 May 2022

  Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) Reverse search capabilities
                draft-ietf-regext-rdap-reverse-search-11

Abstract

   The Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) does not include query
   capabilities for finding the list of domains related to a set of
   entities matching a given search pattern.  In the RDAP context, an
   entity can be associated with any defined object class.  Moreover,
   other relationships between object classes exist and might be used
   for providing a reverse search capability.  Therefore, a reverse
   search can be applied to other use cases than the classic domain-
   entity scenario.  This document describes an RDAP extension that
   allow servers to provide a reverse search feature based on the
   relationship defined in RDAP between an object class for search and
   any related object class.  The reverse search based on the domain-
   entity relationship is treated as a particular case.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 3 November 2022.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  RDAP Path Segment Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  RDAP Response Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Reverse Searches Based on Entity Details  . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  RDAP Conformance  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   6.  Implementation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   7.  Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     7.1.  IIT-CNR/Registro.it RDAP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     7.2.  IIT-CNR/Registro.it RDAP Client . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   9.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   11. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   12. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     12.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     12.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Appendix A.  Paradigms to Enforce Access Control on Reverse Search
           in RDAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   Appendix B.  Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13

1.  Introduction

   Reverse Whois is a service provided by many web applications that
   allows users to find domain names owned by an individual or a company
   starting from the owner's details, such as name and email.  Even if
   it has been considered useful for some legal purposes (e.g.
   uncovering trademark infringements, detecting cybercrimes), its
   availability as a standardized Whois capability has been objected to
   for two main reasons, which now don't seem to conflict with an RDAP
   implementation.

   The first objection concerns the potential risks of privacy
   violation.  However, the domain name community is considering a new
   generation of Registration Directory Services [ICANN-RDS1]
   [ICANN-RDS2] [ICANN-RA], which provide access to sensitive data under

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   some permissible purposes and in accordance with appropriate policies
   for requestor accreditation, authentication and authorization.
   RDAP's reliance on HTTP means that it can make use of common HTTP-
   based approaches to authentication and authorization, making it more
   useful than Whois [RFC3912] in the context of such directory
   services.  Since RDAP consequently permits a reverse search
   implementation complying with privacy protection principles, this
   objection is not well-founded.

   The other objection to the implementation of a reverse search
   capability has been connected with its impact on server processing.
   However, the core RDAP specifications already define search queries,
   with similar processing requirements, so the distinction on which
   this objection is based is not clear.

   Reverse searches, such as finding the list of domain names associated
   with contacts or nameservers, may be useful to registrars as well.
   Usually, registries adopt out-of-band solutions to provide results to
   registrars asking for reverse searches on their domains.  Possible
   reasons for such requests are:

   *  the loss of synchronization between the registrar database and the
      registry database;
   *  the need for such data to perform bulk EPP [RFC5730] updates (e.g.
      changing the contacts of a set of domains, etc.).

   Currently, RDAP does not provide any means for a client to search for
   the collection of domains associated with an entity [RFC9082].  A
   query (lookup or search) on domains can return the array of entities
   related to a domain with different roles (registrant, registrar,
   administrative, technical, reseller, etc.), but the reverse operation
   is not allowed.  Only reverse searches to find the collection of
   domains related to a nameserver (ldhName or ip) can be requested.
   Since an entity can be in relationship with any RDAP object
   [RFC9083], the availability of a reverse search as largely intended
   can be common to all the object classes allowed for search.  Through
   a further step of generalization, the meaning of reverse search in
   the RDAP context can be extended to include any query for retrieving
   all the objects in relationship with another matching a given search
   pattern.

   The protocol described in this specification aims to extend the RDAP
   query capabilities to enable reverse search based on the
   relationships defined in RDAP between an object class for search and
   a related object class.  The reverse search based on the domain-
   entity relationship is treated as a particular case of such a generic
   query model.

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1.1.  Conventions Used in This Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

2.  RDAP Path Segment Specification

   A generic reverse search path is described by the syntax:

   {searchable-resource-type}/reverse_search_0/{related-resource-
   type}?<search-condition>

   The path segments are defined as in the following:

   *  searchable-resource-type: it MUST be one of the resource types for
      search defined in Section 3.2 of [RFC9082] (i.e. "domains",
      "nameservers" and "entities") or a resource type extension;
   *  related-resource-type: it MUST be one of the resource types for
      lookup defined in Section 3.1 of [RFC9082] (i.e. "domain",
      "nameserver", "entity", "ip" and "autnum") or a resource type
      extension;
   *  search-condition: a sequence of "property=search pattern"
      predicates separated by the ampersand character ('&', US-ASCII
      value 0x0026).  Each "property" represents a JSON object property
      of the RDAP object class corresponding to "related-resource-type".
      Objects are only included in the search results if they satisfy
      all included predicates.  This includes predicates that are for
      the same property: it is necessary in such a case for the related
      object to match against each of those predicates.  Based on their
      policy, servers MAY restrict the usage of predicates to make a
      valid search condition, by returning a 400 (Bad Request) response
      when a problematic request is received.

   While related-resource-type is defined as having one of a number of
   different values, the only searches defined in this document are for
   a related-resource-type of "entity".  Searches for the other resource
   types specified in [RFC9082] and resource type extensions may be
   defined by future documents.

   Partial string matching in search patterns is allowed as defined in
   section 4.1 of [RFC9082].

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3.  RDAP Response Specification

   Reverse search responses use the formats defined in section 8 of
   [RFC9083], which correspond to the searchable resource types defined
   in Section 2.

4.  Reverse Searches Based on Entity Details

   Since in RDAP, an entity can be associated with any other object
   class, the most common kind of reverse search is one based on an
   entity's details.  Such reverse searches arise from the query model
   by setting the related resource type to "entity".

   By selecting a specific searchable resource type, the resulting
   reverse search aims at retrieving all the objects (e.g. all the
   domains) that are related to any entity object matching the search
   conditions.

   This section defines the following reverse search properties servers
   SHOULD support regardless of the searchable resource type being
   selected:

   Reverse search property:  role
   RDAP property:  $..entities[*].roles
   Reference:  Section 10.2.4 of [RFC9083]

   Reverse search property:  handle
   RDAP property:  $..entities[*].handle
   Reference:  Section 5.1 of [RFC9083]

   Reverse search property:  fn
   RDAP property:  $..entities[*].vcardArray[1][?(@[0]=='fn')][3]
   Reference:  Section 6.2.1 of [RFC6350]

   Reverse search property:  email
   RDAP property:  $..entities[*].vcardArray[1][?(@[0]=='email')][3]
   Reference:  Section 6.4.2 of [RFC6350]

   The mapping between the reverse search property and the corresponding
   RDAP response property is done through the use of a JSONPath
   expression [I-D.ietf-jsonpath-base].

   The presence of a predicate on the reverse search property "role"
   means that the RDAP response property "roles" must contain at least
   the specified role.

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   The last two properties are related to jCard elements [RFC7095], but
   the field references are to vCard [RFC6350], since jCard is the JSON
   format for vCard.

   Examples of reverse search paths based on the domain-entity
   relationship are presented in Figure 1.

       /domains/reverse_search_0/entity?handle=CID-40*&role=technical

       /domains/reverse_search_0/entity?fn=Bobby*&role=registrant

       /domains/reverse_search_0/entity?handle=RegistrarX&role=registrar

                                Figure 1

   Documents that deprecate or restructure RDAP responses such that one
   or more of the properties listed above becomes invalid MUST either
   note that the relevant reverse search is no longer available (in the
   case of deprecation) or describe how to continue supporting the
   relevant search by way of some new RDAP property (in the case of
   restructuring).

   A server that includes additional fields in its objects in accordance
   with the extensibility provisions of section 6 of [RFC7480] MAY
   support the use of those fields in search conditions, in the same way
   as for the search conditions defined in this section.  Support for
   such fields in the reverse search context MUST be documented in the
   extension specification.

5.  RDAP Conformance

   Servers complying with this specification MUST include the value
   "reverse_search_0" in the rdapConformance property of the help
   response [RFC9083].  The information needed to register this value in
   the "RDAP Extensions" registry is described in Section 8.

6.  Implementation Considerations

   To limit the impact of processing the search predicates, servers are
   RECOMMENDED to make use of indexes and similar functionality in their
   underlying data store.  In addition, risks with respect to
   performance degradation or result set generation can be mitigated by
   adopting practices used for standard searches, e.g. restricting the
   search functionality, limiting the rate of search requests according
   to the user's authorization, truncating and paging the results, and
   returning partial responses.

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7.  Implementation Status

   NOTE: Please remove this section and the reference to RFC 7942 prior
   to publication as an RFC.

   This section records the status of known implementations of the
   protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this
   Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in [RFC7942].
   The description of implementations in this section is intended to
   assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to
   RFCs.  Please note that the listing of any individual implementation
   here does not imply endorsement by the IETF.  Furthermore, no effort
   has been spent to verify the information presented here that was
   supplied by IETF contributors.  This is not intended as, and must not
   be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their
   features.  Readers are advised to note that other implementations may
   exist.

   According to RFC 7942, "this will allow reviewers and working groups
   to assign due consideration to documents that have the benefit of
   running code, which may serve as evidence of valuable experimentation
   and feedback that have made the implemented protocols more mature.
   It is up to the individual working groups to use this information as
   they see fit".

7.1.  IIT-CNR/Registro.it RDAP Server

   *  Responsible Organization: Institute of Informatics and Telematics
      of National Research Council (IIT-CNR)/Registro.it
   *  Location: https://rdap.pubtest.nic.it/
   *  Description: This implementation includes support for RDAP queries
      using data from the public test environment of .it ccTLD.  Reverse
      search is allowed to authenticated users.  Registrar users are
      allowed to perform reverse searches on their own domains and
      contacts.  This is achieved by adding an implicit predicate to the
      search condition.
   *  Level of Maturity: This is an "alpha" test implementation.
   *  Coverage: This implementation includes all of the features
      described in this specification.
   *  Contact Information: Mario Loffredo, mario.loffredo@iit.cnr.it

7.2.  IIT-CNR/Registro.it RDAP Client

   *  Responsible Organization: Institute of Informatics and Telematics
      of National Research Council (IIT-CNR)/Registro.it
   *  Location: https://web-rdap.pubtest.nic.it/

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   *  Description: This is a Javascript web-based RDAP client.  RDAP
      responses are retrieved from RDAP servers by the browser, parsed
      into an HTML representation, and displayed in a format improving
      the user experience.  Reverse search is allowed to authenticated
      users.
   *  Level of Maturity: This is an "alpha" test implementation.
   *  Coverage: This implementation includes all of the features
      described in this specification.
   *  Contact Information: Francesco Donini, francesco.donini@iit.cnr.it

8.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is requested to register the following value in the RDAP
   Extensions Registry:

   *  Extension identifier: reverse_search_0
   *  Registry operator: Any
   *  Published specification: This document.
   *  Contact: IETF <iesg@ietf.org>
   *  Intended usage: This extension describes reverse search query
      patterns for RDAP.

9.  Privacy Considerations

   The search functionality defined in this document may affect the
   privacy of entities in the registry (and elsewhere) in various ways:
   see [RFC6973] for a general treatment of privacy in protocol
   specifications.  Registry operators should be aware of the tradeoffs
   that result from implementation of this functionality.

   Many jurisdictions have laws or regulations that restrict the use of
   "Personal Data", per the definition in [RFC6973].  Given that,
   registry operators should ascertain whether the regulatory
   environment in which they operate permits implementation of the
   functionality defined in this document.

   In general, given the sensitivity of this functionality,it SHOULD be
   accessible to authorized users only, and for specific use cases only.

   Since reverse search requests and responses could contain Personally
   Identifiable Information (PII), reverse search functionality SHOULD
   be available over HTTPS only.

   Providing reverse search in RDAP carries the following threats as
   described in [RFC6973]:

   *  Correlation
   *  Disclosure

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   *  Misuse of information

   Therefore, RDAP providers are REQUIRED to mitigate the risk of those
   threats by implementing appropriate measures supported by security
   services (see Section 10).

10.  Security Considerations

   Security services required to provide controlled access to the
   operations specified in this document are described in [RFC7481].  A
   non-exhaustive list of access control paradigms an RDAP provider can
   implement is presented in Appendix A.

   The specification of the relationship within the reverse search path
   allows the RDAP servers to implement different authorization policies
   on a per-relationship basis.

11.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to acknowledge the following individuals for
   their contributions to this document: Francesco Donini, Scott
   Hollenbeck, Francisco Arias, Gustavo Lozano, Eduardo Alvarez, Ulrich
   Wisser and James Gould.

   Tom Harrison and Jasdip Singh provided relevant feedback and constant
   support to the implementation of this proposal.  Their contributions
   have been greatly appreciated.

12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [OIDCC]    OpenID Foundation, "OpenID Connect Core incorporating
              errata set 1", November 2014,
              <http://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3912]  Daigle, L., "WHOIS Protocol Specification", RFC 3912,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3912, September 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3912>.

   [RFC5730]  Hollenbeck, S., "Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP)",
              STD 69, RFC 5730, DOI 10.17487/RFC5730, August 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5730>.

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   [RFC6350]  Perreault, S., "vCard Format Specification", RFC 6350,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6350, August 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6350>.

   [RFC6973]  Cooper, A., Tschofenig, H., Aboba, B., Peterson, J.,
              Morris, J., Hansen, M., and R. Smith, "Privacy
              Considerations for Internet Protocols", RFC 6973,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6973, July 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6973>.

   [RFC7095]  Kewisch, P., "jCard: The JSON Format for vCard", RFC 7095,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7095, January 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7095>.

   [RFC7480]  Newton, A., Ellacott, B., and N. Kong, "HTTP Usage in the
              Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)", STD 95,
              RFC 7480, DOI 10.17487/RFC7480, March 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7480>.

   [RFC7481]  Hollenbeck, S. and N. Kong, "Security Services for the
              Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)", STD 95,
              RFC 7481, DOI 10.17487/RFC7481, March 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7481>.

   [RFC7942]  Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running
              Code: The Implementation Status Section", BCP 205,
              RFC 7942, DOI 10.17487/RFC7942, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7942>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC9082]  Hollenbeck, S. and A. Newton, "Registration Data Access
              Protocol (RDAP) Query Format", STD 95, RFC 9082,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9082, June 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9082>.

   [RFC9083]  Hollenbeck, S. and A. Newton, "JSON Responses for the
              Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)", STD 95,
              RFC 9083, DOI 10.17487/RFC9083, June 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9083>.

12.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-jsonpath-base]
              Gössner, S., Normington, G., and C. Bormann, "JSONPath:
              Query expressions for JSON", Work in Progress, Internet-

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              Draft, draft-ietf-jsonpath-base-03, 16 January 2022,
              <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-jsonpath-base-
              03.txt>.

   [I-D.ietf-regext-rdap-openid]
              Hollenbeck, S., "Federated Authentication for the
              Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) using OpenID
              Connect", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              regext-rdap-openid-08, 8 November 2021,
              <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-regext-rdap-
              openid-08.txt>.

   [ICANN-RA] Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers,
              "Registry Agreement", July 2017,
              <https://newgtlds.icann.org/sites/default/files/
              agreements/agreement-approved-31jul17-en.pdf>.

   [ICANN-RDS1]
              Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers,
              "Final Report from the Expert Working Group on gTLD
              Directory Services: A Next-Generation Registration
              Directory Service (RDS)", June 2014,
              <https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/final-report-
              06jun14-en.pdf>.

   [ICANN-RDS2]
              Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers,
              "Final Issue Report on a Next-Generation gTLD RDS to
              Replace WHOIS", October 2015,
              <http://whois.icann.org/sites/default/files/files/final-
              issue-report-next-generation-rds-07oct15-en.pdf>.

Appendix A.  Paradigms to Enforce Access Control on Reverse Search in
             RDAP

   Access control can be implemented according to different paradigms
   introducing increasingly stringent rules.  The paradigms reported
   here in the following leverage the capabilities either supported
   natively or provided as extensions by the OpenID Connect [OIDCC]:

   *  Role-Based Access Control: access rights are granted depending on
      roles.  Generally, this is done by grouping users into fixed
      categories and assigning static grants to each category.  A more
      dynamic approach can be implemented by using the OpenID Connect
      "scope" claim;
   *  Purpose-Based Access Control: access rules are based on the notion
      of purpose, being the intended use of some data by a user.  It can
      be implemented by tagging a request with the usage purpose and

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      making the RDAP server check the compliance between the given
      purpose and the control rules applied to the data to be returned.
      The purpose can be stated within an out-of-band process by setting
      the OpenID Connect RDAP-specific "purpose" claim as defined in
      [I-D.ietf-regext-rdap-openid];
   *  Attribute-Based Access Control: rules to manage access rights are
      evaluated and applied according to specific attributes describing
      the context within which data are requested.  It can be
      implemented by setting within an out-of-band process additional
      OpenID Connect claims describing the request context and making
      the RDAP server check the compliance between the given context and
      the control rules applied to the data to be returned;
   *  Time-Based Access Control: data access is allowed for a limited
      time only.  It can be implemented by assigning the users with
      temporary credentials linked to access grants whose scope is
      limited.

Appendix B.  Change Log

   00:  Initial working group version ported from draft-loffredo-regext-
      rdap-reverse-search-04
   01:  Updated "Privacy Considerations" section.
   02:  Revised the text.
   03:  Refactored the query model.
   04:  Keepalive refresh.
   05:  Reorganized "Abstract".  Corrected "Conventions Used in This
      Document" section.  Added "RDAP Conformance" section.  Changed
      "IANA Considerations" section.  Added references to RFC7095 and
      RFC8174.  Other minor edits.
   06:  Updated "Privacy Considerations", "Security Considerations" and
      "Acknowledgements" sections.  Added some normative and informative
      references.  Added Appendix A.
   07:  Updated normative references.
   08:  Changed "Implementation Status" section.  Updated informative
      references.
   09:  Extended the query model to represent a reverse search based on
      any relationship between the RDAP object classes.  Changed the
      path segment "role" into a query parameter.
   10:  Updated "Reverse Searches Based on Entity Details" section to
      consider the use of JSContact format instead of jCard.  Added
      references to JSContact documents.
   11:  Updated the document based on Tom Harrison and James Gould
      feedback:
      *  Updated section "RDAP Path Segment Specification":
         -  Clarified how servers must evaluate a reverse search
            including predicates that are for the same property.

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         -  Specified the error response servers must return when
            receiving a wrong reverse search request according to their
            policy.
         -  Clarified that searchs for the related-resource-type values
            other than "entity" may be defined in future documents.
      *  Reviewed text in section "Reverse Searches Based on Entity
         Details" about reverse searches based on custom response
         extensions.
      *  Removed references to JSContact documents in section "Reverse
         Searches Based on Entity Details".  Moved the mapping between
         jCard properties used in the RDAP response and JSContact
         counterparts to draft-ietf-regext-rdap-jscontact.
      *  Added section "RDAP Response Specification".
      *  Changed the text to present reverse search as a single
         extension with multiple features.
      *  Changed the definition of searchable-resource-type and related-
         resource-type to consider also the resource type extensions.
      *  Replaced "reverse" with "reverse_search_0" in the generic
         reverse search path.  Updated Figure 1 accordingly.
      *  Removed the phrase "but with a special focus on its privacy
         implications" from both the "Abstract" and the "Introduction".
         Moved the mapping between jCard properties used in the RDAP
         response and JSContact counterparts to draft-ietf-regext-rdap-
         jscontact.
      *  Reviewed the text of "Privacy Considerations" section.
      *  Text cleaning.

Authors' Addresses

   Mario Loffredo
   IIT-CNR/Registro.it
   Via Moruzzi,1
   56124 Pisa
   Italy
   Email: mario.loffredo@iit.cnr.it
   URI:   http://www.iit.cnr.it

   Maurizio Martinelli
   IIT-CNR/Registro.it
   Via Moruzzi,1
   56124 Pisa
   Italy
   Email: maurizio.martinelli@iit.cnr.it
   URI:   http://www.iit.cnr.it

Loffredo & Martinelli    Expires 3 November 2022               [Page 13]