RObust Header Compression (ROHC): Corrections and Clarifications to RFC 3095
draft-ietf-rohc-rtp-impl-guide-22
The information below is for an old version of the document that is already published as an RFC.
| Document | Type |
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 4815.
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Lars-Erik Jonsson , Kristofer Sandlund , Peter Kremer , Ghyslain Pelletier | ||
| Last updated | 2015-10-14 (Latest revision 2006-11-08) | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Intended RFC status | Proposed Standard | ||
| Formats | |||
| Reviews | |||
| Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
| Stream | WG state | (None) | |
| Document shepherd | (None) | ||
| IESG | IESG state | Became RFC 4815 (Proposed Standard) | |
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(None)
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||
| Consensus boilerplate | Unknown | ||
| Telechat date | (None) | ||
| Responsible AD | Magnus Westerlund | ||
| Send notices to | (None) |
draft-ietf-rohc-rtp-impl-guide-22
Network Working Group L-E. Jonsson
INTERNET-DRAFT K. Sandlund
TO UPDATE: RFC 3095, 3241, 3843, 4019, 4362 G. Pelletier
Expires: May 2007 P. Kremer
Ericsson
November 6, 2006
RObust Header Compression (ROHC):
Corrections and Clarifications to RFC 3095
<draft-ietf-rohc-rtp-impl-guide-22.txt>
Status of this memo
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This document is a submission of the IETF ROHC WG. Comments should be
directed to the ROHC WG mailing list, rohc@ietf.org.
Abstract
RFC 3095 defines the RObust Header Compression (ROHC) framework and
profiles for IP (Internet Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol),
RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol), and ESP (Encapsulated Security
Payload). Some parts of the specification are unclear or contain
errors that may lead to misinterpretations that may impair
interoperability between different implementations. This document
provides corrections, additions and clarifications to RFC 3095; this
document thus updates RFC 3095. In addition, other clarifications
related to RFC 3241 (ROHC over PPP), RFC 3843 (ROHC IP profile) and
RFC 4109 (ROHC UDP-Lite profiles) are also provided.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction and terminology.....................................3
2. CRC calculation and coverage.....................................4
2.1. CRC calculation.............................................4
2.2. Padding octet and CRC calculations..........................4
2.3. CRC coverage in CRC feedback options........................4
2.4. CRC coverage of the ESP NULL header.........................5
3. Mode transition..................................................5
3.1. Feedback during mode transition to U- and O-mode............5
3.1.1. Mode transition procedures allowing sparse feedback....5
3.1.2. Transition from Reliable to Optimistic mode............6
3.1.3. Transition to Unidirectional mode......................7
3.2. Feedback during mode transition.............................7
3.3. Packet decoding during mode transition......................8
4. Timestamp encoding...............................................8
4.1. Encoding used for compressed TS bits........................8
4.2. (De)compression of TS without transmitted TS bits...........8
4.3. Interpretation intervals for TS encoding...................10
4.4. Scaled RTP timestamp encoding..............................10
4.4.1. TS_STRIDE for scaled timestamp encoding...............10
4.4.2. TS wraparound with scaled timestamp encoding..........11
4.4.3. Algorithm for scaled timestamp encoding...............11
4.5. Recalculating TS_OFFSET....................................12
4.6. TS_STRIDE and the Tsc flag in Extension 3..................12
4.7. Using timer-based compression..............................13
5. List compression................................................14
5.1. CSRC list items in RTP dynamic chain.......................14
5.2. Multiple occurrences of the CC field.......................14
5.3. Bit masks in list compression..............................14
5.4. Headers compressed with list compression...................15
5.5. ESP NULL header list compression...........................15
5.6. Translation tables and indexes for IP extension headers....15
5.7. Reference list.............................................16
5.8. Compression of AH and GRE sequence numbers.................16
6. Updating properties.............................................17
6.1. Implicit updates...........................................17
6.2. Updating properties of UO-1*...............................18
6.3. Context updating properties for IR packets.................18
6.4. RTP padding field (R-P) in extension 3.....................18
6.5. RTP eXtension bit (X) in dynamic part......................19
7. Context management and CID/context re-use.......................19
7.1. Persistence of decompressor contexts.......................19
7.2. CID/context re-use.........................................19
7.2.1. Re-using a CID/context with the same profile..........20
7.2.2. Re-using a CID/context with a different profile.......20
8. Other protocol clarifications...................................21
8.1. Meaning of NBO.............................................21
8.2. IP-ID......................................................21
8.3. Extension-3 in UOR-2* packets..............................22
8.4. Multiple occurrences of the M bit..........................22
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8.5. Multiple SN options in one feedback packet.................22
8.6. Multiple CRC options in one feedback packet................22
8.7. Responding to lost feedback links..........................23
8.8. UOR-2 in profile 0x0002 (UDP) and profile 0x0003 (ESP).....23
8.9. Sequence number LSB's in IP extension headers..............23
8.10. Expecting UOR-2 ACKs in O-mode............................23
8.11. Context repairs, TS_STRIDE and TIME_STRIDE................24
9. ROHC negotiation................................................24
10. PROFILES suboption in ROHC-over-PPP............................25
11. Constant IP-ID encoding in IP-only and UPD-Lite profiles.......25
12. Security considerations........................................25
13. IANA considerations............................................25
14. Acknowledgment.................................................25
15. References.....................................................26
15.1. Normative References......................................26
15.2. Informative References....................................26
16. Authors' Addresses.............................................27
Appendix A - Sample CRC algorithm..................................28
1. Introduction and terminology
RFC 3095 [1] defines the RObust Header Compression (ROHC) framework
and profiles for IP (Internet Protocol) [8][9], UDP (User Datagram
Protocol) [10], RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol) [11], and ESP
(Encapsulated Security Payload) [12]. During implementation and
interoperability testing of RFC 3095 some ambiguities and common
misinterpretations have been identified, as well as a few errors.
This document summarizes identified issues and provides corrections
needed for implementations of RFC 3095 to interoperate, i.e. it
constitutes an update to RFC 3095. This document also provides other
clarifications related to common misinterpretations of the
specification. References to RFC 3095 should therefore also include
this document.
In addition, some clarifications and corrections are also provided
for RFC 3241 (ROHC over PPP) [2], RFC 3843 (ROHC IP-only profile)
[4], and RFC 4019 (ROHC UDP-Lite profiles) [5], which are thus also
updated by this document. Furthermore, RFC 4362 (ROHC Link-Layer
Assisted Profile) [7] is implicitly updated by this document, since
also RFC 4362 is based on RFC 3095.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [6].
When a section of this document makes formal corrections, additions
or invalidations to text in RFC 3095, this is clearly summarized. The
text from RFC 3095 that is being addressed is given and labeled
"INCOMPLETE", "INCORRECT" or "INCORRECT AND INVALIDATED", followed by
the correct text labeled "CORRECTED", where applicable. When text is
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added that does not simply correct text in previous specifications,
it is given with the label "FORMAL ADDITION".
In this document, a reference to a section in RFC 3095 [1] is written
as a prefixed section reference, RFC3095-<section number>.
2. CRC calculation and coverage
2.1. CRC calculation
Section RFC3095-5.9 defines polynomials for 3, 7 and 8-bit CRCs, but
it does not specify what algorithm is used. The 3, 7 and 8-bit CRCs
are calculated using the CRC algorithm defined in [3].
A Perl implementation of the algorithm can be found in Appendix A of
this document.
2.2. Padding octet and CRC calculations
Section RFC3095-5.9.1 is incomplete, as it does not mention how to
handle the padding octet in CRC calculations for IR and IR-DYN
packets. Padding isn't meant to be a meaningful part of a packet and
is not included in the CRC calculation. As a result, the CRC does not
cover the Add-CID octet for CID 0, either.
INCOMPLETE RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-5.9.1):
"The CRC in the IR and IR-DYN packet is calculated over the entire
IR or IR-DYN packet, excluding Payload and including CID or any
Add-CID octet."
CORRECTED TEXT:
"The CRC in the IR and IR-DYN packet is calculated over the entire
IR or IR-DYN packet, excluding Payload, Padding and including CID
or any Add-CID octet, except for the add-CID octet for CID 0."
2.3. CRC coverage in CRC feedback options
Section RFC3095-5.7.6.3 is incomplete, as it does not mention how the
"size" field is handled when calculating the 8-bit CRC used in the
CRC feedback option. Since the "size" field is an extension of the
"code" field, it must be treated in the same way.
INCOMPLETE RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-5.7.6.3):
"The CRC option contains an 8-bit CRC computed over the entire
feedback payload, without the packet type and code octet, but
including any CID fields, using the polynomial of section 5.9.1."
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CORRECTED TEXT:
"The CRC option contains an 8-bit CRC computed over the entire
feedback payload including any CID fields but excluding the
packet type, the 'Size' field and the 'Code' octet, using the
polynomial of section 5.9.1."
2.4. CRC coverage of the ESP NULL header
Section RFC3095-5.8.7 gives the CRC coverage of the ESP NULL [13]
header as "Entire ESP header". This must be interpreted as including
only the initial part of the header (i.e. SPI and Sequence number),
and not the trailer part at the end of the payload. Therefore, the
ESP NULL header has the same CRC coverage as the ESP header used in
the ESP profile (section RFC3095-5.7.7.7).
3. Mode transition
3.1. Feedback during mode transition to U- and O-mode
Section RFC3095-5.6.1 states that during mode transitions, while the
D_TRANS parameter is I, the decompressor send feedback for each
received packet. This restrictive behavior prevents a decompressor
from using a sparse feedback algorithm during mode transitions.
To reduce transmission overhead and computational complexity
(including CRC calculation) associated with feedback packets sent for
each decompressed packet during mode transition, a decompressor MAY
be implemented with slightly modified mode transition procedures
compared to those defined in [1], as described in this section.
These enhanced procedures should be considered only as a possible
improvement to a decompressor implementation, since interoperability
is not affected in any way. A decompressor implemented according to
the optimized procedures will interoperate with an RFC3095
compressor, as well as a decompressor implemented according to the
procedures described in RFC3095.
3.1.1. Mode transition procedures allowing sparse feedback
The purpose of these enhanced transition procedures is to allow the
decompressor to sparsely send feedback for packets decompressed
during the second half of the transition procedure, i.e. after an
appropriate IR/IR-DYN/UOR-2 packet has been received from the
compressor. This is achieved by allowing the decompressor transition
parameter (D_TRANS) to be set to P (Pending) at that stage, as shown
in the transition diagrams of sections 3.1.2 and 3.1.3 below.
This enhanced transition, where feedback need not be sent for every
decompressed packet, does however introduce some considerations in
case feedback messages would be lost. Specifically, there is a risk
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for a deadlock situation when a transition from R-mode is performed,
if no feedback message successfully reaches the compressor the
transition is never completed. For transition between U-mode and O-
mode, there is also a small risk for reduced compression efficiency.
To avoid this, the decompressor MUST continue to send feedback at
least periodically, also when in Pending transition state. This is
equivalent to enhancing the definition of the D_TRANS parameter in
section RFC3095-5.6.1, to include the definition of a Pending state:
- D_TRANS:
Possible values for the D_TRANS parameter are (I)NITIATED,
(P)ENDING and (D)ONE. D_TRANS MUST be initialized to D, and a mode
transition can be initiated only when D_TRANS is D. While D_TRANS
is I, the decompressor sends a NACK or ACK carrying a CRC option
for each packet received. When D_TRANS is set to P, the
decompressor do not have to send a NACK or ACK for each packet
received, but it MUST continue to send feedback with some
periodicity, and all feedback packets sent MUST include the CRC
option. This ensures that all mode transitions will be completed
also in case of feedback losses.
The modifications affect transitions to Optimistic and Unidirectional
modes of operation, i.e. the transitions described in sections
RFC3095-5.6.5 and RFC3095-5.6.6, and make those transition diagrams
more consistent with the diagram describing the transition to R-mode.
3.1.2. Transition from Reliable to Optimistic mode
The enhanced procedure for transition from Reliable to Optimistic
mode is shown below:
Compressor Decompressor
----------------------------------------------
| |
| ACK(O)/NACK(O) +-<-<-<-| D_TRANS = I
| +-<-<-<-<-<-<-<-+ |
C_TRANS = P |-<-<-<-+ |
C_MODE = O | |
|->->->-+ IR/IR-DYN/UOR-2(SN,O) |
| +->->->->->->->-+ |
|->-.. +->->->-| D_TRANS = P
|->-.. | D_MODE = O
| ACK(SN,O) +-<-<-<-|
| +-<-<-<-<-<-<-<-+ |
C_TRANS = D |-<-<-<-+ |
| |
|->->->-+ UO-0, UO-1* |
| +->->->->->->->-+ |
| +->->->-| D_TRANS = D
| |
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3.1.3. Transition to Unidirectional mode
The enhanced procedure for transition to Unidirectional mode is shown
on the following figure:
Compressor Decompressor
----------------------------------------------
| |
| ACK(U)/NACK(U) +-<-<-<-| D_TRANS = I
| +-<-<-<-<-<-<-<-+ |
C_TRANS = P |-<-<-<-+ |
C_MODE = U | |
|->->->-+ IR/IR-DYN/UOR-2(SN,U) |
| +->->->->->->->-+ |
|->-.. +->->->-| D_TRANS = P
|->-.. |
| ACK(SN,U) +-<-<-<-|
| +-<-<-<-<-<-<-<-+ |
C_TRANS = D |-<-<-<-+ |
| |
|->->->-+ UO-0, UO-1* |
| +->->->->->->->-+ |
| +->->->-| D_TRANS = D
| | D_MODE= U
3.2. Feedback during mode transition
Section RFC3095-5.6.1 states that feedback is always used during mode
transitions. However, the text then continues by making concrete
applications of the rule in an inconsistent way, making it unclear
when CRCs are used. Further, the text does not define how the
compressor should act during mode transitions based on feedback not
protected by CRCs, i.e. whether to carry out mode transition actions
or not. The proper behavior from the compressor is to perform any
action related to mode transitions only when the feedback is
protected by the CRC option.
INCOMPLETE RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-5.6.1):
"As a safeguard against residual errors, all feedback sent during
a mode transition MUST be protected by a CRC, i.e., the CRC
option MUST be used."
CORRECTED TEXT:
"As a safeguard against residual errors, all feedback sent by the
decompressor during a mode transition MUST be protected by a CRC,
i.e., the CRC option MUST be used. The compressor MUST ignore
feedback information related to mode transition if the feedback
is not protected by the CRC option."
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One more related issue that requires clarifications comes from the
following text at the end of section RFC3095-5.6.1:
"While D_TRANS is I, the decompressor sends a NACK or ACK carrying
a CRC option for each received packet."
However, Section RFC3095-5.5.2.2 already stated that for R-mode,
feedback is never sent for packets that do not update the context,
i.e. for packets that do not carry a CRC such as R-0 and R-1*.
This means that when D_TRANS=I during mode transition, a decompressor
operating in R-mode sends an acknowledgement for each packet it
receives and MUST use the sequence number that corresponds to the
packet that last updated the context, i.e. the decompressor MUST NOT
use the sequence number of the R-0 or the R-1* packet."
3.3. Packet decoding during mode transition
The purpose of a mode transition is to ensure that the compressor and
the decompressor coherently move from one mode of operation to
another using a three-way handshake. At one point during the mode
transition, the decompressor acknowledges the reception of one (or
more) IR, IR-DYN or UOR-2 packet(s) that have mode bits set to the
new mode. Packets of type 0 or 1 that are received up to this point
are decompressed using the old mode, while afterwards they are
decompressed using the new mode. If the enhanced transition
procedures described in section 3.1 are used, the setting of the
D_TRANS parameter to P represents this breakpoint. The successful
decompression of a packet of type 0 or type 1 completes the mode
transition.
4. Timestamp encoding
4.1. Encoding used for compressed TS bits
RTP Timestamp values (TS) are always encoded using W-LSB encoding,
both when sent scaled and when sent unscaled. When no TS bits are
transmitted in a compressed packet, TS is always scaled. If a
compressed packet carries an extension 3 and field(Tsc)=0, the
compressed packet must thus always carry unscaled TS bits. For TS
values sent in Extension 3, W-LSB encoded values are sent using the
self-describing variable-length format (section RFC3095-4.5.6), and
this applies to both scaled and unscaled values.
4.2. (De)compression of TS without transmitted TS bits
When ROHC RTP operates using its most efficient packet types, apart
from packet type identification and the error detection CRC, only RTP
sequence number (SN) bits are transmitted in RTP compressed headers.
All other fields are then omitted either because they are unchanged
or because they can be reconstructed through a function from the SN
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(i.e. by combining the transmitted SN bits with state information
from the context). Fields that can be inferred from the SN are the IP
Identification (IP-ID) and the RTP Timestamp (TS).
IP-ID compression and decompression, both with and without
transmitted IP-ID bits in the compressed header, are well defined in
section RFC3095-4.5.5 (see section 8.2). For the TS field, however,
RFC 3095 only defines how to decompress based on actual TS bits in
the compressed header, either scaled or unscaled, but not how to
infer the TS from the SN when there are no TS bits present in the
compressed header.
When no TS bits are received in the compressed header, the scaled TS
value is reconstructed assuming a linear extrapolation from the SN,
i.e. delta_TS = delta_SN * default-slope, where delta_SN and delta_TS
are both signed integers. Section RFC3095-5.7 defines the potential
values for default-slope.
INCOMPLETE RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-5.7):
"If value(Tsc) = 1, Scaled RTP Timestamp encoding is used before
compression (see section 4.5.3), and default-slope(TS) = 1.
If value(Tsc) = 0, the Timestamp value is compressed as-is, and
default-slope(TS) = value(TS_STRIDE)."
CORRECTED TEXT:
"When a compressed header with no TS bits is received, the scaled
TS value is reconstructed assuming a linear extrapolation from
the SN, i.e. delta_TS = delta_SN * default-slope(TS).
If value(Tsc) = 1, Scaled RTP Timestamp encoding is used before
compression (see section 4.5.3), and default-slope(TS) = 1.
If value(Tsc) = 0, the Timestamp value is compressed as-is, and
default-slope(TS) = value(TS_STRIDE). If a packet with no TS bits
is received with Tsc=0, the decompressor MUST discard the
packet."
INCORRECT AND INVALIDATED RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-5.5.1.2):
"For example, in a typical case where the string pattern has the
form of non-SN-field = SN * slope + offset, one ACK is enough if
the slope has been previously established by the decompressor
(i.e., only the new offset needs to be synchronized). Otherwise,
two ACKs are required since the decompressor needs two headers to
learn both the new slope and the new offset."
Consequently, there is no other slope value than the default-slope,
as defined in section RFC3095-5.7.
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4.3. Interpretation intervals for TS encoding
Section RFC3095-4.5.4 defines the interpretation interval, p, for
timer-based compression of the RTP timestamp. However, Section
RFC3095-5.7 defines a different interpretation interval, which is
defined as the interpretation interval to use for all TS values. It
is thus unclear which p-value to use, at least for timer-based
compression.
The way this should be interpreted is that the p-value differs
depending on whether timer-based compression is enabled or not.
For timer-based compression (TIME_STRIDE set to a non-zero value),
the interpretation interval is:
p = 2^(k-1) - 1 (as per section RFC3095-4.5.4)
Otherwise, the interpretation interval is:
p = 2^(k-2) - 1 (as per section RFC3095-5.7)
4.4. Scaled RTP timestamp encoding
This section redefines the algorithm for scaled RTP timestamp
encoding, defined as a 5-step procedure in section RFC3095-4.5.3. Two
formal errors have been corrected, as described in subsections 4.4.1
and 4.4.2 below, and the whole algorithm has been reworked to be more
concise and use well-defined terminology. The resulting text can be
found in 4.4.3 below.
4.4.1. TS_STRIDE for scaled timestamp encoding
RFC 3095 defines the timestamp stride (TS_STRIDE) as the expected
increase in the timestamp value between two RTP packets with
consecutive sequence numbers. TS_STRIDE is set by the compressor and
explicitly communicated to the decompressor, and it is used as the
scaling factor for scaled TS encoding.
The relation between TS and TS_SCALED, given by the following
equality in section RFC3095-4.5.3, defines the mathematical meaning
of TS_STRIDE:
TS = TS_SCALED * TS_STRIDE + TS_OFFSET
TS_SCALED is incompletely written as TS / TS_STRIDE in the
compression step following the above core equality. This formula is
incorrect both because it excludes TS_OFFSET and because it would
prevent a TS_STRIDE value of 0, which is an alternative not excluded
by the definition or by the core equality above. If "/" were a
generally unambiguously defined operation meaning "the integral part
of the result from dividing X by Y", the absence of TS_OFFSET could
be explained, but the formula would still lack a proper output for
TS_STRIDE equal to 0. The formula of "2. Compression" is thus valid
only with the following requirements:
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a) "/" means "the integral part of the result from dividing X by Y"
b) TS_STRIDE>0 (TS is never sent scaled when TS_STRIDE=0)
4.4.2. TS wraparound with scaled timestamp encoding
Section RFC3095-4.5.3 states in point 4 and 5 that the compressor is
not required to initialize TS_OFFSET at wraparound, but that it is
required to increase the number of bits sent for the scaled TS value
when there is a TS wraparound. The decompressor is also required to
detect and cope with TS wraparound, including updating TS_OFFSET.
This method is not interoperable and not robust. The gain is also
insignificant, as TS wraparound happens very seldom. Therefore, the
compressor should reinitialize TS_OFFSET upon TS wraparound, by
sending unscaled TS.
4.4.3. Algorithm for scaled timestamp encoding
INCORRECT RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-4.5.3):
"1. Initialization: The compressor sends to the decompressor the
value of TS_STRIDE and the absolute value of one or several TS
fields. The latter are used by the decompressor to initialize
TS_OFFSET to (absolute value) modulo TS_STRIDE. Note that
TS_OFFSET is the same regardless of which absolute value is
used, as long as the unscaled TS value does not wrap around;
see 4) below.
2. Compression: After initialization, the compressor no longer
compresses the original TS values. Instead, it compresses the
downscaled values: TS_SCALED = TS / TS_STRIDE. The
compression method could be either W-LSB encoding or the
timer-based encoding described in the next section.
3. Decompression: When receiving the compressed value of
TS_SCALED, the decompressor first derives the value of the
original TS_SCALED. The original RTP TS is then calculated as
TS = TS_SCALED * TS_STRIDE + TS_OFFSET.
4. Offset at wraparound: Wraparound of the unscaled 32-bit TS
will invalidate the current value of TS_OFFSET used in the
equation above. For example, let us assume TS_STRIDE = 160 =
0xA0 and the current TS = 0xFFFFFFF0. TS_OFFSET is then 0x50
= 80. Then if the next RTP TS = 0x00000130 (i.e., the
increment is 160 * 2 = 320), the new TS_OFFSET should be
0x00000130 modulo 0xA0 = 0x90 = 144. The compressor is not
required to re-initialize TS_OFFSET at wraparound. Instead,
the decompressor MUST detect wraparound of the unscaled TS
(which is trivial) and update TS_OFFSET to
TS_OFFSET = (Wrapped around unscaled TS) modulo TS_STRIDE"
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CORRECTED TEXT:
"1. Initialization and updating of RTP TS scaling function:
The compressor sends to the decompressor the value of
TS_STRIDE along with an unscaled TS. These are both needed by
the decompressor to initialize TS_OFFSET as hdr(TS) modulo
field(TS_STRIDE). Note that TS_OFFSET is the same for any TS
as long as TS_STRIDE does not change and as long as the
unscaled TS value does not wrap around; see 4) below.
2. Compression: After initialization, the compressor no longer
compresses the unscaled TS values. Instead, it compresses the
scaled values. The compression method can be either W-LSB
encoding or timer-based encoding.
3. Decompression: When receiving a (compressed) TS_SCALED, the
field is first decompressed, and the unscaled RTP TS is then
calculated as TS = TS_SCALED * TS_STRIDE + TS_OFFSET.
4. Offset at wraparound: If the value of TS_STRIDE is not equal
to a power of two, wraparound of the unscaled 32-bit TS will
change the value of TS_OFFSET. When this happens, the
compressor SHOULD reinitialize TS_OFFSET by sending unscaled
TS, as in 1 above."
INCORRECT AND INVALIDATED RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-4.5.3):
The entire point 5, i.e. the entire text starting from "5.
Interpretation interval at wraparound ...", down to and including
the block of text that starts with "Let a be the number of LSBs"
and that ends with "...interpretation interval is b." is incorrect
and is thus invalid.
4.5. Recalculating TS_OFFSET
TS can be sent unscaled if the TS value change does not match the
established TS_STRIDE, but the TS_STRIDE might still stay unchanged.
To ensure correct decompression of subsequent packets, the
decompressor MUST therefore always recalculate TS_OFFSET (RTP TS
modulo TS_STRIDE) when a packet with an unscaled TS value is
received.
4.6. TS_STRIDE and the Tsc flag in Extension 3
The Tsc flag in Extension 3 indicates whether TS is scaled or not.
The value of the Tsc flag thus applies to all TS bits, also if there
are no TS bits in the extension itself. When TS is scaled, it is
always scaled using context(TS_STRIDE). The legend for Extension 3 in
section RFC3095-5.7.5 incorrectly states that value(TS_STRIDE) is
used for scaled TS, which is incorrect.
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If TS_STRIDE is present in Extension 3, as indicated by the Tss flag
being set, the compressed header SHOULD carry unscaled TS bits, i.e.
the Tsc flag SHOULD NOT be set when Tss is set since an unscaled TS
is needed together with TS_STRIDE to recalculate the TS_OFFSET. If
TS_STRIDE is included in a compressed header with scaled TS, the
decompressor must ignore and discard field(TS_STRIDE).
INCORRECT RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-5.7.5):
"Tsc: Tsc = 0 indicates that TS is not scaled;
Tsc = 1 indicates that TS is scaled according to section
4.5.3, using value(TS_STRIDE).
Context(Tsc) is always 1. If scaling is not desired, the
compressor will establish TS_STRIDE = 1."
CORRECTED TEXT:
"Tsc: Tsc = 0 indicates that TS is not scaled;
Tsc = 1 indicates that TS is scaled according to section
4.5.3, using context(TS_STRIDE).
Context(Tsc) is always 1. If scaling is not desired, the
compressor will establish TS_STRIDE = 1.
If field(Tsc) = 1, and if TSS = 1 (meaning that TS_STRIDE is
present in the extension), field(TS_STRIDE) MUST be ignored
and discarded."
When the compressor re-establishes a new value for TS_STRIDE using
Extension-3, it should send unscaled TS bits together with TS_STRIDE.
4.7. Using timer-based compression
Timer-based compression of the RTP timestamp, as described in section
RFC3095-4.5.4, may be used to reduce the number of transmitted
timestamp bits (bytes) needed when the timestamp can not be inferred
from the SN. Timer-based compression is only used for decompression
of compressed headers that contains a TS field, otherwise when no
timestamp bits are present the timestamp is linearly inferred from
the SN (see section 4.2 of this document).
Whether to use timer-based compression or not is controlled by the
TIME_STRIDE control field, which can be set either by an IR, an IR-
DYN, or by a compressed packet with extension 3. Before timer-based
compression can be used, the decompressor has to inform the
compressor (on a per-channel basis) about its clock resolution by
sending a CLOCK feedback option for any CID on the channel. The
compressor can then initiate timer-based compression by sending (on a
per-context basis) a non-zero TIME_STRIDE to the decompressor. When
the compressor is confident that the decompressor has received the
TIME_STRIDE value, it can switch to timer-based compression.
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5. List compression
5.1. CSRC list items in RTP dynamic chain
Section RFC3095-5.7.7.6 defines the static and dynamic parts of the
RTP header. This section indicates a 'Generic CSRC list' field in the
dynamic chain, which has a variable length (see section RFC3095-
5.8.6). This field is always at least one octet in size, even if the
list is empty (as opposed to the CSRC list in the uncompressed RTP
header, which is not present when the RTP CC field is set to 0).
5.2. Multiple occurrences of the CC field
The static and the dynamic parts of the RTP header are defined in
section RFC3095-5.7.7.6. In the dynamic part, a CC field indicates
the number of CSRC items present in the 'Generic CSRC list'. Another
CC field also appears within the 'Generic CSRC list' (section
RFC3095-5.8.6.1), because Encoding Type 0 is always used in the
dynamic chain. Both CC fields have the same meaning: the value of the
CC field determines the number of XI items in the CSRC list for
Encoding Type 0, and it is not used otherwise. Therefore, the
following applies:
FORMAL ADDITION TO RFC 3095:
"The first octet in the dynamic part of the RTP header contains a
CC field, as defined in section 5.7.7.6. A second occurrence
appears in the 'Generic CSRC list', which is also in the dynamic
part of the RTP header, where Encoding Type 0 is used according
to the format defined in RFC3095-5.8.6.1.
The compressor MUST set both occurrences of the CC field to the
same value.
The decompressor MUST use the value of the CC field from the
Encoding Type 0 within the Generic CRSC list, and it MUST thus
ignore the first occurrence of the CC field."
5.3. Bit masks in list compression
The insertion and/or removal schemes, described in sections RFC3095-
5.8.6.2 - 5.8.6.4, use bit masks to indicates insertion or removal
positions within the reference list. The size of the bit mask can be
7-bit or 15-bit.
The compressor MAY use a 7-bit mask, even if the reference list has
more than 7 items, provided that changes to the list are only applied
to items within the first 7 items of the reference list, leaving
items with an index not covered by the 7-bit mask unchanged.
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The decompressor MUST NOT modify items with an index not covered by
the 7-bit mask, when a 7-bit mask is received for a reference list
that contains more than 7 items.
5.4. Headers compressed with list compression
In section RFC3095-5.8, it is stated that headers which can be part
of extension header chains "include" AH [14], ESP NULL [13], minimal
encapsulation (MINE) [15], GRE [16][17], and IPv6 [9] extensions.
This list of headers which can be compressed is correct, but the word
"include" should not be there, since only the header types listed can
actually be handled. It should further be noted that for the Minimal
Encapsulation (MINE) header, there is no explicit discussion of how
to compress it, as the header is either sent uncompressed or fully
compressed away.
5.5. ESP NULL header list compression
Due to the offset of the fields in the trailer part of the ESP
header, a compressor MUST NOT compress packets containing more than
one NULL ESP [13] header, unless the second-outermost header is
treated as a regular ESP [12] header and the packets are compressed
using profile 0x0003.
5.6. Translation tables and indexes for IP extension headers
Section RFC3095-5.8.4 describes how list indexes are associated to
list items and how table lists are built for IP extension headers.
The text incorrectly states that one index per type is used, since
the same type can appear several times with different content in one
single chain.
In IP extension header list compression, an index is associated with
each individual extension header of an extension header chain. When
there are multiple non-identical occurrences of the same extension
type (Protocol Number) within a header chain, each MUST be given its
own index.
In the case where there are multiple identical occurrences of the
same extension type, the compressor can associate them to the same
index. When the value of an item whose index occurs more than once in
the list is updated, the compressor MUST send the value for each
occurrence of that index in the list.
When content of extension headers changes, an implementation can
choose to either use a different index, or update the existing one.
Some extensions can be compressed away even when some fields change,
as those changes can be conveyed to the decompressor implicitly (e.g.
sequence numbers in extension headers that can be inferred from the
RTP SN) or explicitly (e.g. as part of the 'IP extension header(s)'
field in extension 3).
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When there is more than one IP header, there is more than one list of
extension headers, and a translation table is maintained for each
list independently of one another.
5.7. Reference list
A list compressed using encoding type 1 (insertion), type 2 (removal)
or type 3 (removal/insertion) uses a coding scheme that is based on
the use of a reference list in the context (identified as ref_id).
While it could seem a fair choice to send a type 1 list when ref_id
is an empty list, there is no gain in doing so with respect to using
a type 0 list. Sending a type 2 list when ref_id is an empty list
would lead to a failure, while sending a type 3 list has very little
meaning. All these alternatives could be seen as possible, based on
how list compression is specified in RFC 3095.
If these alternatives were allowed, a decompressor would become
required to maintain a sliding window of ref_id lists in R-mode, even
for the case where no items are sent in the compressed list, and this
is not a desirable requirement. Using list encoding type 1, type 2,
and type 3 is therefore only allowed for non-empty reference lists.
FORMAL ADDITION TO RFC 3095:
"Regardless of the operating mode, for list encoding of type 1,
type 2, and type 3 lists, ref_id MUST refer to a non-empty list."
5.8. Compression of AH and GRE sequence numbers
Section RFC3095-5.8.4.2 and section RFC3095-5.8.4.4 describes how to
compress the Authentication Header (AH) [14] and the Generic Routing
Encapsulation (GRE) [16][17] header. Both these sections present a
possibility to omit the AH/GRE sequence number in the compressed
header, under certain circumstances. However, the specific conditions
for omitting the AH/GRE sequence number, as well as the concrete
compression and decompression procedures to apply, are not clearly
defined to guarantee robustness and facilitate interoperable
implementation.
Proper rules are provided for the ESP case, i.e.:
"Sequence Number: Not sent when the offset from the sequence
number of the compressed header is constant, when the compressor
has confidence that the decompressor has established the correct
offset. When the offset is not constant, the sequence number may
be compressed by sending LSBs"
The same logic applies to the AH/GRE sequence numbers.
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INCORRECT RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-5.8.4.2):
"If the sequence number in the AH linearly increases as the RTP
Sequence Number increases, and the compressor is confident that
the decompressor has obtained the pattern, the sequence number in
AH need not be sent. The decompressor applies linear
extrapolation to reconstruct the sequence number in the AH."
CORRECTED TEXT:
"The AH sequence number can be omitted from the compressed header
when the offset from the sequence number (SN) of the compressed
header is constant, when the compressor has confidence that
the decompressor has established the correct offset."
INCORRECT RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-5.8.4.4):
"If the sequence number in the GRE header linearly increases as
the RTP Sequence Number increases and the compressor is confident
that the decompressor has received the pattern, the sequence
number in GRE need not be sent. The decompressor applies linear
extrapolation to reconstruct the sequence number in the GRE
header."
CORRECTED TEXT:
"The GRE sequence number can be omitted from the compressed header
when the offset from the sequence number (SN) of the compressed
header is constant, when the compressor has confidence that the
decompressor has established the correct offset."
6. Updating properties
6.1. Implicit updates
A context updating packet that contains compressed sequence number
information may also carry information about other fields; in such
cases, these fields are updated according to the content of the
packet. The updating packet also implicitly updates inferred fields
(e.g. RTP timestamp) according to the current mode and the
appropriate mapping function of the updated and the inferred fields.
An updating packet thus updates the reference values of all header
fields, either explicitly or implicitly, except for the UO-1-ID
packet (see section 6.2 of this document). In UO-mode, all packets
are updating packets, while in R-mode all packets with a CRC are
updating packets.
For example, a UO-0 packet contains the compressed RTP sequence
number (SN). Such a packet also implicitly updates RTP timestamp,
IPv4 ID, and sequence numbers of IP extension headers.
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6.2. Updating properties of UO-1*
Section RFC3095-5.7.3 states that the values provided in extensions
carried by a UO-1-ID packet do not update the context, except for SN,
TS, or IP-ID fields. However, section RFC3095-5.8.1 correctly states
that the translation table in the context is updated whenever an
(Index, item) pair is received, something that is contradicted by the
statement in RFC3095-5.7.3 because the UO-1-ID packet can carry
extension 3 with (Index, item) pair items within the 'Compressed CSRC
list' field. In addition to this contradiction, the text does not
mention what to do with the other sequence numbers inferred from the
SN, which are also to be implicitly updated. The updating properties
of UO-1* as stated by section RFC3095-5.7.3 are thus incomplete.
INCOMPLETE RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-5.7.3):
"Values provided in extensions, except those in other SN, TS,
or IP-ID fields, do not update the context."
CORRECTED TEXT:
"UO-1-ID packets only updates TS, SN, IP-ID, and sequence
numbers of IP extension headers. Other values
provided in extensions do not update the context.
The decompressor MUST update its translation table whenever an
(Index, item) pair is received, as per Section RFC3095-5.8.1,
and this rule applies also to UO-1-ID packets."
6.3. Context updating properties for IR packets
IR packets do not clear the whole context, but update all fields
carried in the IR header. Similarly, an IR without a dynamic chain
simply updates the static part of the context, while the rest of the
context is left unchanged.
A consequence of this is that fields that are not updated by the IR
packet, e.g. the translation tables for list compression, MUST NOT be
invalidated by the decompressor when it assumes context damage.
6.4. RTP padding field (R-P) in extension 3
Section RFC3095-5.7.5 defines the properties of RTP header flags and
fields in extension 3. These get updated when the rtp flag of the
extension 3 is set, i.e. when rtp = 1, otherwise they are not
updated. However, it is unclear how extension 3 updates the R-P bit
in the context.
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INCOMPLETE RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-5.7.5):
"R-P: RTP Padding bit, absolute value (presumed zero if absent)."
CORRECTED TEXT:
"R-P: RTP Padding bit. If R-PT = 1, R-P is the absolute value of
the RTP padding bit and this value updates context(R-P). If
R-PT = 0, context(R-P) is updated to zero."
6.5. RTP eXtension bit (X) in dynamic part
Section RFC3095-5.7.7.6 defines the properties of the RTP header
flags and fields in the RTP part of the dynamic chain of IR and IR-
DYN packets. However, it is unclear how the X bit is updated in the
context.
INCOMPLETE RFC 3095 TEXT (section RFC3095-5.7.7.6):
"X: Copy of X bit from RTP header (presumed 0 if RX = 0)"
CORRECTED TEXT:
"X: X bit from RTP header. If RX = 1, X is the X bit from the RTP
header and this value updates context(X). If RX = 0,
context(X) is updated to zero."
7. Context management and CID/context re-use
7.1. Persistence of decompressor contexts
As part of the negotiated channel parameters, compressor and
decompressor have through the MAX_CID parameter agreed on the highest
context identification (CID) number to be used. By agreeing on
MAX_CID, the decompressor also agrees to provide memory resources to
host at least MAX_CID+1 contexts, and an established context with a
CID within this negotiated space MUST be kept by the decompressor
until either the CID gets re-used, or the channel is taken down or
re-negotiated.
7.2. CID/context re-use
As part of the channel negotiation, the maximal number of active
contexts supported is negotiated between the compressor and the
decompressor through the MAX_CID parameter. The value of MAX_CID can
differ significantly from one link application to another, as well as
the load in terms of the number of packet streams to compress. The
lifetime of a ROHC channel can also vary, from almost permanent to
rather short-lived. However, in general it is not expected that
resources will be allocated for more contexts than what can
reasonably be expected to be active concurrently over the link. As a
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consequence hereof, context identifiers (CIDs) and context memory are
resources that will have to be re-used by the compressor as part of
what can be considered normal operation.
How context resources are re-used is left unspecified in RFC 3095 [1]
and subsequent 3095-based ROHC specifications. This document does not
intends to change that, i.e. ROHC resource management is still
considered an implementation detail. However, re-using a CID and its
allocated memory is not always as simple as initiating a context with
a previously unused CID. Because some profiles can be operating in
various modes where packet formats vary depending on current mode,
care has to be taken to ensure that the old context data will be
completely and safely overwritten, eliminating the risk of undesired
side effects from interactions between old and new context data. This
document therefore points out some important core aspects to consider
when implementing resource management in ROHC compressors and
decompressors.
On a high level, CID/context re-use can be of two kinds, either re-
use for a new context based on the same profile as the old context,
or for a new context based on a different profile. These cases, are
discussed separately in the following two subsections.
7.2.1. Re-using a CID/context with the same profile
For multi-mode profiles, such as those defined in RFC 3095 [1], mode
transitions are performed using a decompressor-initiated handshake
procedure, as defined in section RFC3095-5.6. When a CID/context is
re-used for a new context based on the same profile as the old
context, the current mode of operation SHOULD be inherited from the
old to the new context. Specifically, the compressor SHOULD continue
to operate using the mode of operation of the old context also with
the new context. The reason for this is that there is no reliable way
for the compressor to inform the decompressor that a CID/context re-
use is happening. The decompressor can thus not be expected to clear
the context memory for the CID (see section 6.3), and there is no way
to trigger a safe mode switching (which requires the decompressor-
initiated handshake procedure).
The rule of mode inheritance applies also when the
CONTEXT_REINITIALIZATION signal (section RFC3095-6.3.1) is used to
reinitiate an entire context.
7.2.2. Re-using a CID/context with a different profile
When a CID is re-used for a new context based on a different profile
than the old context, both the compressor and the decompressor MUST
start operation with that context in the initial mode of the profile
(if it is a multi-mode profile). This applies both to IR-initiated
new contexts and profile downgrades with IR-DYN (e.g. the profile
0x0001 -> profile 0x0002 downgrade in section RFC3095-5.11.1).
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Type 0 and type 1 packets have different formats in U/O- and R-mode,
and these R-mode packets have no CRC. When initiating a new context
on a re-used R-mode CID, there is a risk that the decompressor will
misinterpret compressed packets, if the initiating IR packets are
lost.
A CID for a context currently operating in R-mode SHOULD therefore
not be re-used for a new context based on a different profile than
the old context. A compressor doing otherwise should minimize the
risk for misinterpretation of R-0/R-1 by e.g. not using packets of
types beginning with 00 or 10 before it is highly confident that the
new context has successfully been initiated at the decompressor.
8. Other protocol clarifications
8.1. Meaning of NBO
In IPv4 dynamic part (section RFC3095-5.7.7.4), if the 'NBO' bit is
set, it means that network byte order is used.
8.2. IP-ID
According to section RFC3095-5.7, IP-ID means the compressed value of
the IPv4 header's 'Identification' field. Compressed packets contain
this compressed value (IP-ID), while IR packets with dynamic chain
and IR-DYN packets transmit the original, uncompressed Identification
field value. The IP-ID field always represents the Identification
value of the innermost IPv4 header whose corresponding RND flag is
not 1.
If RND or RND2 is set to 1, the corresponding IP-ID(s) is(are) sent
as 16-bit uncompressed Identification value(s) at the end of the
compressed base header, according to the IP-ID description (see the
beginning of section RFC3095-5.7). When there is no compressed IP-ID,
i.e. for IPv6 or when all IP Identification information is sent as-is
(as indicated by RND/RND2 being set to 1), the decompressor ignores
IP-ID bits sent within compressed base headers.
When RND=RND2=0, IP-ID is compressed, i.e. expressed as an SN offset
and byte-swapped if NBO=0. This is the case also when 16 bits of IP-
ID is sent in extension 3.
When RND=0 but no IP-ID bits are sent in the compressed header, the
SN offset for IP-ID stays unchanged, meaning that Offset_m equals
Offset_ref, as described in Section 4.5.5. This is further expressed
in a slightly different way (with the same meaning) in Section 5.7,
where it is said that "default-slope(IP-ID offset) = 0", meaning that
if no bits are sent for IP-ID, its SN offset slope defaults to 0.
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8.3. Extension-3 in UOR-2* packets
Some flags of the IP header in the extension (e.g. NBO or RND) may
change the interpretation of fields in UOR-2* packets. In such cases,
when a flag changes in Extension-3, a decompressor MUST re-parse the
UOR-2* packet.
8.4. Multiple occurrences of the M bit
The RTP header part of Extension 3, as defined by section RFC3095-
5.7.5, includes a one-bit field for the RTP Marker bit. This field is
also present in all compressed base header formats except for UO-1-
ID, meaning there may be two occurrences of the field within one
single compressed header. In such cases, the two M fields must have
the same value.
FORMAL ADDITION TO RFC 3095:
"When there are two occurrences of the M field in a compressed
header (both in the compressed base header and in the RTP part of
Extension 3), the compressor MUST set both these occurrences of
the M field to the same value.
At the decompressor, if the two M field values of such a packet
are not identical, the packet MUST be discarded."
8.5. Multiple SN options in one feedback packet
The length of the sequence number field in the original ESP [12]
header is 32 bits. The format of the SN feedback option (section
RFC3095-5.7.6.6) allows for 8 additional SN bits to the 12 SN bits of
the FEEDBACK-2 format (section RFC3095-5.7.6.1). One single SN
feedback option is thus not enough for the decompressor to send back
all the 32 bits of the ESP sequence number in a feedback packet,
unless it uses multiple SN options in one feedback packet. Section
RFC3095-5.7.6.1 declares that a FEEDABCK-2 packet can contain
variable number of feedback options and the options can appear in any
order.
When processing multiple SN options in one feedback packet, the SN
would be given by concatenating the fields.
8.6. Multiple CRC options in one feedback packet
Although it is not useful to have more than one single CRC option in
a feedback packet, having multiple CRC options is still allowed. If
multiple CRC options are included, all such CRC options MUST be
identical, as they will be calculated over the same header, the
compressor MUST otherwise discard the feedback packet.
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8.7. Responding to lost feedback links
Although this is neither desirable or expected, it may happen that a
link used to carry feedback between two associated instances becomes
unavailable. If the compressor can be notified of such event, the
compressor SHOULD restart compression for each flow that is operating
in R-mode. When restarting compression, the compressor SHOULD use a
different CID for each flow being restarted; this is useful to avoid
that packet types for which both U/O-mode and R-mode share the same
type identifier gets misinterpreted when restarting the flow in U-
mode (see also section 7.2).
Generally, feedback links are not expected to disappear when once
present, but it should be noted that this might be the case for
certain link technologies.
8.8. UOR-2 in profile 0x0002 (UDP) and profile 0x0003 (ESP)
One single new format is defined for UOR-2 in profile 0x0002 and
profile 0x0003, which replaces all three (UOR-2, UOR-2-ID, UOR-2-TS)
formats from profile 0x0001. The same UOR-2 format is thus used
independent of whether there are IP headers with a corresponding
RND=1 or not. This also applies to the IP profile [4] and the IP/UDP-
Lite profile [5].
8.9. Sequence number LSB's in IP extension headers
In section RFC3095-5.8.5, formats are defined for compression of IP
extension header fields. These include compressed sequence number
fields, and these fields contain "LSB of sequence number". These
sequence numbers are not "LSB-encoded" as e.g. the RTP sequence
number, but are the LSB's of the uncompressed fields.
8.10. Expecting UOR-2 ACKs in O-mode
Usage of UOR-2 ACKs in O-mode, as discussed in section RFC3095-
5.4.1.1.2, is optional. A decompressor can also send ACKs for
purposes other than to acknowledge the UOR-2, without having to
continue sending ACKs for all UOR-2. Similarly, a compressor
implementation can ignore UOR-2 ACKs for the purpose of adapting the
optimistic approach strategies.
It is thus NOT RECOMMENDED to use of the optional ACK mechanism in
O-mode, neither in compressor nor in decompressor implementations.
Using an incorrect expectation on UOR-2 ACKs as a basis for
compressor behavior will significantly degrade the compression
performance. This is because UOR-2 ACKs can be sent from a
decompressor for other purposes than to acknowledge the UOR-2 packet,
e.g. to send feedback such as clock resolution, or to initiate a mode
transition. If an implementation does use the optional acknowledgment
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algorithm described in Section 5.4.1.1.2, it must make sure to set
the k_3 and n_3 parameters to much larger values than one to ensure
that the compressor performance is not degraded due to the problem
described above.
8.11. Context repairs, TS_STRIDE and TIME_STRIDE
The 7-bit CRC used to verify the outcome of the decompression attempt
covers the original uncompressed header. The CRC verification thus
excludes TS_STRIDE and TIME_STRIDE, as these fields are not part of
the original uncompressed header.
The UOR-2 packet type can be used to update the value of the
TS_STRIDE and/or the TIME_STRIDE, with the extension 3. However,
these fields are not used for decompression of the RTP TS field for
this packet type and their respective value is thus not verified,
either implicitly or explicitly.
When the compressor receives a negative acknowledgement, it can thus
not determine if the failure may be caused by an unsuccessful update
to the TS_STRIDE and/or the TIME_STRIDE field(s), for which a
previous header that last attempted to update their value had
previously been acknowledged.
FORMAL ADDITION TO RFC 3095:
"When the compressor receives a NACK and uses the UOR-2 header
type to repair the decompressor context, it SHOULD include fields
that update the value of both the TS_STRIDE and the TIME_STRIDE
whose value it has updated at least once since the establishment
of that context, i.e. since the CID was first associated with its
current profile.
When the compressor receives a static-NACK, it MUST include in
the IR header fields for both the TS_STRIDE and the TIME_STRIDE
whose value it has updated at least once since the establishment
of that context, i.e. since the CID was first associated with its
current profile."
9. ROHC negotiation
Section RFC3095-4.1 states that the link layer must provide means to
negotiate e.g. the channel parameters listed in section RFC3095-
5.1.1. One of these parameters is the PROFILES parameter, which is a
set of non-negative integers where each integer indicates a profile
supported by the decompressor.
Each profile is identified by a 16-bit value, where the 8 LSB bits
indicate the actual profile, and the 8 MSB bits indicate the variant
of that profile (see chapter RFC3095-8). In the ROHC headers sent
over the link, the profile used is identified only with the 8 LSB
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bits, which means that the compressor and decompressor must have
agreed on which variant to use for each profile.
The negotiation protocol must thus be able to communicate to the
compressor the set of profiles supported by the decompressor, and
when multiple variants of the same profile are available, also
provide means for the decompressor to know which variant will be used
by the compressor. This basically means that the PROFILES set after
negotiation MUST NOT include more than one variant of a profile.
10. PROFILES suboption in ROHC-over-PPP
The logical union of suboptions for IPCP and IPV6CP negotiations, as
specified by ROHC over PPP [2], can not be used for the PROFILES
suboption, as the whole union would then have to be considered within
each of the two IPCP negotiations, to avoid getting an ambiguous
profile set. An implementation of RFC 3241 MUST therefore ensure the
same profile set is negotiated for both IPv4 and IPv6 (IPCP/IPV6CP).
11. Constant IP-ID encoding in IP-only and UPD-Lite profiles
In the ROHC IP-only profile, section 3.3 of RFC 3843 [4], a mechanism
for encoding of a constant Identification value in IPv4 (constant IP-
ID) is defined. This mechanism is also used by the ROHC UDP-Lite
profiles, RFC 4019 [5].
The "Constant IP-ID" mechanism applies to both the inner and the
outer IP header, when present, meaning that there will be both a SID
and a SID2 context value.
12. Security considerations
This document provides a number of corrections and clarifications to
[1], but it does not make any changes with regards to the security
aspects of the protocol. As a consequence, the security
considerations of [1] apply without additions.
13. IANA considerations
This document does not require any IANA actions.
14. Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Vicknesan Ayadurai, Carsten Bormann,
Mikael Degermark, Zhigang Liu, Abigail Surtees, Mark West, Tommy
Lundemo, Alan Kennington, Remi Pelland, Lajos Zaccomer, Endre Szalai,
Mark Kalmanczhelyi, and Arpad Szakacs for their contributions and
comments. Thanks also to the committed document reviewers, Carl
Knutsson and Biplab Sarkar, who reviewed the document during working
group last-call.
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15. References
15.1. Normative References
[1] C. Bormann, et al., "RObust Header Compression (ROHC): Framework
and four profiles: RTP, UDP, ESP, and uncompressed",
RFC 3095, July 2001.
[2] C. Bormann, "Robust Header Compression (ROHC) over PPP",
RFC 3241, April 2002.
[3] W. Simpson, "PPP in HDLC-like Framing", RFC 1662, July 1994.
[4] L-E. Jonsson & G. Pelletier, "RObust Header Compression (ROHC):
A Compression Profile for IP", RFC 3843, June 2004.
[5] G. Pelletier, "RObust Header Compression (ROHC): Profiles for
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Lite", RFC 4019, April 2005.
[6] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
15.2. Informative References
[7] L-E. Jonsson, G. Pelletier & K. Sandlund, "RObust Header
Compression (ROHC): A Link-Layer Assisted Profile for
IP/UDP/RTP", RFC 4362, June 2004.
[8] J. Postel, "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, September 1981.
[9] S. Deering & R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)
Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[10] J. Postel, "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, August
1980.
[11] H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick & V. Jacobson, "RTP: A
Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 1889,
January 1996.
[12] S. Kent & R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security Payload", RFC
2406, November 1998.
[13] R. Glenn & S. Kent, "The NULL Encryption Algorithm and Its Use
With IPsec", RFC 2410, November 1998.
[14] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Authentication Header", RFC 2402,
November 1998.
[15] Perkins, C., "Minimal Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2004,
October 1996.
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[16] D. Farinacci, T. Li, S. Hanks, D. Meyer & P. Traina, "Generic
Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784, March 2000.
[17] G. Dommety, "Key and Sequence Number Extensions to GRE", RFC
2890, August 2000.
16. Authors' Addresses
Lars-Erik Jonsson
Ericsson AB
Box 920
SE-971 28 Lulea, Sweden
Phone: +46 8 404 29 61
EMail: lars-erik.jonsson@ericsson.com
Kristofer Sandlund
Ericsson AB
Box 920
SE-971 28 Lulea, Sweden
Phone: +46 8 404 41 58
EMail: kristofer.sandlund@ericsson.com
Ghyslain Pelletier
Ericsson AB
Box 920
SE-971 28 Lulea, Sweden
Phone: +46 8 404 29 43
EMail: ghyslain.pelletier@ericsson.com
Peter Kremer
Conformance and Software Test Laboratory
Ericsson Hungary
H-1300 Bp. 3., P.O. Box 107, HUNGARY
Phone: +36 1 437 7033
EMail: peter.kremer@ericsson.com
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Appendix A - Sample CRC algorithm
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
#=================================
#
# ROHC CRC demo - Carsten Bormann cabo@tzi.org 2001-08-02
#
# This little demo shows the four types of CRC in use in RFC 3095,
# the specification for robust header compression. Type your data in
# hexadecimal form and then press Control+D.
#
#---------------------------------
#
# utility
#
sub dump_bytes($) {
my $x = shift;
my $i;
for ($i = 0; $i < length($x); ) {
printf("%02x ", ord(substr($x, $i, 1)));
printf("\n") if (++$i % 16 == 0);
}
printf("\n") if ($i % 16 != 0);
}
#---------------------------------
#
# The CRC calculation algorithm.
#
sub do_crc($$$) {
my $nbits = shift;
my $poly = shift;
my $string = shift;
my $crc = ($nbits == 32 ? 0xffffffff : (1 << $nbits) - 1);
for (my $i = 0; $i < length($string); ++$i) {
my $byte = ord(substr($string, $i, 1));
for( my $b = 0; $b < 8; $b++ ) {
if (($crc & 1) ^ ($byte & 1)) {
$crc >>= 1;
$crc ^= $poly;
} else {
$crc >>= 1;
}
$byte >>= 1;
}
}
printf "%2d bits, ", $nbits;
printf "CRC: %02x\n", $crc;
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}
#---------------------------------
#
# Test harness
#
$/ = undef;
$_ = <>; # read until EOF
my $string = ""; # extract all that looks hex:
s/([0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F])/$string .= chr(hex($1)), ""/eg;
dump_bytes($string);
#---------------------------------
#
# 32-bit segmentation CRC
# Note that the text implies this is complemented like for PPP
# (this differs from 8, 7, and 3-bit CRC)
#
# C(x) = x^0 + x^1 + x^2 + x^4 + x^5 + x^7 + x^8 + x^10 +
# x^11 + x^12 + x^16 + x^22 + x^23 + x^26 + x^32
#
do_crc(32, 0xedb88320, $string);
#---------------------------------
#
# 8-bit IR/IR-DYN CRC
#
# C(x) = x^0 + x^1 + x^2 + x^8
#
do_crc(8, 0xe0, $string);
#---------------------------------
#
# 7-bit FO/SO CRC
#
# C(x) = x^0 + x^1 + x^2 + x^3 + x^6 + x^7
#
do_crc(7, 0x79, $string);
#---------------------------------
#
# 3-bit FO/SO CRC
#
# C(x) = x^0 + x^1 + x^3
#
do_crc(3, 0x6, $string);
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Jonsson, et al. [Page 30]