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Applicability of Abstraction and Control of Traffic Engineered Networks (ACTN) to IETF Network Slicing
draft-ietf-teas-applicability-actn-slicing-10

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (teas WG)
Authors Daniel King , John Drake , Haomian Zheng , Adrian Farrel
Last updated 2024-08-29 (Latest revision 2024-08-28)
Replaces draft-king-teas-applicability-actn-slicing
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draft-ietf-teas-applicability-actn-slicing-10
TEAS Working Group                                               D. King
Internet-Draft                                        Old Dog Consulting
Intended status: Informational                                  J. Drake
Expires: 1 March 2025                                        Independent
                                                                H. Zheng
                                                     Huawei Technologies
                                                               A. Farrel
                                                      Old Dog Consulting
                                                          28 August 2024

Applicability of Abstraction and Control of Traffic Engineered Networks
                     (ACTN) to IETF Network Slicing
             draft-ietf-teas-applicability-actn-slicing-10

Abstract

   Network abstraction is a technique that can be applied to a network
   domain to obtain a view of potential connectivity across the network
   by utilizing a set of policies to select network resources.

   Network slicing is an approach to network operations that builds on
   the concept of network abstraction to provide programmability,
   flexibility, and modularity.  It may use techniques such as Software
   Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) to
   create multiple logical or virtual networks, each tailored for a set
   of services that share the same set of requirements.

   Abstraction and Control of Traffic Engineered Networks (ACTN) is
   described in RFC 8453.  It defines an SDN-based architecture that
   relies on the concept of network and service abstraction to detach
   network and service control from the underlying data plane.

   This document outlines the applicability of ACTN to network slicing
   in a Traffic Engineered (TE) network that utilizes IETF technologies.
   It also identifies the features of network slicing not currently
   within the scope of ACTN and indicates where ACTN might be extended.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 1 March 2025.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Overview of Key Requirements for Network Slicing  . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  Resource Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.2.  Network Topology Customization and Virtualization . . . .   6
     2.3.  Service Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.4.  Orchestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   3.  Abstraction and Control of Traffic Engineered (TE) Networks
           (ACTN): Overview of Key Components  . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.1.  ACTN Virtual Network as a Network Slice . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.2.  ACTN Virtual Network and Scaling Network Slices . . . . .   9
     3.3.  Management Components for ACTN and Network Slicing  . . .   9
     3.4.  Examples of ACTN Delivering Network Slice Services  . . .  11
       3.4.1.  ACTN Used for Virtual Private Line  . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.4.2.  ACTN Used for VPN Delivery Model  . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.4.3.  ACTN Used to Deliver a Virtual Customer Network . . .  15
   4.  YANG Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     4.1.  Network Slice Service Mapping from TE to ACTN VN
           Models  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     4.2.  Interfaces and YANG Models  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     4.3.  ACTN VN Telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   8.  Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21

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   9.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   10. Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24

1.  Introduction

   The principles of network resource separation are not new.  For
   years, the concepts of separated overlay and logical (virtual)
   networking have existed, allowing multiple services to be deployed
   over a single physical network comprised of a single or multiple
   layers.  However, several key aspects differentiate overlay and
   virtual networking from network slicing.

   A network slice is a virtual (that is, logical) network with its own
   network topology and a set of network resources that are used to
   provide connectivity that conforms to specific Service Level
   Agreements (SLAs) or a set of Service Level Objectives (SLOs).  The
   network resources used to realize a network slice belong to the
   network that is sliced.  The resources may be assigned and dedicated
   to an individual slice, or they may be shared with other slices
   enabling different degrees of service guarantee and providing
   different levels of isolation between the traffic in each slice.

   [RFC9543] provides a definition for network slicing in the context of
   IETF network technologies.  In particular, that document defines the
   term "IETF Network Slice" as the generic network slice concept
   applied to a network that uses IETF technologies.  An IETF Network
   Slice could span multiple technologies (such as IP, MPLS, or optical)
   and multiple administrative domains.  The logical network that is an
   IETF Network Slice may be kept separate from other concurrent logical
   networks with independent control and management: each can be created
   or modified on demand.  Since this document is focused entirely on
   IETF technologies, it uses the term "network slice" as a more concise
   expression.  Further discussion on the topic of IETF Network Slices
   and details of how an IETF Network Slice service may be requested and
   realized as an IETF Network Slice can be found in [RFC9543].

   Within this document, the terms "network slice", "network slice
   service", and "network slice controller" refer to network slicing of
   networks built using IETF technologies as described in [RFC9543].

   At one end of the spectrum, a Virtual Private Wire (VPW) or a Virtual
   Private Network (VPN) may be used to build a network slice.  In these
   cases, the network slices do not require the service provider to
   isolate network resources for the provision of the service - the
   service is "virtual".

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   At the other end of the spectrum, there may be a detailed description
   of a complex network service that will meet the needs of a set of
   applications with connectivity and service function requirements that
   may include compute resources, storage capabilities, and access to
   content.  Such a service may be requested dynamically (that is,
   instantiated when an application needs it, and released when the
   application no longer needs it), and modified as the needs of the
   application change.  An example of such a type of service can be
   provided using an enhanced VPN described in
   [I-D.ietf-teas-enhanced-vpn].  It is often based on Traffic
   Engineering (TE) constructs in the underlay network.

   Abstraction and Control of TE Networks (ACTN) [RFC8453] is a
   framework that facilitates the abstraction of underlying network
   resources to higher-layer applications and that allows network
   operators to create and supply virtual networks for their customers
   through the abstraction of the operators' network resources.

   ACTN is a toolset capable of delivering network slice functionality.
   This document outlines the application of ACTN and associated
   enabling technologies to provide network slicing in a network that
   utilizes IETF TE-based technologies.  It describes how the ACTN
   functional components can be used to support model-driven
   partitioning of resources into variable-sized bandwidth units to
   facilitate network sharing and virtualization.  Furthermore, the use
   of model-based interfaces to dynamically request the instantiation of
   virtual networks can be extended to encompass requesting and
   instantiation of specific service functions (which may be both
   physical or virtual), and to partition network resources such as
   compute resources, storage capability, and access to content.  In
   Section 3, the document highlights how the ACTN approach might be
   extended to address the requirements of network slicing where the
   underlying network is TE-capable.

1.1.  Terminology

   This document re-uses terminology from [RFC8453], [RFC9543] and
   [I-D.ietf-teas-enhanced-vpn].

   Service Provider:  See "Provider" in [RFC9543].

   Consumer:  See [RFC9543].

   Service Functions (SFs):  Components that provide specific functions
      within a network.  SFs are often combined in a specific sequence
      called a service function chain to deliver services [RFC7665].

   Resource:  Any feature, including connectivity, buffers, compute,

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      storage, and content delivery that forms part of or can be
      accessed through a network.  Resources may be shared between
      users, applications, and clients, or they may be dedicated for use
      by a unique customer.

   Infrastructure Resources:  The hardware and software for hosting and
      connecting SFs.  These resources may include computing hardware,
      storage capacity, network resources (e.g., links and switching/
      routing devices enabling network connectivity), and physical
      assets for radio access.

   Service Level Agreement (SLA):  See [RFC9543].

   Service Level Expectation (SLE):  See [RFC9543].

   Service Level Objective (SLO):  See [RFC9543].

   IETF Network Slice Service:  See [RFC9543].

2.  Overview of Key Requirements for Network Slicing

   According to Section 6.2 of [RFC9543] "Expressing Connectivity
   Intents", the customer expresses requirements for a particular
   network slice by specifying what is required rather than how the
   requirement is to be fulfilled.  That is, the customer's view of a
   network slice is an abstract one expressed as a network slice service
   request.

   The concept of network slicing is a key capability to serve a
   customer with a wide variety of different service needs expressed as
   SLOs/SLEs in terms of, e.g., latency, reliability, capacity, and
   service function-specific capabilities.

   This section outlines the key capabilities required to realize
   network slicing in a TE-enabled IETF technology network.

2.1.  Resource Partitioning

   Network resources can be allocated and dedicated for use by a
   specific network slice service, or they may be shared among multiple
   slice services.  This allows a flexible approach that can deliver a
   range of services by partitioning (that is, slicing) the available
   network resources to make them available to meet the customer's SLA.

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2.2.  Network Topology Customization and Virtualization

   Network virtualization enables the creation of multiple virtual
   networks that are operationally decoupled from the underlying
   physical network and are run on top of it.  Slicing enables the
   creation of virtual networks as customer services.

2.3.  Service Isolation

   A customer may request, through their SLA, that changes to the other
   services delivered by the service provider do not have any negative
   impact on the delivery of the service.  This quality is referred to
   as "isolation" in (Section 8 of [RFC9543]).

   Delivery of service isolation may be achieved in the underlying
   network by various forms of resource partitioning ranging from
   dedicated allocation of resources for a specific slice, to sharing of
   resources with safeguards.

   Although multiple network slices may utilize resources from a single
   underlying network, isolation should be understood in terms of the
   following three categorizations.

   *  Performance isolation requires that service delivery for one
      network slice does not adversely impact congestion, packet drop,
      or performance levels perceived by the users of other slices.

   *  Security isolation means that attacks or faults occurring in one
      slice do not impact on other slices.  Moreover, the security
      functions supporting each slice must operate independently so that
      an attack or misconfiguration of security in one slice will not
      prevent proper security function in the other slices.  Further,
      privacy concerns require that traffic from one slice is not
      delivered to an endpoint in another slice, and that it should not
      be possible to determine the nature or characteristics of a slice
      from any external point.

   *  Management isolation means that each slice must be independently
      viewed, utilized, and managed as a separate network.  Furthermore,
      it should be possible to prevent the operator of one slice from
      being able to control, view, or detect any aspect of any other
      network slice.

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2.4.  Orchestration

   An orchestrator is used to coordinate disparate processes and
   resources for creating, managing, and deploying the network slicing
   service in a network.  The following aspects of orchestration should
   be considered:

   *  Multi-domain Orchestration: Managing connectivity to set up a
      network slice across multiple administrative domains.

   *  End-to-end Orchestration: Combining resources for an end-to-end
      service (e.g., underlay connectivity with firewalling, and
      guaranteed bandwidth with minimum delay).

3.  Abstraction and Control of Traffic Engineered (TE) Networks (ACTN):
    Overview of Key Components

   ACTN is designed to facilitate end-to-end connectivity and provides
   virtual connectivity services (such as virtual links and virtual
   networks) to the user.  The ACTN framework [RFC8453] introduces three
   functional components and two interfaces:

   *  Customer Network Controller (CNC)

   *  Multi-domain Service Coordinator (MDSC)

   *  Provisioning Network Controller (PNC)

   *  CNC-MDSC Interface (CMI)

   *  MDSC-PNC Interface (MPI)

   RFC 8453 also highlights how:

   *  Abstraction of the underlying network resources is provided to
      higher-layer applications and customers.

   *  Virtualization is achieved by selecting resources according to
      criteria derived from the details and requirements of the
      customer, application, or service.

   *  Creation of a virtualized environment is performed to allow
      operators to view and control multi-domain networks as a single
      virtualized network.

   *  A network is presented to a customer as a single virtual network
      via open and programmable interfaces.

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   The ACTN infrastructure resources include traffic-engineered network
   capabilities.  The concept of traffic engineering is broad: it
   describes the planning and operation of networks using a method of
   reserving and partitioning of network resources in order to
   facilitate traffic delivery across a network (see [RFC9522] for more
   details).

   In the context of ACTN, traffic engineered infrastructure resources
   may include Statistical Packet Bandwidth, which refers to using
   statistical methods instead of assigning fixed bandwidth.  This
   approach allocates bandwidth based on how data is flowing and
   statistical multiplexing.  ACTN traffic engineered network resources
   also consider the physical parts of the network, such as optical
   channels and time slots, which facilitates the best use of the
   network's resources by matching bandwidth with real-time traffic
   demands.

   Therefore, an ACTN network may be "sliced", with each customer being
   given a different partial and abstracted topology view of the
   physical underlay network.

3.1.  ACTN Virtual Network as a Network Slice

   To support multiple customers, each with its own view and control of
   a virtual network constructed using an underlay network, a service
   provider needs to partition the network resources to create network
   slices assigned to each customer.

   An ACTN Virtual Network (VN) is a customer view of a slice of the
   ACTN infrastructure resources.  It is a network slice that is
   presented to the customer by the ACTN provider as a set of abstracted
   resources.  See [I-D.ietf-teas-actn-vn-yang] for a detailed
   description of ACTN VNs and an overview of how various different
   types of YANG models are applicable to the ACTN framework.

   Depending on the agreement between a customer and a provider, various
   VN operations are possible:

   *  Network Slice Creation: A VN could be pre-configured and created
      through static configuration or through a dynamic request and
      negotiation between a customer and service provider.  The VN must
      meet the network slice requirements specified in the SLA to
      satisfy the customers objectives.

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   *  Network Slice Operations: The VN may be modified or deleted based
      on direct customer requests.  Also, the way that the VN is
      engineered can be adjusted by the operator to continuously ensure
      that the delivered service complies with the requested SLA.  The
      customer can further act upon the VN to manage their traffic flows
      across the network slice.

   *  Network Slice View: A VN topology is viewed from the customer's
      perspective.  This may be the entire VN topology, or a collection
      of tunnels that are expressed as customer endpoints, access links,
      intra-domain paths and inter-domain links.

   Section 3, "Virtual Network Primitives", in [RFC8454] describes a set
   of functional primitives that support these different ACTN VN
   operations.

3.2.  ACTN Virtual Network and Scaling Network Slices

   If the service provider must manage and maintain state in the core of
   the network for every network slice, then this will quickly limit the
   number of customer services that can be supported.

   The importance of scalability for network slices is discussed in
   [I-D.ietf-teas-enhanced-vpn] and further in
   [I-D.ietf-teas-nrp-scalability].  That work notes the importance of
   collecting network slices or their composite connectivity constructs
   into groups that require similar treatment in the network before
   realizing those groups in the network.

   The same consideration applies to ACTN VNs.  But fortunately, ACTN
   VNs may be arranged hierarchically by recursing the MDSCs so that one
   VN is realized over another VN.  This allows the VNs presented to the
   customer to be aggregated before they are instantiated in the
   physical network.

3.3.  Management Components for ACTN and Network Slicing

   The ACTN management components (CNC, MDSC, and PNC) and interfaces
   (CMI and MPI) are introduced in Section 3 and described in detail in
   [RFC8453].  The management components for network slicing are
   described in [RFC9543] and are known as the customer orchestration
   system, the IETF Network Slice Controller (NSC), and the network
   controller.  The network slicing management components are separated
   by the Network Slice Service Interface and the Network Configuration
   Interface, modeling the architecture described in [RFC8309].

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   The mapping between network slicing management components and ACTN
   management components is presented visually in Figure 1 and provides
   a reference for understanding the material in Section 3.4 and
   Section 4.

       +-------------------------------------+   |    +---------------+
       |                                     |   |    |    Service    |
       |    Consumer orchestration system    | =====> | Orchestrator  |
       |                                     |   |    |      (1)      |
       +-------------------------------------+   |    +---------------+
                            ^                    |            ^
         IETF Network Slice |                    |            | XMI (2)
          Service Interface |                    |            |
                            v                    |            v
       +-------------------------------------+   |    +---------------+
       |                                     |   |    |     MDSC      |
       | IETF Network Slice Controller (NSC) | =====> |   (Network    |
       |                                     |   |    | Orchestrator) |
       +-------------------------------------+   |    +---------------+
                            ^                    |            ^
              Network       |                    |            |
              Configuration |                    |            | MPI
              Interface     |                    |            |
                            v                    |            v
       +-------------------------------------+   |    +---------------+
       |         Network Controllers         | =====> |   PNC/MSDCs   |
       +-------------------------------------+   |    +---------------+

      Figure 1: Mapping Between IETF Network Slice and ACTN Management
                                 Components

   Note 1 - The Service Orchestrator may also contain some MDSC service-
   related functions, as described in section 4.2 of [RFC8453].

   Note 2 - The Service Orchestrator-to-MDSC Interface (XMI) is an
   interface between two MDSC functional elements encompassing different
   MDSC service-related functions which is not defined in [RFC8453].

   Note 2 - The Service Orchestrator-to-MDSC Interface (XMI) is an
   interface between two MDSC functional elements encompassing different
   MDSC service-related functions which is not defined in [RFC8453].
   Depending on the function being delivered, the XMI might be realised
   by the Layer 2 VPN Network Management YANG model [RFC9291] or the
   Layer 3 VPN Network Management YANG model [RFC9182].

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3.4.  Examples of ACTN Delivering Network Slice Services

   The following examples build on the ACTN framework to provide
   control, management, and orchestration for the network slice life-
   cycle.  These network slices utilize common physical infrastructure,
   and meet specific service-level requirements.

   Three examples are shown.  Each uses ACTN to achieve a different
   network slicing scenario.  All three scenarios can be scaled up in
   capacity or be subject to topology changes as well as changes in
   customer requirements.

3.4.1.  ACTN Used for Virtual Private Line

   In the example shown in Figure 2, ACTN provides virtual connections
   between multiple customer locations (sites accessed through Customer
   Edge nodes - CEs).  The service is requested by the customer (via
   CNC-A) and delivered as a Virtual Private Line (VPL) service.  The
   characteristics of this model include the following benefits.

   *  Programmable: The service setup and operation are managed by the
      network provider via APIs.

   *  Virtual: The private line connectivity is provided from Site A to
      Site C (VPL1) and from Site B to Site C (VPL2) across the ACTN
      infrastructure resources (physical network).

   *  Flexible: On-demand adjustments to the connectivity and bandwidth
      are available according to the customer's requests, which may be
      automated.

   In terms of the network slicing concept defined in [RFC9543], in this
   example the customer requests a single network slice with two pairs
   of point-to-point connectivity constructs between the service
   demarcation points CE1 and CE3, and CE2 and CE3 with each pair
   comprising one connectivity construct in each direction.

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                        (Customer VPL Request)

         Boundary                  :
         Between  . . . . . . . . .:. . . . . . . . . . .
         Customer &                :
         Network Operator          : CMI
                                   :
                    +-----------------------------+
                    | MDSC (Service Orchestrator) |
                    +-----------------------------+
         Boundary                  :
         Between  . . . . . . . . .:. . . . . . . . . . .
         Consumer &                :
         Network Provider          : XMI
                                   :
                    +-----------------------------+
                    | MDSC (Network Orchestrator) |
                    +-----------------------------+
                                   :
                                   : MPI
                                   :
                                 -----
                                | PNC |
               Site A          ( ----- )           Site B
              +-----+         (         )         +-----+
              | CE1 |========(  Physical )========| CE2 |
              +-----\         ( Network )         /-----+
                     \         (_______)         /
                      \            ||           /
                       \           ||          /
                   VPL1 \          ||         / VPL2
                         \         ||        /
                          \        ||       /
                           \       ||      /
                            \-------------/
                            |     CE3     |
                            +-------------+
                                 Site C

         Key:   ... ACTN control connectivity
                === Physical connectivity
                --- Logical connectivity

                    Figure 2: Virtual Private Line Model

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3.4.2.  ACTN Used for VPN Delivery Model

   In the example shown in Figure 3, ACTN provides VPN connectivity
   between two sites across three physical networks.  The users of the
   two sites express the requirements for the VPN.  The request is
   directed to the CNC, and the CNC interacts with the network
   provider's MDSC.  The main characteristics of this model are as
   follows.

   *  Provides edge-to-edge VPN multi-access connectivity.

   *  Most of the function is managed by the network provider, with some
      flexibility delegated to the customer-managed CNC.

   In terms of the network slicing concept defined in [RFC9543], in this
   example, the customer requests a single network slice with a pair of
   point-to-point connectivity constructs (one in each direction)
   between the service demarcation points at site A and site B.  The
   customer is unaware that the service is delivered over multiple
   physical networks.

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                      +--------------+   +--------------+
                      |     CNC-A    |   |     CNC-B    |
                      +--------------+   +--------------+
                                  :         :
       Boundary                   :         :
       Between  . . . . . . . . ..:. . . . . . . . . . .
       Consumer &                 :         :
       Network Operator           : CMI-A   : CMI-B
                                  :         :
                        +-----------------------------+
                        | MDSC (Service Orchestrator) |
                        +-----------------------------+
       Boundary                        :
       Between   . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . .
       Consumer &                      :
       Network Provider                : XMI
                                       :
                        +-----------------------------+
                        | MDSC (Network Orchestrator) |
                        +-----------------------------+
                        :              :              :
                        : MPI          : MPI          : MPI
                        :              :              :
                    +-------+      +-------+      +-------+
                    |  PNC  |      |  PNC  |      |  PNC  |
                    +-------+      +-------+      +-------+
                        :              :              :
                        :              :              :
         ____     ---------      ---------      ---------     ____
        <    >   (         )    (         )    (         )   <    >
        <Site>==( Physical  )==( Physical  )==( Physical  )==<Site>
        < A  >   ( Network )    ( Network )    ( Network )   < B  >
        <    >    (       )      (       )      (       )    <    >
        <    >     -------        -------        -------     <    >
        <    >-----------------------------------------------<    >
        <____>                                               <____>

       Key:   ... ACTN control connectivity
              === Physical connectivity
              --- Logical connectivity

                            Figure 3: VPN Model

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3.4.3.  ACTN Used to Deliver a Virtual Customer Network

   In the example shown in Figure 4, ACTN provides a virtual network to
   the customer.  This virtual network is managed by the customer.  The
   figure shows two virtual networks (Network Slice 1 and Network Slice
   2) each created for different customers under the care of different
   CNCs.  There are two physical networks controlled by separate PNCs.
   Network Slice 2 is built using resources from just one physical
   network, while Network Slice 1 is constructed using resources from
   both physical networks.

   The characteristics of this model include the following.

   *  The MDSC provides the topology to the customer so that the
      customer can control their network slice to fit their needs.

   *  Customers may interact with their assigned network slices
      directly.  The customer may implement their own network control
      methods and traffic classification, mapping, prioritization, and
      manage their own addressing schemes.

   *  Customers may further slice their virtual networks so that this
      becomes a recursive model.

   *  Service isolation can be provided through selection of physical
      networking resources through a combination of efforts of the MSDC
      and PNC.

   *  The network slice may include nodes with specific capabilities.
      These can be delivered as Physical Network Functions (PNFs) or
      Virtual Network Functions (VNFs).

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                  +--------------+                  ___________
                  |    Service   |                 (           )
                  | Orchestrator |---------------->(  Network  )
                  +--------------+                 (  Slice 2  )
                     ^                             (___________)
                     |                           ___________  ^
                     |  +--------------+        (           ) :
                     |  |    Service   |------->(  Network  ) :
                     |  | Orchestrator |        (  Slice 1  ) :
                     |  +--------------+        (___________) :
                     |       ^                      ^    ^    :
         Boundary    |       |                      :    :    :
         Between    .|. . . .|. . . . . . . . . . . : . .:. . : . . .
         Consumer &  |       |                      :    :    :
         Network     |       |                      :    :    :
         Provider    v       v                      :    :    :
                  +---------------+                 :    :....:
                  |     MDSC      |                 :         :
                  |   (Network    |                 :         :
                  | Orchestrator) |                 :         :
                  +---------------+                 :         :
                           ^                  ------^--       :
                           |                 (         )      :
                           v                (  Physical )     :
                       +-------+             ( Network )      :
                       |  PNC  |<------------>(       )    ---^-----
                     +-------  |               -------    (         )
                     |  PNC  |-+                         (  Physical )
                     |       |<-------------------------->( Network )
                     +-------+                             (       )
                                                            -------

         Key: --- ACTN control connection
              ... Virtualization/abstraction through slicing

                         Figure 4: Network Slicing

4.  YANG Models

4.1.  Network Slice Service Mapping from TE to ACTN VN Models

   The TE-service mapping model [I-D.ietf-teas-te-service-mapping-yang]
   creates a binding relationship across a L3VPN Service Model (L3SM)
   [RFC8299], L2VPN Service Model (L2SM) [RFC8466], and TE Tunnel model
   [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te], via the generic ACTN Virtual Network (VN)
   model [I-D.ietf-teas-actn-vn-yang].

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   When necessary, it must be possible to map between a slice service
   request and an ACTN VN model.  The ACTN VN model is a generic virtual
   network service model that allows customers to specify a VN that
   meets the customer's service objectives with various constraints,
   which could be included in the initial request, and how the service
   is delivered.  Therefore, a request for a network slice service may
   be mapped directly to a request for a VN.

   The TE-service mapping model [I-D.ietf-teas-te-service-mapping-yang]
   binds the L3SM with TE-specific parameters.  This binding facilitates
   seamless service operation and enables visibility of the underlay TE
   network.  The TE-service model developed in that document can also be
   extended to support other services, including L2SM, and the Layer 1
   Connectivity Service Model (L1CSM) [I-D.ietf-ccamp-l1csm-yang] L1CSM
   network service models.

   Figure 5 shows the relationship between the YANG models discussed
   above.

       ---------------            -----------
      |    L3SM       |<=========|           |            -----------
       ---------------   augments|           |..........>|  ACTN VN  |
       ---------------           | Augmented |references  -----------
      |    L2SM       |<=========| Service   |
       ---------------   augments| Model     |            -----------
       ---------------           |           |..........>|  TE-topo  |
      |    L1CSM      |<=========|           |references  -----------
       ---------------   augments|           |
       ---------------           |           |            -----------
      | TE & Service  |--------->|           |..........>| TE-tunnel |
      | Mapping Types |  import   ----------- references  -----------
       ---------------

                Figure 5: Relationships Between YANG Models

   Work is still needed to define YANG models to help map network slice
   services to Traffic Engineering (TE) models.  For example,
   [I-D.dhody-teas-ietf-network-slice-mapping] shows how the Virtual
   Network (VN) model and the TE Tunnel model can support network slice
   services.

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4.2.  Interfaces and YANG Models

   Figure 6 shows the two ACTN components (MDSC and PNC) and one ACTN
   interface (MPI), as listed in Section 3.  The figure also shows the
   Device Configuration Interface between the PNC and the devices in the
   physical network.  That interface might be used to install state on
   every device in the network, or might instruct a "head-end" node when
   a control plane is used within the physical network.  In the context
   of [RFC8309], the Device Configuration Interface uses one or more
   device configuration models.

   Figure 6 also shows the Network Slice Service Interface.  This
   interface allows a customer to make requests for delivery of the
   service, and it facilitates the customer modifying and monitoring the
   service.  In the context of [RFC8309], this is a customer service
   interface and uses a service model.

   When an ACTN system is used to manage the delivery of network slices,
   a network slice resource model is needed.  This model will be used
   for instantiation, operation, and monitoring of network and function
   resource slices.  The YANG model defined in
   [I-D.ietf-teas-ietf-network-slice-nbi-yang] provides a suitable basis
   for requesting, controlling, and deletion, of a Network Slice
   Service.

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                     +----------+
                     | Consumer |
                     +----------+
                           :
                    .......:....... Network Slice Service Interface
                           :
                   +---------------+
                   |      MDSC     |
                   +---------------+
                           :
                    .......:....... MPI
                           :
                       +-------+
                       |  PNC  |
                       +-------+
                           :
                    .......:....... Device Configuration Interface
                           :
                       ----------
                      (          )
                     (  Physical  )
                      ( Network  )
                       (________)

                  Figure 6: The YANG Interfaces in Context

4.3.  ACTN VN Telemetry

   The ACTN VN telemetry model
   [I-D.ietf-teas-actn-pm-telemetry-autonomics] provides a way for a
   customer to define performance monitoring relevant for the VN/network
   slice via the NETCONF subscription mechanisms [RFC8639], [RFC8640],
   or using the equivalent mechanisms in RESTCONF [RFC8641], [RFC8650].

   Key characteristics of [I-D.ietf-teas-actn-pm-telemetry-autonomics]
   include the following:

   *  An ability to provide scalable VN-level telemetry aggregation
      based on a customer subscription model for key performance
      parameters defined by the customer.

   *  An ability to facilitate proactive re-optimization and
      reconfiguration of VNs/network slices based on autonomic network
      traffic engineering scaling configuration mechanisms.

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5.  IANA Considerations

   This document makes no requests for action by IANA.

6.  Security Considerations

   Network slicing involves the control of network resources in order to
   meet the service requirements of customers.  In some deployment
   models using ACTN, the customer may directly request a modification
   in the behaviour of resources owned and operated by a service
   provider.  Such changes could significantly affect the service
   provider's ability to provide services to other customers.
   Furthermore, the resources allocated for or consumed by a customer
   will typically be billable by the service provider.

   Therefore, it is crucial that the mechanisms used in any network
   slicing system allow for authentication of requests, security of
   those requests, and tracking of resource allocations.

   It should also be noted that while the partitioning or slicing of
   resources is virtual, as mentioned in Section 2.3 the customers
   expect and require that there is no risk of data leakage from one
   slice to another, and no transfer of knowledge of the structure or
   even existence of other slices.  Further, in some service requests,
   there is an expectation that changes to one slice (under the control
   of one customer) should not have detrimental effects on the operation
   of other slices (whether under control of different or the same
   customers) even within limits allowed within the SLA.  Thus, slices
   are assumed to be private and to provide the appearance of genuine
   physical connectivity.

   Some service provider's may offer secure network slices as a service.
   Such services may claim to include edge-to-edge encryption for the
   customer's traffic.  However, a customer should take full
   responsibility for the privacy and integrity of their traffic and
   should carefully consider using their own edge-to-edge encryption.

   Further security considerations and recommendations may be found in
   Section 9 of [RFC8453] and Section 10 of [RFC9543], with the latter
   document providing additional privacy considerations in Section 11.

   ACTN operates using the NETCONF [RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040]
   protocols and assumes the security characteristics of those
   protocols.  Deployment models for ACTN should fully explore the
   authentication and other security aspects before networks start to
   carry live traffic.

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7.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Italo Busi, Qin Wu, Andy Jones, Ramon Casellas, Gert
   Grammel, Joe Clarke, Peter Yee, Alvaro Retana, Éric Vyncke, Linda
   Dunbar and Kiran Makhijani for their reviews, insight, and useful
   discussions about network slicing.

   This work is partially supported by the European Commission under
   Horizon 2020 grant agreement number 101015857 Secured autonomic
   traffic management for a Tera of SDN flows (Teraflow).

8.  Contributors

   The following people contributed text to this document.

         Young Lee
         Email: younglee.tx@gmail.com

         Mohamed Boucadair
         Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com

         Sergio Belotti
         Email: sergio.belotti@nokia.com

         Daniele Ceccarelli
         Email: dceccare@cisco.com

9.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-teas-actn-pm-telemetry-autonomics]
              Lee, Y., Dhody, D., Vilalta, R., King, D., and D.
              Ceccarelli, "YANG models for Virtual Network (VN)/TE
              Performance Monitoring Telemetry and Scaling Intent
              Autonomics", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              teas-actn-pm-telemetry-autonomics-12, 16 March 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-teas-
              actn-pm-telemetry-autonomics-12>.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-actn-vn-yang]
              Lee, Y., Dhody, D., Ceccarelli, D., Bryskin, I., and B. Y.
              Yoon, "A YANG Data Model for Virtual Network (VN)
              Operations", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              teas-actn-vn-yang-29, 22 June 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-teas-
              actn-vn-yang-29>.

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   [I-D.ietf-teas-enhanced-vpn]
              Dong, J., Bryant, S., Li, Z., Miyasaka, T., and Y. Lee, "A
              Framework for Network Resource Partition (NRP) based
              Enhanced Virtual Private Networks", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-teas-enhanced-vpn-20, 14 June
              2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
              teas-enhanced-vpn-20>.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-ietf-network-slice-nbi-yang]
              Wu, B., Dhody, D., Rokui, R., Saad, T., and J. Mullooly,
              "A YANG Data Model for the RFC 9543 Network Slice
              Service", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              teas-ietf-network-slice-nbi-yang-15, 27 August 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/api/v1/doc/document/draft-
              ietf-teas-ietf-network-slice-nbi-yang/>.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-te-service-mapping-yang]
              Lee, Y., Dhody, D., Fioccola, G., Wu, Q., Ceccarelli, D.,
              and J. Tantsura, "Traffic Engineering (TE) and Service
              Mapping YANG Data Model", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-ietf-teas-te-service-mapping-yang-15, 16
              March 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
              ietf-teas-te-service-mapping-yang-15>.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te]
              Saad, T., Gandhi, R., Liu, X., Beeram, V. P., and I.
              Bryskin, "A YANG Data Model for Traffic Engineering
              Tunnels, Label Switched Paths and Interfaces", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-teas-yang-te-36, 2
              February 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-ietf-teas-yang-te-36>.

   [RFC8299]  Wu, Q., Ed., Litkowski, S., Tomotaki, L., and K. Ogaki,
              "YANG Data Model for L3VPN Service Delivery", RFC 8299,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8299, January 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8299>.

   [RFC8453]  Ceccarelli, D., Ed. and Y. Lee, Ed., "Framework for
              Abstraction and Control of TE Networks (ACTN)", RFC 8453,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8453, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8453>.

   [RFC8466]  Wen, B., Fioccola, G., Ed., Xie, C., and L. Jalil, "A YANG
              Data Model for Layer 2 Virtual Private Network (L2VPN)
              Service Delivery", RFC 8466, DOI 10.17487/RFC8466, October
              2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8466>.

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   [RFC9543]  Farrel, A., Ed., Drake, J., Ed., Rokui, R., Homma, S.,
              Makhijani, K., Contreras, L., and J. Tantsura, "A
              Framework for Network Slices in Networks Built from IETF
              Technologies", RFC 9543, DOI 10.17487/RFC9543, March 2024,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9543>.

10.  Informative References

   [I-D.dhody-teas-ietf-network-slice-mapping]
              Dhody, D. and B. Wu, "IETF Network Slice Service Mapping
              YANG Model", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              dhody-teas-ietf-network-slice-mapping-05, 5 July 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-dhody-teas-
              ietf-network-slice-mapping-05>.

   [I-D.ietf-ccamp-l1csm-yang]
              Lee, Y., Lee, K., Zheng, H., de Dios, O. G., and D.
              Ceccarelli, "A YANG Data Model for L1 Connectivity Service
              Model (L1CSM)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              ietf-ccamp-l1csm-yang-26, 11 April 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-ccamp-
              l1csm-yang-26>.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-nrp-scalability]
              Dong, J., Li, Z., Gong, L., Yang, G., and G. S. Mishra,
              "Scalability Considerations for Network Resource
              Partition", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              teas-nrp-scalability-05, 5 July 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-teas-
              nrp-scalability-05>.

   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
              and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
              (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.

   [RFC7665]  Halpern, J., Ed. and C. Pignataro, Ed., "Service Function
              Chaining (SFC) Architecture", RFC 7665,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7665, October 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7665>.

   [RFC8040]  Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
              Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.

   [RFC8309]  Wu, Q., Liu, W., and A. Farrel, "Service Models
              Explained", RFC 8309, DOI 10.17487/RFC8309, January 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8309>.

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   [RFC8454]  Lee, Y., Belotti, S., Dhody, D., Ceccarelli, D., and B.
              Yoon, "Information Model for Abstraction and Control of TE
              Networks (ACTN)", RFC 8454, DOI 10.17487/RFC8454,
              September 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8454>.

   [RFC8639]  Voit, E., Clemm, A., Gonzalez Prieto, A., Nilsen-Nygaard,
              E., and A. Tripathy, "Subscription to YANG Notifications",
              RFC 8639, DOI 10.17487/RFC8639, September 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8639>.

   [RFC8640]  Voit, E., Clemm, A., Gonzalez Prieto, A., Nilsen-Nygaard,
              E., and A. Tripathy, "Dynamic Subscription to YANG Events
              and Datastores over NETCONF", RFC 8640,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8640, September 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8640>.

   [RFC8641]  Clemm, A. and E. Voit, "Subscription to YANG Notifications
              for Datastore Updates", RFC 8641, DOI 10.17487/RFC8641,
              September 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8641>.

   [RFC8650]  Voit, E., Rahman, R., Nilsen-Nygaard, E., Clemm, A., and
              A. Bierman, "Dynamic Subscription to YANG Events and
              Datastores over RESTCONF", RFC 8650, DOI 10.17487/RFC8650,
              November 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8650>.

   [RFC9182]  Barguil, S., Gonzalez de Dios, O., Ed., Boucadair, M.,
              Ed., Munoz, L., and A. Aguado, "A YANG Network Data Model
              for Layer 3 VPNs", RFC 9182, DOI 10.17487/RFC9182,
              February 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9182>.

   [RFC9291]  Boucadair, M., Ed., Gonzalez de Dios, O., Ed., Barguil,
              S., and L. Munoz, "A YANG Network Data Model for Layer 2
              VPNs", RFC 9291, DOI 10.17487/RFC9291, September 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9291>.

   [RFC9522]  Farrel, A., Ed., "Overview and Principles of Internet
              Traffic Engineering", RFC 9522, DOI 10.17487/RFC9522,
              January 2024, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9522>.

Authors' Addresses

   Daniel King
   Old Dog Consulting
   Email: daniel@olddog.co.uk

   John Drake
   Independent

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   Email: je_drake@yahoo.com

   Haomian Zheng
   Huawei Technologies
   Email: zhenghaomian@huawei.com

   Adrian Farrel
   Old Dog Consulting
   Email: adrian@olddog.co.uk

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