TCP Extended Data Offset Option
draft-ietf-tcpm-tcp-edo-00

TCPM WG                                                        J. Touch
Internet Draft                                                  USC/ISI
Updates: 793                                                   Wes Eddy
Intended status: Standards Track                            MTI Systems
Expires: March 2015                                  September 29, 2014

                      TCP Extended Data Offset Option
                      draft-ietf-tcpm-tcp-edo-00.txt

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   Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without
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Abstract

   TCP segments include a Data Offset field to indicate space for TCP
   options, but the size of the field can limit the space available for
   complex options that have evolved. This document updates RFC 793
   with an optional TCP extension to that space to support the use of
   multiple large options such as SACK with either TCP Multipath or TCP
   AO. It also explains why the initial SYN of a connection cannot be
   extending as a single segment.

Table of Contents

   1. Introduction...................................................3
   2. Conventions used in this document..............................3
   3. Requirements for Extending TCP's Data Offset...................3
   4. The TCP EDO Option.............................................4
   5. TCP EDO Interaction with TCP...................................6
      5.1. TCP User Interface........................................6
      5.2. TCP States and Transitions................................6
      5.3. TCP Segment Processing....................................7
      5.4. Impact on TCP Header Size.................................7
      5.5. Connectionless Resets.....................................8
      5.6. ICMP Handling.............................................8
   6. Interactions with Middleboxes..................................9
      6.1. Middlebox Coexistence with EDO............................9
      6.2. Middlebox Interference with EDO...........................9
   7. Comparison to Previous Proposals..............................10
      7.1. EDO Criteria.............................................10
      7.2. Summary of Approaches....................................11
      7.3. Extended Segments........................................12
      7.4. TCPx2....................................................12
      7.5. LO/SLO...................................................12
      7.6. LOIC.....................................................13
      7.7. Problems with Extending the Initial SYN..................14
   8. Security Considerations.......................................15
   9. IANA Considerations...........................................15
   10. References...................................................15
      10.1. Normative References....................................15
      10.2. Informative References..................................15
   11. Acknowledgments..............................................17

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1. Introduction

   TCP's Data Offset is a 4-bit field, which indicates the number of
   32-bit words of the entire TCP header [RFC793]. This limits the
   current total header size to 60 bytes, of which the basic header
   occupies 20, leaving 40 bytes for options. These 40 bytes are
   increasingly becoming a limitation to the development of advanced
   capabilities, such as when SACK [RFC2018][RFC6675] is combined with
   either Multipath TCP [RFC6824], TCP-AO [RFC5925], or TCP Fast Open
   [Ch14].

   This document specifies the TCP Extended Data Offset (EDO) option,
   and is independent of (and thus compatible with) IPv4 and IPv6. EDO
   extends the space available for TCP options, except for the initial
   SYN segment (i.e., SYN and not ACK, the first segment of a new
   connection). This document also explains why the option space of a
   single initial SYN segment cannot be extended without severe impact
   on TCP's initial handshake.

2. Conventions used in this document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [RFC2119].

   In this document, these words will appear with that interpretation
   only when in ALL CAPS. Lower case uses of these words are not to be
   interpreted as carrying RFC-2119 significance.

   In this document, the characters ">>" preceding an indented line(s)
   indicates a compliance requirement statement using the key words
   listed above. This convention aids reviewers in quickly identifying
   or finding the explicit compliance requirements of this RFC.

3. Requirements for Extending TCP's Data Offset

   The primary goal of extending the TCP Data Offset field is to
   increase the space available for TCP options in all segments except
   the initial SYN.

   An important requirement of any such extension is that it not impact
   legacy endpoints. Endpoints seeking to use this new option should
   not incur additional delay or segment exchanges to connect to either
   new endpoints supporting this option or legacy endpoints without
   this option. We call this a "backward downgrade" capability.

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4. The TCP EDO Option

   TCP EDO extends the option space for all segments except the initial
   SYN (i.e., SYN set and ACK not set). The EDO option is organized as
   indicated in Figure 1 and Figure 2. For initial SYN segments (i.e.,
   those whose ACK bit is not set), the EDO request option consists of
   the required Kind and Length fields only. All other segments
   optionally use the EDO length option, which adds a Header_Length
   field (in network-standard byte order), indicating the length of the
   entire TCP header in bytes. The codepoint value of the EDO Kind is
   EDO-OPT.

                            +--------+--------+
                            |  Kind  | Length |
                            +--------+--------+

                      Figure 1 TCP EDO request option

                   +--------+--------+--------+--------+
                   |  Kind  | Length |  Header_length  |
                   +--------+--------+--------+--------+

                      Figure 2 TCP EDO length option

   EDO support is determined in both directions using the same
   exchange. An endpoint seeking to enable EDO support includes the EDO
   request option in the initial SYN.

   >> Connections using EDO MUST negotiate its availability during the
   initial three-way handshake.

   >> An endpoint confirming EDO support MUST respond with an EDO
   length option in its SYN/ACK.

   The EDO length option is required in SYN/ACKs when confirming
   support for EDO. The SYN/ACK thus can take advantage of EDO, using
   it to extend its option space. If such extension is not required,
   then EDO would be equal to 4 * Data Offset (i.e., EDO would indicate
   in bytes the same length indicated by Data Offset in words).

   >> Once negotiated on a connection, EDO MAY be present as needed on
   other segments in either direction. The EDO option SHOULD NOT be
   used if the total option space needed can be accommodated by the
   existing Data Offset field. An endpoint MUST be robust to receiving
   the EDO option on segments that do not strictly require it to extend
   the options space.

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   >> The EDO request option (i.e., whose option length is 2) MAY occur
   in an initial SYN as desired (e.g., as expressed by the
   user/application), but MUST NOT be inserted in other segments. If
   the EDO request option is received, it MUST be silently ignored.

   >> The EDO length option MAY occur in segments other than the
   initial SYN if EDO has been negotiated on a connection. If EDO has
   not been negotiated and agreed, the EDO length option MUST be
   silently ignored. The EDO length option MUST NOT be sent in an
   initial SYN segment, and MUST be silently ignored and not
   acknowledged if so received.

   EDO extends the space available for options, but does not consume
   space unless needed. Segments that don't need the additional space
   can use the existing Data Offset field as currently specified
   [RFC793]. When processing a segment, EDO needs to be visible within
   the area indicated by the Data Offset field, so that processing can
   use the EDO Header_length to override the Data Offset for that
   segment.

   >> The EDO length option MUST occur within the length of the TCP
   Data Offset.

   >> The EDO length option indicates the total length of the header.
   The EDO Header_length field MUST NOT exceed that of the total
   segment size (i.e., TCP Length). The EDO Header_length SHOULD be a
   multiple of 4 to simplify processing.

   >> The EDO request option SHOULD be aligned on a 16-bit boundary and
   the EDO length option SHOULD be aligned on a 32-bit boundary, in
   both cases for simpler processing.

   For example, a segment with only EDO would have a Data Offset of 6,
   where EDO would be the first option processed, at which point the
   EDO length option would override the Data Offset and processing
   would continue until the end of the TCP header as indicated by the
   EDO Header_length field.

   There are cases where it might be useful to process other options
   before EDO, notably those that determine whether the TCP header is
   valid, such as authentication, encryption, or alternate checksums.
   In those cases, the EDO length option is preferably the first option
   after a validation option, and the payload after the Data Offset is
   treated as user data for the purposes of validation.

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   >> The EDO length option SHOULD occur as early as possible, either
   first or just after any authentication or encryption, and SHOULD be
   the last option covered by the Data Offset value.

   Other options are generally handled in the same manner as when the
   EDO option is not active, unless they interact with other options.
   One such example is TCP-AO [RFC5925], which optionally ignores the
   contents of TCP options, so it would need to be aware of EDO to
   operate correctly when options are excluded from the HMAC
   calculation.

   >> Options that depend on other options, such as TCP-AO [RFC5925]
   (which may include or exclude options in MAC calculations) MUST also
   be augmented to interpret the EDO length option to operate
   correctly.

5. TCP EDO Interaction with TCP

   The following subsections describe how EDO interacts with the TCP
   specification [RFC793].

5.1. TCP User Interface

   The TCP EDO option is enabled on a connection using a mechanism
   similar to any other per-connection option. In Unix systems, this is
   typically performed using the 'setsockopt' system call.

   >> Implementations can also employ system-wide defaults, however
   systems SHOULD NOT use this extension by default to avoid
   interfering with legacy applications.

   >> Due to the potential impacts of legacy middleboxes (discussed in
   Section 6), a TCP implementation supporting EDO SHOULD log any
   events within an EDO connection when options that are malformed or
   show other evidence of tampering arrive. An operating system MAY
   choose to cache the list of destination endpoints where this has
   occurred with and block use of EDO on future connections to those
   endpoints, but this cache needs to be accessible to
   users/applications on the host. Note that such endpoint assumptions
   may vary in the presence of load balancers where server
   implementations vary behind such balancers.

5.2. TCP States and Transitions

   TCP EDO does not alter the existing TCP state or state transition
   mechanisms.

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5.3. TCP Segment Processing

   TCP EDO alters segment processing during the TCP option processing
   step. Once detected, the TCP EDO length option overrides the TCP
   Data Offset field for all subsequent option processing. Option
   processing continues at the next option after the EDO length option.

   Implementers need to be careful about the potential for offload
   support interfering with this option. The EDO data needs to be
   passed to the protocol stack as part of the option space, not
   integrated with the user segment, to allow the offload to
   independently determine user data segment boundaries and combine
   them correctly with the extended option data.

5.4. Impact on TCP Header Size

   The TCP EDO request option increases SYN header length by a minimum
   of 2 bytes. Currently popular SYN options total 19 bytes, which
   leaves more than enough room for the EDO request:

   o  SACK permitted (2 bytes in SYN, optionally 2 + 8N bytes after)
      [RFC2018][RFC6675]

   o  Timestamp (10 bytes) [RFC7323]

   o  Window scale (3 bytes) [RFC7323]

   o  MSS option (4 bytes) [RFC793]

   Adding the EDO option would result in a total of 21 bytes of SYN
   option space. Subsequent segments would use 19 bytes of option space
   without any SACK blocks or allow up to 3 SACK blocks before needing
   to use EDO; with EDO, the number of SACK blocks or additional
   options would be substantially increased. There are also other
   options that are emerging in the SYN, including TCP Fast Open, which
   uses another 6-18 (typically 10) bytes in the SYN/ACK of the first
   connection and in the SYN of subsequent connections [Ch14].

   TCP EDO can also be negotiated in SYNs with either of the following
   large options:

   o  TCP-AO (authentication) (16 bytes) [RFC5925]

   o  Multipath TCP (12 bytes in SYN and SYN/ACK, 20 after) [RFC6824]

   Including TCP-AO increases the SYN option space use to 37 bytes;
   with Multipath TCP the use is 33 bytes. When Multipath TCP is

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   enabled with the typical options, later segments might require 39
   bytes without SACK, thus effectively disabling the SACK option
   unless EDO is also supported on at least non-SYN segments.

   The full combination of the above options (49 bytes including EDO)
   does not fit in the existing SYN option space and (as noted) that
   space cannot be extended within a single SYN segment. There has been
   a proposal to change TS to a 2 byte "TS permitted" signal in the
   initial SYN, provided it can be safely enabled during the connection
   later or might be avoided completely [Ni14]. Even using "TS-
   permitted", the total space is still too large to support in the
   initial SYN without SYN option space extension [Br14][To14].

   The EDO option has negligible impact on other headers, because it
   can either come first or just after security information, and in
   either case the additional 4 bytes are easily accommodated within
   the TCP Data Offset length. Once the EDO option is processed, the
   entirety of the remainder of the TCP segment is available for any
   remaining options.

5.5. Connectionless Resets

   A RST may arrive during a currently active connection or may be
   needed to cleanup old state from an abandoned connection. The latter
   occurs when a new SYN is sent to an endpoint with matching existing
   connection state, at which point that endpoint responds with a RST
   and both ends remove stale information.

   The EDO option is not mandatory in any TCP segment, except the SYN
   and SYN/ACK of the three-way handshake to establish its support.

   >> The EDO length option MAY occur in a RST when the endpoint has
   connection state that has negotiated EDO. However, unless the RST is
   generated by an incoming segment that includes an EDO option, the
   RST MUST NOT include the EDO length option.

5.6. ICMP Handling

   ICMP responses are intended to include the IP and the port fields of
   TCP and UDP headers of typical TCP/IP and UDP/IP packets [RFC792].
   This includes the first 8 data bytes of the original datagram,
   intended to include the transport port numbers used for connection
   demultiplexing. Later specifications encourage returning as much of
   the original payload as possible [RFC1812]. In either case, legacy
   options or new options in the EDO extension area might or might not
   be included, and so options are generally not assumed to be part of
   ICMP processing anyway.

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6. Interactions with Middleboxes

   Middleboxes are on-path devices that typically examine or modify
   packets in ways that Internet routers do not [RFC3234]. This
   includes parsing transport headers and/or rewriting transport
   segments in ways that may affect EDO.

   There are several cases to consider:

   -  Typical NAT/NAPT devices, which modify only IP address and/or TCP
     port number fields (with associated TCP checksum updates)

   -  Middleboxes that try to reconstitute TCP data streams, such as
     for deep-packet inspection for virus scanning

   -  Middleboxes that modify known TCP header fields

   -  Middleboxes that rewrite TCP segments

6.1. Middlebox Coexistence with EDO

   Middleboxes can coexist with EDO when they either support EDO or
   when they ignore its impact on segment structure.

   NATs and NAPTs, which rewrite IP address and/or transport port
   fields, are the most common form of middlebox and are not affected
   by the EDO option.

   Middleboxes that support EDO would be those that correctly parse the
   EDO option. Such boxes can reconstitute the TCP data stream
   correctly or can modify header fields and/or rewrite segments
   without impact to EDO.

   Conventional TCP proxies terminate the TCP connection in both
   directions and thus operate as TCP endpoints, such as when a client-
   middlebox and middlebox-server each have separate TCP connections.
   They would support EDO by following the host requirements herein on
   both connections. The use of EDO on one connection is independent of
   its use on the other in this case.

6.2. Middlebox Interference with EDO

   Middleboxes that do not support EDO cannot coexist with its use when
   they modify segment boundaries or do not forward unknown (e.g., the
   EDO) options.

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   So-called "transparent" rewriting proxies, which modify TCP segment
   boundaries, would mix option information with user data if they did
   not support EDO. Such devices may also interfere with other TCP
   options such as TCP-AO.

   Deep-packet inspection systems that inspect TCP segment payloads or
   attempt to reconstitute the data stream would incorrectly include
   option data in the reconstituted user data stream, which might
   interfere with their operation.

   >> It may be important to detect misbehavior that could cause EDO
   space to be misinterpreted as user data. In such cases, EDO SHOULD
   be used in conjunction with integrity protection mechanisms, such as
   IPsec, TCP-AO, etc. It is useful to note that such protection helps
   find only non-compliant components.

   This situation is similar to that of ECN and ICMP support in the
   Internet.  In both cases, endpoints have evolved mechanisms for
   detecting and robustly operating around "black holes".  Very similar
   algorithms are expected to be applicable for EDO.

7. Comparison to Previous Proposals

   EDO is the latest in a long line of attempts to increase TCP option
   space [Al06][Ed08][Ko04][Ra12][Yo11]. The following is a comparison
   of these approaches to EDO, based partly on a previous summary
   [Ra12]. This comparison differs from that summary by using a
   different set of success criteria.

7.1. EDO Criteria

   Our criteria for a successful solution are as follows:

   o  Zero-cost fallback to legacy endpoints.

   o  Minimal impact on middlebox compatibility.

   o  No additional side-effects.

   Zero-cost fallback requires that upgraded hosts incur no penalty for
   attempting to use EDO. This disqualifies dual-stack approaches,
   because the client might have to delay connection establishment to
   wait for the preferred connection mode to complete. Note that the
   impact of legacy endpoints that silently reflect unknown options are
   not considered, as they are already non-compliant with existing TCP
   requirements [RFC793].

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   Minimal impact on middlebox compatibility requires that EDO works
   through simple NAT and NAPT boxes, which modify IP addresses and
   ports and recompute IPv4 header and TCP segment checksums.
   Middleboxes that reject unknown options or that process segments in
   detail without regard for unknown options are not considered; they
   process segments as if they were an endpoint but do so in ways that
   are not compliant with existing TCP requirements (e.g., they should
   have rejected the initial SYN because of its unknown options rather
   than silently relaying it).

   EDO also attempts to avoid creating side-effects, such as might
   happen if options were split across multiple TCP segments (which
   could arrive out of order or be lost) or across different TCP
   connections (which could fail to share fate through firewalls or
   NAT/NAPTs).

   These requirements are similar to those noted in [Ra12], but EDO
   groups cases of segment modification beyond address and port  - such
   as rewriting, segment drop, sequence number modification, and option
   stripping - as already in violation of existing TCP requirements
   regarding unknown options, and so we do not consider their impact on
   this new option.

7.2. Summary of Approaches

   There are three basic ways in which TCP option space extension has
   been attempted:

   1. Use of a TCP option.

   2. Redefinition of the existing TCP header fields.

   3. Use of option space in multiple TCP segments (split across
      multiple segments).

   A TCP option is the most direct way to extend the option space and
   is the basis of EDO. This approach cannot extend the option space of
   the initial SYN.

   Redefining existing TCP header fields can be used to either contain
   additional options or as a pointer indicating alternate ways to
   interpret the segment payload. All such redefinitions make it
   difficult to achieve zero-impact backward compatibility, both with
   legacy endpoints and middleboxes.

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   Splitting option space across separate segments can create
   unintended side-effects, such as increased delay to deal with path
   latency or loss differences.

   The following discusses three of the most notable past attempts to
   extend the TCP option space: Extended Segments, TCPx2, LO/SLO, and
   LOIC. [Ra12] suggests a few other approaches, including use of TCP
   option cookies, reuse/overload of other TCP fields (e.g., the URG
   pointer), or compressing TCP options. None of these is compatible
   with legacy endpoints or middleboxes.

7.3. Extended Segments

   TCP Extended Segments redefined the meaning of currently unused
   values of the Data Offset (DO) field [Ko04]. TCP defines DO as
   indicating the length of the TCP header, including options, in 32-
   bit words. The default TCP header with no options is 5 such words,
   so the minimum currently valid DO value is 5 (meaning 40 bytes of
   option space). This document defines interpretations of values 0-4:
   DO=0 means 48 bytes of option space, DO=1 means 64, DO=2 means 128,
   DO=3 means 256, and DO=4 means unlimited (e.g., the entire payload
   is option space). This variant negotiates the use of this capability
   by using one of these invalid DO values in the initial SYN.

   Use of this variant is not backward-compatible with legacy TCP
   implementations, whether at the desired endpoint or on middleboxes.
   The variant also defines a way to initiate the feature on the
   passive side, e.g., using an invalid DO during the SYN/ACK when the
   initial SYN had a valid DO. This capability allows either side to
   initiate use of the feature but is also not backward compatible.

7.4. TCPx2

   TCPx2 redefines legacy TCP headers by basically doubling all TCP
   header fields [Al06]. It relies on a new transport protocol number
   to indicate its use, defeating backward compatibility with all
   existing TCP capabilities, including firewalls, NATs/NAPTs, and
   legacy endpoints and applications.

7.5. LO/SLO

   The TCP Long Option (LO, [Ed08]) is very similar to EDO, except that
   presence of LO results in ignoring the existing DO field and that LO
   is required to be the first option. EDO considers the need for other
   fields to be first and declares that the EDO is the last option as
   indicated by the DO field value. Unlike LO, EDO is not required in

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   every segment once negotiated, saving 6 bytes if not actively
   needed.

   The TCP Long Option draft also specified the SYN Long Option (SLO)
   [Ed08]. If SLO is used in the initial SYN and successfully
   negotiated, it is used in each subsequent segment until all of the
   initial SYN options are transmitted.

   LO is backward compatible, as is SLO; in both cases, endpoints not
   supporting the option would not respond with the option, and in both
   cases the initial SYN is not itself extended.

   SLO does modify the three-way handshake because the connection isn't
   considered completely established until the first data byte is
   acknowledged. Legacy TCP can establish a connection even in the
   absence of data. SLO also changes the semantics of the SYN/ACK; for
   legacy TCP, this completes the active side connection establishment,
   where in SLO an additional data ACK is required. A connection whose
   initial SYN options have been confirmed in the SYN/ACK might still
   fail upon receipt of additional options sent in later SLO segments.
   This case - of late negotiation fail - is not addressed in the
   specification.

7.6. LOIC

   TCP Long Options by Invalid Checksum is a dual-stack approach that
   uses two initial SYNS to initiate all updated connections [Yo11].
   One SYN negotiates the new option and the other SYN payload contains
   only the entire options. The negotiation SYN is compliant with
   existing procedures, but the option SYN has a deliberately incorrect
   TCP checksum (decremented by 2). A legacy endpoint would discard the
   segment with the incorrect checksum and respond to the negotiation
   SYN without the LO option.

   Use of the option SYN and its incorrect checksum both interfere with
   other legacy components. Segments with incorrect checksums will be
   silently dropped by most middleboxes, including NATs/NAPTs. Use of
   two SYNs creates side-effects that can delay connections to upgraded
   endpoints, notably when the option SYN is lost or the SYNs arrive
   out of order. Finally, by not allowing other options in the
   negotiation SYN, all connections to legacy endpoints either use no
   options or require a separate connection attempt (either concurrent
   or subsequent).

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7.7. Problems with Extending the Initial SYN

   The key difficulty with most previous proposals is the desire to
   extend the option space in all TCP segments, including the initial
   SYN, i.e., SYN with no ACK, typically the first segment of a
   connection. It has proven difficult to extend space in this initial
   SYN in the absence of prior negotiation while maintaining current
   TCP three-way handshake properties.

   A new TCP option cannot extend the Data Offset of a single TCP
   initial SYN segment. All TCP segments, including the initial SYN,
   may include user data in the payload data [RFC793], and this can be
   useful for some proposed features such as TCP Fast Open [Ch14].
   Legacy endpoints that ignore the new option would process the
   payload contents as user data and send an ACK. Once ACK'd, this data
   cannot be removed from the user stream.

   The Reserved TCP header bits cannot be redefined easily, even though
   three of the six total bits have already been redefined (ECE/CWR
   [RFC3168] and NS [RFC3540]). Legacy endpoints have been known to
   reflect received values in these fields; this was safely dealt with
   for ECN but would be difficult here [RFC3168].

   TCP initial SYN (SYN and not ACK) segments can use every other TCP
   header field except the Acknowledgement number, which is not used
   because the ACK field is not set. In all other segments, all fields
   except the three remaining Reserved header bits are actively used.
   The total amount of available header fields, in either case, is
   insufficient to be useful in extending the option space.

   The representation of TCP options can be optimized to minimize the
   space needed. In such cases, multiple Kind and Length fields are
   combined, so that a new Kind would indicate a specific combination
   of options, whose order is fixed and whose length is indicated by
   one Length field. Most TCP options use fields whose size is much
   larger than the required Kind and Length components, so the
   resulting efficiency is typically insufficient for additional
   options.

   The option space of an initial SYN segment might be extended by
   using multiple initial segments (e.g., multiple SYNs or a SYN and
   non-SYN) or based on the context of previous or parallel
   connections. Because of their potential complexity, these approaches
   are addressed in separate documents [Br14][To14].

   Option space cannot be extended in outer layer headers, e.g., IPv4
   or IPv6. These layers typically try to avoid extensions altogether,

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   to simplify forwarding processing at routers. Introducing new shim
   layers to accommodate additional option space would interfere with
   deep-packet inspection mechanisms that are in widespread use.

   As a result, EDO does not attempt to extend the space available for
   options in TCP initial SYNs. It does extend that space in all other
   segments (including SYN/ACK), which has always been trivially
   possible once an option is defined.

8. Security Considerations

   It is meaningless to have the Data Offset further exceed the
   position of the EDO data offset option.

   >> When the EDO length option is present, the EDO length option
   SHOULD be the last non-null option covered by the TCP Data Offset,
   because it would be the last option affected by Data Offset.

   This also makes it more difficult to use the Data Offset field as a
   covert channel.

9. IANA Considerations

   We request that, upon publication, this option be assigned a TCP
   Option codepoint by IANA, which the RFC Editor will replace EDO-OPT
   in this document with codepoint value.

   This section is to be removed prior to publication as an RFC.

10. References

10.1. Normative References

   [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
             Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC
             793, September 1981.

10.2. Informative References

   [Al06]    Allman, M., "TCPx2: Don't Fence Me In", draft-allman-
             tcpx2-hack-00 (work in progress), May 2006.

   [Br14]    Briscoe, B., "Extended TCP Option Space in the Payload of
             an Alternative SYN", draft-briscoe-tcpm-syn-op-sis-02
             (work in progress), September 2014.

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   [Ch14]    Cheng, Y., Chu, J., and A. Jain, "TCP Fast Open", draft-
             ietf-tcpm-fastopen-10, September 2014.

   [Ed08]    Eddy, W. and A. Langley, "Extending the Space Available
             for TCP Options", draft-eddy-tcp-loo-04 (work in
             progress), July 2008.

   [Ko04]    Kohler, E., "Extended Option Space for TCP", draft-kohler-
             tcpm-extopt-00 (work in progress), September 2004.

   [Ni14]    Nishida, Y., "A-PAWS: Alternative Approach for PAWS",
             draft-nishida-tcpm-apaws-01 (work in progress), June 2014.

   [Ra12]    Ramaiah, A., "TCP option space extension", draft-ananth-
             tcpm-tcpoptext-00 (work in progress), March 2012.

   [RFC792]  Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", RFC 792,
             September 1981.

   [RFC1812] Baker, F. (Ed.), "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers,"
             RFC 1812, June 1995.

   [RFC2018] Mathis, M., Mahdavi, J., Floyd, S., and A. Romanow, "TCP
             Selective Acknowledgment Options", RFC 2018, October 1996.

   [RFC3168] Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
             of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP", RFC
             3168, September 2001.

   [RFC3234] Carpenter, B. and S. Brim, "Middleboxes: Taxonomy and
             Issues", RFC 3234, February 2002.

   [RFC3540] Spring, N., Wetherall, D., and D. Ely, "Robust Explicit
             Congestion Notification (ECN) Signaling with Nonces", RFC
             3540, June 2003.

   [RFC5925] Touch, J., Mankin, A., and R. Bonica, "The TCP
             Authentication Option", RFC 5925, June 2010.

   [RFC6675] Blanton, E., Allman, M., Wang, L., Jarvinen, I., Kojo, M.,
             and Y. Nishida, "A Conservative Loss Recovery Algorithm
             Based on Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) for TCP", RFC
             6675, August 2012.

   [RFC6824] Ford, A., Raiciu, C., Handley, M., and O. Bonaventure,
             "TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple
             Addresses", RFC 6824, January 2013.

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   [RFC7323] Borman, D., Braden, B., Jacobson, V., and R. Scheffenegger
             (Ed.), "TCP Extensions for High Performance", RFC 7323,
             September 2014.

   [To14]    Touch, J., T. Faber, "TCP SYN Extended Option Space Using
             an Out-of-Band Segment", draft-touch-tcpm-tcp-syn-ext-opt-
             01 (work in progress), September 2014.

   [Yo11]    Yourtchenko, A., "Introducing TCP Long Options by Invalid
             Checksum", draft-yourtchenko-tcp-loic-00 (work in
             progress), April 2011.

11. Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank the IETF TCPM WG for their feedback,
   in particular: Oliver Bonaventure, Bob Briscoe, Ted Faber, John
   Leslie, Richard Scheffenegger, and Alexander Zimmerman.

   This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot.

Authors' Addresses

   Joe Touch
   USC/ISI
   4676 Admiralty Way
   Marina del Rey, CA 90292-6695 USA

   Phone: +1 (310) 448-9151
   Email: touch@isi.edu

   Wesley M. Eddy
   MTI Systems
   US

   Email: wes@mti-systems.com

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