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Verification of AS_PATH Using the Resource Certificate Public Key Infrastructure and Autonomous System Provider Authorization
draft-ietf-sidrops-aspa-verification-03

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Authors Alexander Azimov , Eugene Bogomazov , Randy Bush , Keyur Patel , Job Snijders
Last updated 2019-11-04
Replaces draft-azimov-sidrops-aspa-verification
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draft-ietf-sidrops-aspa-verification-03
Network Working Group                                          A. Azimov
Internet-Draft                                                    Yandex
Intended status: Standards Track                            E. Bogomazov
Expires: May 7, 2020                                         Qrator Labs
                                                                 R. Bush
                                      Internet Initiative Japan & Arrcus
                                                                K. Patel
                                                            Arrcus, Inc.
                                                             J. Snijders
                                                                     NTT
                                                        November 4, 2019

   Verification of AS_PATH Using the Resource Certificate Public Key
      Infrastructure and Autonomous System Provider Authorization
                draft-ietf-sidrops-aspa-verification-03

Abstract

   This document defines the semantics of an Autonomous System Provider
   Authorization object in the Resource Public Key Infrastructure to
   verify the AS_PATH attribute of routes advertised in the Border
   Gateway Protocol.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 7, 2020.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Anomaly Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Autonomous System Provider Authorization  . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Customer-Provider Verification Procedure  . . . . . . . . . .   4
   5.  AS_PATH Verification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     5.1.  Upstream Paths  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     5.2.  Downstream Paths  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     5.3.  Mitigation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  Disavowal of Provider Authorizaion  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   7.  Siblings (Complex Relations)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   9.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11

1.  Introduction

   The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) was designed without mechanisms to
   validate BGP attributes.  Two consequences are BGP Hijacks and BGP
   Route Leaks [RFC7908].  BGP extensions are able to partially solve
   these problems.  For example, ROA-based Origin Validation [RFC6483]
   can be used to detect and filter accidental mis-originations, and
   [I-D.ietf-grow-route-leak-detection-mitigation] can be used to detect
   accidental route leaks.  While these upgrades to BGP are quite
   useful, they still rely on transitive BGP attributes, i.e. AS_PATH,
   that can be manipulated by attackers.

   BGPSec [RFC8205] was designed to solve the problem of AS_PATH
   validation.  Unfortunately, strict cryptographic validation brought

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   expensive computational overhead for BGP routers.  BGPSec also proved
   vulnerable to downgrade attacks that nullify the benefits of AS_PATH
   signing.  As a result, to abuse the AS_PATH or any other signed
   transit attribute, an attacker merely needs to downgrade to 'old'
   BGP-4.

   An alternative approach was introduced with soBGP
   [I-D.white-sobgp-architecture].  Instead of strong cryptographic
   AS_PATH validation, it created an AS_PATH security function based on
   a shared database of ASN adjacencies.  While such an approach has
   reasonable computational cost, the two side adjacencies don't provide
   a way to automate anomaly detection without high adoption rate - an
   attacker can easily create a one-way adjacency.  SO-BGP transported
   data about adjacencies in new additional BGP messages, which was
   recursively complex thus significantly increasing adoption complexity
   and risk.  In addition, the general goal to verify all AS_PATHs was
   not achievable given the indirect adjacencies at internet exchange
   points.

   Instead of checking AS_PATH correctness, this document focuses on
   solving real-world operational problems - automatic detection of
   malicious hijacks and route leaks.  To achieve this a new AS_PATH
   verification procedure is defined which is able to automatically
   detect invalid (malformed) AS_PATHs in announcements that are
   received from customers and peers.  This procedure uses a shared
   signed database of customer-to-provider relationships using a new
   RPKI object - Autonomous System Provider Authorization (ASPA).  This
   technique provides benefits for participants even during early and
   incremental adoption.

2.  Anomaly Propagation

   Both route leaks and hijacks have similar effects on ISP operations -
   they redirect traffic, resulting in increased latency, packet loss,
   or possible MiTM attacks.  But the level of risk depends
   significantly on the propagation of the anomalies.  For example, a
   hijack that is propagated only to customers may concentrate traffic
   in a particular ISP's customer cone; while if the anomaly is
   propagated through peers, upstreams, or reaches Tier-1 networks, thus
   distributing globally, traffic may be redirected at the level of
   entire countries and/or global providers.

   The ability to constrain propagation of BGP anomalies to upstreams
   and peers, without requiring support from the source of the anomaly
   (which is critical if source has malicious intent), should
   significantly improve the security of inter-domain routing and solve
   the majority of problems.

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3.  Autonomous System Provider Authorization

   As described in [RFC6480], the RPKI is based on a hierarchy of
   resource certificates that are aligned to the Internet Number
   Resource allocation structure.  Resource certificates are X.509
   certificates that conform to the PKIX profile [RFC5280], and to the
   extensions for IP addresses and AS identifiers [RFC3779].  A resource
   certificate is a binding by an issuer of IP address blocks and
   Autonomous System (AS) numbers to the subject of a certificate,
   identified by the unique association of the subject's private key
   with the public key contained in the resource certificate.  The RPKI
   is structured so that each current resource certificate matches a
   current resource allocation or assignment.

   ASPAs are digitally signed objects that bind, for a selected AFI, a
   Set of Provider AS numbers to a Customer AS number (in terms of BGP
   announcements not business), and are signed by the holder of the
   Customer AS.  An ASPA attests that a Customer AS holder (CAS) has
   authorized Set of Provider ASes (SPAS) to propagate the Customer's
   IPv4/IPv6 announcements onward, e.g. to the Provider's upstream
   providers or peers.  The ASPA record profile is described in
   [I-D.ietf-sidrops-aspa-profile].

4.  Customer-Provider Verification Procedure

   This section describes an abstract procedure that checks that a pair
   of ASNs (AS1, AS2) is included in the set of signed ASPAs.  The
   semantics of its use is defined in next section.  The procedure takes
   (AS1, AS2, ROUTE_AFI) as input parameters and returns one of three
   results: "valid", "invalid" and "unknown".

   A relying party (RP) must have access to a local cache of the
   complete set of cryptographically valid ASPAs when performing
   customer-provider verification procedure.

   1.  Retrieve all cryptographically valid ASPAs in a selected AFI with
       a customer value of AS1.  The union of SPAS forms the set of
       "Candidate Providers."

   2.  If the set of Candidate Providers is empty, then the procedure
       exits with an outcome of "unknown."

   3.  If AS2 is included in the set of Candidate Providers, then the
       procedure exits with an outcome of "valid."

   4.  Otherwise, the procedure exits with an outcome of "invalid."

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   Since an AS1 may have different set providers in different AFI, it
   should also have different PCAS in corresponding ASPAs.  In this
   case, the output of this procedure with input (AS1, AS2, ROUTE_AFI)
   may have different output for different ROUTE_AFI values.

5.  AS_PATH Verification

   The AS_PATH attribute identifies the autonomous systems through which
   an UPDATE message has passed.  AS_PATH may contain two types of
   components: ordered AS_SEQes and unordered AS_SETs, as defined in
   [RFC4271].

   The value of each concatenated value of AS_SEQ components can be
   described as set of pairs {(AS(I), prepend(I)), (AS(I-1),
   prepend(I-1))...}, where AS(0) stands for originating AS.  In this
   case, the sequence {AS(I), AS(I-1),...} represents different ASNs,
   that packet should pass towards the destination.

   The bellow procedure is applicable only for 32-bit AS number
   compatible BGP speakers.

5.1.  Upstream Paths

   When a route is received from a customer, a literal peer, or by a RS
   at an IX, each pair (AS(I-1), AS(I)) MUST belong to customer-provider
   or sibling relationship.  If there are other types of relationships,
   it means that the route was leaked or the AS_PATH attribute was
   malformed.  The goal of the procedure described bellow is to check
   the correctness of this statement.

   The following diagram and procedure describes the procedure that MUST
   be applied on routes with ROUTE_AFI received from a customer, peer or
   RS-client:

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   (AS(I-1),AS(I))=Valid
       +-----+
       | I++ |
       v     |
     +-+-----+-+
     |         |  (AS(I-1),AS(I))=Invalid
     |  Valid  +----------------------------+
     |         |                            |
     +----+----+                            |
          |                            +----v----+
          |                            |         |
       I++|(AS(I-1),AS(I))=Unknown     | Invalid |
          |                            |         |
          |                            +----+----+
     +----v----+                            ^
     |         |                            |
     | Unknown +----------------------------+
     |         |  (AS(I-1),(AS(I))=Invalid
     +-+-----+-+
       ^     |
       | I++ |
       +-----+
   (AS(I-1),AS(I))!=Invalid

   1.  If the closest AS in the AS_PATH is not the receiver's neighbor
       ASN then procedure halts with the outcome "invalid";

   2.  If there is a pair (AS(I-1), AS(I)), and customer-provider
       verification procedure (Section 4) with parameters (AS(I-1),
       AS(I), ROUTE_AFI) returns "invalid" then the procedure also halts
       with the outcome "invalid";

   3.  If the AS_PATH has at least one AS_SET segment then procedure
       halts with the outcome "unverifiable";

   4.  If there is a pair (AS(I-1), AS(I)), and customer-provider
       verification procedure (Section 4) with parameters (AS(I-1),
       AS(I), ROUTE_AFI) returns "unknown" then the procedure also halts
       with the outcome "unknown";

   5.  Otherwise, the procedure halts with an outcome of "valid".

5.2.  Downstream Paths

   When route is received from provider or RS it may have both Upstream
   and Downstream paths, where a Downstream follows an Upstream path.
   If the path differs from this rule, e.g. the Downstream path is

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   followed by Upstream path it means that the route was leaked or the
   AS_PATH attribute was malformed.  The first pair (AS(I-1), AS(I))
   that has an "invalid" outcome of the customer-provider verification
   procedure indicates the end of the Upstream path.  All subsequent
   reverse pairs (AS(I), AS(I-1)) MUST belong to a customer-provider or
   sibling relationship, thus can be also verified using ASPA objects.

   Additional caution should be exercised when processing prefixes that
   are received from transparent IXes, as they don't add their ASN in
   the ASPATH.

   The following diagram and procedure describe the procedure that MUST
   be applied on routes with ROUTE_AFI received from a provider or a RS:

  (AS(I-1),AS(I))=Valid            (AS(I),AS(I-1))=Valid
      +-----+                           +-----+
      | I++ |                           | I++ |
      v     |                           v     |
    +-+-----+-+                       +-+-----+-+
    |         |(AS(I-1),AS(I))=Invalid|         |(AS(I),AS(I-1))=Invalid
    |  Valid  +----------------------->  Valid  +---------+
    |         |         I++           |         |         |
    +----+----+                       +----+----+         |
         |                                 |          +---v-----+
      I++|(AS(I-1),AS(I))=Unknown          |          |         |
         |                                 |          | Invalid |
         |           (AS(I-1),AS(I)=Unknown|I++       |         |
         |                                 |          +---+-----+
    +----v----+                       +----v----+         ^
    |         |         I++           |         |         |
    | Unknown +-----------------------> Unknown +---------+
    |         |(AS(I-1),AS(I))=Invalid|         |(AS(I),AS(I-1))=Invalid
    +-+-----+-+                       +-+-----+-+
      ^     |                           ^     |
      | I++ |                           | I++ |
      +-----+                           +-----+
  (AS(I-1),AS(I))!=Invalid         (AS(I),AS(I-1))!=Invalid

   1.  If a route is received from a provider and the closest AS in the
       AS_PATH is not the receiver's neighbor ASN, then the procedure
       halts with the outcome "invalid";

   2.  If there are two pairs (AS(I-1), AS(I)), (AS(J-1), AS(J)) with J
       > I, and the customer-provider verification procedure (Section 4)
       returns "invalid" for both (AS(I-1), AS(I), ROUTE_AFI) and
       (AS(J), AS(J-1), ROUTE_AFI), then the procedure also halts with
       the outcome "invalid";

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   3.  If the AS_PATH has at least one AS_SET segment then procedure
       halts with the outcome "unverifiable";

   4.  If there are two pairs (AS(I-1), AS(I)), (AS(J-1), AS(J)) with J
       > I, and the customer-provider verification procedure (Section 4)
       returns "invalid" for (AS(I-1), AS(I), ROUTE_AFI) and "unknown"
       for (AS(J), AS(J-1), ROUTE_AFI), then the procedure also halts
       with the outcome "unknown";

   5.  If the customer-provider verification procedure (Section 4)
       doesn't return "invalid" for any (AS(I-1), AS(I)), but at least
       for one (AS(I-1), AS(I)) returns "unknown", then the procedure
       also halts with the outcome "unknown";

   6.  Otherwise, the procedure halts with an outcome of "valid".

5.3.  Mitigation

   If the output of the AS_PATH verification procedure is "invalid" the
   route MUST be rejected.

   If the output of the AS_PATH verification procedure is 'unverifiable'
   it means that AS_PATH can't be fully checked.  Such routes should be
   treated with caution and SHOULD be processed the same way as
   "invalid" routes.  This policy goes with full correspondence to
   [I-D.kumari-deprecate-as-set-confed-set].

   The above AS_PATH verification procedure is able to check routes
   received from customers and peers.  The ASPA mechanism combined with
   BGP Roles [I-D.ietf-idr-bgp-open-policy] and ROA-based Origin
   Validation [RFC6483] provide a fully automated solution to detect and
   filter hijacks and route leaks, including malicious ones.

6.  Disavowal of Provider Authorizaion

   An ASPA is a positive attestation that an AS holder has authorized
   its providers to redistribute received routes to the provider's
   providers and peers.  This does not preclude the provider ASes from
   redistribution to its other customers.  By creating an ASPA with
   providers set of {0}, the customer indicates that no provider should
   further announce its routes.  Specifically, AS 0 is reserved to
   identify provider-free networks, Internet exchange meshes, etc.

   An ASPA with a providers set of {0} is a statement by the customer AS
   that its routes should not be received by any relying party AS from
   any of its customers or peers.

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   By convention, an ASPA with a provider set of {0} should be the only
   ASPA issued by a given AS holder; although this is not a strict
   requirement.  A provider AS 0 may coexist with other provider ASes in
   the same ASPA (or other ASPA records); though in such cases, the
   presence or absence of the provider AS 0 in ASPA does not alter the
   AS_PATH verification procedure.

7.  Siblings (Complex Relations)

   There are peering relationships which can not be described as
   strictly simple peer-peer or customer-provider; e.g. when both
   parties are intentionally sending prefixes received from each other
   to their peers and/or upstreams.

   In this case, two corresponding ASPA records (AS1, {AS2, ...}), (AS2,
   {AS1, ...}) must be created by AS1 and AS2 respectively.

8.  Security Considerations

   The proposed mechanism is compatible only with BGP implementations
   that can process 32-bit ASNs in the ASPATH.  This limitation should
   not have a real effect on operations - such legacy BGP routers a rare
   and it's highly unlikely that they support integration with the RPKI.

   ASPA issuers should be aware of the verification implication in
   issuing an ASPA - an ASPA implicitly invalidates all routes passed to
   upstream providers other than the provider ASs listed in the
   collection of ASPAs.  It is the Customer AS's duty to maintain a
   correct set of providers in ASPA record(s).

   While it's not restricted, but it's highly recommended maintaining
   for selected Customer AS a single ASPA object that covers all its
   providers.  Such policy should prevent race conditions during ASPA
   updates that might affect prefix propagation.

   While the ASPA is able to detect both mistakes and malicious activity
   for routes received from customers, RS-clients, or peers, it provides
   only detection of mistakes for routes that are received from upstream
   providers and RS(s).

   Since an upstream provider becomes a trusted point, it will be able
   to send hijacked prefixes of its customers or send hijacked prefixes
   with malformed AS_PATHs back.  While it may happen in theory, it's
   doesn't seem to be a real scenario: normally customer and provider
   have a signed agreement and such policy violation should have legal
   consequences or customer can just drop relation with such a provider
   and remove the corresponding ASPA record.

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9.  Acknowledgments

   The authors wish to thank authors of [RFC6483] since its text was
   used as an example while writing this document.  The also authors
   wish to thank Iljitsch van Beijnum for giving a hint about Downstream
   paths.

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-grow-route-leak-detection-mitigation]
              Sriram, K. and A. Azimov, "Methods for Detection and
              Mitigation of BGP Route Leaks", draft-ietf-grow-route-
              leak-detection-mitigation-00 (work in progress), April
              2019.

   [I-D.ietf-idr-bgp-open-policy]
              Azimov, A., Bogomazov, E., Bush, R., Patel, K., and K.
              Sriram, "Route Leak Prevention using Roles in Update and
              Open messages", draft-ietf-idr-bgp-open-policy-05 (work in
              progress), February 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-sidrops-aspa-profile]
              Azimov, A., Uskov, E., Bush, R., Patel, K., Snijders, J.,
              and R. Housley, "A Profile for Autonomous System Provider
              Authorization", draft-ietf-sidrops-aspa-profile-00 (work
              in progress), May 2019.

   [I-D.kumari-deprecate-as-set-confed-set]
              Kumari, W. and K. Sriram, "Deprecation of AS_SET and
              AS_CONFED_SET in BGP", draft-kumari-deprecate-as-set-
              confed-set-12 (work in progress), July 2018.

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   [I-D.white-sobgp-architecture]
              White, R., "Architecture and Deployment Considerations for
              Secure Origin BGP (soBGP)", draft-white-sobgp-
              architecture-02 (work in progress), June 2006.

   [RFC3779]  Lynn, C., Kent, S., and K. Seo, "X.509 Extensions for IP
              Addresses and AS Identifiers", RFC 3779,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3779, June 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3779>.

   [RFC4271]  Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A
              Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4271, January 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4271>.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

   [RFC6480]  Lepinski, M. and S. Kent, "An Infrastructure to Support
              Secure Internet Routing", RFC 6480, DOI 10.17487/RFC6480,
              February 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6480>.

   [RFC6483]  Huston, G. and G. Michaelson, "Validation of Route
              Origination Using the Resource Certificate Public Key
              Infrastructure (PKI) and Route Origin Authorizations
              (ROAs)", RFC 6483, DOI 10.17487/RFC6483, February 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6483>.

   [RFC7908]  Sriram, K., Montgomery, D., McPherson, D., Osterweil, E.,
              and B. Dickson, "Problem Definition and Classification of
              BGP Route Leaks", RFC 7908, DOI 10.17487/RFC7908, June
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7908>.

   [RFC8205]  Lepinski, M., Ed. and K. Sriram, Ed., "BGPsec Protocol
              Specification", RFC 8205, DOI 10.17487/RFC8205, September
              2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8205>.

Authors' Addresses

   Alexander Azimov
   Yandex

   Email: a.e.azimov@gmail.com

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   Eugene Bogomazov
   Qrator Labs

   Email: eb@qrator.net

   Randy Bush
   Internet Initiative Japan & Arrcus

   Email: randy@psg.com

   Keyur Patel
   Arrcus, Inc.

   Email: keyur@arrcus.com

   Job Snijders
   NTT Communications
   Theodorus Majofskistraat 100
   Amsterdam  1065 SZ
   The Netherlands

   Email: job@ntt.net

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