Skip to main content

Data Center TCP (DCTCP): TCP Congestion Control for Data Centers
draft-ietf-tcpm-dctcp-10

The information below is for an old version of the document that is already published as an RFC.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8257.
Authors Stephen Bensley , Dave Thaler , Praveen Balasubramanian , Lars Eggert , Glenn Judd
Last updated 2021-09-29 (Latest revision 2017-08-28)
Replaces draft-bensley-tcpm-dctcp
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Intended RFC status Informational
Formats
Reviews
Additional resources Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state Submitted to IESG for Publication
Document shepherd Michael Scharf
Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2017-04-20
IESG IESG state Became RFC 8257 (Informational)
Action Holders
(None)
Consensus boilerplate Yes
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD Mirja Kühlewind
Send notices to "Michael Scharf" <michael.scharf@nokia.com>
IANA IANA review state Version Changed - Review Needed
IANA action state No IANA Actions
draft-ietf-tcpm-dctcp-10
Network Working Group                                         S. Bensley
Internet-Draft                                                 D. Thaler
Intended status: Informational                        P. Balasubramanian
Expires: March 2, 2018                                         Microsoft
                                                               L. Eggert
                                                                  NetApp
                                                                 G. Judd
                                                          Morgan Stanley
                                                         August 29, 2017

     Datacenter TCP (DCTCP): TCP Congestion Control for Datacenters
                        draft-ietf-tcpm-dctcp-10

Abstract

   This informational memo describes Datacenter TCP (DCTCP), a TCP
   congestion control scheme for datacenter traffic.  DCTCP extends the
   Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) processing to estimate the
   fraction of bytes that encounter congestion, rather than simply
   detecting that some congestion has occurred.  DCTCP then scales the
   TCP congestion window based on this estimate.  This method achieves
   high burst tolerance, low latency, and high throughput with shallow-
   buffered switches.  This memo also discusses deployment issues
   related to the coexistence of DCTCP and conventional TCP, the lack of
   a negotiating mechanism between sender and receiver, and presents
   some possible mitigations.  This memo documents DCTCP as currently
   implemented by several major operating systems.  DCTCP as described
   in this draft is applicable to deployments in controlled environments
   like datacenters but it must not be deployed over the public Internet
   without additional measures.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on March 2, 2018.

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  DCTCP Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  Marking Congestion on the L3 Switches and Routers . . . .   4
     3.2.  Echoing Congestion Information on the Receiver  . . . . .   5
     3.3.  Processing Echoed Congestion Indications on the Sender  .   6
     3.4.  Handling of Congestion Window Growth  . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.5.  Handling of Packet Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.6.  Handling of SYN, SYN-ACK, RST Packets . . . . . . . . . .   8
   4.  Implementation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.1.  Configuration of DCTCP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.2.  Computation of DCTCP.Alpha  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   5.  Deployment Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   6.  Known Issues  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   9.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

1.  Introduction

   Large datacenters necessarily need many network switches to
   interconnect their many servers.  Therefore, a datacenter can greatly
   reduce its capital expenditure by leveraging low-cost switches.
   However, such low-cost switches tend to have limited queue capacities
   and are thus more susceptible to packet loss due to congestion.

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   Network traffic in a datacenter is often a mix of short and long
   flows, where the short flows require low latencies and the long flows
   require high throughputs.  Datacenters also experience incast bursts,
   where many servers send traffic to a single server at the same time.
   For example, this traffic pattern is a natural consequence of
   MapReduce [MAPREDUCE] workload: The worker nodes complete at
   approximately the same time, and all reply to the master node
   concurrently.

   These factors place some conflicting demands on the queue occupancy
   of a switch:

   o  The queue must be short enough that it does not impose excessive
      latency on short flows.

   o  The queue must be long enough to buffer sufficient data for the
      long flows to saturate the path capacity.

   o  The queue must be long enough to absorb incast bursts without
      excessive packet loss.

   Standard TCP congestion control [RFC5681] relies on packet loss to
   detect congestion.  This does not meet the demands described above.
   First, short flows will start to experience unacceptable latencies
   before packet loss occurs.  Second, by the time TCP congestion
   control kicks in on the senders, most of the incast burst has already
   been dropped.

   [RFC3168] describes a mechanism for using Explicit Congestion
   Notification (ECN) from the switches for detection of congestion.
   However, this method only detects the presence of congestion, not its
   extent.  In the presence of mild congestion, the TCP congestion
   window is reduced too aggressively and this unnecessarily reduces the
   throughput of long flows.

   Datacenter TCP (DCTCP) changes traditional ECN processing by
   estimating the fraction of bytes that encounter congestion, rather
   than simply detecting that some congestion has occurred.  DCTCP then
   scales the TCP congestion window based on this estimate.  This method
   achieves high burst tolerance, low latency, and high throughput with
   shallow-buffered switches.  DCTCP is a modification to the processing
   of ECN by a conventional TCP and requires that standard TCP
   congestion control be used for handling packet loss.

   DCTCP should only be deployed in an intra-datacenter environment
   where both endpoints and the switching fabric are under a single
   administrative domain.  DCTCP MUST NOT be deployed over the public
   Internet without additional measures, as detailed in Section 5.

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   The objective of this Informational RFC is to document DCTCP as a new
   approach to address TCP congestion control in data centers that is
   known to be widely implemented and deployed.  It is consensus in the
   IETF TCPM working group that a DCTCP standard would require further
   work.  A precise documentation of running code enables follow-up IETF
   Experimental or Standards Track RFCs.

   This document describes DCTCP as implemented in Microsoft Windows
   Server 2012 [WINDOWS].  The Linux [LINUX] and FreeBSD [FREEBSD]
   operating systems have also implemented support for DCTCP in a way
   that is believed to follow this document.  Deployment experiences
   with DCTCP as have been documented in [MORGANSTANLEY].

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   Normative language is used to describe how necessary the various
   aspects of a DCTCP implementation are for interoperability, but even
   compliant implementations without the measures in sections 4-6 would
   still only be safe to deploy in controlled environments, i.e., not
   over the public Internet.

3.  DCTCP Algorithm

   There are three components involved in the DCTCP algorithm:

   o  The switches (or other intermediate devices in the network) detect
      congestion and set the Congestion Encountered (CE) codepoint in
      the IP header.

   o  The receiver echoes the congestion information back to the sender,
      using the ECN-Echo (ECE) flag in the TCP header.

   o  The sender computes a congestion estimate and reacts, by reducing
      the TCP congestion window accordingly (cwnd).

3.1.  Marking Congestion on the L3 Switches and Routers

   The level-3 (L3) switches and routers in a datacenter fabric indicate
   congestion to the end nodes by setting the CE codepoint in the IP
   header as specified in Section 5 of [RFC3168].  For example, the
   switches may be configured with a congestion threshold.  When a
   packet arrives at a switch and its queue length is greater than the
   congestion threshold, the switch sets the CE codepoint in the packet.
   For example, Section 3.4 of [DCTCP10] suggests threshold marking with

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   a threshold K > (RTT * C)/7, where C is the link rate in packets per
   second.  In typical deployments the marking threshold is set to be a
   small value to maintain a short average queueing delay.  However, the
   actual algorithm for marking congestion is an implementation detail
   of the switch and will generally not be known to the sender and
   receiver.  Therefore, sender and receiver should not assume that a
   particular marking algorithm is implemented by the switching fabric.

3.2.  Echoing Congestion Information on the Receiver

   According to Section 6.1.3 of [RFC3168], the receiver sets the ECE
   flag if any of the packets being acknowledged had the CE code point
   set.  The receiver then continues to set the ECE flag until it
   receives a packet with the Congestion Window Reduced (CWR) flag set.
   However, the DCTCP algorithm requires more detailed congestion
   information.  In particular, the sender must be able to determine the
   number of bytes sent that encountered congestion.  Thus, the scheme
   described in [RFC3168] does not suffice.

   One possible solution is to ACK every packet and set the ECE flag in
   the ACK if and only if the CE code point was set in the packet being
   acknowledged.  However, this prevents the use of delayed ACKs, which
   are an important performance optimization in datacenters.  If the
   delayed ACK frequency is m, then an ACK is generated every m packets.
   The typical value of m is 2 but it could be affected by ACK
   throttling or packet coalescing techniques designed to improve
   performance.

   Instead, DCTCP introduces a new Boolean TCP state variable, "DCTCP
   Congestion Encountered" (DCTCP.CE), which is initialized to false and
   stored in the Transmission Control Block (TCB).  When sending an ACK,
   the ECE flag MUST be set if and only if DCTCP.CE is true.  When
   receiving packets, the CE codepoint MUST be processed as follows:

   1.  If the CE codepoint is set and DCTCP.CE is false, set DCTCP.CE to
       true and send an immediate ACK.

   2.  If the CE codepoint is not set and DCTCP.CE is true, set DCTCP.CE
       to false and send an immediate ACK.

   3.  Otherwise, ignore the CE codepoint.

   Since the immediate ACK reflects the new DCTCP.CE state, it may
   acknowledge any previously unacknowledged packets in the old state.
   This can lead to an incorrect rate computation at the sender per
   Section 3.3.  To avoid this, an implementation MAY choose to send two
   ACKs, one for previously unacknowledged packets and another
   acknowledging the most recently received packet.

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   Receiver handling of the "Congestion Window Reduced" (CWR) bit is
   also per [RFC3168] including [RFC3168-ERRATA3639].  That is, on
   receipt of a segment with both the CE and CWR bits set, CWR is
   processed first and then CE is processed.

                             Send immediate
                             ACK with ECE=0
                 .-----.     .--------------.     .-----.
    Send 1 ACK  /      v     v              |     |      \
     for every |     .------------.    .------------.     | Send 1 ACK
     m packets |     | DCTCP.CE=0 |    | DCTCP.CE=1 |     | for every
    with ECE=0 |     '------------'    '------------'     | m packets
                \      |     |              ^     ^      /  with ECE=1
                 '-----'     '--------------'     '-----'
                              Send immediate
                              ACK with ECE=1

   Figure 1: ACK generation state machine.  DCTCP.CE abbreviated as CE.

3.3.  Processing Echoed Congestion Indications on the Sender

   The sender estimates the fraction of bytes sent that encountered
   congestion.  The current estimate is stored in a new TCP state
   variable, DCTCP.Alpha, which is initialized to 1 and SHOULD be
   updated as follows:

      DCTCP.Alpha = DCTCP.Alpha * (1 - g) + g * M

   where

   o  g is the estimation gain, a real number between 0 and 1.  The
      selection of g is left to the implementation.  See Section 4 for
      further considerations.

   o  M is the fraction of bytes sent that encountered congestion during
      the previous observation window, where the observation window is
      chosen to be approximately the Round Trip Time (RTT).  In
      particular, an observation window ends when all bytes in flight at
      the beginning of the window have been acknowledged.

   In order to update DCTCP.Alpha, the TCP state variables defined in
   [RFC0793] are used, and three additional TCP state variables are
   introduced:

   o  DCTCP.WindowEnd: The TCP sequence number threshold when one
      observation window ends and another is to begin; initialized to
      SND.UNA.

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   o  DCTCP.BytesAcked: The number of sent bytes acknowledged during the
      current observation window; initialized to zero.

   o  DCTCP.BytesMarked: The number of bytes sent during the current
      observation window that encountered congestion; initialized to
      zero.

   The congestion estimator on the sender MUST process acceptable ACKs
   as follows:

   1.  Compute the bytes acknowledged (TCP SACK options [RFC2018] are
       ignored for this computation):

          BytesAcked = SEG.ACK - SND.UNA

   2.  Update the bytes sent:

          DCTCP.BytesAcked += BytesAcked

   3.  If the ECE flag is set, update the bytes marked:

          DCTCP.BytesMarked += BytesAcked

   4.  If the acknowledgment number is less than or equal to
       DCTCP.WindowEnd, stop processing.  Otherwise, the end of the
       observation window has been reached, so proceed to update the
       congestion estimate as follows:

   5.  Compute the congestion level for the current observation window:

          M = DCTCP.BytesMarked / DCTCP.BytesAcked

   6.  Update the congestion estimate:

          DCTCP.Alpha = DCTCP.Alpha * (1 - g) + g * M

   7.  Determine the end of the next observation window:

          DCTCP.WindowEnd = SND.NXT

   8.  Reset the byte counters:

          DCTCP.BytesAcked = DCTCP.BytesMarked = 0

   9.  Rather than always halving the congestion window as described in
       [RFC3168], the sender SHOULD update cwnd as follows:

          cwnd = cwnd * (1 - DCTCP.Alpha / 2)

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   Just as specified in [RFC3168], DCTCP does not react to congestion
   indications more than once for every window of data.  The setting of
   the "Congestion Window Reduced" (CWR) bit is also as per [RFC3168].
   This is required for interop with classic ECN receivers due to
   potential misconfigurations.

3.4.  Handling of Congestion Window Growth

   A DCTCP sender grows its congestion window in the same way as
   conventional TCP.  Slow start and congestion avoidance algorithms are
   handled as specified in [RFC5681].

3.5.  Handling of Packet Loss

   A DCTCP sender MUST react to loss episodes in the same way as
   conventional TCP, including fast retransmit and fast recovery
   algorithms, as specified in [RFC5681].  For cases where the packet
   loss is inferred and not explicitly signaled by ECN, the cwnd and
   other state variables like ssthresh MUST be changed in the same way
   that a conventional TCP would have changed them.  As with ECN, DCTCP
   sender will only reduce the cwnd once per window of data across all
   loss signals.  Just as specified in [RFC5681], upon a timeout, the
   cwnd MUST be set to no more than the loss window (1 full-sized
   segment), regardless of previous cwnd reductions in a given window of
   data.

3.6.  Handling of SYN, SYN-ACK, RST Packets

   If SYN, SYN-ACK and RST packets for DCTCP connections have the "ECN
   Capable Transport" (ECT) codepoint set in the IP header, they will
   receive the same treatment as other DCTCP packets when forwarded by a
   switching fabric under load.  Lack of ECT in these packets can result
   in a higher drop rate depending on the switching fabric
   configuration.  Hence for DCTCP connections, the sender SHOULD set
   ECT for SYN, SYN-ACK and RST packets.  A DCTCP receiver ignores CE
   codepoints set on any SYN, SYN-ACK, or RST packets.

4.  Implementation Issues

4.1.  Configuration of DCTCP

   An implementation needs to know when to use DCTCP.  Datacenter
   servers may need to communicate with endpoints outside the
   datacenter, where DCTCP is unsuitable or unsupported.  Thus, a global
   configuration setting to enable DCTCP will generally not suffice.
   DCTCP provides no mechanism for negotiating its use.  Thus,
   additional management and configuration functionality is needed to
   ensure that DCTCP is not used with non-DCTCP endpoints.

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   Known solutions rely on either configuration or heuristics.
   Heuristics need to allow endpoints to individually enable DCTCP, to
   ensure a DCTCP sender is always paired with a DCTCP receiver.  One
   approach is to enable DCTCP based on the IP address of the remote
   endpoint.  Another approach is to detect connections that transmit
   within the bounds a datacenter.  For example, an implementation could
   support automatic selection of DCTCP if the estimated RTT is less
   than a threshold (like 10 msec) and ECN is successfully negotiated,
   under the assumption that if the RTT is low, then the two endpoints
   are likely in the same datacenter network.

   [RFC3168] forbids the ECN-marking of pure ACK packets, because of the
   inability of TCP to mitigate ACK-path congestion.  RFC 3168 also
   forbids ECN-marking of retransmissions, window probes and RSTs.
   However, dropping all these control packets - rather than ECN marking
   them - has considerable performance disadvantages.  It is RECOMMENDED
   that an implementation provide a configuration knob that will cause
   ECT to be set on such control packets, which can be used in
   environments where such concerns do not apply.  See
   [ECN-EXPERIMENTATION] for details.

   It is useful to implement DCTCP as additional actions on top of an
   existing congestion control algorithm like Reno [RFC5681].  The DCTCP
   implementation MAY also allow configuration of resetting the value of
   DCTCP.Alpha as part of processing any loss episodes.

4.2.  Computation of DCTCP.Alpha

   As noted in Section 3.3, the implementation will need to choose a
   suitable estimation gain.  [DCTCP10] provides a theoretical basis for
   selecting the gain.  However, it may be more practical to use
   experimentation to select a suitable gain for a particular network
   and workload.  A fixed estimation gain of 1/16 is used in some
   implementations.  (It should be noted that values of 0 or 1 for g
   result in problematic behavior; g=0 fixes DCTCP.Alpha to its initial
   value and g=1 sets it to M without any smoothing.)

   The DCTCP.Alpha computation as per the formula in Section 3.3
   involves fractions.  An efficient kernel implementation MAY scale the
   DCTCP.Alpha value for efficient computation using shift operations.
   For example, if the implementation chooses g as 1/16, multiplications
   of DCTCP.Alpha by g become right-shifts by 4.  A scaling
   implementation SHOULD ensure that DCTCP.Alpha is able to reach zero
   once it falls below the smallest shifted value (16 in the above
   example).  At the other extreme, a scaled update needs to ensure
   DCTCP.Alpha does not exceed the scaling factor, which would be
   equivalent to greater than 100% congestion.  So, DCTCP.Alpha MUST be
   clamped after an update.

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   This results in the following computations replacing steps 5 and 6 in
   Section 3.3, where SCF is the chosen scaling factor (65536 in the
   example) and SHF is the shift factor (4 in the example):

   1.  Compute the congestion level for the current observation window:

          ScaledM = SCF * DCTCP.BytesMarked / DCTCP.BytesAcked

   2.  Update the congestion estimate:

          if (DCTCP.Alpha >> SHF) == 0 then DCTCP.Alpha = 0

          DCTCP.Alpha += (ScaledM >> SHF) - (DCTCP.Alpha >> SHF)

          if DCTCP.Alpha > SCF then DCTCP.Alpha = SCF

5.  Deployment Issues

   DCTCP and conventional TCP congestion control do not coexist well in
   the same network.  In typical DCTCP deployments, the marking
   threshold in the switching fabric is set to a very low value to
   reduce queueing delay, and a relatively small amount of congestion
   will exceed the marking threshold.  During such periods of
   congestion, conventional TCP will suffer packet loss and quickly and
   drastically reduce cwnd.  DCTCP, on the other hand, will use the
   fraction of marked packets to reduce cwnd more gradually.  Thus, the
   rate reduction in DCTCP will be much slower than that of conventional
   TCP, and DCTCP traffic will gain a larger share of the capacity
   compared to conventional TCP traffic traversing the same path.  If
   the traffic in the datacenter is a mix of conventional TCP and DCTCP,
   it is RECOMMENDED that DCTCP traffic be segregated from conventional
   TCP traffic.  [MORGANSTANLEY] describes a deployment that uses the IP
   Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) bits to segregate the
   network such that Active Queue Management (AQM) [RFC7567] is applied
   to DCTCP traffic, whereas TCP traffic is managed via drop-tail
   queueing.

   Deployments should take into account segregation of non-TCP traffic
   as well.  Today's commodity switches allow configuration of different
   marking/drop profiles for non-TCP and non-IP packets.  Non-TCP and
   non-IP packets should be able to pass through such switches, unless
   they really run out of buffer space.

   Since DCTCP relies on congestion marking by the switches, DCTCP's
   potential can only be realized in datacenters where the entire
   network infrastructure supports ECN.  The switches may also support
   configuration of the congestion threshold used for marking.  The
   proposed parameterization can be configured with switches that

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                [Page 10]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   implement Random Early Detection (RED) [RFC2309].  [DCTCP10] provides
   a theoretical basis for selecting the congestion threshold, but as
   with the estimation gain, it may be more practical to rely on
   experimentation or simply to use the default configuration of the
   device.  DCTCP will revert to loss-based congestion control when
   packet loss is experienced (e.g. when transiting a congested drop-
   tail link, or a link with an AQM drop behavior).

   DCTCP requires changes on both the sender and the receiver, so both
   endpoints must support DCTCP.  Furthermore, DCTCP provides no
   mechanism for negotiating its use, so both endpoints must be
   configured through some out-of-band mechanism to use DCTCP.  A
   variant of DCTCP that can be deployed unilaterally and only requires
   standard ECN behavior has been described in [ODCTCP][BSDCAN], but
   requires additional experimental evaluation.

6.  Known Issues

   DCTCP relies on the sender's ability to reconstruct the stream of CE
   codepoints received by the remote endpoint.  To accomplish this,
   DCTCP avoids using a single ACK packet to acknowledge segments
   received both with and without the CE codepoint set.  However, if one
   or more ACK packets are dropped, it is possible that a subsequent ACK
   will cumulatively acknowledge a mix of CE and non-CE segments.  This
   will, of course, result in a less accurate congestion estimate.
   There are some potential considerations:

   o  Even with an inaccurate congestion estimate, DCTCP may still
      perform better than [RFC3168].

   o  If the estimation gain is small relative to the packet loss rate,
      the estimate may not be too inaccurate.

   o  If ACK packet loss mostly occurs under heavy congestion, most
      drops will occur during an unbroken string of CE packets, and the
      estimate will be unaffected.

   However, the effect of packet drops on DCTCP under real world
   conditions has not been analyzed.

   DCTCP provides no mechanism for negotiating its use.  The effect of
   using DCTCP with a standard ECN endpoint has been analyzed in
   [ODCTCP][BSDCAN].  Furthermore, it is possible that other
   implementations may also modify [RFC3168] behavior without
   negotiation, causing further interoperability issues.

   Much like standard TCP, DCTCP is biased against flows with longer
   RTTs.  A method for improving the RTT fairness of DCTCP has been

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                [Page 11]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   proposed in [ADCTCP], but requires additional experimental
   evaluation.

7.  Security Considerations

   DCTCP enhances ECN and thus inherits the general security
   considerations discussed in [RFC3168], although additional mitigation
   options exist due to the limited intra-datacenter deployment of
   DCTCP.

   The processing changes introduced by DCTCP do not exacerbate the
   considerations in [RFC3168] or introduce new ones.  In particular,
   with either algorithm, the network infrastructure or the remote
   endpoint can falsely report congestion and thus cause the sender to
   reduce cwnd.  However, this is no worse than what can be achieved by
   simply dropping packets.

   [RFC3168] requires that a compliant TCP must not set ECT on SYN or
   SYN-ACK packets.  [RFC5562] proposes setting ECT on SYN-ACK packets,
   but maintains the restriction of no ECT on SYN packets.  Both these
   RFCs prohibit ECT in SYN packets due to security concerns regarding
   malicious SYN packets with ECT set.  These RFCs, however, are
   intended for general Internet use, and do not directly apply to a
   controlled datacenter environment.  The security concerns addressed
   by both these RFCs might not apply in controlled environments like
   datacenters, and it might not be necessary to account for the
   presence of non-ECN servers.  Beyond the security considerations
   related to virtual servers, additional security can be imposed in the
   physical servers to intercept and drop traffic resembling an attack.

8.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no actions for IANA.

9.  Acknowledgements

   The DCTCP algorithm was originally proposed and analyzed in [DCTCP10]
   by Mohammad Alizadeh, Albert Greenberg, Dave Maltz, Jitu Padhye,
   Parveen Patel, Balaji Prabhakar, Sudipta Sengupta, and Murari
   Sridharan.

   We would like to thank Andrew Shewmaker for identifying the problem
   of clamping DCTCP.Alpha and proposing a solution for it.

   Lars Eggert has received funding from the European Union's Horizon
   2020 research and innovation program 2014-2018 under grant agreement
   No. 644866 ("SSICLOPS").  This document reflects only the authors'

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                [Page 12]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   views and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that
   may be made of the information it contains.

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
              RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.

   [RFC2018]  Mathis, M., Mahdavi, J., Floyd, S., and A. Romanow, "TCP
              Selective Acknowledgment Options", RFC 2018,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2018, October 1996, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc2018>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3168]  Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
              of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
              RFC 3168, DOI 10.17487/RFC3168, September 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3168>.

   [RFC3168-ERRATA3639]
              Scheffenegger, R., "RFC3168 Errata ID 3639", 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/
              errata_search.php?rfc=3168&eid=3639>.

   [RFC5562]  Kuzmanovic, A., Mondal, A., Floyd, S., and K.
              Ramakrishnan, "Adding Explicit Congestion Notification
              (ECN) Capability to TCP's SYN/ACK Packets", RFC 5562,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5562, June 2009, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc5562>.

   [RFC5681]  Allman, M., Paxson, V., and E. Blanton, "TCP Congestion
              Control", RFC 5681, DOI 10.17487/RFC5681, September 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5681>.

10.2.  Informative References

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                [Page 13]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   [ADCTCP]   Alizadeh, M., Javanmard, A., and B. Prabhakar, "Analysis
              of DCTCP: Stability, Convergence, and Fairness",
              DOI 10.1145/1993744.1993753,  Proc. ACM SIGMETRICS Joint
              International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of
              Computer Systems (SIGMETRICS 11), June 2011,
              <https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1993753>.

   [BSDCAN]   Kato, M., Eggert, L., Zimmermann, A., van Meter, R., and
              H. Tokuda, "Extensions to FreeBSD Datacenter TCP for
              Incremental Deployment Support",  BSDCan 2015, June 2015,
              <https://www.bsdcan.org/2015/schedule/events/559.en.html>.

   [DCTCP10]  Alizadeh, M., Greenberg, A., Maltz, D., Padhye, J., Patel,
              P., Prabhakar, B., Sengupta, S., and M. Sridharan, "Data
              Center TCP (DCTCP)", DOI 10.1145/1851182.1851192,  Proc.
              ACM SIGCOMM 2010 Conference (SIGCOMM 10), August 2010,
              <http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1851182.1851192>.

   [ECN-EXPERIMENTATION]
              Black, D., "Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)
              Experimentation", 2017, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/
              draft-ietf-tsvwg-ecn-experimentation/>.

   [FREEBSD]  Kato, M. and H. Panchasara, "DCTCP (Data Center TCP)
              implementation", 2015,
              <https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd/
              commit/8ad879445281027858a7fa706d13e458095b595f>.

   [LINUX]    Borkmann, D. and F. Westphal, "Linux DCTCP patch", 2014,
              <https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/davem/net-
              next.git/
              commit/?id=e3118e8359bb7c59555aca60c725106e6d78c5ce>.

   [MAPREDUCE]
              Dean, J. and S. Ghemawat, "MapReduce: Simplified Data
              Processing on Large Clusters",  Proc. 6th ACM/USENIX
              Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation
              (OSDI 04), December 2004, <https://www.usenix.org/legacy/p
              ublications/library/proceedings/osdi04/tech/dean.html>.

   [MORGANSTANLEY]
              Judd, G., "Attaining the Promise and Avoiding the Pitfalls
              of TCP in the Datacenter",  Proc. 12th USENIX Symposium on
              Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 15), May
              2015, <https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi15/technical-
              sessions/presentation/judd>.

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                [Page 14]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   [ODCTCP]   Kato, M., "Improving Transmission Performance with One-
              Sided Datacenter TCP",  M.S. Thesis, Keio University,
              2014, <http://eggert.org/students/kato-thesis.pdf>.

   [RFC2309]  Braden, B., Clark, D., Crowcroft, J., Davie, B., Deering,
              S., Estrin, D., Floyd, S., Jacobson, V., Minshall, G.,
              Partridge, C., Peterson, L., Ramakrishnan, K., Shenker,
              S., Wroclawski, J., and L. Zhang, "Recommendations on
              Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the
              Internet", RFC 2309, DOI 10.17487/RFC2309, April 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2309>.

   [RFC7567]  Baker, F., Ed. and G. Fairhurst, Ed., "IETF
              Recommendations Regarding Active Queue Management",
              BCP 197, RFC 7567, DOI 10.17487/RFC7567, July 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7567>.

   [WINDOWS]  Microsoft, "Windows DCTCP reference", 2012,
              <https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/
              hh997028(v=ws.11).aspx>.

Authors' Addresses

   Stephen Bensley
   Microsoft
   One Microsoft Way
   Redmond, WA  98052
   USA

   Phone: +1 425 703 5570
   Email: sbens@microsoft.com

   Dave Thaler
   Microsoft

   Phone: +1 425 703 8835
   Email: dthaler@microsoft.com

   Praveen Balasubramanian
   Microsoft

   Phone: +1 425 538 2782
   Email: pravb@microsoft.com

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                [Page 15]
Internet-Draft                    DCTCP                      August 2017

   Lars Eggert
   NetApp
   Sonnenallee 1
   Kirchheim  85551
   Germany

   Phone: +49 151 120 55791
   Email: lars@netapp.com
   URI:   http://eggert.org/

   Glenn Judd
   Morgan Stanley

   Phone: +1 973 979 6481
   Email: glenn.judd@morganstanley.com

Bensley, et al.           Expires March 2, 2018                [Page 16]