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SF Aware TE Topology YANG Model
draft-ietf-teas-sf-aware-topo-model-04

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Authors Igor Bryskin , Xufeng Liu , Young Lee , Jim Guichard , Luis M. Contreras , Daniele Ceccarelli , Jeff Tantsura
Last updated 2019-11-04
Replaces draft-bryskin-teas-sf-aware-topo-model
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draft-ietf-teas-sf-aware-topo-model-04
Network Working Group                                         I. Bryskin
Internet-Draft                                                Individual
Intended status: Informational                                    X. Liu
Expires: May 7, 2020                                      Volta Networks
                                                                  Y. Lee
                                               Sung Kyun Kwan University
                                                             J. Guichard
                                                     Huawei Technologies
                                                            L. Contreras
                                                              Telefonica
                                                           D. Ceccarelli
                                                                Ericsson
                                                             J. Tantsura
                                                         Apstra Networks
                                                        November 4, 2019

                    SF Aware TE Topology YANG Model
                 draft-ietf-teas-sf-aware-topo-model-04

Abstract

   This document describes a YANG data model for TE network topologies
   that are network service and function aware.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 7, 2020.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Tree Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.3.  Prefixes in Data Node Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   2.  Modeling Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   3.  SF Aware TE Topology Model Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   4.  SF Aware TE Topology YANG Module  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   5.  CSO Data Center Model Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   6.  CSO Data Center YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   Appendix A.  Companion YANG Model for Non-NMDA Compliant
                Implementations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     A.1.  SF Aware TE Topology State Module . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   Appendix B.  Data Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     B.1.  A Topology with Multiple Connected Network Functions  . .  30
     B.2.  A Topology with an Encapsulated Network Service . . . . .  34
   Appendix C.  Use Cases for SF Aware Topology Models . . . . . . .  38
     C.1.  Exporting SF/NF Information to Network Clients and Other
           Network SDN Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     C.2.  Flat End-to-end SFCs Managed on  Multi-domain Networks  .  39
     C.3.  Managing SFCs with TE Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     C.4.  SFC Protection and Load Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     C.5.  Network Clock Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
     C.6.  Client - Provider Network Slicing Interface . . . . . . .  44
     C.7.  Dynamic Assignment of Regenerators for L0 Services  . . .  44
     C.8.  Dynamic Assignment of OAM Functions for L1 Services . . .  46
     C.9.  SFC Abstraction and Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     C.10. Dynamic Compute/VM/Storage Resource Assignment  . . . . .  47
     C.11. Application-aware Resource Operations and Management  . .  48
     C.12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     C.13. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     C.14. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49

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   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49

1.  Introduction

   RFC Ed.: In this document, please replace all occurrences of 'XXXX'
   with the actual RFC number (and remove this note).

   Normally network connectivity services are discussed as a means to
   inter-connect various abstract or physical network topological
   elements, such as ports, link termination points and nodes
   [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te-topo] [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te].  However, the
   connectivity services, strictly speaking, interconnect not the
   network topology elements per-se, rather, located on/associated with
   the various network and service functions [RFC7498] [RFC7665].  In
   many scenarios it is beneficial to decouple the service/network
   functions from the network topology elements hosting them, describe
   them in some unambiguous and identifiable way (so that it would be
   possible, for example, to auto-discover on the network topology
   service/network functions with identical or similar functionality and
   characteristics) and engineer the connectivity between the service/
   network functions, rather than between their current topological
   locations.

   Today a network offers to its clients far more services than just
   connectivity across the network.  Large variety of physical, logical
   and/or virtual service functions, network functions and transport
   functions (collectively named in this document as SFs) could be
   allocated for and assigned to a client.  As described in the appendix
   of this document, there are some important use cases, in which the
   network needs to represent to the client SFs at the client's disposal
   as topological elements in relation to other elements of a topology
   (i.e. nodes, links, link and tunnel termination points) used by the
   network to describe itself to the client.  Not only would such
   information allow for the client to auto-discover the network's SFs
   available for the services provisioned for the client, it would also
   allow for the client selecting the SFs, duel-optimizing the selection
   on the SF location on the network and connectivity means (e.g.  TE
   tunnels) to inter-connect the SFs.  Consequently thus would give to
   both the network and the client powerful means for the service
   function chain (SFC [RFC7498] [RFC7665]) negotiation to achieve most
   efficient and cost effective (from the network point of view) and
   most optimal yet satisfying all necessary constraints of SFCs (from
   the client's point of view).

   This document defines a YANG [RFC7950] data model that allows service
   functions to be represented along with TE topology elements.

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   The YANG data model in this document conforms to the Network
   Management Datastore Architecture (NMDA) [RFC8342].

1.1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14, [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   o  Network Function (NF): A functional block within a network
      infrastructure that has well-defined external interfaces and well-
      defined functional behaviour [ETSI-NFV-TERM].  Such functions
      include message router, CDN, session border controller, WAN
      cceleration, DPI, firewall, NAT, QoE monitor, PE router, BRAS, and
      radio/fixed access network nodes.

   o  Network Service: Composition of Network Functions and defined by
      its functional and behavioural specification.  The Network Service
      contributes to the behaviour of the higher layer service, which is
      characterized by at least performance, dependability, and security
      specifications.  The end-to-end network service behaviour is the
      result of the combination of the individual network function
      behaviours as well as the behaviours of the network infrastructure
      composition mechanism [ETSI-NFV-TERM].

   o  Service Function (SF): A function that is responsible for specific
      treatment of received packets.  A service function can act at
      various layers of a protocol stack (e.g., at the network layer or
      other OSI layers).  As a logical component, a service function can
      be realized as a virtual element or be embedded in a physical
      network element.  One or more service functions can be embedded in
      the same network element.  Multiple occurrences of the service
      function can exist in the same administrative domain.  A non-
      exhaustive list of service functions includes: firewalls, WAN and
      application acceleration, Deep Packet Inspection (DPI), server
      load balancers, NAT44 [RFC3022], NAT64 [RFC6146], HTTP header
      enrichment functions, and TCP optimizers.  The generic term "L4-L7
      services" is often used to describe many service functions
      [RFC7498].

   o  Service Function Chain (SFC): A service function chain defines an
      ordered or partially ordered set of abstract service functions and
      ordering constraints that must be applied to packets, frames, and/
      or flows selected as a result of classification.  An example of an
      abstract service function is a firewall.  The implied order may
      not be a linear progression as the architecture allows for SFCs

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      that copy to more than one branch, and also allows for cases where
      there is flexibility in the order in which service functions need
      to be applied.  The term "service chain" is often used as
      shorthand for "service function chain" [RFC7498].

   o  Connectivity Service: Any service between layer 0 and layer 3
      aiming at delivering traffic among two or more end customer edge
      nodes connected to provider edge nodes.  Examples include L3VPN,
      L2VPN etc.

   o  Link Termination Point (LTP): A conceptual point of connection of
      a TE node to one of the TE links, terminated by the TE node.
      Cardinality between an LTP and the associated TE link is 1:0..1
      [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te-topo].

   o  Tunnel Termination Point (TTP): An element of TE topology
      representing one or several of potential transport service
      termination points (i.e. service client adaptation points such as
      WDM/OCh transponder).  TTP is associated with (hosted by) exactly
      one TE node.  TTP is assigned with the TE node scope unique ID.
      Depending on the TE node's internal constraints, a given TTP
      hosted by the TE node could be accessed via one, several or all TE
      links terminated by the TE node [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te-topo].

   o  Topology and Orchestration Specification for Cloud Applications
      (TOSCA): A language standard specified by OASIS, to describe
      service components and their relationships using a service
      topology, and management procedures using orchestration processes.
      OASIS is a nonprofit consortium that drives the development,
      convergence and adoption of open standards for the global
      information society.

   The following terms are defined in [RFC7950] and are not redefined
   here:

   o  augment

   o  data model

   o  data node

1.2.  Tree Diagrams

   A simplified graphical representation of the data model is presented
   in this document, by using the tree format defined in [RFC8340].

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1.3.  Prefixes in Data Node Names

   In this document, names of data nodes, actions, and other data model
   objects are often used without a prefix, as long as it is clear from
   the context in which YANG module each name is defined.  Otherwise,
   names are prefixed using the standard prefix associated with the
   corresponding YANG module, as shown in Table 1.

       +---------+------------------+------------------------------+
       | Prefix  | YANG module      | Reference                    |
       +---------+------------------+------------------------------+
       | inet    | ietf-inet-types  | [RFC6991]                    |
       | nw      | ietf-network     | [RFC8345]                    |
       | nt      | ietf-network-    | [RFC8345]                    |
       |         | topology         |                              |
       | tet     | ietf-te-topology | [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te-topo] |
       | actn-vn | ietf-actn-vn     | [I-D.ietf-teas-actn-vn-yang] |
       +---------+------------------+------------------------------+

             Table 1: Prefixes and Corresponding YANG Modules

2.  Modeling Considerations

   The model introduced in this document is an augmentation of the TE
   Topology model defined in [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te-topo].  SFs are
   modeled as child elements of a TE node similarly to how Link
   Termination Points (LTPs) and Tunnel Termination Points (TTPs) are
   modeled in the TE Topology model.  The SFs are defined as opaque
   objects identified via topology unique service-function-id's.  Each
   SF has one or more Connection Points (CPs) identified via SF-unique
   sf-connection-point-id's, over which the SF could be connected to
   other SFs resided on the same TE node, as well as to other elements
   of the TE node, in particular, to the node's LTPs and/or TTPs.  An
   interested client may use service-function-id's to look up the SFs in
   TOSCA or YANG data store(s) defined by [ETSI-NFV-MAN] to retrieve the
   details of the SFs, for example, to understand the SF's mutual
   substitutability.

   The TE Topology model introduces a concept of Connectivity Matrix
   (CM), and uses the CM to describe which and at what costs a TE node's
   LTPs could be inter-connected internally across the TE node.  The
   model defined in this document heavily uses the same concept to
   describe the SF connectivity via introducing 3 additional CMs:

   1.  SF2SF CM (SF to SF Connectivity Matrix).  This CM describes which
       pairs of SFs could be locally inter-connected, and, if yes, in
       which direction, via which CPs and at what costs.  In other
       words, the SF2SF CM describes how SFs residing on the same TE

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       node could be inter-connected into local from the TE node's
       perspective SFCs;

   2.  SF2LTP CM (SF to LTP Connectivity Matrix).  This CM describes
       how, in which direction and at what costs the TE node's SFs could
       be connected to the TE node's LTPs and hence to SFs residing on
       neighboring TE nodes that are connected to LTPs at the remote
       ends of corresponding TE links;

   3.  SF2TTP CM (SF to TTP Connectivity Matrix).  This CM describes
       how, in which direction and at what costs the TE node's SFs could
       be connected to the TE node's TTPs and hence to SFs residing on
       other TE nodes on the topology that could be inter-connected with
       the TE node in question via TE tunnels terminated by the
       corresponding TTPs.

   In addition to SF2SF CM, the local SF chaining could be described
   with the help of ETSI models Virtual Links (VLs) [ETSI-NFV-MAN].
   This option is especially useful when the costs of the local chaining
   are negligible as compared to ones of the end-to-end SFCs said local
   SFCs are part of.

   Section 3 and 4 provide the YANG model structure and the YANG module
   for SF-aware Topology.  Section 5 and 6 provide the YANG model
   structure and the YANG module for Data Center Compute Node resource
   abstraction.  This provides an example of SF2LTP CM where DC compute
   nodes are connected to LTPs at the remote ends of the corresponding
   TE links.  This use-case is described in Section 10 of Appendix C.

3.  SF Aware TE Topology Model Structure

   module: ietf-te-topology-sf
     augment /nw:networks/nw:network/nw:network-types/tet:te-topology:
       +--rw sf!
     augment /nw:networks/nw:network/nw:node/tet:te
   /tet:te-node-attributes:
       +--rw service-function
          +--rw connectivity-matrices
          |  +--rw connectivity-matrix* [id]
          |     +--rw id                 uint32
          |     +--rw from
          |     |  +--rw service-function-id?      string
          |     |  +--rw sf-connection-point-id?   string
          |     +--rw to
          |     |  +--rw service-function-id?      string
          |     |  +--rw sf-connection-point-id?   string
          |     +--rw enabled?           boolean
          |     +--rw direction?         connectivity-direction

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          |     +--rw virtual-link-id?   string
          +--rw link-terminations
             +--rw link-termination* [id]
                +--rw id           uint32
                +--rw from
                |  +--rw tp-ref?   -> ../../../../../../..
   /nt:termination-point/tp-id
                +--rw to
                |  +--rw service-function-id?      string
                |  +--rw sf-connection-point-id?   string
                +--rw enabled?     boolean
                +--rw direction?   connectivity-direction
     augment /nw:networks/nw:network/nw:node/tet:te
   /tet:information-source-entry:
       +--ro service-function
          +--ro connectivity-matrices
          |  +--ro connectivity-matrix* [id]
          |     +--ro id                 uint32
          |     +--ro from
          |     |  +--ro service-function-id?      string
          |     |  +--ro sf-connection-point-id?   string
          |     +--ro to
          |     |  +--ro service-function-id?      string
          |     |  +--ro sf-connection-point-id?   string
          |     +--ro enabled?           boolean
          |     +--ro direction?         connectivity-direction
          |     +--ro virtual-link-id?   string
          +--ro link-terminations
             +--ro link-termination* [id]
                +--ro id           uint32
                +--ro from
                +--ro to
                |  +--ro service-function-id?      string
                |  +--ro sf-connection-point-id?   string
                +--ro enabled?     boolean
                +--ro direction?   connectivity-direction
     augment /nw:networks/nw:network/nw:node/tet:te
   /tet:tunnel-termination-point:
       +--rw service-function
          +--rw tunnel-terminations
             +--rw tunnel-termination* [id]
                +--rw id                        uint32
                +--rw service-function-id?      string
                +--rw sf-connection-point-id?   string
                +--rw enabled?                  boolean
                +--rw direction?                connectivity-direction

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4.  SF Aware TE Topology YANG Module

   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-te-topology-sf@2019-11-03.yang"
   module ietf-te-topology-sf {
     yang-version 1.1;
     namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-te-topology-sf";

     prefix "tet-sf";

     import ietf-network {
       prefix "nw";
       reference "RFC 8345: A YANG Data Model for Network Topologies";
     }

     import ietf-network-topology {
       prefix "nt";
       reference "RFC 8345: A YANG Data Model for Network Topologies";
     }

     import ietf-te-topology {
       prefix "tet";
       reference
         "I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te-topo: YANG Data Model for Traffic
          Engineering (TE) Topologies";
     }

     organization
       "Traffic Engineering Architecture and Signaling (TEAS)
        Working Group";

     contact
       "WG Web:   <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/teas/>
        WG List:  <mailto:teas@ietf.org>

        Editors:  Igor Bryskin
                  <mailto:Igor.Bryskin@huawei.com>

                  Xufeng Liu
                  <mailto:Xufeng_Liu@jabil.com>";

     description
       "Network service and function aware aware TE topology model.

        Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
        authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or

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        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to
        the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License set
        forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see the
        RFC itself for full legal notices.";

     revision 2019-11-03 {
       description "Initial revision";
       reference "RFC XXXX: SF Aware TE Topology YANG Model";
     }

     /*
      * Typedefs
      */
     typedef connectivity-direction {
       type enumeration {
         enum "to" {
           description
           "The direction is uni-directional, towards the 'to'
            entity direction.";
         }
         enum "from" {
           description
           "The direction is uni-directional, from the 'to'
            entity direction.";
         }
         enum "bidir" {
           description
           "The direction is bi-directional.";
         }
       }
       description
         "A type used to indicates whether a connectivity is
          uni-directional, or bi-directional. If the relation is
          uni-directional, the value of this type indicates the
          direction.";
     } // connectivity-direction

     /*
      * Groupings
      */
     grouping service-function-node-augmentation {
       description
         "Augmenting a TE node to be network service and function
          aware.";

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       container service-function {
         description
           "Containing attributes related to network services and
            network functions";
         container connectivity-matrices {
           description
             "Connectivity relations between network services/functions
              on a TE node, which can be either abstract or physical.";
           reference
             "ETSI GS NFV-MAN 01: Network Functions Virtualisation
              (NFV); Management and Orchestration.
              RFC7665: Service Function Chaining (SFC) Architecture.";
           list connectivity-matrix {
             key "id";
             description
               "Represents the connectivity relations between network
                services/functions on a TE node.";
             leaf id {
               type uint32;
               description "Identifies the connectivity-matrix entry.";
             }

             container from {
               description
                 "Reference to the source network service or
                  network function.";
               leaf service-function-id {
                 type string;
                 description
                   "Reference to a network service or a network
                    function.";
               }
               leaf sf-connection-point-id {
                 type string;
                 description
                   "Reference to a connection point on a network
                    service or a network function.";
               }
             } // from
             container to {
               description
                 "Reference to the destination network service or
                  network function.";
               leaf service-function-id {
                 type string;
                 description
                   "Reference to a network service or a network
                    function.";

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                 }
               leaf sf-connection-point-id {
                 type string;
                 description
                   "Reference to a connection point on a network
                    service or a network function.";
               }
             } // to
             leaf enabled {
               type boolean;
               description
                 "'true' if this connectivity entry is enabled.";
             }
             leaf direction {
               type connectivity-direction;
               description
                 "Indicates whether this connectivity is
                  uni-directional, or bi-directional. If the
                  relation is uni-directional, the value of
                  this leaf indicates the direction.";
             }
             leaf virtual-link-id {
               type string;
               description
                 "Reference to a virtual link that models this
                  conectivity relation in the network function
                  model.";
             }
           } // connectivity-matrix
         } // connectivity-matrices

         container link-terminations {
           description
             "Connectivity relations between network services/functions
              and link termination points on a TE node, which can be
              either abstract or physical.";
           reference
             "ETSI GS NFV-MAN 01: Network Functions Virtualisation
              (NFV); Management and Orchestration.
              RFC7665: Service Function Chaining (SFC) Architecture.";
           list link-termination {
             key "id";
             description
               "Each entry of the list represents the connectivity
                relation between a network service/function and
                a link termination point on a TE node.";
             leaf id {
               type uint32;

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               description "Identifies the termination entry.";
             }

             container from {
               description
                 "Reference to the link termination point.";
             } // from
             container to {
               description
                 "Reference to the network service or network
                  function.";
               leaf service-function-id {
                 type string;
                 description
                   "Reference to a network service or a network
                    function.";
                 }
               leaf sf-connection-point-id {
                 type string;
                 description
                   "Reference to a connection point on a network
                    service or a network function.";
               }
             } // to
             leaf enabled {
               type boolean;
               description
                 "'true' if this connectivity entry is enabled.";
             }
             leaf direction {
               type connectivity-direction;
               description
                 "Indicates whether this connectivity is
                  uni-directional, or bi-directional. If the
                  relation is uni-directional, the value of
                  this leaf indicates the direction.";
             }
           } // link-termination
         }
       }
     } // service-function-node-augmentation

     grouping service-function-ttp-augmentation {
       description
         "Augmenting a tunnel termination point to be network service
          aware.";
       container service-function {
         description

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           "Containing attributes related to network services and
            network functions";
         container tunnel-terminations {
           description
             "Connectivity relations between network services/functions
              and tunnel termination points on a TE node, which can be
              either abstract or physical.";
           reference
             "ETSI GS NFV-MAN 01: Network Functions Virtualisation
              (NFV); Management and Orchestration.
              RFC7665: Service Function Chaining (SFC) Architecture.";
           list tunnel-termination {
             key "id";
             description
               "Each entry of the list represents the connectivity
                relation between a network service/function and
                a tunnel termination point on a TE node.";
             leaf id {
               type uint32;
               description "Identifies the termination entry.";
             }

             leaf service-function-id {
               type string;
               description
                 "Reference to a network service or a network
                  function.";
             }
             leaf sf-connection-point-id {
               type string;
               description
                 "Reference to a connection point on a network
                  service or a network function.";
             }
             leaf enabled {
               type boolean;
               description
                 "'true' if this connectivity entry is enabled.";
             }
             leaf direction {
               type connectivity-direction;
               description
                 "Indicates whether this connectivity is
                  uni-directional, or bi-directional. If the
                  relation is uni-directional, the value of
                  this leaf indicates the direction.";
             }
           } // link-termination

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         }
       }
     } // service-function-ttp-augmentation

     grouping sf-topology-type {
       description
         "Identifies the SF aware TE topology type.";
       container sf {
         presence "Indidates that the TE topology is SF aware.";
         description
           "Its presence identifies that the TE topology is SF aware.";
       }
     } // sf-topology-type

     /*
      * Augmentations
      */
     /* Augmentations to network-types/te-topology */
     augment "/nw:networks/nw:network/nw:network-types/"
       + "tet:te-topology" {
       description
         "Defines the SF aware TE topology type.";
       uses sf-topology-type;
     }

     /* Augmentations to te-node-attributes */
     augment "/nw:networks/nw:network/nw:node/tet:te/"
       + "tet:te-node-attributes" {
       description
         "Parameters for SF aware TE topology.";
       uses service-function-node-augmentation;
     }

     augment "/nw:networks/nw:network/nw:node/tet:te/"
           + "tet:information-source-entry" {
       description
         "Parameters for SF aware TE topology.";
       uses service-function-node-augmentation;
     }

     /* Augmentations to tunnel-termination-point */
     augment "/nw:networks/nw:network/nw:node/tet:te/"
       + "tet:tunnel-termination-point" {
       description
         "Parameters for SF aware TE topology.";
       uses service-function-ttp-augmentation;
     }

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     /* Augmentations to connectivity-matrix */
     augment "/nw:networks/nw:network/nw:node/tet:te/"
       + "tet:te-node-attributes/tet-sf:service-function/"
       + "tet-sf:link-terminations/tet-sf:link-termination/"
       + "tet-sf:from" {
       description
         "Add reference to the link termination point.
          This portion cannot be shared with the state module.";
       leaf tp-ref {
         type leafref {
           path "../../../../../../../nt:termination-point/"
             + "nt:tp-id";
         }
         description
           "Reference to the link termination point.";
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>

5.  CSO Data Center Model Structure

   module: ietf-cso-dc
       +--rw cso
          +--rw dc* [id]
          |  +--rw hypervisor* [id]
          |  |  +--rw ram
          |  |  |  +--rw total?   uint32
          |  |  |  +--rw used?    uint32
          |  |  |  +--rw free?    uint32
          |  |  +--rw disk
          |  |  |  +--rw total?   uint32
          |  |  |  +--rw used?    uint32
          |  |  |  +--rw free?    uint32
          |  |  +--rw vcpu
          |  |  |  +--rw total?   uint16
          |  |  |  +--rw used?    uint16
          |  |  |  +--rw free?    uint16
          |  |  +--rw instance*   -> /cso/dc/instance/id
          |  |  +--rw id          string
          |  |  +--rw name?       string
          |  +--rw instance* [id]
          |  |  +--rw flavor
          |  |  |  +--rw disk?    uint32
          |  |  |  +--rw ram?     uint32
          |  |  |  +--rw vcpus?   uint16

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          |  |  |  +--rw id?      string
          |  |  |  +--rw name?    string
          |  |  +--rw image
          |  |  |  +--rw checksum    string
          |  |  |  +--rw size        uint32
          |  |  |  +--rw format
          |  |  |  |  +--rw container?   enumeration
          |  |  |  |  +--rw disk?        enumeration
          |  |  |  +--rw id?         string
          |  |  |  +--rw name?       string
          |  |  +--rw hypervisor?   -> /cso/dc/hypervisor/id
          |  |  +--rw port*         -> /cso/dc/network/subnetwork/port
   /id
          |  |  +--rw project?      string
          |  |  +--rw status?       enumeration
          |  |  +--rw id            string
          |  |  +--rw name?         string
          |  +--rw image* [id]
          |  |  +--rw checksum    string
          |  |  +--rw size        uint32
          |  |  +--rw format
          |  |  |  +--rw container?   enumeration
          |  |  |  +--rw disk?        enumeration
          |  |  +--rw id          string
          |  |  +--rw name?       string
          |  +--rw flavor* [id]
          |  |  +--rw disk?    uint32
          |  |  +--rw ram?     uint32
          |  |  +--rw vcpus?   uint16
          |  |  +--rw id       string
          |  |  +--rw name?    string
          |  +--rw dc-monitoring-param* [name]
          |  |  +--rw name            string
          |  |  +--rw value-string?   string
          |  +--rw network* [id]
          |  |  +--rw subnetwork* [id]
          |  |  |  +--rw port* [id]
          |  |  |  |  +--rw ip-address?   inet:ip-address
          |  |  |  |  +--rw instance?     -> /cso/dc/instance/id
          |  |  |  |  +--rw project?      string
          |  |  |  |  +--rw status?       enumeration
          |  |  |  |  +--rw id            string
          |  |  |  |  +--rw name?         string
          |  |  |  +--rw project?   string
          |  |  |  +--rw status?    enumeration
          |  |  |  +--rw id         string
          |  |  |  +--rw name?      string
          |  |  +--rw dhcp-agent* [id]

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          |  |  |  +--rw enabled?   boolean
          |  |  |  +--rw pools* [ip-address]
          |  |  |  |  +--rw ip-address    inet:ip-address
          |  |  |  +--rw project?   string
          |  |  |  +--rw status?    enumeration
          |  |  |  +--rw id         string
          |  |  |  +--rw name?      string
          |  |  +--rw project?      string
          |  |  +--rw status?       enumeration
          |  |  +--rw id            string
          |  |  +--rw name?         string
          |  |  +--rw cso-ref?      -> /cso/cso-id
          |  +--rw ap*                    -> /actn-vn:actn/ap
   /access-point-list/access-point-id
          |  +--rw cso-ref?               -> /cso/cso-id
          |  +--rw id                     string
          |  +--rw name?                  string
          +--rw cso-id?   string

6.  CSO Data Center YANG Module

   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-cso-dc@2017-01-16.yang"
   module ietf-cso-dc
   {
     namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-cso-dc";
     prefix "dc";

     import ietf-inet-types {
       prefix "inet";
     }

     import ietf-actn-vn {
       prefix "actn-vn";
     }

     revision 2017-01-16 {
       description
         "Initial revision. This YANG file defines
          the reusable base types for CSO DC description.";
       reference
         "Derived from earlier versions of base YANG files";
     }

     // Abstract models
     grouping resource-element {
       leaf id { type string; }

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       leaf name { type string; }
     }

     grouping resource-instance {
       leaf project{ type string; }
       leaf status {
         type enumeration {
           enum active;
           enum inactive;
           enum pending;
         }
       }
       uses resource-element;
     }

     // Compute models
     grouping format {
       leaf container {
         type enumeration {
           enum ami;
           enum ari;
           enum aki;
           enum bare;
           enum ovf;
         }
         default bare;
       }
       leaf disk {
         type enumeration {
           enum ami;
           enum ari;
           enum aki;
           enum vhd;
           enum vmdk;
           enum raw;
           enum qcow2;
           enum vdi;
           enum iso;
         }
         default qcow2;
       }
     }

     grouping image {
       leaf checksum { type string; mandatory true; }
       leaf size { type uint32; units 'Bytes'; mandatory true; }

       container format {

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         uses format;
       }

       uses resource-element;
     }

     grouping flavor {
       leaf disk  { type uint32; units 'GB'; default 0; }
       leaf ram   { type uint32; units 'MB'; default 0; }
       leaf vcpus { type uint16; default 0; }
       uses resource-element;
     }

     grouping ram {
       leaf total { type uint32; units 'MB'; }
       leaf used { type uint32; units 'MB'; }
       leaf free { type uint32; units 'MB'; }
     }

     grouping disk {
       leaf total { type uint32; units 'GB'; }
       leaf used { type uint32; units 'GB'; }
       leaf free { type uint32; units 'GB'; }
     }

     grouping vcpu {
       leaf total { type uint16; }
       leaf used { type uint16; }
       leaf free { type uint16; }
     }

     grouping hypervisor {

       container ram {
         uses ram;
       }

       container disk {
         uses disk;
       }

       container vcpu {
         uses vcpu;
       }

       leaf-list instance {
         type leafref { path '/cso/dc/instance/id'; } }
       uses resource-element;

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     }

     grouping instance {
       container flavor { uses flavor; }
       container image { uses image; }
       leaf hypervisor {
         type leafref { path '/cso/dc/hypervisor/id'; } }
       leaf-list port { type leafref {
           path '/cso/dc/network/subnetwork/port/id'; } }
       uses resource-instance;
     }

     grouping dc-monitoring-param {
       leaf name {
         description "dc-monitoring-param identifier"; type string; }
       leaf value-string {
         description
           "Current value for a string parameter";
         type string;
       }
     }

     grouping dc {

       list hypervisor {
         key id;
         uses hypervisor;
       }

       list instance {
         key id;
         uses instance;
       }

       list image {
         key id;
         uses image;
       }

       list flavor {
         key id;
         uses flavor;
       }

       list dc-monitoring-param {
           key "name";
           uses dc-monitoring-param;
       }

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       list network {
           key id;
           uses network;
       }

       leaf-list ap { type leafref {
           path
             '/actn-vn:actn/actn-vn:ap/actn-vn:access-point-list/'
             + 'actn-vn:access-point-id';
         }
       }
       leaf cso-ref { type leafref { path "/cso/cso-id"; } }
       uses resource-element;
     }

     container cso {
       list dc {
           key id;
           uses dc;
       }

       leaf cso-id { type string; }
     }

     // Network models
     grouping ip-address {
       leaf ip-address { type inet:ip-address; }
     }

     grouping dhcp-agent {
       leaf enabled { type boolean; }
       list pools {
         key ip-address;
         uses ip-address;
       }
       uses resource-instance;
     }

     grouping network {
       list subnetwork {
         key id;
         uses subnetwork;
       }
       list dhcp-agent {
         key id;
         uses dhcp-agent;

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       }
       uses resource-instance;
       leaf cso-ref { type leafref { path "/cso/cso-id"; } }
     }

     grouping subnetwork {
       list port {
         key id;
         uses port;
       }
       uses resource-instance;
     }

     grouping port {
       leaf ip-address { type inet:ip-address; }
       leaf instance { type leafref { path '/cso/dc/instance/id'; } }
       uses resource-instance;
     }

   }
   <CODE ENDS>

7.  IANA Considerations

   This document registers the following namespace URIs in the IETF XML
   registry [RFC3688]:

   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-te-topology-sf
   Registrant Contact: The IESG.
   XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.
   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-te-topology-sf-state
   Registrant Contact: The IESG.
   XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.
   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   This document registers the following YANG modules in the YANG Module
   Names registry [RFC6020]:

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   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   name:         ietf-te-topology-sf
   namespace:    urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-te-topology-packet
   prefix:       tet-sf
   reference:    RFC XXXX
   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   name:         ietf-te-topology-sf-state
   namespace:  urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-te-topology-packet-state
   prefix:       tet-sf-s
   reference:    RFC XXXX
   --------------------------------------------------------------------

8.  Security Considerations

   The configuration, state, action and notification data defined in
   this document are designed to be accessed via the NETCONF protocol
   [RFC6241].  The data-model by itself does not create any security
   implications.  The security considerations for the NETCONF protocol
   are applicable.  The NETCONF protocol used for sending the data
   supports authentication and encryption.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.

   [RFC6020]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
              the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.

   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
              and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
              (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.

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   [RFC6991]  Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
              RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6991>.

   [RFC7950]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
              RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8342]  Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shafer, P., Watsen, K.,
              and R. Wilton, "Network Management Datastore Architecture
              (NMDA)", RFC 8342, DOI 10.17487/RFC8342, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8342>.

   [RFC8345]  Clemm, A., Medved, J., Varga, R., Bahadur, N.,
              Ananthakrishnan, H., and X. Liu, "A YANG Data Model for
              Network Topologies", RFC 8345, DOI 10.17487/RFC8345, March
              2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8345>.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te-topo]
              Liu, X., Bryskin, I., Beeram, V., Saad, T., Shah, H., and
              O. Dios, "YANG Data Model for Traffic Engineering (TE)
              Topologies", draft-ietf-teas-yang-te-topo-22 (work in
              progress), June 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te]
              Saad, T., Gandhi, R., Liu, X., Beeram, V., and I. Bryskin,
              "A YANG Data Model for Traffic Engineering Tunnels and
              Interfaces", draft-ietf-teas-yang-te-22 (work in
              progress), November 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-actn-vn-yang]
              Lee, Y., Dhody, D., Ceccarelli, D., Bryskin, I., and B.
              Yoon, "A Yang Data Model for VN Operation", draft-ietf-
              teas-actn-vn-yang-07 (work in progress), October 2019.

   [ETSI-NFV-MAN]
              ETSI, "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Management
              and Orchestration", ETSI GS NFV-MAN 001 V1.1.1, December
              2014.

   [ETSI-NFV-TERM]
              ETSI, "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Terminology
              for Main Concepts in NFV", ETSI GS NFV 003 V1.2.1,
              December 2014.

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   [RFC3022]  Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
              Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3022, January 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3022>.

   [RFC6146]  Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
              NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
              Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, DOI 10.17487/RFC6146,
              April 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6146>.

   [RFC8453]  Ceccarelli, D., Ed. and Y. Lee, Ed., "Framework for
              Abstraction and Control of TE Networks (ACTN)", RFC 8453,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8453, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8453>.

   [RFC8459]  Dolson, D., Homma, S., Lopez, D., and M. Boucadair,
              "Hierarchical Service Function Chaining (hSFC)", RFC 8459,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8459, September 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8459>.

   [I-D.defoy-netslices-3gpp-network-slicing]
              Foy, X. and A. Rahman, "Network Slicing - 3GPP Use Case",
              draft-defoy-netslices-3gpp-network-slicing-02 (work in
              progress), October 2017.

   [_3GPP.28.801]
              3GPP, "Study on management and orchestration of network
              slicing for next generation network", 3GPP TR 28.801
              V2.0.0, September 2017,
              <http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/28801.htm>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [RFC7498]  Quinn, P., Ed. and T. Nadeau, Ed., "Problem Statement for
              Service Function Chaining", RFC 7498,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7498, April 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7498>.

   [RFC7665]  Halpern, J., Ed. and C. Pignataro, Ed., "Service Function
              Chaining (SFC) Architecture", RFC 7665,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7665, October 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7665>.

   [RFC8340]  Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams",
              BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8340>.

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Appendix A.  Companion YANG Model for Non-NMDA Compliant Implementations

   The YANG module ietf-te-topology-sf defined in this document is
   designed to be used in conjunction with implementations that support
   the Network Management Datastore Architecture (NMDA) defined in
   [RFC8342].  In order to allow implementations to use the model even
   in cases when NMDA is not supported, the following companion module,
   ietf-te-topology-sf-state, is defined as state model, which mirrors
   the module ietf-te-topology-sf defined earlier in this document.
   However, all data nodes in the companion module are non-configurable,
   to represent the applied configuration or the derived operational
   states.

   The companion module, ietf-te-topology-sf-state, is redundant and
   SHOULD NOT be supported by implementations that support NMDA.

   As the structure of the companion module mirrors that of the
   coorespinding NMDA model, the YANG tree of the companion module is
   not depicted separately.

A.1.  SF Aware TE Topology State Module

   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-te-topology-sf-state@2019-11-03.yang"
   module ietf-te-topology-sf-state {
     yang-version 1.1;
     namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-te-topology-sf-state";

     prefix "tet-sf-s";

     import ietf-te-topology-sf {
       prefix "tet-sf";
       reference "RFC XXXX: SF Aware TE Topology YANG Model";
     }

     import ietf-network-state {
       prefix "nw-s";
       reference "RFC 8345: A YANG Data Model for Network Topologies";
     }

     import ietf-network-topology-state {
       prefix "nt-s";
       reference "RFC 8345: A YANG Data Model for Network Topologies";
     }

     import ietf-te-topology-state {
       prefix "tet-s";
       reference

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         "I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te-topo: YANG Data Model for Traffic
          Engineering (TE) Topologies";
     }

     organization
       "Traffic Engineering Architecture and Signaling (TEAS)
        Working Group";

     contact
       "WG Web:   <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/teas/>
        WG List:  <mailto:teas@ietf.org>

        Editors:  Igor Bryskin
                  <mailto:Igor.Bryskin@huawei.com>

                  Xufeng Liu
                  <mailto:Xufeng_Liu@jabil.com>";

     description
       "Network service and function aware aware TE topology operational
        state model for non-NMDA compliant implementations.

        Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
        authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to
        the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License set
        forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see the
        RFC itself for full legal notices.";

     revision 2019-11-03 {
       description "Initial revision";
       reference "RFC XXXX: SF Aware TE Topology YANG Model";
     }

     /*
      * Augmentations
      */
     /* Augmentations to network-types/te-topology */
     augment "/nw-s:networks/nw-s:network/nw-s:network-types/"
       + "tet-s:te-topology" {
       description
         "Defines the SF aware TE topology type.";

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       uses tet-sf:sf-topology-type;
     }

     /* Augmentations to connectivity-matrix */
     augment "/nw-s:networks/nw-s:network/nw-s:node/tet-s:te/"
       + "tet-s:te-node-attributes" {
       description
         "Parameters for SF aware TE topology.";
       uses tet-sf:service-function-node-augmentation;
     }

     augment "/nw-s:networks/nw-s:network/nw-s:node/tet-s:te/"
           + "tet-s:information-source-entry" {
       description
         "Parameters for SF aware TE topology.";
       uses tet-sf:service-function-node-augmentation;
     }

     /* Augmentations to tunnel-termination-point */
     augment "/nw-s:networks/nw-s:network/nw-s:node/tet-s:te/"
       + "tet-s:tunnel-termination-point" {
       description
         "Parameters for SF aware TE topology.";
       uses tet-sf:service-function-ttp-augmentation;
     }

     /* Augmentations to connectivity-matrix */
     augment "/nw-s:networks/nw-s:network/nw-s:node/tet-s:te/"
       + "tet-s:te-node-attributes/tet-sf-s:service-function/"
       + "tet-sf-s:link-terminations/tet-sf-s:link-termination/"
       + "tet-sf-s:from" {
       description
         "Add reference to the link termination point.
          This portion cannot be shared with the state module.";
       leaf tp-ref {
         type leafref {
           path "../../../../../../../nt-s:termination-point/"
             + "nt-s:tp-id";
         }
         description
           "Reference to the link termination point.";
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>

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Appendix B.  Data Examples

B.1.  A Topology with Multiple Connected Network Functions

                            Node-1
         +----o--o--------------------------o-------+
         |    |  |                          |       |
         |    \__/                          \__     |
         |    *\/ TTP-1   * * * * * * * * * *\/*    |
   LTP-4 |* * *         *                TTP-2  *   | LTP-1
         o------------*-----------------------------o
         |          *                             * |
   LTP-3 |* * * * *                                *| LTP-2
         o---                                  -----o
         |   \                                /     |
         |    \                              /      |
         |     \ CP01                   CP02/       |
         | +----o--------------------------o------+ |
         | | VL1|                       VL4|      | |
         | |    |CP11                      |CP33  | |
         | |  +-o--+        +----+       +-o--+   | |
         | |  |VNF1|        |VNF2|       |VNF3|   | |
         | |  +-o-o+  VL2   +--o-+  VL2  +-o-o+   | |
         | |CP12| |\----------/ \---------/| |CP32| |
         | |    | |CP13      CP21      CP31| |    | |
         | |    | |      VL2               | |    | |
         | |    | +------------------------+ |    | |
         | |    +----------------------------+    | |
         | |             VL3                      | |
         | |                  Network Service 1   | |
         | +--------------------------------------+ |
         +------------------------------------------+

   The configuration instance data for Node-1 in the above figure could
   be as follows:

   {
     "networks": {
       "network": [
         {
           "network-types": {
             "te-topology": {
               "sf": {}
             }
           },
           "network-id": "network-sf-aware",
           "provider-id": 201,
           "client-id": 300,

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           "te-topology-id": "te-topology:network-sf-aware",
           "node": [
             {
               "node-id": "Node-1",
               "te-node-id": "2.0.1.1",
               "te": {
                 "te-node-attributes": {
                   "domain-id": 1,
                   "is-abstract": [null],
                   "connectivity-matrices": {
                   },
                   "service-function": {
                     "connectivity-matrices": {
                       "connectivity-matrix": [
                         {
                           "id": 10,
                           "from": {
                             "service-function-id": "Network Service 1",
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP01"
                           },
                           "to": {
                             "service-function-id": "VNF1",
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP11"
                           }
                           "direction": "bidir",
                           "virtual-link-id": "VL1"
                         },
                         {
                           "id": 13,
                           "from": {
                             "service-function-id": "VNF1",
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP12"
                           },
                           "to": {
                             "service-function-id": "VNF3",
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP32"
                           }
                           "direction": "bidir",
                           "virtual-link-id": "VL3"
                         },
                         {
                           "id": 12,
                           "from": {
                             "service-function-id": "VNF1",
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP13"
                           },
                           "to": {
                             "service-function-id": "VNF2",

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                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP21"
                           }
                           "direction": "bidir",
                           "virtual-link-id": "VL2"
                         },
                         {
                           "id": 23,
                           "from": {
                             "service-function-id": "VNF2",
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP21"
                           },
                           "to": {
                             "service-function-id": "VNF3"
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP31"
                           }
                           "direction": "bidir",
                           "virtual-link-id": "VL2"
                         },
                         {
                           "id": 30,
                           "from": {
                             "service-function-id": "Network Service 1",
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP02"
                           },
                           "to": {
                             "service-function-id": "VNF3",
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP33"
                           }
                           "direction": "bidir",
                           "virtual-link-id": "VL4"
                         }
                       ]
                     },
                     "link-terminations": {
                       "link-termination": [
                         {
                           "id": 2,
                           "from": {
                             "tp-ref": "LTP-2"
                           },
                           "to": {
                             "service-function-id": "Network Service 1",
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP02"
                           }
                           "direction": "bidir"
                         },
                         {
                           "id": 3,

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                           "from": {
                             "tp-ref": "LTP-3"
                           },
                           "to": {
                             "service-function-id": "Network Service 1",
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP01"
                           }
                           "direction": "bidir"
                         }
                       ]
                     }
                   }
                 }
                 "tunnel-termination-point": [
                   {
                     "tunnel-tp-id": 10001,
                     "name": "TTP-1",
                     "service-function-terminations": {
                     }
                   },
                   {
                     "tunnel-tp-id": 10002,
                     "name": "TTP-2",
                     "service-function-terminations": {
                     }
                   }
                 ]
               },
               "termination-point": [
                 {
                   "tp-id": "LTP-1",
                   "te-tp-id": 10001
                   "te": {
                     "interface-switching-capability": [
                       {
                         "switching-capability": "switching-l2sc",
                         "encoding": "lsp-encoding-ethernet"
                       }
                     ]
                   }
                 },
                 {
                   "tp-id": "LTP-2",
                   "te-tp-id": 10002
                   "te": {
                     "interface-switching-capability": [
                       {
                         "switching-capability": "switching-l2sc",

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                         "encoding": "lsp-encoding-ethernet"
                       }
                     ]
                   }
                 },
                 {
                   "tp-id": "LTP-3",
                   "te-tp-id": 10003
                   "te": {
                     "interface-switching-capability": [
                       {
                         "switching-capability": "switching-l2sc",
                         "encoding": "lsp-encoding-ethernet"
                       }
                     ]
                   }
                 },
                 {
                   "tp-id": "LTP-4",
                   "te-tp-id": 10004
                   "te": {
                     "interface-switching-capability": [
                       {
                         "switching-capability": "switching-l2sc",
                         "encoding": "lsp-encoding-ethernet"
                       }
                     ]
                   }
                 }
               ]
             }
           ]
         }
       ]
     }
   }

B.2.  A Topology with an Encapsulated Network Service

   In this example, a network service consists of several inter-
   connected network functions (NFs), and is represented by this model
   as an encapsulated opaque object without the details between its
   internals.

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                            Node-1
         +----o--o--------------------------o-------+
         |    |  |                          |       |
         |    \__/                          \__     |
         |    *\/ TTP-1   * * * * * * * * * *\/*    |
   LTP-4 |* * *         *                TTP-2  *   | LTP-1
         o------------*-----------------------------o
         |          *                             * |
   LTP-3 |* * * * *                                *| LTP-2
         o---                                  -----o
         |   \                                /     |
         |    \                              /      |
         |     \ CP01                   CP02/       |
         | +----o--------------------------o------+ |
         | |                                      | |
         | |                  Network Service 1   | |
         | +--------------------------------------+ |
         +------------------------------------------+

   The configuration instance data for Node-1 in the above figure could
   be as follows:

   {
     "networks": {
       "network": [
         {
           "network-types": {
             "te-topology": {
               "sf": {}
             }
           },
           "network-id": "network-sf-aware",
           "provider-id": 201,
           "client-id": 300,
           "te-topology-id": "te-topology:network-sf-aware",
           "node": [
             {
               "node-id": "Node-1",
               "te-node-id": "2.0.1.1",
               "te": {
                 "te-node-attributes": {
                   "domain-id": 1,
                   "is-abstract": [null],
                   "connectivity-matrices": {
                   },
                   "service-function": {
                     "connectivity-matrices": {
                     },

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                     "link-terminations": {
                       "link-termination": [
                         {
                           "id": 2,
                           "from": {
                             "tp-ref": "LTP-2"
                           },
                           "to": {
                             "service-function-id": "Network Service 1",
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP02"
                           }
                           "direction": "bidir"
                         },
                         {
                           "id": 3,
                           "from": {
                             "tp-ref": "LTP-3"
                           },
                           "to": {
                             "service-function-id": "Network Service 1",
                             "sf-connection-point-id": "CP01"
                           }
                           "direction": "bidir"
                         }
                       ]
                     }
                   }
                 }
                 "tunnel-termination-point": [
                   {
                     "tunnel-tp-id": 10001,
                     "name": "TTP-1",
                     "service-function-terminations": {
                     }
                   },
                   {
                     "tunnel-tp-id": 10002,
                     "name": "TTP-2",
                     "service-function-terminations": {
                     }
                   }
                 ]
               },
               "termination-point": [
                 {
                   "tp-id": "LTP-1",
                   "te-tp-id": 10001
                   "te": {

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                     "interface-switching-capability": [
                       {
                         "switching-capability": "switching-l2sc",
                         "encoding": "lsp-encoding-ethernet"
                       }
                     ]
                   }
                 },
                 {
                   "tp-id": "LTP-2",
                   "te-tp-id": 10002
                   "te": {
                     "interface-switching-capability": [
                       {
                         "switching-capability": "switching-l2sc",
                         "encoding": "lsp-encoding-ethernet"
                       }
                     ]
                   }
                 },
                 {
                   "tp-id": "LTP-3",
                   "te-tp-id": 10003
                   "te": {
                     "interface-switching-capability": [
                       {
                         "switching-capability": "switching-l2sc",
                         "encoding": "lsp-encoding-ethernet"
                       }
                     ]
                   }
                 },
                 {
                   "tp-id": "LTP-4",
                   "te-tp-id": 10004
                   "te": {
                     "interface-switching-capability": [
                       {
                         "switching-capability": "switching-l2sc",
                         "encoding": "lsp-encoding-ethernet"
                       }
                     ]
                   }
                 }
               ]
             }
           ]
         }

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       ]
     }
   }

Appendix C.  Use Cases for SF Aware Topology Models

C.1.  Exporting SF/NF Information to Network Clients and Other Network
      SDN Controllers

   In the context of Service Function Chain (SFC) orchestration one
   existing problem is that there is no way to formally describe a
   Service or Network Function in a standard way (recognizable/
   understood by a third party) as a resource of a network topology
   node.

   One implication of this is that there is no way for the orchestrator
   to give a network client even a ball-park idea as to which network's
   SFs/NFs are available for the client's use/control and where they are
   located in the network even in terms of abstract topologies/virtual
   networks configured and managed specifically for the client.
   Consequently, the client has no say on how the SFCs provided for the
   client by the network should be set up and managed (which SFs are to
   be used and how they should be chained together, optimized,
   manipulated, protected, etc.).

   Likewise, there is no way for the orchestrator to export SF/NF
   information to other network controllers.  The SFC orchestrator may
   serve, for example, a higher level controller (such as Network
   Slicing Orchestrator), with the latter wanting at least some level of
   control as to which SFs/NFs it wants on its SFCs and how the Service
   Function Paths (SFPs) are to be routed and provisioned, especially,
   if it uses services of more than one SFC orchestrator.

   The issue of exporting of SF/NF information could be addressed by
   defining a model, in which formally described/recognizable SF/NF
   instances are presented as topological elements, for example, hosted
   by TE, L3 or L2 topology nodes (see Figure 1).  The model could
   describe whether, how and at what costs the SFs/NFs hosted by a given
   node could be chained together, how these intra-node SFCs could be
   connected to the node's Service Function Forwarders (SFFs, entities
   dealing with SFC NSHs and metadata), and how the SFFs could be
   connected to the node's Tunnel and Link Termination Points (TTPs and
   LTPs) to chain the intra-node SFCs across the network topology.

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                   The figure is available in the PDF format.

                     Figure 1: SF/NF aware TE topology

C.2.  Flat End-to-end SFCs Managed on Multi-domain Networks

   SFCs may span multiple administrative domains, each of which
   controlled by a separate SFC controller.  The usual solution for such
   a scenario is the Hierarchical SFCs (H-SFCs) [RFC8459], in which the
   higher level orchestrator controls only SFs located on domain border
   nodes.  Said higher level SFs are chained together into higher level
   SFCs via lower level (intra-domain) SFCs provisioned and controlled
   independently by respective domain controllers.  The decision as to
   which higher level SFCs are connected to which lower level SFCs is
   driven by packet re-classification every time the packet enters a
   given domain.  Said packet re-classification is a very time-consuming
   operation.  Furthermore, the independent nature of higher and lower
   level SFC control is prone to configuration errors, which may lead to
   long lasting loops and congestions.  It is highly desirable to be
   able to set up and manage SFCs spanning multiple domains in a flat
   way as far as the data plane is concerned (i.e. with a single packet
   classification at the ingress into the multi-domain network but
   without re-classifications on domain ingress nodes).

   One way to achieve this is to have the domain controllers expose SF/
   NF- aware topologies, and have the higher level orchestrator operate
   on the network-wide topology, the product of merging of the
   topologies catered by the domain controllers.  This is similar in
   spirit to setting up, coordinating and managing the transport

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   connectivity (TE tunnels) on a multi-domain multi-vendor transport
   network.

C.3.  Managing SFCs with TE Constraints

   Some SFCs require per SFC link/element and end-to-end TE constrains
   (bandwidth, delay/jitter, fate sharing/diversity. etc.).  Said
   constraints could be ensured via carrying SFPs inside overlays that
   are traffic engineered with the constrains in mind.  A good analogy
   would be orchestrating delay constrained L3 VPNs.  One way to support
   such L3 VPNs is to carry MPLS LSPs interconnecting per-VPN VRFs
   inside delay constrained TE tunnels interconnecting the PEs hosting
   the VRFs.

                                      _

                  Figure 2: L3 VPN with delay constraints

   Planning, computing and provisioning of TE overlays to constrain
   arbitrary SFCs, especially those that span multiple administrative
   domains with each domain controlled by a separate controller, is a
   very difficult challenge.  Currently it is addressed by pre-
   provisioning on the network of multiple TE tunnels with various TE
   characteristics, and "nailing down" SFs/NFs to "strategic" locations
   (e.g. nodes terminating many of such tunnels) in a hope that an
   adequate set of tunnels could be found to carry the SFP of a given
   TE-constrained SFC.  Such an approach is especially awkward in the
   case when some or all of the SFs/NFs are VNFs (i.e. could be
   instantiated at multiple network locations).

   SF/NF-aware TE topology model in combination with TE tunnel model
   will allow for the network orchestrator (or a client controller) to
   compute, set up and manipulate the TE overlays in the form of TE
   tunnel chains (see Figure 3).

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   Said chains could be duel-optimized compromising on optimal SF/NF
   locations with optimal TE tunnels interconnecting them.  The TE
   tunnel chains (carrying multiple similarly constrained SFPs) could be
   adequately constrained both at individual TE tunnel level and at the
   chain end-to-end level.

                                      _

                     Figure 3: SFC with TE constraints

C.4.  SFC Protection and Load Balancing

   Currently the combination of TE topology & tunnel models offers to a
   network controller various capabilities to recover an individual TE
   tunnel from network failures occurred on one or more network links or
   transit nodes on the TE paths taken by the TE tunnel's connection(s).
   However, there is no simple way to recover a TE tunnel from a failure
   affecting its source or destination node.  SF/NF-aware TE topology
   model can decouple the association of a given SF/NF with its location
   on the network topology by presenting multiple, identifiable as
   mutually substitutable SFs/NFs hosted by different TE topology nodes.
   So, for example, if it is detected that a given TE tunnel destination
   node is malfunctioning or has gone out of service, the TE tunnel
   could be re-routed to terminate on a different node hosting
   functionally the same SFs/NFs as ones hosted by the failed node (see
   Figures 6).

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   This is in line with the ACTN edge migration and function mobility
   concepts [RFC8453].  It is important to note that the described
   strategy works much better for the stateless SFs/NFs.  This is
   because getting the alternative stateful SFs/NFs into the same
   respective states as the current (i.e. active, affected by failure)
   are is a very difficult challenge.

                                      _

               Figure 4: SFC recovery: SF2 on node NE1 fails

   At the SFC level the SF/NF-aware TE topology model can offer SFC
   dynamic restoration capabilities against failed/malfunctioning SFs/
   NFs by identifying and provisioning detours to a TE tunnel chain, so
   that it starts carrying the SFC's SFPs towards healthy SFs/NFs that
   are functionally the same as the failed ones.  Furthermore, multiple
   parallel TE tunnel chains could be pre-provisioned for the purpose of
   SFC load balancing and end-to-end protection.  In the latter case
   said parallel TE tunnel chains could be placed to be sufficiently
   disjoint from each other.

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                                      _

     Figure 5: SFC recovery: SFC SF1-SF2-SF6 is recovered after SF2 on
                            node N1 has failed

                                      _

    Figure 6: SFC recovery: SFC SF1-SF2-SF6 is recovered after node N1
                                has failed

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C.5.  Network Clock Synchronization

   Many current and future network applications (including 5g and IoT
   applications) require very accurate time services (PTP level, ns
   resolution).  One way to implement the adequate network clock
   synchronization for such services is via describing network clocks as
   NFs on an NF-aware TE topology optimized to have best possible delay
   variation characteristics.  Because such a topology will contain
   delay/delay variation metrics of topology links and node cross-
   connects, as well as costs in terms of delay/delay variation of
   connecting clocks to hosting them node link and tunnel termination
   points, it will be possible to dynamically select and provision bi-
   directional time-constrained deterministic paths or trees connecting
   clocks (e.g. grand master and boundary clocks) for the purpose of
   exchange of clock synchronization information.  Note that network
   clock aware TE topologies separately provided by domain controllers
   will enable multi-domain network orchestrator to set up and
   manipulate the clock synchronization paths/trees spanning multiple
   network domains.

C.6.  Client - Provider Network Slicing Interface

   3GPP defines network slice as "a set of network functions and the
   resources for these network functions which are arranged and
   configured, forming a complete logical network to meet certain
   network characteristics" [I-D.defoy-netslices-3gpp-network-slicing]
   [_3GPP.28.801].  Network slice could be also defined as a logical
   partition of a provider's network that is owned and managed by a
   tenant.  SF/NF-aware TE topology model has a potential to support a
   very important interface between network slicing clients and
   providers because, on the one hand, the model can describe
   holistically and hierarchically the client's requirements and
   preferences with respect to a network slice functional, topological
   and traffic engineering aspects, as well as of the degree of resource
   separation/ sharing between the slices, thus allowing for the client
   (up to agreed upon extent) to dynamically (re-)configure the slice or
   (re-)schedule said (re-)configurations in time, while, on the other
   hand, allowing for the provider to convey to the client the slice's
   operational state information and telemetry the client has expressed
   interest in.

C.7.  Dynamic Assignment of Regenerators for L0 Services

   On large optical networks, some of provided to their clients L0
   services could not be provisioned as single OCh trails, rather, as
   chains of such trails interconnected via regenerators, such as 3R
   regenerators.  Current practice of the provisioning of such services
   requires configuration of explicit paths (EROs) describing identity

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   and location of regenerators to be used.  A solution is highly
   desirable that could:

   o  Identify such services based, for example, on optical impairment
      computations;

   o  Assign adequate for the services regenerators dynamically out of
      the regenerators that are grouped together in pools and
      strategically scattered over the network topology nodes;

   o  Compute and provision supporting the services chains of optical
      trails interconnected via so selected regenerators, optimizing the
      chains to use minimal number of regenerators, their optimal
      locations, as well as optimality of optical paths interconnecting
      them;

   o  Ensure recovery of such chains from any failures that could happen
      on links, nodes or regenerators along the chain path.

   NF-aware TE topology model (in this case L1 NF-aware L0 topology
   model) is just the model that could provide a network controller (or
   even a client controller operating on abstract NF-aware topologies
   provided by the network) to realize described above computations and
   orchestrate the service provisioning and network failure recovery
   operations (see Figure 7).

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                                      _

    Figure 7: Optical tunnel as TE-constrained SFC of 3R regenerators.
     Red trail (not regenerated) is not optically reachable, but blue
                       trail (twice regenerated) is

C.8.  Dynamic Assignment of OAM Functions for L1 Services

   OAM functionality is normally managed by configuring and manipulating
   TCM/MEP functions on network ports terminating connections or their
   segments over which OAM operations, such as performance monitoring,
   are required to be performed.  In some layer networks (e.g.
   Ethernet) said TCMs/MEPs could be configured on any network ports.
   In others (e.g.  OTN/ODUk) the TCMs/MEPs could be configured on some
   (but not all network ports) due to the fact that the OAM
   functionality (i.e. recognizing and processing of OAM messages,
   supporting OAM protocols and FSMs) requires in these layer networks
   certain support in the data plane, which is not available on all
   network nodes.  This makes TCMs/MEPs good candidates to be modeled as
   NFs.  This also makes TCM/MEP aware topology model a good basis for
   placing dynamically an ODUk connection to pass through optimal OAM
   locations without mandating the client to specify said locations
   explicitly.

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             Figure 8: Compute/storage resource aware topology

C.9.  SFC Abstraction and Scaling

   SF/NF-aware topology may contain information on native SFs/NFs (i.e.
   SFs/NFs as known to the provider itself) and/or abstract SFs/NFs
   (i.e.  logical/macro SFs/NFs representing one or more SFCs each made
   of native and/or lower level abstract SFs/NFs).  As in the case of
   abstracting topology nodes, abstracting SFs/NFs is hierarchical in
   nature - the higher level of SF/NF-aware topology, the "larger"
   abstract SFs/NFs are, i.e. the larger data plane SFCs they represent.
   This allows for managing large scale networks with great number of
   SFs/NFs (such as Data Center interconnects) in a hierarchical, highly
   scalable manner resulting in control of very large number of flat in
   the data plane SFCs that span multiple domains.

C.10.  Dynamic Compute/VM/Storage Resource Assignment

   In a distributed data center network, virtual machines for compute
   resources may need to be dynamically re-allocated due to various
   reasons such as DCI network failure, compute resource load balancing,
   etc.  In many cases, the DCI connectivity for the source and the
   destination is not predetermined.  There may be a pool of sources and
   a pool of destination data centers associated with re-allocation of
   compute/VM/storage resources.  There is no good mechanism to date to
   capture this dynamicity nature of compute/VM/storage resource
   reallocation.  Generic Compute/VM/Storage resources can be described
   and announced as a SF, where a DC hosting these resources can be
   modeled as an abstract node.  Topology interconnecting these abstract
   nodes (DCs) in general is of multi-domain nature.  Thus, SF-aware
   topology model can facilitate a joint optimization of TE network
   resources and Compute/VM/Storage resources and solve Compute/VM/
   Storage mobility problem within and between DCs (see Figure 8).

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C.11.  Application-aware Resource Operations and Management

   Application stratum is the functional grouping which encompasses
   application resources and the control and management of these
   resources.  These application resources are used along with network
   services to provide an application service to clients/end-users.
   Application resources are non-network resources critical to achieving
   the application service functionality.  Examples of application
   resources include: caches, mirrors, application specific servers,
   content, large data sets, and computing power.  Application service
   is a networked application offered to a variety of clients (e.g.,
   server backup, VM migration, video cache, virtual network on-demand,
   5G network slicing, etc.).  The application servers that host these
   application resources can be modeled as an abstract node.  There may
   be a variety of server types depending on the resources they host.
   Figure 9 shows one example application aware topology for video cache
   server distribution.

                                      _

                   Figure 9: Application aware topology

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C.12.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no actions for IANA.

C.13.  Security Considerations

   This document does not define networking protocols and data, hence is
   not directly responsible for security risks.

C.14.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Maarten Vissers, Joel Halpern, and
   Greg Mirsky for their helpful comments and valuable contributions.

Authors' Addresses

   Igor Bryskin
   Individual

   EMail: i_bryskin@yahoo.com

   Xufeng Liu
   Volta Networks

   EMail: xufeng.liu.ietf@gmail.com

   Young Lee
   Sung Kyun Kwan University

   EMail: younglee.tx@gmail.com

   Jim Guichard
   Huawei Technologies

   EMail: james.n.guichard@huawei.com

   Luis Miguel Contreras Murillo
   Telefonica

   EMail: luismiguel.contrerasmurillo@telefonica.com

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   Daniele Ceccarelli
   Ericsson

   EMail: daniele.ceccarelli@ericsson.com

   Jeff Tantsura
   Apstra Networks

   EMail: jefftant.ietf@gmail.com

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