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Service Programming with Segment Routing
draft-ietf-spring-sr-service-programming-09

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (spring WG)
Authors Francois Clad , Xiaohu Xu , Clarence Filsfils , Daniel Bernier , Cheng Li , Bruno Decraene , Shaowen Ma , Chaitanya Yadlapalli , Wim Henderickx , Stefano Salsano
Last updated 2024-02-20
Replaces draft-xuclad-spring-sr-service-programming
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draft-ietf-spring-sr-service-programming-09
SPRING                                                      F. Clad, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                       Cisco Systems, Inc.
Intended status: Standards Track                              X. Xu, Ed.
Expires: 23 August 2024                                     China Mobile
                                                             C. Filsfils
                                                     Cisco Systems, Inc.
                                                              D. Bernier
                                                             Bell Canada
                                                                   C. Li
                                                                  Huawei
                                                             B. Decraene
                                                                  Orange
                                                                   S. Ma
                                                                Mellanox
                                                           C. Yadlapalli
                                                                    AT&T
                                                           W. Henderickx
                                                                   Nokia
                                                              S. Salsano
                                        Universita di Roma "Tor Vergata"
                                                        20 February 2024

                Service Programming with Segment Routing
              draft-ietf-spring-sr-service-programming-09

Abstract

   This document defines data plane functionality required to implement
   service segments and achieve service programming in SR-enabled MPLS
   and IPv6 networks, as described in the Segment Routing architecture.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 23 August 2024.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Classification and Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Service Segments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     4.1.  SR-Aware Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.2.  SR-Unaware Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   5.  SR Service Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     5.1.  SR-MPLS Data Plane  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.2.  SRv6 Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   6.  SR Proxy Behaviors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     6.1.  Static SR Proxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       6.1.1.  SR-MPLS Pseudocode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       6.1.2.  SRv6 Pseudocode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     6.2.  Dynamic SR Proxy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       6.2.1.  SR-MPLS Pseudocode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       6.2.2.  SRv6 Pseudocode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     6.3.  Shared Memory SR Proxy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.4.  Masquerading SR Proxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       6.4.1.  SRv6 Masquerading Proxy Pseudocode  . . . . . . . . .  26
       6.4.2.  Destination NAT Flavor  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       6.4.3.  Caching Flavor  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   7.  Metadata  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     7.1.  MPLS Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     7.2.  IPv6 Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       7.2.1.  SRH TLV Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       7.2.2.  SRH Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
   8.  Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     8.1.  SR-Aware Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     8.2.  Proxy Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   9.  Related Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     10.1.  SRv6 Endpoint Behaviors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32

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     10.2.  Segment Routing Header TLVs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
   11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
   12. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
   13. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     13.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     13.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
   Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36

1.  Introduction

   Segment Routing (SR) [RFC8402] is an architecture based on the source
   routing paradigm that seeks the right balance between distributed
   intelligence and centralized programmability.  SR can be used with an
   MPLS or an IPv6 data plane to steer packets through an ordered list
   of instructions, called segments.  These segments may encode simple
   routing instructions for forwarding packets along a specific network
   path, but also steer them through Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) or
   physical service appliances available in the network.

   In an SR network, each of these services, running either on a
   physical appliance or in a virtual environment, are associated with a
   segment identifier (SID).  These service SIDs are then leveraged as
   part of a SID-list to steer packets through the corresponding
   services.  Service SIDs may be combined together in a SID-list to
   achieve service programming, but also with other types of segments as
   defined in [RFC8402].  SR thus provides a fully integrated solution
   for overlay, underlay and service programming.  Furthermore, the IPv6
   instantiation of SR (SRv6) [RFC8986] supports metadata transportation
   in the Segment Routing Header [RFC8754], either natively in the tag
   field or with extensions such as TLVs.

   This document describes how a service can be associated with a SID,
   including legacy services with no SR capabilities, and how these
   service SIDs are integrated within an SR policy.  The definition of
   an SR Policy and the traffic steering mechanisms are covered in
   [RFC9256] and hence outside the scope of this document.

   The definition of control plane components, such as service segment
   discovery, is outside the scope of this data plane document.  For
   reference, the option of using BGP extensions to support SR service
   programming is proposed in [I-D.dawra-idr-bgp-sr-service-chaining].

2.  Terminology

   This document leverages the terminology proposed in [RFC8402],
   [RFC8660], [RFC8754], [RFC8986] and [RFC9256].  It also introduces
   the following new terms.

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   Service segment: A segment associated with a service.  The service
   may either run on a physical appliance or in a virtual environment
   such as a virtual machine or container.

   SR-aware service: A service that is fully capable of processing SR
   traffic.  An SR-aware service can be directly associated with a
   service segment.

   SR-unaware service: A service that is unable to process SR traffic or
   may behave incorrectly due to presence of SR information in the
   packet headers.  An SR-unaware service can be associated with a
   service segment through an SR proxy function.

3.  Classification and Steering

   Classification and steering mechanisms are defined in section 8 of
   [RFC9256] and are independent from the purpose of the SR policy.
   From the perspective of a headend node classifying and steering
   traffic into an SR policy, there is no difference whether this policy
   contains IGP, BGP, peering, VPN or service segments, or any
   combination of these.

   As documented in the above reference, traffic is classified when
   entering an SR domain.  The SR policy headend may, depending on its
   capabilities, classify the packets on a per-destination basis, via
   simple FIB entries, or apply more complex policy routing rules
   requiring to look deeper into the packet.  These rules are expected
   to support basic policy routing such as 5-tuple matching.  In
   addition, the IPv6 SRH tag field defined in [RFC8754] can be used to
   identify and classify packets sharing the same set of properties.
   Classified traffic is then steered into the appropriate SR policy and
   forwarded as per the SID-list(s) of the active candidate path.

   SR traffic can be re-classified by an SR endpoint along the original
   SR policy (e.g., DPI service) or a transit node intercepting the
   traffic.  This node is the head-end of a new SR policy that is
   imposed onto the packet, either as a stack of MPLS labels or as an
   IPv6 SRH.

4.  Service Segments

   In the context of this document, the term service refers to a
   physical appliance running on dedicated hardware, a virtualized
   service inside an isolated environment such as a Virtual Machine
   (VM), container or namespace, or any process running on a compute
   element.  A service may also comprise multiple sub-components running
   in different processes or containers.  Unless otherwise stated, this
   document does not make any assumption on the type or execution

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   environment of a service.

   The execution of a service can be integrated as part of an SR policy
   by assigning a segment identifier, or SID, to the service and
   including this service SID in the SR policy SID-list.  Such a service
   SID may be of local or global significance.  In the former case,
   other segments, such as prefix or adjacency segments, can be used to
   steer the traffic up to the node where the service segment is
   instantiated.  In the latter case, the service is directly reachable
   from anywhere in the routing domain.  This is realized with SR-MPLS
   by assigning a SID from the global label block ([RFC8660]), or with
   SRv6 by advertising the SID locator in the routing protocol
   ([RFC8986]).  It is up to the network operator to define the scope
   and reachability of each service SID.  This decision can be based on
   various considerations such as infrastructure dynamicity, available
   control plane or orchestration system capabilities.

   This document categorizes services in two types, depending on whether
   they are able to behave properly in the presence of SR information or
   not.  These are respectively named SR-aware and SR-unaware services.

4.1.  SR-Aware Services

   An SR-aware service can process the SR information in the packets it
   receives.  This means being able to identify the active segment as a
   local instruction and move forward in the segment list, but also that
   the service's own behavior is not hindered due to the presence of SR
   information.  For example, an SR-aware firewall filtering SRv6
   traffic based on its final destination must retrieve that information
   from the last entry in the SRH rather than the Destination Address
   field of the IPv6 header.

   An SR-aware service is associated with a locally instantiated service
   segment, which is used to steer traffic through it.

   If the service is configured to intercept all the packets passing
   through the appliance, the underlying routing system only has to
   implement a default SR endpoint behavior (e.g., SR-MPLS node segment
   or SRv6 End behavior), and the corresponding SID will be used to
   steer traffic through the service.

   If the service requires the packets to be directed to a specific
   virtual interface, networking queue or process, a dedicated SR
   behavior may be required to steer the packets to the appropriate
   location.  The definition of such service-specific functions is out
   of the scope of this document.

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   SR-aware services also enable advanced network programming
   functionalities such as conditional branching and jumping to
   arbitrary SIDs in the segment list.  In addition, SRv6 provides
   several ways of passing and exchanging information between services
   (e.g., SID arguments, tag field and TLVs).  An example scenario
   involving these features is described in [IFIP18], which discusses
   the implementation of an SR-aware Intrusion Detection System.

   Examples of SR-aware services are provided in section Section 8.1.

4.2.  SR-Unaware Services

   Any service that does not meet the above criteria for SR-awareness is
   considered as SR-unaware.

   An SR-unaware service is not able to process the SR information in
   the traffic that it receives.  It may either drop the traffic or take
   erroneous decisions due to the unrecognized routing information.  In
   order to include such services in an SR policy, it is thus required
   to remove the SR information as well as any other encapsulation
   header before the service receives the packet, or to alter it in such
   a way that the service can correctly process the packet.

   In this document, we define the concept of an SR proxy as an entity,
   separate from the service, that performs these modifications and
   handle the SR processing on behalf of a service.  The SR proxy can
   run as a separate process on the service appliance, on a virtual
   switch or router on the compute node or on a different host.

   An SR-unaware service is associated with a service segment
   instantiated on the SR proxy, which is used to steer traffic through
   the service.  Section 6 describes several SR proxy behaviors to
   handle the encapsulation headers and SR information under various
   circumstances.

5.  SR Service Policies

   An SR service policy is an SR policy, as defined in [RFC9256], that
   includes at least one service.  This service is represented in the
   SID-list by its associated service SID.  In case the policy should
   include several services, the service traversal order is indicated by
   the relative position of each service SID in the SID-list.  Using the
   mechanisms described in [RFC9256], it is possible to load balance the
   traffic over several services, or instances of the same service, by
   associating with the SR service policy a weighted set of SID-lists,
   each containing a possible sequence of service SIDs to be traversed.
   Similarly, several candidate paths can be specified for the SR
   service policy, each with its own set of SID-lists, for resiliency

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   purposes.

   Furthermore, binding SIDs (BSIDs) [RFC8402] can be leveraged in the
   context of service policies to reduce the number of SIDs imposed by
   the headend, provide opacity between domains and improve scalability.
   For example, a network operator may want a policy in its core domain
   to include services that are running in one of its datacenters.  One
   option is to define an SR policy at ingress edge of the core domain
   that explicitly includes all the SIDs needed to steer the traffic
   through the core and in the DC, but that may result in a long SID-
   list and requires to update the ingress edge configuration every time
   the DC part of the policy is modified.  Alternatively, a separate
   policy can be defined at the ingress edge of the datacenter with only
   the SIDs that needs to be executed there and its BSID included in the
   core domain policy.  That BSID remains stable when the DC policy is
   modified and can even be shared among several core domain policies
   that would require the same type of processing in the DC.

   This section describes how services can be integrated within an SR-
   MPLS or SRv6 service policy.

        +------------------------------------------+
        |               SR network                 |
        |                                          |
   +----+----+          +---------+           +----+-----+
   |    H    +----------+    S    +-----------+    E     |
   |(headend)|          |(service)|           |(endpoint)|
   +----+----+          +---------+           +----+-----+
        |  =====================================>  |
        |     P1(H,E,C)                            |
        +------------------------------------------+

                        Figure 1: SR service policy

   Figure 1 illustrates a basic SR service policy instantiated on a
   headend node H towards an endpoint E and traversing a service S.  The
   SR policy may also include additional requirements, such as traffic
   engineering or VPN.  On the head-end H, the SR policy P1 is created
   with a color C and endpoint E and associated with an SR path that can
   either be explicitly configured, dynamically computed on H or
   provisioned by a network controller.

   In its most basic form, the SR policy P1 would be resolved into the
   SID-list < SID(S), SID(E) >.  This is assuming that SID(S) and SID(E)
   are directly reachable from H and S, respectively, and that the
   forwarding path meets the policy requirement.  However, depending on
   the dataplane and the segments available in the network, additional
   SIDs may be required to enforce the SR policy.

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   This model applies regardless of the SR-awareness of the service.  If
   it is SR-unaware, then S simply represents the proxy that takes care
   of transmitting the packet to the actual service.

   Traffic can then be steered into this policy using any of the
   mechanisms described in [RFC9256].

   The following subsections describe the specificities of each SR
   dataplane.

5.1.  SR-MPLS Data Plane

        +-----------------------------------------------+
        |                SR-MPLS network                |
        |                                               |
   +----+----+   ------>   +---------+   ------>   +----+-----+
   |    H    +-------------+    S    +-------------+    E     |
   |(headend)|             |(service)|             |(endpoint)|
   +----+----+             +---------+             +----+-----+
        |    (1)         (2)         (3)         (4)    |
        |+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+|
        ||   ...   | |  L(S)   | |   ...   | |  L(E)   ||
        |+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+|
        ||  L(S)   | |   ...   | |  L(E)   | |Inner pkt||
        |+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+|
        ||   ...   | |  L(E)   | |Inner pkt|            |
        |+---------+ +---------+ +---------+            |
        ||  L(E)   | |Inner pkt|                        |
        |+---------+ +---------+                        |
        ||Inner pkt|                                    |
        |+---------+                                    |
        +-----------------------------------------------+

                Figure 2: Packet walk in an SR-MPLS network

   In an SR-MPLS network, the SR policy SID-list is encoded as a stack
   of MPLS labels [RFC8660] and pushed on top of the packet.

   In the example shown on Figure 2, the SR policy should steer the
   traffic from the head-end H to the endpoint E via a service S.  This
   translates into an MPLS label stack that includes at least a label
   L(S) associated to service S and a label L(E) associated to the
   endpoint E.  The label stack may also include additional intermediate
   SIDs if these are required for traffic engineering (e.g., to encode a
   low latency path between H and S and / or between S and E) or simply
   for reachability purposes.  Indeed, the service SID L(S) may be taken
   from the global or local SID block of node S and, in the latter case,
   one or more SIDs might be needed before L(S) in order for the packet

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   to reach node S (e.g., a prefix-SID of S), where L(S) can be
   interpreted.  The same applies for the SID L(E) at the SR policy
   endpoint.

   Special consideration must be taken into account when using Local
   SIDs for service identification due to increased label stack depth
   and the associated impacts.

   When the packet arrives at S, this node determines the MPLS payload
   type and the appropriate behavior for processing the packet based on
   the semantic locally associated to the top label L(S).  If S is an
   SR-aware service, the SID L(S) may provide additional context or
   indication on how to process the packet (e.g., a firewall SID may
   indicate which rule set should be applied onto the packet).  If S is
   a proxy in front of an SR-unaware service, L(S) indicates how and to
   which service attached to this proxy the packet should be
   transmitted.  At some point in the process, L(S) is also popped from
   the label stack in order to expose the next SID, which may be L(E) or
   another intermediate SID.

5.2.  SRv6 Data Plane

        +-----------------------------------------------+
        |                 SRv6 network                  |
        |                                               |
   +----+----+   ------>   +---------+   ------>   +----+-----+
   |    H    +-------------+    S    +-------------+    E     |
   |(headend)|             |(service)|             |(endpoint)|
   +----+----+             +---------+             +----+-----+
        |    (1)         (2)         (3)         (4)    |
        |+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+|
        ||IP6(H,..)| |IP6(H, S)| |IP6(H,..)| |IP6(H, E)||
        |+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+|
        ||SRH(E,..,| |SRH(E,..,| |SRH(E,..,| |SRH(E,..,||
        ||    S,..;| |    S,..;| |    S,..;| |    S,..;||
        ||    SL=i)| |    SL=j)| |    SL=k)| |    SL=0)||
        |+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+|
        ||Inner pkt| |Inner pkt| |Inner pkt| |Inner pkt||
        |+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+|
        +-----------------------------------------------+

                  Figure 3: Packet walk in an SRv6 network

   In an SRv6 network, the SR Policy is encoded into the packet as an
   IPv6 header possibly followed by a Segment Routing Header (SRH)
   [RFC8754].

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   In the example shown on Figure 3, the SR policy should steer the
   traffic from the head-end H to the endpoint E via a service S.  This
   translates into Segment-List that includes at least a segment SID(S)
   to the service, or service proxy, S and a segment SID(E) to the
   endpoint E.  The Segment-List may also include additional
   intermediate SIDs if these are required for traffic engineering
   (e.g., the encode a low latency path between H and S and / or between
   S and E) or simply for reachability purposes.  Indeed, the service
   SID locator may or may not be advertised in the routing protocol and,
   in the latter case, one or more SIDs might be needed before SID(S) in
   order to bring the packet up to node S, where SID(S) can be
   interpreted.  The same applies for the segment SID(E) at the SR
   policy endpoint.

   When the packet arrives at S, this node determines how to process the
   packet based on the semantic locally associated to the active segment
   SID(S).  If S is an SR-aware service, then SID(S) may provide
   additional context or indication on how to process the packet (e.g.,
   a firewall SID may indicate which rule set should be applied onto the
   packet).  If S is a proxy in front of an SR-unaware service, SID(S)
   indicates how and to which service attached to this proxy the packet
   should be transmitted.  At some point in the process, the SRv6 End
   function is also applied in order to make the next SID, which may be
   SID(E) or another intermediate SID, active.

   The "Inner pkt" on Figure 3 represents the SRv6 payload, which may be
   an encapsulated IP packet, an Ethernet frame or a transport-layer
   payload, for example.

6.  SR Proxy Behaviors

   This section describes several SR proxy behaviors designed to enable
   SR service programming through SR-unaware services.  A system
   implementing one of these behaviors may handle the SR processing on
   behalf of an SR-unaware service and allows the service to properly
   process the traffic that is steered through it.

   A service may be located at any hop in an SR policy, including the
   last segment.  However, the SR proxy behaviors defined in this
   section are dedicated to supporting SR-unaware services at
   intermediate hops in the segment list.  In case an SR-unaware service
   is at the last segment, it is sufficient to ensure that the SR
   information is ignored (IPv6 routing extension header with Segments
   Left equal to 0) or removed before the packet reaches the service
   (MPLS PHP, SRv6 decapsulation behavior or PSP flavor).

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   As illustrated on Figure 4, the generic behavior of an SR proxy has
   two parts.  The first part is in charge of passing traffic from the
   network to the service.  It intercepts the SR traffic destined for
   the service via a locally instantiated service segment, modifies it
   in such a way that it appears as non-SR traffic to the service, then
   sends it out on a given interface, IFACE-OUT, connected to the
   service.  The second part receives the traffic coming back from the
   service on IFACE-IN, restores the SR information and forwards it
   according to the next segment in the list.  IFACE-OUT and IFACE-IN
   are respectively the proxy interface used for sending traffic to the
   service and the proxy interface that receives the traffic coming back
   from the service.  These can be physical interfaces or sub-interfaces
   (VLANs) and, unless otherwise stated, IFACE-OUT and IFACE-IN can
   represent the same interface.

              +----------------------------+
              |                            |
              |           Service          |
              |                            |
              +----------------------------+
                       ^  Non SR   |
                       |  traffic  |
                       |           v
                 +-----------+----------+
              +--| IFACE OUT | IFACE IN |--+
   SR traffic |  +-----------+----------+  | SR traffic
   ---------->|          SR proxy          |---------->
              |                            |
              +----------------------------+

                         Figure 4: Generic SR proxy

   In the next subsections, the following SR proxy mechanisms are
   defined:

   *  Static proxy

   *  Dynamic proxy

   *  Shared-memory proxy

   *  Masquerading proxy

   Each mechanism has its own characteristics and constraints, which are
   summarized in the below table.  It is up to the operator to select
   the best one based on the proxy node capabilities, the service
   behavior and the traffic type.  It is also possible to use different
   proxy mechanisms within the same service policy.

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                                           +-----+-----+-----+-----+
                                           |     |     |     |  M  |
                                           |     |     |  S  |  a  |
                                           |     |     |  h  |  s  |
                                           |     |     |  a  |  q  |
                                           |     |     |  r  |  u  |
                                           |     |  D  |  e  |  e  |
                                           |  S  |  y  |  d  |  r  |
                                           |  t  |  n  |     |  a  |
                                           |  a  |  a  |  m  |  d  |
                                           |  t  |  m  |  e  |  i  |
                                           |  i  |  i  |  m  |  n  |
                                           |  c  |  c  |  .  |  g  |
   +---------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
   |                |       SR-MPLS        |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |  -  |
   |                |                      |     |     |     |     |
   |   SR flavors   |     Inline SRv6      |  P  |  P  |  P  |  Y  |
   |                |                      |     |     |     |     |
   |                |  SRv6 encapsulation  |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |  -  |
   +----------------+----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
   |     Chain agnostic configuration      |  N  |  N  |  Y  |  Y  |
   +---------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
   |     Transparent to chain changes      |  N  |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |
   +----------------+----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
   |                |   DA modification    |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  | NAT |
   |                |                      |     |     |     |     |
   |                | Payload modification |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |
   |                |                      |     |     |     |     |
   |Service support |  Packet generation   |  Y  |  Y  |cache|cache|
   |                |                      |     |     |     |     |
   |                |   Packet deletion    |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |
   |                |                      |     |     |     |     |
   |                |  Packet re-ordering  |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |
   |                |                      |     |     |     |     |
   |                |  Transport endpoint  |  Y  |  Y  |cache|cache|
   +----------------+----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
   |                |       Ethernet       |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |  -  |
   |   Supported    |                      |     |     |     |     |
   |    traffic     |         IPv4         |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |  -  |
   |                |                      |     |     |     |     |
   |                |         IPv6         |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |  Y  |
   +----------------+----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+

                         Figure 5: SR proxy summary

   Note: The use of a shared memory proxy requires both the service
   (VNF) and the proxy to be running on the same node.

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6.1.  Static SR Proxy

   The static proxy is an SR endpoint behavior for processing SR-MPLS or
   SRv6 encapsulated traffic on behalf of an SR-unaware service.  This
   proxy thus receives SR traffic that is formed of an MPLS label stack
   or an IPv6 header on top of an inner packet, which can be Ethernet,
   IPv4 or IPv6.

   A static SR proxy segment is associated with the following mandatory
   parameters

   *  INNER-TYPE: Inner packet type

   *  NH-ADDR: Next hop Ethernet address (only for inner type IPv4 and
      IPv6)

   *  IFACE-OUT: Local interface for sending traffic towards the service

   *  IFACE-IN: Local interface receiving the traffic coming back from
      the service

   *  CACHE: SR information to be attached on the traffic coming back
      from the service, including at least

      -  CACHE.SA: IPv6 source address (SRv6 only)

      -  CACHE.LIST: Segment list expressed as MPLS labels or IPv6
         address

   A static SR proxy segment is thus defined for a specific service,
   inner packet type and cached SR information.  It is also bound to a
   pair of directed interfaces on the proxy.  These may be both
   directions of a single interface, or opposite directions of two
   different interfaces.  The latter is recommended in case the service
   is to be used as part of a bi-directional SR service policy.  If the
   proxy and the service both support 802.1Q, IFACE-OUT and IFACE-IN can
   also represent sub-interfaces.

   The first part of this behavior is triggered when the proxy node
   receives a packet whose active segment matches a segment associated
   with the static proxy behavior.  It removes the SR information from
   the packet then sends it on a specific interface towards the
   associated service.  This SR information corresponds to the full
   label stack for SR-MPLS or to the encapsulation IPv6 header with any
   attached extension header in the case of SRv6.

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   The second part is an inbound policy attached to the proxy interface
   receiving the traffic returning from the service, IFACE-IN.  This
   policy attaches to the incoming traffic the cached SR information
   associated with the SR proxy segment.  If the proxy segment uses the
   SR-MPLS data plane, CACHE contains a stack of labels to be pushed on
   top of the packets.  With the SRv6 data plane, CACHE is defined as a
   source address, an active segment and an optional SRH (tag, segments
   left, segment list and metadata).  The proxy encapsulates the packets
   with an IPv6 header that has the source address, the active segment
   as destination address and the SRH as a routing extension header.
   After the SR information has been attached, the packets are forwarded
   according to the active segment, which is represented by the top MPLS
   label or the IPv6 Destination Address.  An MPLS TTL or IPv6 Hop Limit
   value may also be configured in CACHE.  If it is not, the proxy
   should set these values according to the node's default setting for
   MPLS or IPv6 encapsulation.

   In this scenario, there are no restrictions on the operations that
   can be performed by the service on the stream of packets.  It may
   operate at all protocol layers, terminate transport layer
   connections, generate new packets and initiate transport layer
   connections.  This behavior may also be used to integrate an
   IPv4-only service into an SRv6 policy.  However, a static SR proxy
   segment can be used in only one service policy at a time.  As opposed
   to most other segment types, a static SR proxy segment is bound to a
   unique list of segments, which represents a directed SR service
   policy.  This is due to the cached SR information being defined in
   the segment configuration.  This limitation only prevents multiple
   segment lists from using the same static SR proxy segment at the same
   time, but a single segment list can be shared by any number of
   traffic flows.  Besides, since the returning traffic from the service
   is re-classified based on the incoming interface, an interface can be
   used as receiving interface (IFACE-IN) only for a single SR proxy
   segment at a time.  In the case of a bi-directional SR service
   policy, a different SR proxy segment and receiving interface are
   required for the return direction.

   The static proxy behavior may also be used for sending traffic
   through "bump in the wire" services that are transparent to the IP
   and Ethernet layers.  This type of processing is assumed when the
   inner traffic type is Ethernet, since the original destination
   address of the Ethernet frame is preserved when the packet is steered
   into the SR Policy and likely associated with a node downstream of
   the policy tail-end.  In case the inner type is IP (IPv4 or IPv6),
   the NH-ADDR parameter may be set to a dummy or broadcast Ethernet
   address, or simply to the address of the proxy receiving interface
   (IFACE-IN).

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6.1.1.  SR-MPLS Pseudocode

6.1.1.1.  Static Proxy for Inner Type Ethernet

   When processing an MPLS packet whose top label matches a locally
   instantiated MPLS static proxy SID for Ethernet traffic, the
   following pseudocode is executed.

   S01. POP all labels in the MPLS label stack.
   S02. Submit the frame to the Ethernet module for transmission via
        interface IFACE-OUT.

         Figure 6: SID processing for MPLS static proxy (Ethernet)

   When processing an Ethernet frame received on the interface IFACE-IN
   and with a destination MAC address that is neither a broadcast
   address nor matches the address of IFACE-IN, the following pseudocode
   is executed.

   S01. Retrieve the CACHE entry associated with IFACE-IN.
   S02. If the CACHE entry is not empty {
   S03.   Remove the preamble or Frame Check Sequence (FCS).
   S04.   PUSH all labels from the retrieved CACHE entry.
   S05.   Submit the packet to the MPLS module for transmission as per
          the top label in the MPLS label stack.
   S06. }

         Figure 7: Inbound policy for MPLS static proxy (Ethernet)

6.1.1.2.  Static Proxy for Inner Type IPv4

   When processing an MPLS packet whose top label matches a locally
   instantiated MPLS static proxy SID for IPv4 traffic, the following
   pseudocode is executed.

   S01. POP all labels in the MPLS label stack.
   S02. Submit the packet to the IPv4 module for transmission on
        interface IFACE-OUT via NH-ADDR.

           Figure 8: SID processing for MPLS static proxy (IPv4)

   When processing an IPv4 packet received on the interface IFACE-IN and
   with a destination address that does not match any address of IFACE-
   IN, the following pseudocode is executed.

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   S01. Retrieve the CACHE entry associated with IFACE-IN.
   S02. If the CACHE entry is not empty {
   S03.   Decrement the TTL and adjust the checksum accordingly.
   S04.   PUSH all labels from the retrieved CACHE entry.
   S05.   Submit the packet to the MPLS module for transmission as per
          the top label in the MPLS label stack.
   S06. }

           Figure 9: Inbound policy for MPLS static proxy (IPv4)

6.1.1.3.  Static Proxy for Inner Type IPv6

   When processing an MPLS packet whose top label matches a locally
   instantiated MPLS static proxy SID for IPv6 traffic, the following
   pseudocode is executed.

   S01. POP all labels in the MPLS label stack.
   S02. Submit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission on
        interface IFACE-OUT via NH-ADDR.

           Figure 10: SID processing for MPLS static proxy (IPv6)

   When processing an IPv6 packet received on the interface IFACE-IN and
   with a destination address that does not match any address of IFACE-
   IN, the following pseudocode is executed.

   S01. Retrieve the CACHE entry associated with IFACE-IN.
   S02. If the CACHE entry is not empty {
   S03.   Decrement the Hop Limit.
   S04.   PUSH all labels from the retrieved CACHE entry.
   S05.   Submit the packet to the MPLS module for transmission as per
          the top label in the MPLS label stack.
   S06. }

           Figure 11: Inbound policy for MPLS static proxy (IPv6)

6.1.2.  SRv6 Pseudocode

6.1.2.1.  Static Proxy for Inner Type Ethernet

   When processing an IPv6 packet matching a FIB entry locally
   instantiated as an SRv6 static proxy SID for Ethernet traffic, the
   following pseudocode is executed.

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  S01. When an SRH is processed {
  S02.   If (Segments Left == 0) {
  S03.     Proceed to process the next header in the packet.
  S04.   }
  S05.   If (IPv6 Hop Limit <= 1) {
  S06.     Send an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the Source Address,
           Code 0 (hop limit exceeded in transit),
           Interrupt packet processing and discard the packet.
  S07.   }
  S08.   max_last_entry = (Hdr Ext Len / 2) - 1
  S09.   If ((Last Entry > max_last_entry) or
             (Segments Left > (Last Entry + 1))) {
  S10.     Send an ICMP Parameter Problem message to the Source Address,
           Code 0 (Erroneous header field encountered),
           Pointer set to the Segments Left field,
           Interrupt packet processing and discard the packet.
  S11.   }
  S12.   Decrement Hop Limit by 1.
  S13.   Decrement Segments Left by 1.
  S14.   Copy Segment List[Segments Left] from the SRH to the
         Destination Address of the IPv6 header.
  S15.   If (Upper-layer header type != 143 (Ethernet)) {
  S16.     Resubmit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission to
           the new destination.
  S17.   }
  S18.   Perform IPv6 decapsulation.
  S19.   Submit the frame to the Ethernet module for transmission via
         interface IFACE-OUT.
  S20. }

        Figure 12: SID processing for SRv6 static proxy (Ethernet)

   S15: 143 (Ethernet) refers to the value assigned by IANA for
   "Ethernet" in the "Internet Protocol Numbers" registry.

   When processing the Upper-layer header of a packet matching a FIB
   entry locally instantiated as an SRv6 static proxy SID for Ethernet
   traffic, the following pseudocode is executed.

   S01. If (Upper-layer header type != 143 (Ethernet)) {
   S02.   Process as per [RFC8986] Section 4.1.1
   S03. }
   S04. Perform IPv6 decapsulation.
   S05. Submit the frame to the Ethernet module for transmission via
        interface IFACE-OUT.

       Figure 13: Upper-layer header processing for SRv6 static proxy
                                 (Ethernet)

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   When processing an Ethernet frame received on the interface IFACE-IN
   and with a destination MAC address that is neither a broadcast
   address nor matches the address of IFACE-IN, the following pseudocode
   is executed.

   S01. Retrieve the CACHE entry associated with IFACE-IN.
   S02. If the CACHE entry is not empty {
   S03.   Remove the preamble or Frame Check Sequence (FCS).
   S04.   Perform IPv6 encapsulation with an SRH
            Source Address of the IPv6 header is set to CACHE.SA,
            Destination Address of the IPv6 header is set to
            CACHE.LIST[0],
            Next Header of the SRH is set to 143 (Ethernet),
            Segment List of the SRH is set to CACHE.LIST.
   S05.   Submit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission to the
          next destination.
   S06. }

         Figure 14: Inbound policy for SRv6 static proxy (Ethernet)

   S04: CACHE.LIST[0] represents the first entry in CACHE.LIST.  Unless
   a local configuration indicates otherwise, the SIDs in CACHE.LIST
   should be encoded in the Segment List field in reversed order, the
   Segment Left and Last Entry values should be set of the length of
   CACHE.LIST minus 1.  If CACHE.LIST contains a single entry, the SRH
   can be omitted and the Next Header field of the IPv6 header set to
   143 (Ethernet).

6.1.2.2.  Static Proxy for Inner Type IPv4

   When processing an IPv6 packet matching a FIB entry locally
   instantiated as an SRv6 static proxy SID for IPv4 traffic, the
   following pseudocode is executed.

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  S01. When an SRH is processed {
  S02.   If (Segments Left == 0) {
  S03.     Proceed to process the next header in the packet.
  S04.   }
  S05.   If (IPv6 Hop Limit <= 1) {
  S06.     Send an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the Source Address,
           Code 0 (hop limit exceeded in transit),
           Interrupt packet processing and discard the packet.
  S07.   }
  S08.   max_last_entry = (Hdr Ext Len / 2) - 1
  S09.   If ((Last Entry > max_last_entry) or
             (Segments Left > (Last Entry + 1))) {
  S10.     Send an ICMP Parameter Problem message to the Source Address,
           Code 0 (Erroneous header field encountered),
           Pointer set to the Segments Left field,
           Interrupt packet processing and discard the packet.
  S11.   }
  S12.   Decrement Hop Limit by 1.
  S13.   Decrement Segments Left by 1.
  S14.   Copy Segment List[Segments Left] from the SRH to the
         Destination Address of the IPv6 header.
  S15.   If (Upper-layer header type != 4 (IPv4)) {
  S16.     Resubmit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission to
           the new destination.
  S17.   }
  S18.   Perform IPv6 decapsulation.
  S19.   Submit the packet to the IPv4 module for transmission on
         interface IFACE-OUT via NH-ADDR.
  S20. }

          Figure 15: SID processing for SRv6 static proxy (IPv4)

   When processing the Upper-layer header of a packet matching a FIB
   entry locally instantiated as an SRv6 static proxy SID for IPv4
   traffic, the following pseudocode is executed.

   S01. If (Upper-layer header type != 4 (IPv4)) {
   S02.   Process as per [RFC8986] Section 4.1.1
   S03. }
   S04. Perform IPv6 decapsulation.
   S05. Submit the packet to the IPv4 module for transmission on
        interface IFACE-OUT via NH-ADDR.

   Figure 16: Upper-layer header processing for SRv6 static proxy (IPv4)

   When processing an IPv4 packet received on the interface IFACE-IN and
   with a destination address that does not match any address of IFACE-
   IN, the following pseudocode is executed.

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   S01. Retrieve the CACHE entry associated with IFACE-IN.
   S02. If the CACHE entry is not empty {
   S03.   Decrement the TTL and adjust the checksum accordingly.
   S04.   Perform IPv6 encapsulation with an SRH
            Source Address of the IPv6 header is set to CACHE.SA,
            Destination Address of the IPv6 header is set to
            CACHE.LIST[0],
            Next Header of the SRH is set to 4 (IPv4),
            Segment List of the SRH is set to CACHE.LIST.
   S05.   Submit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission to the
          next destination.
   S06. }

           Figure 17: Inbound policy for SRv6 static proxy (IPv4)

   S04: CACHE.LIST[0] represents the first entry in CACHE.LIST.  Unless
   a local configuration indicates otherwise, the SIDs in CACHE.LIST
   should be encoded in the Segment List field in reversed order, the
   Segment Left and Last Entry values should be set of the length of
   CACHE.LIST minus 1.  If CACHE.LIST contains a single entry, the SRH
   can be omitted and the Next Header field of the IPv6 header set to 4
   (IPv4).

6.1.2.3.  Static Proxy for Inner Type IPv6

   When processing an IPv6 packet matching a FIB entry locally
   instantiated as an SRv6 static proxy SID for IPv6 traffic, the
   following pseudocode is executed.

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  S01. When an SRH is processed {
  S02.   If (Segments Left == 0) {
  S03.     Proceed to process the next header in the packet.
  S04.   }
  S05.   If (IPv6 Hop Limit <= 1) {
  S06.     Send an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the Source Address,
           Code 0 (hop limit exceeded in transit),
           Interrupt packet processing and discard the packet.
  S07.   }
  S08.   max_last_entry = (Hdr Ext Len / 2) - 1
  S09.   If ((Last Entry > max_last_entry) or
             (Segments Left > (Last Entry + 1))) {
  S10.     Send an ICMP Parameter Problem message to the Source Address,
           Code 0 (Erroneous header field encountered),
           Pointer set to the Segments Left field,
           Interrupt packet processing and discard the packet.
  S11.   }
  S12.   Decrement Hop Limit by 1.
  S13.   Decrement Segments Left by 1.
  S14.   Copy Segment List[Segments Left] from the SRH to the
         Destination Address of the IPv6 header.
  S15.   If (Upper-layer header type != 41 (IPv6)) {
  S16.     Resubmit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission to
           the new destination.
  S17.   }
  S18.   Perform IPv6 decapsulation.
  S19.   Submit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission on
         interface IFACE-OUT via NH-ADDR.
  S20. }

          Figure 18: SID processing for SRv6 static proxy (IPv6)

   When processing the Upper-layer header of a packet matching a FIB
   entry locally instantiated as an SRv6 static proxy SID for IPv6
   traffic, the following pseudocode is executed.

   S01. If (Upper-layer header type != 41 (IPv6)) {
   S02.   Process as per [RFC8986] Section 4.1.1
   S03. }
   S04. Perform IPv6 decapsulation.
   S05. Submit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission on
        interface IFACE-OUT via NH-ADDR.

   Figure 19: Upper-layer header processing for SRv6 static proxy (IPv6)

   When processing an IPv6 packet received on the interface IFACE-IN and
   with a destination address that does not match any address of IFACE-
   IN, the following pseudocode is executed.

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   S01. Retrieve the CACHE entry associated with IFACE-IN.
   S02. If the CACHE entry is not empty {
   S03.   Decrement the Hop Limit.
   S04.   Perform IPv6 encapsulation with an SRH
            Source Address of the IPv6 header is set to CACHE.SA,
            Destination Address of the IPv6 header is set to
            CACHE.LIST[0],
            Next Header of the SRH is set to 41 (IPv6),
            Segment List of the SRH is set to CACHE.LIST.
   S05.   Submit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission to the
          next destination.
   S06. }

           Figure 20: Inbound policy for SRv6 static proxy (IPv6)

   S04: CACHE.LIST[0] represents the first entry in CACHE.LIST.  Unless
   a local configuration indicates otherwise, the SIDs in CACHE.LIST
   should be encoded in the Segment List field in reversed order, the
   Segment Left and Last Entry values should be set of the length of
   CACHE.LIST minus 1.  If CACHE.LIST contains a single entry, the SRH
   can be omitted and the Next Header field of the (outer) IPv6 header
   set to 41 (IPv6).

6.2.  Dynamic SR Proxy

   The dynamic proxy is an improvement over the static proxy that
   dynamically learns the SR information before removing it from the
   incoming traffic.  The same information can then be re-attached to
   the traffic returning from the service.  As opposed to the static SR
   proxy, no CACHE information needs to be configured.  Instead, the
   dynamic SR proxy relies on a local caching mechanism on the node
   instantiating this segment.

   Upon receiving a packet whose active segment matches a dynamic SR
   proxy function, the proxy node pops the top MPLS label or applies the
   SRv6 End behavior, then compares the updated SR information with the
   cache entry for the current segment.  If the cache is empty or
   different, it is updated with the new SR information.  The SR
   information is then removed and the inner packet is sent towards the
   service.

   The cache entry is not mapped to any particular packet, but instead
   to an SR service policy identified by the receiving interface (IFACE-
   IN).  Any non-link-local IP packet or non-local Ethernet frame
   received on that interface will be re-encapsulated with the cached
   headers as described in Section 6.1.  The service may thus drop,
   modify or generate new packets without affecting the proxy.

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6.2.1.  SR-MPLS Pseudocode

   The dynamic proxy SR-MPLS pseudocode is obtained by inserting the
   following instructions at the beginning of the static SR-MPLS
   pseudocode (Section 6.1.1).

   S01. If the top label S bit is different from 0 {
   S02.   Discard the packet.
   S03. }
   S04. POP the top label.
   S05. Copy the MPLS label stack in a CACHE entry associated with the
        interface IFACE-IN.

              Figure 21: SID processing for MPLS dynamic proxy

   S01: As mentioned at the beginning of Section 6, an SR proxy is not
   needed to include an SR-unaware service at the end of an SR policy.

   S05: An implementation may optimize the caching procedure by copying
   information into the cache only if it is different from the current
   content of the cache entry.  Furthermore, a TTL margin can be
   configured for the top label stack entry to prevent constant cache
   updates when multiple equal-cost paths with different hop counts are
   used towards the SR proxy node.  In that case, a TTL difference
   smaller than the configured margin should not trigger a cache update
   (provided that the labels are the same).

   When processing an Ethernet frame, an IPv4 packet or an IPv6 packet
   received on the interface IFACE-IN and with a destination address
   that does not match any address of IFACE-IN, the pseudocode reported
   in Figure 7, Figure 9 or Figure 11, respectively, is executed.

6.2.2.  SRv6 Pseudocode

   When processing an IPv6 packet matching a FIB entry locally
   instantiated as an SRv6 dynamic proxy SID, the same pseudocode as
   described in Figure 12, Figure 15 and Figure 18, respectively for
   Ethernet, IPv4 and IPv6 traffic, is executed with the following
   addition between lines S17 and S18.

   (... S17.     })
   S17.1.   Copy the IPv6 encapsulation in a CACHE entry associated with
            the interface IFACE-IN.
   (S18.     Perform IPv6 decapsulation...)

              Figure 22: SID processing for SRv6 dynamic proxy

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   An implementation may optimize the caching procedure by copying
   information into the cache only if it is different from the current
   content of the cache entry.  A Hop Limit margin can be configured to
   prevent constant cache updates when multiple equal-cost paths with
   different hop counts are used towards the SR proxy node.  In that
   case, a Hop Limit difference smaller than the configured margin
   should not trigger a cache update.  Similarly, the Flow Label value
   can be ignored when comparing the current packet IPv6 header with the
   cache entry.  In this case, the Flow Label should be re-computed by
   the proxy node when it restores the IPv6 encapsulation from the cache
   entry.

   When processing the Upper-layer header of a packet matching a FIB
   entry locally instantiated as an SRv6 dynamic proxy SID, process the
   packet as per [RFC8986] Section 4.1.1.

   When processing an Ethernet frame, an IPv4 packet or an IPv6 packet
   received on the interface IFACE-IN and with a destination address
   that does not match any address of IFACE-IN, the same pseudocode as
   in Figure 14, Figure 17 or Figure 20, respectively, is executed.

6.3.  Shared Memory SR Proxy

   The shared memory proxy is an SR endpoint behavior for processing SR-
   MPLS or SRv6 encapsulated traffic on behalf of an SR-unaware service.
   This proxy behavior leverages a shared-memory interface with a
   virtualized service (VNF) in order to hide the SR information from an
   SR-unaware service while keeping it attached to the packet.  We
   assume in this case that the proxy and the VNF are running on the
   same compute node.  A typical scenario is an SR-capable vrouter
   running on a container host and forwarding traffic to VNFs isolated
   within their respective container.

6.4.  Masquerading SR Proxy

   The masquerading proxy is an SR endpoint behavior for processing SRv6
   traffic on behalf of an SR-unaware service.  This proxy thus receives
   SR traffic that is formed of an IPv6 header and an SRH on top of an
   inner payload.  The masquerading behavior is independent from the
   inner payload type.  Hence, the inner payload can be of any type but
   it is usually expected to be a transport layer packet, such as TCP or
   UDP.

   A masquerading SR proxy segment is associated with the following
   mandatory parameters:

   *  NH-ADDR: Next hop Ethernet address

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   *  IFACE-OUT: Local interface for sending traffic towards the service

   *  IFACE-IN: Local interface receiving the traffic coming back from
      the service

   A masquerading SR proxy segment is thus defined for a specific
   service and bound to a pair of directed interfaces or sub-interfaces
   on the proxy.  As opposed to the static and dynamic SR proxies, a
   masquerading segment can be present at the same time in any number of
   SR service policies and the same interfaces can be bound to multiple
   masquerading proxy segments.  The only restriction is that a
   masquerading proxy segment cannot be the last segment in an SR
   service policy.

   The first part of the masquerading behavior is triggered when the
   proxy node receives an IPv6 packet whose Destination Address matches
   a masquerading proxy SID.  The proxy inspects the IPv6 extension
   headers and substitutes the Destination Address with the last SID in
   the SRH attached to the IPv6 header, which represents the final
   destination of the IPv6 packet.  The packet is then sent out towards
   the service.

   The service receives an IPv6 packet whose source and destination
   addresses are respectively the original source and final destination.
   It does not attempt to inspect the SRH, as RFC8200 specifies that
   routing extension headers are not examined or processed by transit
   nodes.  Instead, the service simply forwards the packet based on its
   current Destination Address.  In this scenario, we assume that the
   service can only inspect, drop or perform limited changes to the
   packets.  For example, Intrusion Detection Systems, Deep Packet
   Inspectors and non-NAT Firewalls are among the services that can be
   supported by a masquerading SR proxy.  Flavors of the masquerading
   behavior are defined in Section 6.4.2 and Section 6.4.3 to support a
   wider range of services.

   The second part of the masquerading behavior, also called de-
   masquerading, is an inbound policy attached to the proxy interface
   receiving the traffic returning from the service, IFACE-IN.  This
   policy inspects the incoming traffic and triggers a regular SRv6
   endpoint processing (End) on any IPv6 packet that contains an SRH.
   This processing occurs before any lookup on the packet Destination
   Address is performed and it is sufficient to restore the right active
   SID as the Destination Address of the IPv6 packet.

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6.4.1.  SRv6 Masquerading Proxy Pseudocode

   Masquerading: When processing an IPv6 packet matching a FIB entry
   locally instantiated as an SRv6 masquerading proxy SID, the following
   pseudocode is executed.

  S01. When an SRH is processed {
  S02.   If (Segments Left == 0) {
  S03.     Proceed to process the next header in the packet.
  S04.   }
  S05.   If (IPv6 Hop Limit <= 1) {
  S06.     Send an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the Source Address,
           Code 0 (hop limit exceeded in transit),
           Interrupt packet processing and discard the packet.
  S07.   }
  S08.   max_last_entry = (Hdr Ext Len / 2) - 1
  S09.   If ((Last Entry > max_last_entry) or
             (Segments Left > (Last Entry + 1))) {
  S10.     Send an ICMP Parameter Problem message to the Source Address,
           Code 0 (Erroneous header field encountered),
           Pointer set to the Segments Left field,
           Interrupt packet processing and discard the packet.
  S11.   }
  S12.   Decrement Hop Limit by 1.
  S13.   Decrement Segments Left by 1.
  S14.   Copy Segment List[0] from the SRH to the Destination Address
         of the IPv6 header.
  S15.   Submit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission on
         interface IFACE-OUT via NH-ADDR.
  S16. }

          Figure 23: SID processing for SRv6 masquerading proxy

   When processing the Upper-layer header of a packet matching a FIB
   entry locally instantiated as an SRv6 masquerading proxy SID, process
   the packet as per [RFC8986] Section 4.1.1.

   De-masquerading: When processing an IPv6 packet received on the
   interface IFACE-IN and with a destination address that does not match
   any address of IFACE-IN, the following pseudocode is executed.

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S01. When an SRH is processed {
S02.   If (IPv6 Hop Limit <= 1) {
S03.     Send an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the Source Address,
         Code 0 (hop limit exceeded in transit),
         Interrupt packet processing and discard the packet.
S04.   }
S05.   If (Segments Left != 0) {
S06.     max_last_entry = (Hdr Ext Len / 2) - 1
S07.     If ((Last Entry > max_last_entry) or
             (Segments Left > Last Entry)) {
S08.       Send an ICMP Parameter Problem message to the Source Address,
           Code 0 (Erroneous header field encountered),
           Pointer set to the Segments Left field,
           Interrupt packet processing and discard the packet.
S09.     }
S10.     Copy Segment List[Segments Left] from the SRH to the
         Destination Address of the IPv6 header.
S11.   }
S12.   Decrement Hop Limit by 1.
S13.   Submit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission to the
       next destination.
S14. }

        Figure 24: Inbound policy for SRv6 masquerading proxy

6.4.2.  Destination NAT Flavor

   Services modifying the destination address in the packets they
   process, such as NATs, can be supported by reporting the updated
   Destination Address back into the Segment List field of the SRH.

   The Destination NAT flavor of the SRv6 masquerading proxy is enabled
   by adding the following instruction between lines S09 and S10 of the
   de-masquerading pseudocode in Figure 24.

   (... S09.     })
   S09.1.   Copy the Destination Address of the IPv6 header to the
            Segment List[0] entry of the SRH.
   (S10.     Copy Segment List[Segments Left] from the SRH to the
             Destination Address of the IPv6 header...)

6.4.3.  Caching Flavor

   Services generating packets or acting as endpoints for transport
   connections can be supported by adding a dynamic caching mechanism
   similar to the one described in Section 6.2.

   The caching flavor of the SRv6 masquerading proxy is enabled by:

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   *  Adding the following instruction between lines S14 and S15 of the
      masquerading pseudocode in Figure 23.

   (... S14.   Copy Segment List[0] from the SRH to the Destination
               Address of the IPv6 header.
   S14.1. Copy the IPv6 encapsulation in a CACHE entry associated with
          the interface IFACE-IN.
   (S15.   Submit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission on
           interface IFACE-OUT via NH-ADDR.)

   *  Updating the de-masquerading pseudocode such that, in addition to
      the SRH processing in Figure 24, the following pseudocode is
      executed when processing an IPv6 packet (received on the interface
      IFACE-IN and with a destination address that does not match any
      address of IFACE-IN) that does not contain an SRH.

   S01. Retrieve the CACHE entry associated with IFACE-IN.
   S02. If the CACHE entry is not empty {
   S03.   If (IPv6 Hop Limit <= 1) {
   S04.     Send an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the Source Address,
            Code 0 (hop limit exceeded in transit),
            Interrupt packet processing and discard the packet.
   S05.   }
   S06.   Decrement Hop Limit by 1.
   S07.   Update the IPv6 encapsulation according to the retrieved CACHE
          entry.
   S08.   Submit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission to the
          next destination.
   S09. }

7.  Metadata

7.1.  MPLS Data Plane

   Metadata can be carried for SR-MPLS traffic in a Segment Routing
   Header inserted between the last MPLS label and the MPLS payload.
   When used solely as a metadata container, the SRH does not carry any
   segment but only the mandatory header fields, including the tag and
   flags, and any TLVs that is required for transporting the metadata.

   Since the MPLS encapsulation has no explicit protocol identifier
   field to indicate the protocol type of the MPLS payload, how to
   indicate the presence of metadata in an MPLS packet is a potential
   issue to be addressed.  One possible solution is to add the
   indication about the presence of metadata in the semantic of the
   SIDs.  Note that only the SIDs whose behavior involves looking at the
   metadata or the MPLS payload would need to include such semantic
   (e.g., service segments).  Other segments, such as topological

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   segments, are not affected by the presence of metadata.  Another,
   more generic, solution is to introduce a protocol identifier field
   within the MPLS packet as described in
   [I-D.xu-mpls-payload-protocol-identifier].

7.2.  IPv6 Data Plane

7.2.1.  SRH TLV Objects

   The IPv6 SRH TLV objects are designed to carry all sorts of metadata.
   TLV objects can be imposed by the ingress edge router that steers the
   traffic into the SR service policy.

   An SR-aware service may impose, modify or remove any TLV object
   attached to the first SRH, either by directly modifying the packet
   headers or via a control channel between the service and its
   forwarding plane.

   An SR-aware service that re-classifies the traffic and steers it into
   a new SR service policy (e.g.  DPI) may attach any TLV object to the
   new SRH.

   Metadata imposition and handling will be further discussed in a
   future version of this document.

7.2.1.1.  Opaque Metadata TLV

   This document defines an SRv6 TLV called Opaque Metadata TLV.  This
   is a fixed-length container to carry any type of Service Metadata.
   No assumption is made by this document on the structure or the
   content of the carried metadata.  The Opaque Metadata TLV has the
   following format:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |      Type     |     Length    |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               |
   |                                                               |
   |                       Service Metadata                        |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   where:

   *  Type: to be assigned by IANA.

   *  Length: 14.

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   *  Service Metadata: 14 octets of opaque data.

7.2.1.2.  NSH Carrier TLV

   This document defines an SRv6 TLV called NSH Carrier TLV.  It is a
   container to carry Service Metadata in the form of Variable-Length
   Metadata as defined in [RFC8300] for NSH MD Type 2.  The NSH Carrier
   TLV has the following format:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |      Type     |     Length    |     Flags     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   //            Service Metadata                                 //
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   where:

   *  Type: to be assigned by IANA.

   *  Length: the total length of the TLV.

   *  Flags: 8 bits.  No flags are defined in this document.  SHOULD be
      set to 0 on transmission and MUST be ignored on receipt.

   *  Service Metadata: a list of Service Metadata TLV as defined in
      [RFC8300] for NSH MD Type 2.

7.2.2.  SRH Tag

   The SRH tag identifies a packet as part of a group or class of
   packets [RFC8754].

   In the context of service programming, this field can be used to
   encode basic metadata in the SRH.  An example use-case is to leverage
   the SRH tag to encode a policy ID.  This policy ID can then be used
   by an SR-aware function to identify a particular processing policy to
   be applied on that packet.

8.  Implementation Status

   This section is to be removed prior to publishing as an RFC.

8.1.  SR-Aware Services

   Specific SRv6 support has been implemented for the below open-source
   services:

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   *  Iptables (1.6.2 and later) [IPTABLES]

   *  Nftables (0.8.4 and later) [NFTABLES]

   *  Snort [SNORT]

   In addition, any service relying on the Linux kernel, version 4.10
   and later, or FD.io VPP for packet forwarding can be considered as
   SR-aware.

8.2.  Proxy Behaviors

   The static SR proxy is available for SR-MPLS and SRv6 on various
   Cisco hardware and software platforms.  Furthermore, the following
   proxies are available on open-source software.

                                           +-------------+-------------+
                                           |     VPP     |    Linux    |
   +---+-----------------------------------+-------------+-------------+
   | M |           Static proxy            |  Available  | In progress |
   | P |                                   |             |             |
   | L |           Dynamic proxy           | In progress | In progress |
   | S |                                   |             |             |
   |   |        Shared memory proxy        | In progress | In progress |
   +---+-----------------------------------+-------------+-------------+
   |   |           Static proxy            |  Available  | In progress |
   | S |                                   |             |             |
   | R |           Dynamic proxy           |  Available  |  Available  |
   | v |                                   |             |             |
   | 6 |        Shared memory proxy        | In progress | In progress |
   |   |                                   |             |             |
   |   |        Masquerading proxy         |  Available  |  Available  |
   +---+-----------------------------------+-------------+-------------+

             Figure 25: Open-source implementation status table

9.  Related Works

   The Segment Routing solution addresses a wide problem that covers
   both topological and service policies.  The topological and service
   instructions can be either deployed in isolation or in combination.
   SR has thus a wider applicability than the architecture defined in
   [RFC7665].  Furthermore, the inherent property of SR is a stateless
   network fabric.  In SR, there is no state within the fabric to
   recognize a flow and associate it with a policy.  State is only
   present at the ingress edge of the SR domain, where the policy is
   encoded into the packets.  This is completely different from other
   proposals such as [RFC8300] and the MPLS label swapping mechanism

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   described in [RFC8595], which rely on state configured at every hop
   of the service chain.

10.  IANA Considerations

10.1.  SRv6 Endpoint Behaviors

   This I-D requests the IANA to allocate, within the "SRv6 Endpoint
   Behaviors" sub-registry belonging to the top-level "Segment-routing
   with IPv6 dataplane (SRv6) Parameters" registry, the following
   allocations:

   Value      Description                               Reference
   --------------------------------------------------------------
   TBA1-1     End.AN - SR-aware function (native)       [This.ID]
   TBA1-2     End.AS - Static proxy                     [This.ID]
   TBA1-3     End.AD - Dynamic proxy                    [This.ID]
   TBA1-4     End.AM - Masquerading proxy               [This.ID]
   TBA1-5     End.AM - Masquerading proxy with NAT      [This.ID]
   TBA1-6     End.AM - Masquerading proxy with Caching  [This.ID]
   TBA1-7     End.AM - Masquerading proxy with NAT &    [This.ID]
                       Caching

10.2.  Segment Routing Header TLVs

   This I-D requests the IANA to allocate, within the "Segment Routing
   Header TLVs" registry, the following allocations:

   Value      Description               Reference
   ----------------------------------------------
   TBA2-1     Opaque Metadata TLV       [This.ID]
   TBA2-2     NSH Carrier TLV           [This.ID]

11.  Security Considerations

   The security requirements and mechanisms described in [RFC8402],
   [RFC8754] and [RFC8986] also apply to this document.

   This document does not introduce any new security vulnerabilities.

12.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Thierry Couture, Ketan Talaulikar,
   Loa Andersson, Andrew G.  Malis, Adrian Farrel, Alexander Vainshtein
   and Joel M.  Halpern for their valuable comments and suggestions on
   the document.

13.  References

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13.1.  Normative References

   [RFC8402]  Filsfils, C., Ed., Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L.,
              Decraene, B., Litkowski, S., and R. Shakir, "Segment
              Routing Architecture", RFC 8402, DOI 10.17487/RFC8402,
              July 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8402>.

   [RFC8660]  Bashandy, A., Ed., Filsfils, C., Ed., Previdi, S.,
              Decraene, B., Litkowski, S., and R. Shakir, "Segment
              Routing with the MPLS Data Plane", RFC 8660,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8660, December 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8660>.

   [RFC8754]  Filsfils, C., Ed., Dukes, D., Ed., Previdi, S., Leddy, J.,
              Matsushima, S., and D. Voyer, "IPv6 Segment Routing Header
              (SRH)", RFC 8754, DOI 10.17487/RFC8754, March 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8754>.

   [RFC8986]  Filsfils, C., Ed., Camarillo, P., Ed., Leddy, J., Voyer,
              D., Matsushima, S., and Z. Li, "Segment Routing over IPv6
              (SRv6) Network Programming", RFC 8986,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8986, February 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8986>.

   [RFC9256]  Filsfils, C., Talaulikar, K., Ed., Voyer, D., Bogdanov,
              A., and P. Mattes, "Segment Routing Policy Architecture",
              RFC 9256, DOI 10.17487/RFC9256, July 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9256>.

13.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.dawra-idr-bgp-sr-service-chaining]
              Dawra, G., Filsfils, C., Bernier, D., Uttaro, J.,
              Decraene, B., Elmalky, H., Xu, X., Clad, F., and K.
              Talaulikar, "BGP Control Plane Extensions for Segment
              Routing based Service Chaining", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-dawra-idr-bgp-sr-service-chaining-
              02, 4 January 2018,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-dawra-idr-
              bgp-sr-service-chaining-02>.

   [I-D.xu-mpls-payload-protocol-identifier]
              Xu, X., Assarpour, H., Ma, S., and F. Clad, "MPLS Payload
              Protocol Identifier", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-xu-mpls-payload-protocol-identifier-09, 2 September
              2021, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-xu-
              mpls-payload-protocol-identifier-09>.

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   [IFIP18]   Abdelsalam, A., Salsano, S., Clad, F., Camarillo, P., and
              C. Filsfils, "SEgment Routing Aware Firewall For Service
              Function Chaining scenarios", IFIP Networking conference ,
              May 2018.

   [IPTABLES] "iptables-1.6.2 changes", February 2018,
              <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/files/changes-
              iptables-1.6.2.txt>.

   [NFTABLES] "nftables-0.8.4 changes", May 2018,
              <https://netfilter.org/projects/nftables/files/changes-
              nftables-0.8.4.txt>.

   [RFC7665]  Halpern, J., Ed. and C. Pignataro, Ed., "Service Function
              Chaining (SFC) Architecture", RFC 7665,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7665, October 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7665>.

   [RFC8300]  Quinn, P., Ed., Elzur, U., Ed., and C. Pignataro, Ed.,
              "Network Service Header (NSH)", RFC 8300,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8300, January 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8300>.

   [RFC8595]  Farrel, A., Bryant, S., and J. Drake, "An MPLS-Based
              Forwarding Plane for Service Function Chaining", RFC 8595,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8595, June 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8595>.

   [SNORT]    "SR-Snort", March 2018,
              <https://github.com/SRouting/SR-Snort>.

Contributors

   Pablo Camarillo
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   Spain
   Email: pcamaril@cisco.com

   Bart Peirens
   Proximus
   Belgium
   Email: bart.peirens@proximus.com

   Dirk Steinberg
   Lapishills Consulting Limited
   Cyprus

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   Email: dirk@lapishills.com

   Ahmed AbdelSalam
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   Italy
   Email: ahabdels@cisco.com

   Gaurav Dawra
   LinkedIn
   United States of America
   Email: gdawra@linkedin.com

   Stewart Bryant
   Futurewei Technologies Inc
   Email: stewart.bryant@gmail.com

   Hamid Assarpour
   Broadcom
   Email: hamid.assarpour@broadcom.com

   Himanshu Shah
   Ciena
   Email: hshah@ciena.com

   Luis M. Contreras
   Telefonica I+D
   Spain
   Email: luismiguel.contrerasmurillo@telefonica.com

   Jeff Tantsura
   Individual
   Email: jefftant@gmail.com

   Martin Vigoureux
   Nokia
   Email: martin.vigoureux@nokia.com

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   Jisu Bhattacharya
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   United States of America
   Email: jisu@cisco.com

Authors' Addresses

   Francois Clad (editor)
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   France
   Email: fclad.ietf@gmail.com

   Xiaohu Xu (editor)
   China Mobile
   Email: xuxiaohu@cmss.chinamobile.com

   Clarence Filsfils
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   Belgium
   Email: cf@cisco.com

   Daniel Bernier
   Bell Canada
   Canada
   Email: daniel.bernier@bell.ca

   Cheng Li
   Huawei
   Email: chengli13@huawei.com

   Bruno Decraene
   Orange
   France
   Email: bruno.decraene@orange.com

   Shaowen Ma
   Mellanox
   Email: mashaowen@gmail.com

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   Chaitanya Yadlapalli
   AT&T
   United States of America
   Email: cy098d@att.com

   Wim Henderickx
   Nokia
   Belgium
   Email: wim.henderickx@nokia.com

   Stefano Salsano
   Universita di Roma "Tor Vergata"
   Italy
   Email: stefano.salsano@uniroma2.it

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