Guidance for External Pre-Shared Key (PSK) Usage in TLS
draft-ietf-tls-external-psk-guidance-06
The information below is for an old version of the document that is already published as an RFC.
Document | Type |
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9257.
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Authors | Russ Housley , Jonathan Hoyland , Mohit Sethi , Christopher A. Wood | ||
Last updated | 2023-09-19 (Latest revision 2022-02-04) | ||
Replaces | draft-dt-tls-external-psk-guidance | ||
RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
Intended RFC status | Informational | ||
Formats | |||
Reviews |
ARTART Last Call review
(of
-03)
by Martin Thomson
Ready w/issues
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Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
Stream | WG state | Submitted to IESG for Publication | |
Document shepherd | Sean Turner | ||
Shepherd write-up | Show Last changed 2021-02-26 | ||
IESG | IESG state | Became RFC 9257 (Informational) | |
Action Holders |
(None)
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Consensus boilerplate | Yes | ||
Telechat date | (None) | ||
Responsible AD | Benjamin Kaduk | ||
Send notices to | sean@sn3rd.com | ||
IANA | IANA review state | IANA OK - No Actions Needed | |
IANA action state | No IANA Actions |
draft-ietf-tls-external-psk-guidance-06
tls R. Housley Internet-Draft Vigil Security Intended status: Informational J. Hoyland Expires: 8 August 2022 Cloudflare Ltd. M. Sethi Ericsson C.A. Wood Cloudflare 4 February 2022 Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS draft-ietf-tls-external-psk-guidance-06 Abstract This document provides usage guidance for external Pre-Shared Keys (PSKs) in Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 as defined in RFC 8446. It lists TLS security properties provided by PSKs under certain assumptions, and then demonstrates how violations of these assumptions lead to attacks. Advice for applications to help meet these assumptions is provided. This document also discusses PSK use cases and provisioning processes. Finally, it lists the privacy and security properties that are not provided by TLS 1.3 when external PSKs are used. Discussion Venues This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC. Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/tlswg/external-psk-design-team. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 This Internet-Draft will expire on 8 August 2022. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4. PSK Security Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.1. Shared PSKs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.2. PSK Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. External PSKs in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.1. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.2. Provisioning Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.3. Provisioning Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6. Recommendations for External PSK Usage . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6.1. Stack Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6.1.1. PSK Identity Encoding and Comparison . . . . . . . . 10 6.1.2. PSK Identity Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Appendix A. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 1. Introduction This document provides guidance on the use of external Pre-Shared Keys (PSKs) in Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 [RFC8446]. This guidance also applies to Datagram TLS (DTLS) 1.3 [I-D.ietf-tls-dtls13] and Compact TLS 1.3 [I-D.ietf-tls-ctls]. For readability, this document uses the term TLS to refer to all such versions. External PSKs are symmetric secret keys provided to the TLS protocol implementation as external inputs. External PSKs are provisioned out-of-band. This document lists TLS security properties provided by PSKs under certain assumptions and demonstrates how violations of these assumptions lead to attacks. This document discusses PSK use cases, provisioning processes, and TLS stack implementation support in the context of these assumptions. This document also provides advice for applications in various use cases to help meet these assumptions. There are many resources that provide guidance for password generation and verification aimed towards improving security. However, there is no such equivalent for external Pre-Shared Keys (PSKs) in TLS. This document aims to reduce that gap. 2. Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 3. Notation For purposes of this document, a "logical node" is a computing presence that other parties can interact with via the TLS protocol. A logical node could potentially be realized with multiple physical instances operating under common administrative control, e.g., a server farm. An "endpoint" is a client or server participating in a connection. Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 4. PSK Security Properties The use of a previously established PSK allows TLS nodes to authenticate the endpoint identities. It also offers other benefits, including resistance to attacks in presence of quantum computers; see Section 4.2 for related discussion. However, these keys do not provide privacy protection of endpoint identities, nor do they provide non-repudiation (one endpoint in a connection can deny the conversation); see Section 7 for related discussion. PSK authentication security implicitly assumes one fundamental property: each PSK is known to exactly one client and one server, and that these never switch roles. If this assumption is violated, then the security properties of TLS are severely weakened as discussed below. 4.1. Shared PSKs As discussed in Section 5.1, to demonstrate their attack, [AASS19] describes scenarios where multiple clients or multiple servers share a PSK. If this is done naively by having all members share a common key, then TLS authenticates only group membership, and the security of the overall system is inherently rather brittle. There are a number of obvious weaknesses here: 1. Any group member can impersonate any other group member. 2. If PSK is combined with a fresh ephemeral key exchange, then compromise of a group member that knows the resulting shared secret will enable the attacker to passively read (and actively modify) traffic. 3. If PSK is not combined with fresh ephemeral key exchange, then compromise of any group member allows the attacker to passively read (and actively modify) all traffic, including reading past traffic. Additionally, a malicious non-member can reroute handshakes between honest group members to connect them in unintended ways, as described below. Note that a partial mitigation against this class of attack is available: each group member includes the SNI extension [RFC6066] and terminates the connection on mismatch between the presented SNI value and the receiving member's known identity. See [Selfie] for details. To illustrate the rerouting attack, consider three peers, A, B, and C, who all know the PSK. The attack proceeds as follows: Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 1. A sends a ClientHello to B. 2. The attacker intercepts the message and redirects it to C. 3. C responds with a second flight (ServerHello, ...) to A. 4. A sends a Finished message to B. A has completed the handshake, ostensibly with B. 5. The attacker redirects the Finished message to C. C has completed the handshake with A. In this attack, peer authentication is not provided. Also, if C supports a weaker set of cipher suites than B, cryptographic algorithm downgrade attacks might be possible. This rerouting is a type of identity misbinding attack [Krawczyk][Sethi]. Selfie attack [Selfie] is a special case of the rerouting attack against a group member that can act both as TLS server and client. In the Selfie attack, a malicious non-member reroutes a connection from the client to the server on the same endpoint. Finally, in addition to these weaknesses, sharing a PSK across nodes may negatively affect deployments. For example, revocation of individual group members is not possible without establishing a new PSK for all of the non-revoked members. 4.2. PSK Entropy Entropy properties of external PSKs may also affect TLS security properties. For example, if a high entropy PSK is used, then PSK- only key establishment modes provide expected security properties for TLS, including establishing the same session keys between peers, secrecy of session keys, peer authentication, and downgrade protection. See [RFC8446], Appendix E.1 for an explanation of these properties. However, these modes lack forward security. Forward security may be achieved by using a PSK-DH mode, or, alternatively, by using PSKs with short lifetimes. In contrast, if a low entropy PSK is used, then PSK-only key establishment modes are subject to passive exhaustive search attacks which will reveal the traffic keys. PSK-DH modes are subject to active attacks in which the attacker impersonates one side. The exhaustive search phase of these attacks can be mounted offline if the attacker captures a single handshake using the PSK, but those attacks will not lead to compromise of the traffic keys for that connection because those also depend on the Diffie-Hellman (DH) exchange. Low entropy keys are only secure against active attack if a password-authenticated key exchange (PAKE) is used with TLS. The Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 Crypto Forum Research Group (CFRG) is currently working on specifying recommended PAKEs (see [I-D.irtf-cfrg-cpace] and [I-D.irtf-cfrg-opaque], for the symmetric and asymmetric cases, respectively). 5. External PSKs in Practice PSK ciphersuites were first specified for TLS in 2005. PSKs are now an integral part of the TLS version 1.3 specification [RFC8446]. TLS 1.3 also uses PSKs for session resumption. It distinguishes these resumption PSKs from external PSKs which have been provisioned out- of-band. This section describes known use cases and provisioning processes for external PSKs with TLS. 5.1. Use Cases This section lists some example use-cases where pair-wise external PSKs, i.e., external PSKs that are shared between only one server and one client, have been used for authentication in TLS. There was no attempt to prioritize the examples in any particular order. * Device-to-device communication with out-of-band synchronized keys. PSKs provisioned out-of-band for communicating with known identities, wherein the identity to use is discovered via a different online protocol. * Intra-data-center communication. Machine-to-machine communication within a single data center or point-of-presence (PoP) may use externally provisioned PSKs, primarily for the purposes of supporting TLS connections with early data; see Section 8 for considerations when using early data with external PSKs. * Certificateless server-to-server communication. Machine-to- machine communication may use externally provisioned PSKs, primarily for the purposes of establishing TLS connections without requiring the overhead of provisioning and managing PKI certificates. * Internet of Things (IoT) and devices with limited computational capabilities. [RFC7925] defines TLS and DTLS profiles for resource-constrained devices and suggests the use of PSK ciphersuites for compliant devices. The Open Mobile Alliance Lightweight Machine to Machine Technical Specification [LwM2M] states that LwM2M servers MUST support the PSK mode of DTLS. * Securing RADIUS [RFC2865] with TLS. PSK ciphersuites are optional for this use case, as specified in [RFC6614]. Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 * 3GPP server to user equipment authentication. The Generic Authentication Architecture (GAA) defined by 3GGP mentions that TLS-PSK ciphersuites can be used between server and user equipment for authentication [GAA]. * Smart Cards. The electronic German ID (eID) card supports authentication of a card holder to online services with TLS-PSK [SmartCard]. * Quantum resistance. Some deployments may use PSKs (or combine them with certificate-based authentication as described in [RFC8773]) because of the protection they provide against quantum computers. There are also use cases where PSKs are shared between more than two entities. Some examples below (as noted by Akhmetzyanova et al. [AASS19]): * Group chats. In this use-case, group participants may be provisioned an external PSK out-of-band for establishing authenticated connections with other members of the group. * Internet of Things (IoT) and devices with limited computational capabilities. Many PSK provisioning examples are possible in this use-case. For example, in a given setting, IoT devices may all share the same PSK and use it to communicate with a central server (one key for n devices), have their own key for communicating with a central server (n keys for n devices), or have pairwise keys for communicating with each other (n^2 keys for n devices). 5.2. Provisioning Examples The exact provisioning process depends on the system requirements and threat model. Whenever possible, avoid sharing a PSK between nodes; however, sharing a PSK among several nodes is sometimes unavoidable. When PSK sharing happens, other accommodations SHOULD be used as discussed in Section 6. Examples of PSK provisioning processes are included below. * Many industrial protocols assume that PSKs are distributed and assigned manually via one of the following approaches: typing the PSK into the devices, or using a Trust On First Use (TOFU) approach with a device completely unprotected before the first login did take place. Many devices have very limited UI. For example, they may only have a numeric keypad or even fewer buttons. When the TOFU approach is not suitable, entering the key would require typing it on a constrained UI. Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 * Some devices provision PSKs via an out-of-band, cloud-based syncing protocol. * Some secrets may be baked into hardware or software device components. Moreover, when this is done at manufacturing time, secrets may be printed on labels or included in a Bill of Materials for ease of scanning or import. 5.3. Provisioning Constraints PSK provisioning systems are often constrained in application- specific ways. For example, although one goal of provisioning is to ensure that each pair of nodes has a unique key pair, some systems do not want to distribute pair-wise shared keys to achieve this. As another example, some systems require the provisioning process to embed application-specific information in either PSKs or their identities. Identities may sometimes need to be routable, as is currently under discussion for EAP-TLS-PSK [I-D.mattsson-emu-eap-tls-psk]. 6. Recommendations for External PSK Usage Recommended requirements for applications using external PSKs are as follows: 1. Each PSK SHOULD be derived from at least 128 bits of entropy, MUST be at least 128 bits long, and SHOULD be combined with an ephemeral key exchange, e.g., by using the "psk_dhe_ke" Pre- Shared Key Exchange Mode in TLS 1.3, for forward secrecy. As discussed in Section 4, low entropy PSKs, i.e., those derived from less than 128 bits of entropy, are subject to attack and SHOULD be avoided. If only low-entropy keys are available, then key establishment mechanisms such as Password Authenticated Key Exchange (PAKE) that mitigate the risk of offline dictionary attacks SHOULD be employed. Note that no such mechanisms have yet been standardised, and further that these mechanisms will not necessarily follow the same architecture as the process for incorporating external PSKs described in [I-D.ietf-tls-external-psk-importer]. Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 2. Unless other accommodations are made to mitigate the risks of PSKs known to a group, each PSK MUST be restricted in its use to at most two logical nodes: one logical node in a TLS client role and one logical node in a TLS server role. (The two logical nodes MAY be the same, in different roles.) Two acceptable accommodations are described in [I-D.ietf-tls-external-psk-importer]: (1) exchanging client and server identifiers over the TLS connection after the handshake, and (2) incorporating identifiers for both the client and the server into the context string for an external PSK importer. 3. Nodes SHOULD use external PSK importers [I-D.ietf-tls-external-psk-importer] when configuring PSKs for a client-server pair when applicable. Importers make provisioning external PSKs easier and less error prone by deriving a unique, imported PSK from the external PSK for each key derivation function a node supports. See the Security Considerations in [I-D.ietf-tls-external-psk-importer] for more information. 4. Where possible the main PSK (that which is fed into the importer) SHOULD be deleted after the imported keys have been generated. This prevents an attacker from bootstrapping a compromise of one node into the ability to attack connections between any node; otherwise the attacker can recover the main key and then re-run the importer itself. 6.1. Stack Interfaces Most major TLS implementations support external PSKs. Stacks supporting external PSKs provide interfaces that applications may use when configuring PSKs for individual connections. Details about some existing stacks at the time of writing are below. * OpenSSL and BoringSSL: Applications can specify support for external PSKs via distinct ciphersuites in TLS 1.2 and below. They also then configure callbacks that are invoked for PSK selection during the handshake. These callbacks must provide a PSK identity and key. The exact format of the callback depends on the negotiated TLS protocol version, with new callback functions added specifically to OpenSSL for TLS 1.3 [RFC8446] PSK support. The PSK length is validated to be between [1, 256] bytes. The PSK identity may be up to 128 bytes long. * mbedTLS: Client applications configure PSKs before creating a connection by providing the PSK identity and value inline. Servers must implement callbacks similar to that of OpenSSL. Both PSK identity and key lengths may be between [1, 16] bytes long. Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 * gnuTLS: Applications configure PSK values, either as raw byte strings or hexadecimal strings. The PSK identity and key size are not validated. * wolfSSL: Applications configure PSKs with callbacks similar to OpenSSL. 6.1.1. PSK Identity Encoding and Comparison Section 5.1 of [RFC4279] mandates that the PSK identity should be first converted to a character string and then encoded to octets using UTF-8. This was done to avoid interoperability problems (especially when the identity is configured by human users). On the other hand, [RFC7925] advises implementations against assuming any structured format for PSK identities and recommends byte-by-byte comparison for any operation. When PSK identities are configured manually it is important to be aware that due to encoding issues visually identical strings may, in fact, differ. TLS version 1.3 [RFC8446] follows the same practice of specifying the PSK identity as a sequence of opaque bytes (shown as opaque identity<1..2^16-1> in the specification) that thus is compared on a byte-by-byte basis. [RFC8446] also requires that the PSK identities are at least 1 byte and at the most 65535 bytes in length. Although [RFC8446] does not place strict requirements on the format of PSK identities, we do however note that the format of PSK identities can vary depending on the deployment: * The PSK identity MAY be a user configured string when used in protocols like Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) [RFC3748]. gnuTLS for example treats PSK identities as usernames. * PSK identities MAY have a domain name suffix for roaming and federation. In applications and settings where the domain name suffix is privacy sensitive, this practice is NOT RECOMMENDED. * Deployments should take care that the length of the PSK identity is sufficient to avoid collisions. 6.1.2. PSK Identity Collisions It is possible, though unlikely, that an external PSK identity may clash with a resumption PSK identity. The TLS stack implementation and sequencing of PSK callbacks influences the application's behavior when identity collisions occur. When a server receives a PSK identity in a TLS 1.3 ClientHello, some TLS stacks execute the application's registered callback function before checking the stack's internal session resumption cache. This means that if a PSK Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 identity collision occurs, the application's external PSK usage will typically take precedence over the internal session resumption path. Since resumption PSK identities are assigned by the TLS stack implementation, it is RECOMMENDED that these identifiers be assigned in a manner that lets resumption PSKs be distinguished from external PSKs to avoid concerns with collisions altogether. 7. Privacy Considerations PSK privacy properties are orthogonal to security properties described in Section 4. TLS does little to keep PSK identity information private. For example, an adversary learns information about the external PSK or its identifier by virtue of the identifier appearing in cleartext in a ClientHello. As a result, a passive adversary can link two or more connections together that use the same external PSK on the wire. Depending on the PSK identity, a passive attacker may also be able to identify the device, person, or enterprise running the TLS client or TLS server. An active attacker can also use the PSK identity to suppress handshakes or application data from a specific device by blocking, delaying, or rate-limiting traffic. Techniques for mitigating these risks require further analysis and are out of scope for this document. In addition to linkability in the network, external PSKs are intrinsically linkable by PSK receivers. Specifically, servers can link successive connections that use the same external PSK together. Preventing this type of linkability is out of scope. 8. Security Considerations Security considerations are provided throughout this document. It bears repeating that there are concerns related to the use of external PSKs regarding proper identification of TLS 1.3 endpoints and additional risks when external PSKs are known to a group. Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 It is NOT RECOMMENDED to share the same PSK between more than one client and server. However, as discussed in Section 5.1, there are application scenarios that may rely on sharing the same PSK among multiple nodes. [I-D.ietf-tls-external-psk-importer] helps in mitigating rerouting and Selfie style reflection attacks when the PSK is shared among multiple nodes. This is achieved by correctly using the node identifiers in the ImportedIdentity.context construct specified in [I-D.ietf-tls-external-psk-importer]. One solution would be for each endpoint to select one globally unique identifier and use it in all PSK handshakes. The unique identifier can, for example, be one of its MAC addresses, a 32-byte random number, or its Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) [RFC4122]. Note that such persistent, global identifiers have privacy implications; see Section 7. Each endpoint SHOULD know the identifier of the other endpoint with which it wants to connect and SHOULD compare it with the other endpoint's identifier used in ImportedIdentity.context. It is however important to remember that endpoints sharing the same group PSK can always impersonate each other. Considerations for external PSK usage extend beyond proper identification. When early data is used with an external PSK, the random value in the ClientHello is the only source of entropy that contributes to key diversity between sessions. As a result, when an external PSK is used more than one time, the random number source on the client has a significant role in the protection of the early data. 9. IANA Considerations This document makes no IANA requests. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [I-D.ietf-tls-external-psk-importer] Benjamin, D. and C. A. Wood, "Importing External PSKs for TLS", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-tls- external-psk-importer-06, 3 December 2020, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-tls-external- psk-importer-06.txt>. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>. Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>. [RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>. 10.2. Informative References [AASS19] Akhmetzyanova, L., Alekseev, E., Smyshlyaeva, E., and A. Sokolov, "Continuing to reflect on TLS 1.3 with external PSK", 2019, <https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/421.pdf>. [GAA] "TR33.919 version 12.0.0 Release 12", n.d., <https://www.etsi.org/deliver/ etsi_tr/133900_133999/133919/12.00.00_60/ tr_133919v120000p.pdf>. [I-D.ietf-tls-ctls] Rescorla, E., Barnes, R., and H. Tschofenig, "Compact TLS 1.3", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-tls- ctls-04, 25 October 2021, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-tls-ctls- 04.txt>. [I-D.ietf-tls-dtls13] Rescorla, E., Tschofenig, H., and N. Modadugu, "The Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Protocol Version 1.3", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-tls- dtls13-43, 30 April 2021, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-tls- dtls13-43.txt>. [I-D.irtf-cfrg-cpace] Abdalla, M., Haase, B., and J. Hesse, "CPace, a balanced composable PAKE", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft- irtf-cfrg-cpace-05, 14 January 2022, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-cfrg-cpace- 05.txt>. [I-D.irtf-cfrg-opaque] Bourdrez, D., Krawczyk, H., Lewi, K., and C. A. Wood, "The OPAQUE Asymmetric PAKE Protocol", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-irtf-cfrg-opaque-07, 25 October 2021, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-cfrg- opaque-07.txt>. Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 [I-D.mattsson-emu-eap-tls-psk] Mattsson, J. P., Sethi, M., Aura, T., and O. Friel, "EAP- TLS with PSK Authentication (EAP-TLS-PSK)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-mattsson-emu-eap-tls-psk- 00, 9 March 2020, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft- mattsson-emu-eap-tls-psk-00.txt>. [Krawczyk] Krawczyk, H., "SIGMA: The 'SIGn-and-MAc' Approach to Authenticated Diffie-Hellman and Its Use in the IKE Protocols", Annual International Cryptology Conference. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg , 2003, <https://link.springer.com/content/ pdf/10.1007/978-3-540-45146-4_24.pdf>. [LwM2M] "Lightweight Machine to Machine Technical Specification", n.d., <http://www.openmobilealliance.org/release/LightweightM2M/ V1_0-20170208-A/OMA-TS-LightweightM2M- V1_0-20170208-A.pdf>. [RFC2865] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, DOI 10.17487/RFC2865, June 2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2865>. [RFC3748] Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H. Levkowetz, Ed., "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", RFC 3748, DOI 10.17487/RFC3748, June 2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3748>. [RFC4122] Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122, DOI 10.17487/RFC4122, July 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4122>. [RFC4279] Eronen, P., Ed. and H. Tschofenig, Ed., "Pre-Shared Key Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4279, DOI 10.17487/RFC4279, December 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4279>. [RFC6066] Eastlake 3rd, D., "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions: Extension Definitions", RFC 6066, DOI 10.17487/RFC6066, January 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6066>. Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 [RFC6614] Winter, S., McCauley, M., Venaas, S., and K. Wierenga, "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Encryption for RADIUS", RFC 6614, DOI 10.17487/RFC6614, May 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6614>. [RFC7925] Tschofenig, H., Ed. and T. Fossati, "Transport Layer Security (TLS) / Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Profiles for the Internet of Things", RFC 7925, DOI 10.17487/RFC7925, July 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7925>. [RFC8773] Housley, R., "TLS 1.3 Extension for Certificate-Based Authentication with an External Pre-Shared Key", RFC 8773, DOI 10.17487/RFC8773, March 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8773>. [Selfie] Drucker, N. and S. Gueron, "Selfie: reflections on TLS 1.3 with PSK", 2019, <https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/347.pdf>. [Sethi] Sethi, M., Peltonen, A., and T. Aura, "Misbinding Attacks on Secure Device Pairing and Bootstrapping", Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security , 2019, <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.07550>. [SmartCard] "Technical Guideline TR-03112-7 eCard-API-Framework - Protocols", 2015, <https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Down loads/DE/BSI/Publikationen/TechnischeRichtlinien/TR03112/ TR-03112-api_teil7.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1>. Appendix A. Acknowledgements This document is the output of the TLS External PSK Design Team, comprised of the following members: Benjamin Beurdouche, Björn Haase, Christopher Wood, Colm MacCarthaigh, Eric Rescorla, Jonathan Hoyland, Martin Thomson, Mohamad Badra, Mohit Sethi, Oleg Pekar, Owen Friel, and Russ Housley. This document was improved by a high quality reviews by Ben Kaduk and John Mattsson. Authors' Addresses Russ Housley Vigil Security Email: housley@vigilsec.com Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Guidance for External PSK Usage in TLS February 2022 Jonathan Hoyland Cloudflare Ltd. Email: jonathan.hoyland@gmail.com Mohit Sethi Ericsson Email: mohit@piuha.net Christopher A. Wood Cloudflare Email: caw@heapingbits.net Housley, et al. Expires 8 August 2022 [Page 16]