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A Mechanism to Measure the Routing Metrics along a Point-to-point Route in a Low Power and Lossy Network
draft-ietf-roll-p2p-measurement-07

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 6998.
Authors Mukul Goyal , Emmanuel Baccelli , Anders Brandt , Jerry Martocci
Last updated 2013-01-21 (Latest revision 2012-12-23)
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Send notices to roll-chairs@tools.ietf.org, draft-ietf-roll-p2p-measurement@tools.ietf.org
draft-ietf-roll-p2p-measurement-07
Internet Engineering Task Force                            M. Goyal, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                   University of Wisconsin
Intended status: Experimental                                  Milwaukee
Expires: June 27, 2013                                       E. Baccelli
                                                                   INRIA
                                                               A. Brandt
                                                           Sigma Designs
                                                             J. Martocci
                                                        Johnson Controls
                                                       December 24, 2012

A Mechanism to Measure the Routing Metrics along a Point-to-point Route
                    in a Low Power and Lossy Network
                   draft-ietf-roll-p2p-measurement-07

Abstract

   This document specifies a mechanism that enables an RPL router to
   measure the aggregated values of given routing metrics along an
   existing route towards another RPL router in a low power and lossy
   network, thereby allowing the router to decide if it wants to
   initiate the discovery of a better route.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 27, 2013.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents

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   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  The Measurement Object (MO)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.1.  Format of the base MO  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.2.  Secure MO  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   4.  Originating a Measurement Request  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.1.  When Measuring A Hop-by-hop Route with a Global
           RPLInstanceID  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.2.  When Measuring A Hop-by-hop Route with a Local
           RPLInstanceID With Route Accumulation Off  . . . . . . . . 12
     4.3.  When Measuring A Hop-by-hop Route with a Local
           RPLInstanceID With Route Accumulation On . . . . . . . . . 13
     4.4.  When Measuring A Source Route  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   5.  Processing a Measurement Request at an Intermediate Point  . . 15
     5.1.  When Measuring A Hop-by-hop Route with a Global
           RPLInstanceID  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     5.2.  When Measuring A Hop-by-hop Route with a Local
           RPLInstanceID With Route Accumulation Off  . . . . . . . . 17
     5.3.  When Measuring A Hop-by-hop Route with a Local
           RPLInstanceID With Route Accumulation On . . . . . . . . . 18
     5.4.  When Measuring A Source Route  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     5.5.  Final Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   6.  Processing a Measurement Request at the End Point  . . . . . . 20
     6.1.  Generating the Measurement Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   7.  Processing a Measurement Reply at the Start Point  . . . . . . 21
   8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   9.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   10. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

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1.  Introduction

   Point to point (P2P) communication between arbitrary routers in a Low
   power and Lossy Network (LLN) is a key requirement for many
   applications [RFC5826][RFC5867].  The IPv6 Routing Protocol for LLNs
   (RPL) [RFC6550] constrains the LLN topology to a Directed Acyclic
   Graph (DAG) built to optimize the routing costs to reach the DAG's
   root.  The P2P routing functionality, available under RPL, has the
   following key limitations:

   o  The P2P routes are restricted to use the DAG links only.  Such P2P
      routes may potentially be suboptimal and may lead to traffic
      congestion near the DAG root.

   o  RPL is a proactive routing protocol and hence requires all P2P
      routes to be established ahead of the time they are used.  Many
      LLN applications require the ability to establish P2P routes "on
      demand".

   To ameliorate situations, where the core RPL's P2P routing
   functionality does not meet the application requirements,
   [I-D.ietf-roll-p2p-rpl] describes P2P-RPL, an extension to core RPL.
   P2P-RPL provides a reactive mechanism to discover P2P routes that
   meet the specified routing constraints [RFC6551].  In some cases, the
   application requirements or the LLN's topological features allow a
   router to infer these routing constraints implicitly.  For example,
   the application may require the end-to-end loss rate and/or latency
   along the route to be below certain thresholds or the LLN topology
   may be such that a router can safely assume its destination to be
   less than a certain number of hops away from itself.

   When the existing routes are deemed unsatisfactory but the router
   does not implicitly know the routing constraints to be used in P2P-
   RPL route discovery, it may be necessary for the router to measure
   the aggregated values of the routing metrics along the existing
   route.  This knowledge will allow the router to frame reasonable
   routing constraints to discover a better route using P2P-RPL.  For
   example, if the router determines the aggregate ETX [RFC6551] along
   an existing route to be "x", it can use "ETX < x*y", where y is a
   certain fraction, as the routing constraint for use in P2P-RPL route
   discovery.  Note that it is important that the routing constraints
   are not overly strict; otherwise the P2P-RPL route discovery may fail
   even though a route, much better than the one currently being used,
   exists.

   This document specifies a mechanism that enables an RPL router to
   measure the aggregated values of the routing metrics along an
   existing route to another RPL router in an LLN, thereby allowing the

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   router to decide if it wants to discover a better route using P2P-RPL
   and determine the routing constraints to be used for this purpose.
   Thus, the utility of this mechanism is dependent on the existence of
   P2P-RPL, which is targeting publication as an Experimental RFC.  It
   makes sense, therefore, for this document also to target publication
   as an Experimental RFC.  As more operational experience is gained
   using P2P-RPL, it is hoped that the mechanism described in this
   document will also be used, and feedback will be provided to the ROLL
   working group on the utility and benefits of this document.

1.1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   [RFC2119].

   This document uses terminology from [RFC6550] and
   [I-D.ietf-roll-p2p-rpl].  Additionally, this document defines the
   following terms.

   Start Point: The Start Point refers to the RPL router that initiates
   the measurement process defined in this document and is the start
   point of the P2P route being measured.

   End Point: The End Point refers to the RPL router at the end point of
   the P2P route being measured.

   Intermediate Point: An RPL router, other than the Start Point and the
   End Point, on the P2P route being measured.

   The following terms, already defined in [I-D.ietf-roll-p2p-rpl], have
   been redefined in this document in the following manner.

   Forward direction: The direction from the Start Point to the End
   Point.

   Backward direction: The direction from the End Point to the Start
   Point.

2.  Overview

   The mechanism described in this document can be used by a Start Point
   in an LLN to measure the aggregated values of selected routing
   metrics along a P2P route to an End Point within the LLN.  The route
   is measured in the Forward direction.  Such a route could be a Source
   Route [I-D.ietf-roll-p2p-rpl] or a Hop-by-hop Route

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   [I-D.ietf-roll-p2p-rpl] established using RPL [RFC6550] or P2P-RPL
   [I-D.ietf-roll-p2p-rpl].  Such a route could also be a "mixed" route
   with the initial part consisting of hop-by-hop ascent to the root of
   a non-storing DAG [RFC6550] and the final part consisting of a
   source-routed descent to the End Point.  The Start Point decides what
   metrics to measure and sends a Measurement Request message, carrying
   the desired routing metric objects, along the route.  On receiving a
   Measurement Request, an Intermediate Point updates the routing metric
   values inside the message and forwards it to the next hop on the
   route.  Thus, the Measurement Request accumulates the values of the
   routing metrics for the complete route as it travels towards the End
   Point.  The Measurement Request may also accumulate a Source Route
   that the End Point may use to reach the Start Point.  Upon receiving
   the Measurement Request, the End Point unicasts a Measurement Reply
   message, carrying the accumulated values of the routing metrics, back
   to the Start Point.  Optionally, the Start Point may allow an
   Intermediate Point to generate the Measurement Reply if the
   Intermediate Point already knows the relevant routing metric values
   along rest of the route.

3.  The Measurement Object (MO)

   This document defines two new RPL Control Message types, the
   Measurement Object (MO), with code TBD1, and the Secure MO, with code
   TBD2.  An MO serves as both Measurement Request and Measurement
   Reply.

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3.1.  Format of the base MO

       0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | RPLInstanceID | Compr |T|H|A|R|B|I| SequenceNo|  Num  | Index |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                       Start Point Address                     |
       |                                                               |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                       End Point Address                       |
       |                                                               |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       .                       Address[1..Num]                         .
       .                                                               .
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       .                   Metric Container Option(s)                  .
       .                                                               .
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

           Figure 1: Format of the base Measurement Object (MO)

   The format of a base MO is shown in Figure 1.  A base MO consists of
   the following fields:

   o  RPLInstanceID: This field specifies the RPLInstanceID of the Hop-
      by-hop Route along which the Measurement Request travels (or
      traveled initially until it switched over to a Source Route).

   o  Compr: In many LLN deployments, IPv6 addresses share a well known,
      common prefix.  In such cases, the common prefix can be elided
      when specifying IPv6 addresses in the Start Point/End Point
      Address fields and the Address vector.  The "Compr" field, a 4-bit
      unsigned integer, is set by the Start Point to specify the number
      of prefix octets that are elided from the IPv6 addresses in Start
      Point/End Point Address fields and the Address vector.  The Start
      Point will set the Compr value to zero if full IPv6 addresses are
      to be carried in the Start Point Address/End Point Address fields
      and the Address vector.

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   o  Type (T): This flag is set to one if the MO represents a
      Measurement Request.  The flag is set to zero if the MO is a
      Measurement Reply.

   o  Hop-by-hop (H): The Start Point MUST set this flag to one if (at
      least the initial part of) the route being measured is hop-by-hop.
      In that case, the Hop-by-hop Route is identified by the
      RPLInstanceID, the End Point Address and, if the RPLInstanceID is
      a local value, the Start Point Address (required to be same as the
      DODAGID of the route being measured) fields inside the Measurement
      Request.  The Start Point MUST set this flag to zero if the route
      being measured is a Source Route specified in the Address vector.
      An Intermediate Point MUST set the H flag in an outgoing
      Measurement Request to the same value that it had in the
      corresponding incoming Measurement Request unless it is the root
      of the non-storing global DAG, identified by the RPLInstanceID,
      along which the Measurement Request had been traveling so far and
      the Intermediate Point intends to insert a Source Route inside the
      Address vector to direct it towards the End Point.  In that case,
      the Intermediate Point MUST set the H flag to zero.

   o  Accumulate Route (A): A value 1 in this flag indicates that the
      Measurement Request is accumulating a Source Route for use by the
      End Point to send the Measurement Reply back to the Start Point.
      Route accumulation is allowed (i.e., this flag MAY be set to one)
      inside a Measurement Request only if it travels along a Hop-by-hop
      Route represented by a local RPLInstanceID (i.e., H = 1,
      RPLInstanceID has a local value).  In this case, an Intermediate
      Point adds its unicast IPv6 address (after eliding Compr number of
      prefix octets) to the Address vector in the manner specified in
      Section 5.3.  In other cases, this flag MUST be set to zero on
      transmission and ignored on reception.  Route accumulation is not
      allowed when the Measurement Request travels along a Hop-by-hop
      Route with a global RPLInstanceID, i.e., along a global DAG,
      because:

      *  The DAG's root may need the Address vector to insert a Source
         Route to the End Point; and

      *  The End Point can presumably reach the Start Point along this
         global DAG (identified by the RPLInstanceID field).

   o  Reverse (R): A value 1 in this flag inside a Measurement Request
      indicates that the Address vector contains a complete Source Route
      from the Start Point to the End Point, which can be used, after
      reversal, by the End Point to send the Measurement Reply back to
      the Start Point.  This flag MAY be set to one inside a Measurement
      Request only if a Source Route, from the Start Point to the End

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      Point, is being measured.  Otherwise, this flag MUST be set to
      zero on transmission and ignored on reception.

   o  Back Request (B): A value 1 in this flag serves as a request to
      the End Point to send a Measurement Request towards the Start
      Point.  On receiving a Measurement Request with the B flag set to
      one, the End Point SHOULD generate a Measurement Request to
      measure the cost of its current (or the most preferred) route to
      the Start Point.  Receipt of this Measurement Request would allow
      the Start Point to know the cost of the back route from the End
      Point to itself and thus determine the round-trip cost of reaching
      the End Point.

   o  Intermediate Reply (I): A value 1 in this flag serves as a
      permission to an Intermediate Point to generate a Measurement
      Reply if it knows the aggregated values of the routing metrics
      being measured for the rest of the route.  Setting this flag to
      one may be useful in scenarios where the Hop Count [RFC6551] is
      the routing metric of interest and an Intermediate Point (e.g. the
      root of a non-storing global DAG or a common ancestor of the Start
      Point and the End Point in a storing global DAG) may know the Hop
      Count of the remainder of the route to the End Point.  This flag
      MAY be set to one only if a Hop-by-hop Route with a global
      RPLInstanceID is being measured (i.e., H = 1, RPLInstanceID has a
      global value).  Otherwise, this flag MUST be set to zero on
      transmission and ignored on reception.

   o  SequenceNo: A 6-bit sequence number, assigned by the Start Point,
      that allows the Start Point to uniquely identify a Measurement
      Request and the corresponding Measurement Reply.

   o  Num: This field indicates the number of elements, each (16 -
      Compr) octets in size, inside the Address vector.  If the value of
      this field is zero, the Address vector is not present in the MO.

   o  Index: If the Measurement Request is traveling along a Source
      Route contained in the Address vector (i.e., H = 0), this field
      indicates the index in the Address vector of the next hop on the
      route.  If the Measurement Request is traveling along a Hop-by-hop
      Route with a local RPLInstanceID and the Route Accumulation is on
      (i.e., H = 1, RPLInstanceID has a local value, A = 1), this field
      indicates the index in the Address vector where an Intermediate
      Point receiving the Measurement Request must store its IPv6
      address.  Otherwise, this field MUST be set to zero on
      transmission and ignored on reception.

   o  Start Point Address: A unicast IPv6 address of the Start Point
      after eliding Compr number of prefix octets.  If the Measurement

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      Request is traveling along a Hop-by-hop Route and the
      RPLInstanceID field indicates a local value, the Start Point
      Address field MUST specify the DODAGID value that, along with the
      RPLInstanceID and the End Point Address, uniquely identifies the
      Hop-by-hop Route being measured.

   o  End Point Address: A unicast IPv6 address of the End Point after
      eliding Compr number of prefix octets.

   o  Address[0..Num-1]: A vector of unicast IPv6 addresses (with Compr
      number of prefix octets elided) representing a Source Route:

      *  Each element in the vector has size (16 - Compr) octets.

      *  The total number of elements inside the Address vector is given
         by the Num field.

      *  When the Measurement Request is traveling along a Hop-by-hop
         Route with local RPLInstanceID and has the A flag set to one
         (i.e., H = 1, RPLInstanceID has a local value, A = 1), the
         Address vector is used to accumulate a Source Route that can be
         used by the End Point, after reversal, to send the Measurement
         Reply back to the Start Point.  The route MUST be accumulated
         in the Forward direction but the IPv6 addresses in the
         accumulated route MUST be reachable in the Backward direction.
         An Intermediate Point adding its address to the Address vector
         MUST ensure that a routing loop involving this router does not
         exist in the accumulated route.

      *  When the Measurement Request is traveling along a Source Route
         (i.e., H = 0), the Address vector MUST contain a complete route
         to the End Point and the IPv6 addresses in the Address vector
         MUST be reachable in the Forward direction.  A router (the
         Start Point or an Intermediate Point) inserting an Address
         vector inside a Measurement Request MUST ensure that no address
         appears more than once inside the vector.  Each router on the
         way MUST ensure that a routing loop involving this router does
         not exist within the Source Route.  The Start Point MAY set the
         R flag in the Measurement Request if the route in the Address
         vector represents a complete route from the Start Point to the
         End Point and this route can be used by the End Point, after
         reversal, to send the Measurement Reply message back to the
         Start Point (i.e., the IPv6 addresses in the Address vector are
         reachable in the Backward direction).

      *  The Start Point and End Point addresses MUST NOT be included in
         the Address vector.

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      *  The Address vector MUST NOT contain any multicast addresses.

   o  Metric Container Options: A Measurement Request MUST contain one
      or more Metric Container options [RFC6550] to accumulate the
      values of the selected routing metrics in the manner described in
      [RFC6551] for the route being measured.

   Section 4 describes how does a Start Point set various fields inside
   a Measurement Request in different cases.  Section 5 describes how
   does an Intermediate Point process a received Measurement Request
   before forwarding it further.  Section 6 describes how does the End
   Point process a received Measurement Request and generate a
   Measurement Reply.  Finally, Section 7 describes how does the Start
   Point process a received Measurement Reply.

3.2.  Secure MO

   A Secure MO follows the format in Figure 7 of [RFC6550], where the
   base format is the base MO shown in Figure 1.

4.  Originating a Measurement Request

   A Start Point sets various fields inside the Measurement Request it
   generates in the manner described below.  The Start Point MUST also
   include the routing metric objects [RFC6551] of interest inside one
   or more Metric Container options inside the Measurement Request.  The
   Start Point then determines the next hop on the route being measured.
   If a Hop-by-hop route is being measured (i.e., H = 1), the next hop
   is determined using the RPLInstanceID, the End Point Address and, if
   RPLInstanceID is a local value, the Start Point Address fields in the
   Measurement Request.  If a Source Route is being measured (i.e., H =
   0), the Address[0] element inside the Measurement Request contains
   the next hop address.  The Start Point MUST discard the Measurement
   Request if:

   o  the next hop address is not a unicast address; or

   o  the next hop is not on-link; or

   o  the next hop is not in the same RPL routing domain as the Start
      Point.

   Otherwise, depending on the routing metrics, the Start Point must
   initiate the routing metric objects inside the Metric Container
   options by including the routing metric values for the first hop on
   the route being measured.  Finally, the Start Point MUST unicast the
   Measurement Request to the next hop on the route being measured.

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4.1.  When Measuring A Hop-by-hop Route with a Global RPLInstanceID

   If a Hop-by-hop Route with a global RPLInstanceID is being measured
   (i.e., H = 1, RPLInstanceID has a global value), the MO MUST NOT
   contain an Address vector and various MO fields MUST be set in the
   following manner:

   o  RPLInstanceID: MUST be set to the RPLInstanceID of the route being
      measured.

   o  Compr: MUST be set to specify the number of prefix octets that are
      elided from the IPv6 addresses in Start Point/End Point Address
      fields.

   o  Type (T): MUST be set to one since the MO represents a Measurement
      Request.

   o  Hop-by-hop (H): MUST be set to one.

   o  Accumulate Route (A): This flag MUST be set to zero.

   o  Reverse (R): This flag MUST be set to zero.

   o  Back Request (B): This flag MAY be set to one to request the End
      Point to send a Measurement Request to the Start Point.

   o  Intermediate Reply (I): This flag MAY be set to one if the Start
      Point expects an Intermediate Point to know the values of the
      routing metrics being measured for the remainder of the route.

   o  SequenceNo: Assigned by the Start Point so that it can uniquely
      identify the Measurement Request and the corresponding Measurement
      Reply.

   o  Num: This field MUST be set to zero.

   o  Index: This field MUST be set to zero.

   o  Start Point Address: MUST be set to a unicast IPv6 address of the
      Start Point after eliding Compr number of prefix octets.

   o  End Point Address: MUST be set to a unicast IPv6 address of the
      End Point after eliding Compr number of prefix octets.

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4.2.  When Measuring A Hop-by-hop Route with a Local RPLInstanceID With
      Route Accumulation Off

   If a Hop-by-hop Route with a local RPLInstanceID is being measured
   and the Start Point does not want the MO to accumulate a Source Route
   for the End Point's use, the MO MUST NOT contain the Address vector
   and various MO fields MUST be set in the following manner:

   o  RPLInstanceID: MUST be set to the RPLInstanceID of the route being
      measured.

   o  Compr: MUST be set to specify the number of prefix octets that are
      elided from the IPv6 addresses in Start Point/End Point Address
      fields.

   o  Type (T): MUST be set to one since the MO represents a Measurement
      Request.

   o  Hop-by-hop (H): MUST be set to one.

   o  Accumulate Route (A): This flag MUST be set to zero.

   o  Reverse (R): This flag MUST be set to zero.

   o  Back Request (B): This flag MAY be set to one to request the End
      Point to send a Measurement Request to the Start Point.

   o  Intermediate Reply (I): This flag MUST be set to zero.

   o  SequenceNo: Assigned by the Start Point so that it can uniquely
      identify the Measurement Request and the corresponding Measurement
      Reply.

   o  Num: This field MUST be set to zero.

   o  Index: This field MUST be set to zero.

   o  Start Point Address: This field MUST contain the DODAGID value
      (after eliding Compr number of prefix octets) associated with the
      route being measured.

   o  End Point Address: MUST be set to a unicast IPv6 address of the
      End Point after eliding Compr number of prefix octets.

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4.3.  When Measuring A Hop-by-hop Route with a Local RPLInstanceID With
      Route Accumulation On

   If a Hop-by-hop Route with a local RPLInstanceID is being measured
   and the Start Point desires the MO to accumulate a Source Route for
   the End Point to send the Measurement Reply message back, the MO MUST
   contain an Address vector and various MO fields MUST be set in the
   following manner:

   o  RPLInstanceID: MUST be set to the RPLInstanceID of the route being
      measured.

   o  Compr: MUST be set to specify the number of prefix octets that are
      elided from the IPv6 addresses in Start Point/End Point Address
      fields and the Address vector.

   o  Type (T): MUST be set to one since the MO represents a Measurement
      Request.

   o  Hop-by-hop (H): MUST be set to one.

   o  Accumulate Route (A): This flag MUST be set to one.

   o  Reverse (R): This flag MUST be set to zero.

   o  Back Request (B): This flag MAY be set to one to request the End
      Point to send a Measurement Request to the Start Point.

   o  Intermediate Reply (I): This flag MUST be set to zero.

   o  SequenceNo: Assigned by the Start Point so that it can uniquely
      identify the Measurement Request and the corresponding Measurement
      Reply.

   o  Num: This field MUST specify the number of address elements, each
      (16 - Compr) octets in size, that can fit inside the Address
      vector.

   o  Index: This field MUST be set to zero to indicate the position in
      the Address vector where the next hop must store its IPv6 address.

   o  Start Point Address: This field MUST contain the DODAGID value
      (after eliding Compr number of prefix octets) associated with the
      route being measured.

   o  End Point Address: MUST be set to a unicast IPv6 address of the
      End Point after eliding Compr number of prefix octets.

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   o  Address vector: The Address vector must be large enough to
      accomodate a complete Source Route from the End Point to the Start
      Point.  All the bits in the Address vector field MUST be set to
      zero.

4.4.  When Measuring A Source Route

   If a Source Route is being measured, the Start Point MUST set various
   MO fields in the following manner:

   o  RPLInstanceID: MUST be set to the binary value 10000000.

   o  Compr: MUST be set to specify the number of prefix octets that are
      elided from the IPv6 addresses in Start Point/End Point Address
      fields and the Address vector.

   o  Type (T): MUST be set to one since the MO represents a Measurement
      Request.

   o  Hop-by-hop (H): MUST be set to zero.

   o  Accumulate Route (A): This flag MUST be set to zero.

   o  Reverse (R): This flag SHOULD be set to one if the Source Route in
      the Address vector can be reversed and used by the End Point to
      send the Measurement Reply message back to the Start Point.
      Otherwise, this flag MUST be set to zero.

   o  Back Request (B): This flag MAY be set to one to request the End
      Point to send a Measurement Request to the Start Point.

   o  Intermediate Reply (I): This flag MUST be set to zero.

   o  SequenceNo: Assigned by the Start Point so that it can uniquely
      identify the Measurement Request and the corresponding Measurement
      Reply.

   o  Num: This field MUST specify the number of address elements, each
      (16 - Compr) octets in size, inside the Address vector.

   o  Index: This field MUST be set to zero to indicate the position in
      the Address vector of the next hop on the route.

   o  Start Point Address: MUST be set to a unicast IPv6 address of the
      Start Point after eliding Compr number of prefix octets.

   o  End Point Address: MUST be set to a unicast IPv6 address of the
      End Point after eliding Compr number of prefix octets.

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   o  Address vector:

      *  The Address vector MUST contain a complete Source Route from
         the Start Point to the End Point (excluding the Start Point and
         the End Point).

      *  The IPv6 addresses (with Compr prefix octets elided) in the
         Address vector MUST be reachable in the Forward direction.

      *  If the R flag is set to one, the IPv6 addresses (with Compr
         prefix octets elided) in the Address vector MUST also be
         reachable in the Backward direction.

      *  To avoid loops in the Source Route, the Start Point MUST ensure
         compliance to the following rules:

         +  Any IPv6 address MUST NOT appear more than once in the
            Address vector.

         +  If the Address vector includes multiple IPv6 addresses
            assigned to the Start Point's interfaces, such addresses
            MUST appear back to back inside the Address vector.

      *  Each address appearing in the Address vector MUST be a unicast
         address.

5.  Processing a Measurement Request at an Intermediate Point

   A router (an Intermediate Point or the End Point) MAY discard a
   received MO with no processing to meet any policy-related goal.  Such
   policy goals may include the need to reduce the router's CPU load or
   to enhance its battery life or to prevent misuse of this mechanism by
   unauthorized nodes.

   A router MUST discard a received MO with no further processing if the
   value in the Compr field inside the received message is more than
   what the router considers the length of the common prefix used in
   IPv6 addresses in the LLN to be.

   On receiving an MO, if a router chooses to process the packet
   further, it MUST check if one of its IPv6 addresses is listed as
   either the Start Point or the End Point Address.  If neither, the
   router considers itself an Intermediate Point and MUST process the
   received MO in the following manner.

   An Intermediate Point MUST discard the packet with no further
   processing if the received MO is not a Measurement Request (i.e., T =

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   0).

   Next, the Intermediate Point determines the type of the route being
   measured (by checking the values of the H flag and the RPLInstanceID
   field) and processes the received MO accordingly in the manner
   specified next.

5.1.  When Measuring A Hop-by-hop Route with a Global RPLInstanceID

   If a Hop-by-hop Route with a global RPLInstanceID is being measured
   (i.e.  H = 1 and RPLInstanceID has a global value), the Intermediate
   Point MUST process the received Measurement Request in the following
   manner.

   The Intermediate Point MUST discard the received Measurement Request
   with no further processing if the Num field is not set to zero or if
   the Address vector is present in the received message.

   If the Intermediate Reply (I) flag is set to one in the received
   Measurement Request and the Intermediate Point knows the values of
   the routing metrics, specified in the Metric Container options, for
   the remainder of the route, it MAY generate a Measurement Reply on
   the End Point's behalf in the manner specified in Section 6.1 (after
   including in the Measurement Reply the relevant routing metric values
   for the complete route being measured).  Otherwise, the Intermediate
   Point MUST process the received message in the following manner.

   The Intermediate Point MUST then determine the next hop on the route
   being measured using the RPLInstanceID and the End Point Address.  If
   the Intermediate Point is the root of the non-storing global DAG
   along which the received Measurement Request had been traveling so
   far, it MUST process the received Measurement Request in the
   following manner:

   o  The router MUST discard the Measurement Request with no further
      processing and MAY send an ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable (with
      Code 0 - No Route To Destination) error message to the Start Point
      if it does not know how to reach the End Point.

   o  Otherwise, unless the router determines the End Point itself to be
      the next hop, the router MUST make the following changes in the
      received Measurement Request:

      *  Set the H, A, R and I flags to zero (the A and R flags should
         already be zero in the received message).

      *  Leave remaining fields unchanged (the Num field would be
         modified in next steps).  Note that the RPLInstanceID field

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         identifies the non-storing global DAG along which the
         Measurement Request traveled so far.  This information MUST be
         preserved so that the End Point may use this DAG to send the
         Measurement Reply back to the Start Point.

      *  Insert a new Address vector inside the Measurement Request and
         specify a Source Route to the End Point inside the Address
         vector as per the following rules:

         +  The Address vector MUST contain a complete route from the
            router to the End Point (excluding the router and the End
            Point);

         +  The IPv6 addresses (with Compr prefix octets elided) in the
            Address vector MUST be reachable in the Forward direction;

         +  To avoid loops in the Source Route, the router MUST ensure
            that

            -  Any IPv6 address MUST NOT appear more than once in the
               Address vector;

            -  If the Address vector includes multiple IPv6 addresses
               assigned to the router's interfaces, such addresses MUST
               appear back to back inside the Address vector.

         +  Each address appearing in the Address vector MUST be a
            unicast address.

      *  Specify in the Num field the number of address elements in the
         Address vector.

      *  Set the Index field to zero to indicate the position in the
         Address vector of the next hop on the route.  Thus, Address[0]
         element contains the address of the next hop on the route.

   The Intermediate Point MUST then complete the processing of the
   received Measurement Request as specified in Section 5.5.

5.2.  When Measuring A Hop-by-hop Route with a Local RPLInstanceID With
      Route Accumulation Off

   If a Hop-by-hop Route with a local RPLInstanceID is being measured
   and the route accumulation is off (i.e., H = 1, RPLInstanceID has a
   local value, A = 0), the Intermediate Point MUST process the received
   Measurement Request in the following manner.

   The Intermediate Point MUST discard the received Measurement Request

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   with no further processing if the Num field is not zero or if the
   Address vector is present in the received message.

   The Intermediate Point MUST then determine the next hop on the route
   being measured using the RPLInstanceID, the End Point Address and the
   Start Point Address (which represents the DODAGID of the route being
   measured).  The Intermediate Point MUST discard the Measurement
   Request with no further processing and MAY send an ICMPv6 Destination
   Unreachable (with Code 0 - No Route To Destination) error message to
   the Start Point if it can not determine the next hop.  Otherwise, the
   Intermediate Point MUST complete the processing of the received
   Measurement Request as specified in Section 5.5.

5.3.  When Measuring A Hop-by-hop Route with a Local RPLInstanceID With
      Route Accumulation On

   If a Hop-by-hop Route with a local RPLInstanceID is being measured
   and the route accumulation in on (i.e., H = 1, RPLInstanceID has a
   local value, A = 1), the Intermediate Point MUST process the received
   Measurement Request in the following manner.

   The Intermediate Point MUST discard the received Measurement Request
   with no further processing if the Num field is set to zero or if the
   Address vector is not present in the received message.

   The Intermediate Point MUST then determine the next hop on the route
   being measured using the RPLInstanceID, the End Point Address and the
   Start Point Address (which represents the DODAGID of the route being
   measured).  The Intermediate Point MUST discard the Measurement
   Request with no further processing and MAY send an ICMPv6 Destination
   Unreachable (with Code 0 - No Route To Destination) error message to
   the Start Point if it can not determine the next hop.  The
   Intermediate Point MUST drop the received Measurement Request with no
   further processing if the index field has value Num - 1 and the next
   hop is not same as the End Point.  In this case, the next hop would
   have no space left in the Address vector to store its address.

   Otherwise, the Intermediate Point MUST check if adding one of its
   IPv6 addresses to the the Address vector would create a routing loop
   in the accumulated route.  If yes, the router MUST discard the packet
   with no further processing.  Otherwise, the router MUST store one of
   its unicast IPv6 addresses (after eliding Compr prefix octets) at
   location Address[Index] and then increment the Index field.  The IPv6
   address added to the Address vector MUST be reachable in the Backward
   direction.

   The Intermediate Point MUST then complete the processing of the
   received Measurement Request as specified in Section 5.5.

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5.4.  When Measuring A Source Route

   If a Source Route is being measured (i.e., H = 0), the Intermediate
   Point MUST process the received Measurement Request in the following
   manner.

   The Intermediate Point MUST discard the received Measurement Request
   with no further processing if the Num field is set to zero or if the
   Address vector is not present in the received message.

   The Intermediate Point MUST then determine the next hop on the route
   being measured in the manner described below.  The Intermediate Point
   MUST verify that the Address[Index] element lists one of its unicast
   IPv6 addresses, failing which it MUST discard the Measurement Request
   with no further processing.  To prevent loops, the Intermediate Point
   MUST discard the Measurement Request with no further processing if
   the Address vector includes multiple IPv6 addresses assigned to its
   interfaces and if such addresses do not appear back to back inside
   the Address vector.  The Intermediate Point MUST then increment the
   Index field and use the Address[Index] element as the next hop
   (unless Index value is now Num).  If the Index value is now Num, the
   Intermediate Point MUST use the End Point Address as the next hop.

   The Intermediate Point MUST then complete the processing of the
   received Measurement Request as specified in Section 5.5.

5.5.  Final Processing

   The Intermediate Point MUST drop the received Measurement Request
   with no further processing:

   o  If the next hop address is not a unicast address; or

   o  If the next hop is not on-link; or

   o  If the next hop is not in the same RPL routing domain as the
      Intermediate Point.

   Next, the Intermediate Point MUST update the routing metric objects,
   inside the Metric Container option(s) inside the Measurement Request,
   either by updating the aggregated value for the routing metric or by
   attaching the local values for the metric inside the object.  An
   Intermediate Point can only update the existing metric objects and
   MUST NOT add any new routing metric object to the Metric Container.
   An Intermediate Point MUST drop the Measurement Request with no
   further processing if it cannot update a routing metric object
   specified inside the Metric Container.

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   Finally, the Intermediate Point MUST unicast the Measurement Request
   to the next hop.

6.  Processing a Measurement Request at the End Point

   On receiving an MO, if a router chooses to process the message
   further and finds one of its unicast IPv6 addresses listed as the End
   Point Address, the router considers itself the End Point and MUST
   process the received MO in the following manner.

   The End Point MUST discard the received message with no further
   processing if it is not a Measurement Request (i.e., T = 0).

   If the received Measurement Request traveled on a Hop-by-hop Route
   with a local RPLInstanceID with route accumulation on (i.e., H = 1,
   RPLInstanceID has a local value and A = 1), elements Address[0]
   through Address[Index - 1] in the Address vector contain a complete
   Source Route from the Start Point to the End Point (excluding the
   Start Point and the End Point), which the End Point MAY use, after
   reversal, to reach the Start Point.

   If the received Measurement Request traveled on a Source Route and
   the Reverse flag is set to one (i.e., H = 0, R = 1), elements
   Address[0] through Address[Num - 1] in the Address vector contain a
   complete Source Route from the Start Point to the End Point
   (excluding the Start Point and the End Point), which the End Point
   MAY use, after reversal, to reach the Start Point.

   The End Point MUST update the routing metric objects in the Metric
   Container options if required and MAY note the measured values for
   the complete route (especially, if the received Measurement Request
   is likely a response to an earlier Measurement Request that the End
   Point had sent to the Start Point with B flag set to one).

   The End Point MUST generate a Measurement Reply message as specified
   in Section 6.1.  If the B flag is set to one in the received
   Measurement Request, the End Point SHOULD generate a new Measurement
   Request to measure the cost of its current (or the most preferred)
   route to the Start Point.  The routing metrics used in the new
   Measurement Request MUST include the routing metrics specified in the
   received Measurement Request.

6.1.  Generating the Measurement Reply

   A Measurement Reply MUST have the Type (T) flag set to zero and need
   not contain the Address vector.  The following fields inside a
   Measurement Reply MUST have the same values as they had inside the

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   corresponding Measurement Request: RPLInstanceID, Compr, SequenceNo,
   Start Point Address, End Point Address and Metric Container
   Option(s).  The remaining fields inside a Measurement Reply may have
   any value and MUST be ignored on reception at the Start Point.  The
   received Measurement Request MAY trivially be converted into a
   Measurement Reply by setting the Type (T) flag to zero.

   A Measurement Reply MUST be unicast back to the Start Point:

   o  If the Measurement Request traveled along a global DAG, identified
      by the RPLInstanceID field, the Measurement Reply MAY be unicast
      back to the Start Point along the same DAG.

   o  If the Measurement Request traveled along a Hop-by-hop Route with
      a local RPLInstanceID and accumulated a Source Route from the
      Start Point to the End Point, this Source Route MAY be used after
      reversal to send the Measurement Reply back to the Start Point.

   o  If the Measurement Request traveled along a Source Route and the R
      flag inside the received message is set to one, the End Point MAY
      reverse the Source Route contained in the Address vector and use
      it to send the Measurement Reply back to the Start Point.

7.  Processing a Measurement Reply at the Start Point

   When a router receives an MO, it examines if one of its unicast IPv6
   addresses is listed as the Start Point Address.  If yes, the router
   is the Start Point and MUST process the received message in the
   following manner.

   The Start Point MUST discard the packet with no further processing if
   the received MO is not a Measurement Reply or if the Start Point has
   no recollection of sending the corresponding Measurement Request.

   The Start Point can use the routing metric objects inside the Metric
   Container to evaluate the metrics for the measured P2P route.  If a
   routing metric object contains local metric values recorded by
   routers on the route, the Start Point can make use of these local
   values by aggregating them into an end-to-end metric according to the
   aggregation rules for the specific metric.  A Start Point is then
   free to interpret the metrics for the route according to its local
   policy.

8.  Security Considerations

   The mechanism defined in this document can potentially be used by a

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   compromised router to send bogus Measurement Requests to arbitrary
   End Points.  Such Measurement Requests may cause CPU overload in the
   routers in the network, drain their batteries and cause traffic
   congestion in the network.  Note that some of these problems would
   occur even if the compromised router were to generate bogus data
   traffic to arbitrary destinations.

   Since a Measurement Request can travel along a Source Route specified
   in the Address vector, some of the security concerns that led to the
   deprecation of Type 0 routing header [RFC5095] may be valid here.  To
   address such concerns, the mechanism described in this document
   includes several remedies:

   o  This document requires that a route inserted inside the Address
      vector must be a strict Source Route and must not include any
      multicast addresses.

   o  This document requires that an MO message must not cross the
      boundaries of the RPL routing domain where it originated.  A
      router must not forward a received MO message further if the next
      hop belongs to a different RPL routing domain.  Hence, any
      security problems associated with the mechanism would be limited
      to one RPL routing domain.

   o  This document requires that a router must drop a received MO
      message if the next hop address is not on-link or if it is not a
      unicast address.

   o  This document requires that a router must check the Source Route
      inside the Address vector of each received MO message to ensure
      that it does not contain a loop involving the router.  The router
      must drop the received packet if the Source Route does contain
      such a loop.  This and the previous two rules protect the network
      against some of the security concerns even if a compromised node
      inserts a malformed Address vector inside the MO message.

   The measurement mechanism described in this document may potentially
   be used by a rogue node to find out key information about the LLN,
   e.g., the topological features of the LLN (such as the identity of
   the key nodes in the topology) or the remaining energy levels
   [RFC6551] in the LLN routers.  This information can potentially be
   used to attack the LLN.  To protect against such misuse, this
   document allows RPL routers implementing this mechanism to not
   process MO messages (or process such messages selectively) based on a
   local policy.  Further, an LLN deployment may use Secure MO
   Section 3.2 messages to invoke RPL-provided security mechanisms and
   prevent misuse of the measurement mechanism by unauthorized nodes.

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9.  IANA Considerations

   This document defines two new RPL messages:

   o  "Measurement Object" (see Section 3.1), assigned a value TBD1 from
      the "RPL Control Codes" space [to be removed upon publication:
      http://www.iana.org/assignments/rpl/rpl.xml#control-codes]
      [RFC6550].  IANA is requested to allocate TBD1 from the range
      0x00-0x7F to indicate a message without security enabled.  The
      string TBD1 in this document should be replaced by the allocated
      value.  These last two sentences should be removed before
      publication.

   o  "Secure Measurement Object" (see Section 3.2), assigned a value
      TBD2 from the "RPL Control Codes" space [to be removed upon
      publication:
      http://www.iana.org/assignments/rpl/rpl.xml#control-codes]
      [RFC6550].  IANA is requested to allocate TBD2 from the range
      0x80-0xFF to indicate a message with security enabled.  The string
      TBD2 in this document should be replaced by the allocated value.
      These last two sentences should be removed before publication.

           +------+---------------------------+---------------+
           | Code |        Description        |   Reference   |
           +------+---------------------------+---------------+
           | TBD1 |     Measurement Object    | This document |
           | TBD2 | Secure Measurement Object | This document |
           +------+---------------------------+---------------+

                             RPL Control Codes

10.  Acknowledgements

   Authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Matthias Philipp,
   Pascal Thubert, Richard Kelsey and Zach Shelby in the development of
   this document.

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-roll-p2p-rpl]
              Goyal, M., Baccelli, E., Philipp, M., Brandt, A., and J.
              Martocci, "Reactive Discovery of Point-to-Point Routes in
              Low Power and Lossy Networks", draft-ietf-roll-p2p-rpl-15
              (work in progress), December 2012.

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   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

11.2.  Informative References

   [RFC5095]  Abley, J., Savola, P., and G. Neville-Neil, "Deprecation
              of Type 0 Routing Headers in IPv6", RFC 5095,
              December 2007.

   [RFC5826]  Brandt, A., Buron, J., and G. Porcu, "Home Automation
              Routing Requirements in Low-Power and Lossy Networks",
              RFC 5826, April 2010.

   [RFC5867]  Martocci, J., De Mil, P., Riou, N., and W. Vermeylen,
              "Building Automation Routing Requirements in Low-Power and
              Lossy Networks", RFC 5867, June 2010.

   [RFC6550]  Winter, T., Thubert, P., Brandt, A., Hui, J., Kelsey, R.,
              Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur, JP., and R.
              Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and
              Lossy Networks", RFC 6550, March 2012.

   [RFC6551]  Vasseur, JP., Kim, M., Pister, K., Dejean, N., and D.
              Barthel, "Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation in
              Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6551, March 2012.

Authors' Addresses

   Mukul Goyal (editor)
   University of Wisconsin Milwaukee
   3200 N Cramer St
   Milwaukee, WI  53211
   USA

   Phone: +1 414 2295001
   Email: mukul@uwm.edu

   Emmanuel Baccelli
   INRIA

   Phone: +33-169-335-511
   Email: Emmanuel.Baccelli@inria.fr
   URI:   http://www.emmanuelbaccelli.org/

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   Anders Brandt
   Sigma Designs
   Emdrupvej 26A, 1.
   Copenhagen, Dk-2100
   Denmark

   Phone: +45 29609501
   Email: abr@sdesigns.dk

   Jerald Martocci
   Johnson Controls
   507 E Michigan Street
   Milwaukee  53202
   USA

   Phone: +1 414 524 4010
   Email: jerald.p.martocci@jci.com

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